Title of the invention: Crankshaft and its manufacturing method
Technical field
[0001]
　The present invention relates to a crankshaft and a method for manufacturing the same.
Background technology
[0002]
　The crankshaft is required to have seizure resistance in addition to fatigue strength and wear resistance.
[0003]
　Conventionally, proposals have been made to improve seizure resistance by controlling the surface shape of sliding parts. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2017-218951 describes that the surface roughness Ra of the crankshaft of a compressor for refrigerating machines should be 0.05 μm or less. International Publication No. 2016/072305 describes that in a rotary slide bearing composed of a bearing and a shaft, the surface roughness Ra of the shaft should be 0.10 μm or less.
[0004]
　Japanese Patent No. 5503417 describes that the surface roughness Ra of the skin-baked steel part should be 0.16 μm or less in order to improve the sliding characteristics. Japanese Patent No. 4352261 describes that the surface roughness of the gear surface in the load transfer direction is set to 0.2 μm ≦ Rpk + 0.5 Rk ≦ 0.8 μm in order to improve the pitching strength.
[0005]
　Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-276121 describes a roller vanishing method in which a vanishing roller is pressed against a work having an arcuate cross-sectional surface to finish the work. A roller vanishing method for vanishing the convex portion of the above with a vanishing roller is described.
Disclosure of invention
[0006]
　In recent years, the viscosity of lubricating oil has been reduced and the sliding portion of the crankshaft has been made thinner for the purpose of improving fuel efficiency, and the crankshaft is required to have better seizure resistance.
[0007]
　An object of the present invention is to provide a crankshaft having excellent seizure resistance and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0008]
　The crankshaft according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a journal portion and a pin portion, and each of the journal portion and the pin portion has an arithmetic mean height Pa of a cross-sectional curve of 0.090 μm or less and a protruding mountain portion. It has a surface shape with a height Rpk of 0.070 μm or less.
[0009]
　The method for manufacturing a crankshaft according to an embodiment of the present invention is the above-mentioned method for manufacturing a crankshaft, in which a grinding step for grinding the journal portion and the pin portion and the ground journal portion and the pin portion are made of alumina. A rough wrapping step of wrapping using a film coated with abrasive grains and a finish wrapping step of wrapping the coarsely wrapped journal portion and pin portion using a film coated with diamond abrasive grains are provided.
[0010]
　According to the present invention, a crankshaft having excellent seizure resistance can be obtained.
A brief description of the drawing
[0011]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a crankshaft according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an example of a cross-sectional curve.
FIG. 3 is an example of a roughness curve.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the roughness curve and the load curve.
FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a protruding mountain portion.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing an example of the method for manufacturing the crankshaft of FIG.
FIG. 7 is a heat pattern of the test shaft produced in the example.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional curve of the test shaft produced in the example.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the evaluation device used in the seizure test.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a change in surface pressure applied to a test shaft over time.
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the average roughness Ra and the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve.
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the finishing processing conditions and the surface shapes (Pa and Rpk).
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the relationship between Pa and the seizure surface pressure.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional curve of a test axis of a comparative example.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional curve of a test shaft of an example.
Mode for carrying out the invention
[0012]
　In the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2017-218951, International Publication No. 2016/072305, and Japanese Patent No. 5503417, the surface surface is used by using the arithmetic mean height Ra of the roughness curve (hereinafter referred to as “average roughness Ra”). The shape is specified. However, the regulation by the average roughness Ra has the following problems.
[0013]
　In addition to the short-period component (roughness), the surface shape of industrial products such as crankshafts contains not a little long-period components (waviness) derived from the vibration of the grinding machine. Since the average roughness Ra is based on the roughness curve obtained by removing the swell component with a high frequency filter, it cannot be said that the actual surface shape is accurately evaluated. Further, the value of the average roughness Ra greatly fluctuates depending on the cutoff value λc of the high frequency filter used when obtaining the roughness curve.
[0014]
　In fact, even if the average roughness Ra is about the same, the seizure resistance greatly varies depending on the magnitude of the swell. Therefore, it is appropriate to use an evaluation parameter with the cross-sectional curve as the contour curve as an index for controlling the seizure resistance.
[0015]
　Further, even if the average roughness Ra is about the same, the seizure resistance varies depending on the shape of the protrusions and valleys. Specifically, even if the average roughness Ra is about the same, if the height of the protrusions is large, the frequency of contact with the mating material increases and the seizure resistance decreases.
[0016]
　The present inventors prepared test shafts having various surface shapes, evaluated seizure resistance, and investigated the relationship between the surface shape and seizure resistance. As a result, it was clarified that the seizure resistance can be remarkably improved by setting the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve to 0.090 μm or less and the protruding peak height Rpk to 0.070 μm or less. did.
[0017]
　The present invention has been completed based on the above findings. Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The same or corresponding parts in the drawings are designated by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will not be repeated. The dimensional ratio between the constituent members shown in each figure does not necessarily indicate the actual dimensional ratio.
[0018]
　[Crankshaft]
　FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a crankshaft 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The crankshaft 10 includes a journal portion 11, a pin portion 12, and an arm portion 13.
[0019]
　The crankshaft 10 is made of, for example, a mechanical structural steel material. The crank shaft 10 is not limited to these, but is a carbon steel material for machine structure of JIS G 4051: 2009, a steel material for machine structure (H steel) of JIS G 4052: 2008 that guarantees hardenability, and JIS G4053: 2008. Those made of alloy steel for machine structure, etc. can be used. Among these steel materials, S45C and S50C of JIS G 4051: 2009 and SMn438 of JIS G 4053: 2008 are preferable, and steel materials to which S is added to improve machinability are particularly preferable. Suitable.
[0020]
　The chemical composition of the crankshaft 10 is, for example, mass%, C: 0.30 to 0.60%, Si: 0.01 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.1 to 2.0%, Cr: 0. Includes 01 to 0.50%, Al: 0.001 to 0.06%, N: 0.001 to 0.02%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.20% or less. The chemical composition of the crankshaft 10 may contain elements other than the above (for example, V, Nb, etc.).
[0021]
　The journal portion 11 is formed coaxially with the central axis of the crankshaft 10 and is connected to a cylinder block (not shown). The pin portion 12 is formed at a position away from the central axis of the crankshaft 10 and is connected to a connecting lot (not shown). The arm portion 13 connects the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12.
[0022]
　Each of the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 has a surface shape in which the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve is 0.090 μm or less and the protruding peak height Rpk is 0.070 μm or less. Here, the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve is defined in JIS B 0601 (2001), and the protruding peak height Rpk is defined in JIS B 0671 (2002).
[0023]
　2 and 3 are examples of a cross-sectional curve and a roughness curve, respectively. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the roughness curve and the load curve, and FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a protruding mountain portion. With reference to these figures, a method of measuring the arithmetic mean height Pa and the protruding peak height Rpk of the cross-sectional curve will be described.
[0024]
　A test piece is collected from the measurement target points (journal portion 11 and pin portion 12) of the crankshaft 10, and a measurement cross-sectional curve is obtained using a contact type roughness tester. The tip radius of the stylus of the contact roughness tester is 2 μm, and the taper angle of the cone is 60 °. The scanning speed shall be 0.5 mm / s or less, and the measurement length shall be 5 mm or more.
[0025]
　A low frequency filter having a cutoff value of λs is applied to the measured cross-section curve to obtain a cross-section curve (see FIG. 2). Using the cross-section curve as the contour curve, the average of the absolute values ​​of Z (x) at the evaluation length l is obtained, and the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-section curve is used. Here, Z (x) is the vertical coordinate at the position x. The cutoff value λs is 2.5 μm, and the evaluation length l is 5 mm.
[0026]
　A high frequency filter with a cutoff value of λc is applied to the cross-section curve to obtain a roughness curve (see FIG. 3). The cutoff value λc when obtaining the roughness curve is 0.25 mm.
[0027]
　Obtain the load curve from the roughness curve. The load curve is a curve expressing the load length ratio Rmr of the roughness curve as a function of the load level c (see FIG. 4). The evaluation length l when calculating the load curve is 5 mm.
[0028]
　In the central part of the load curve including 40% of the measurement points of the roughness curve, the straight line with the gentlest slope of the secant line of the load curve drawn by setting the difference ΔMr of the load length ratio to 40% is defined as the equivalent straight line. The core portion is located between two height positions intersecting the vertical axis at positions where the load length ratio is 0% and 100%. The average height of the protruding mountain portion above the core portion is defined as the protruding peak height Rpk (see FIG. 5).
[0029]
　By setting the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve to 0.090 μm or less and the protruding peak height Rpk to 0.070 μm or less, the seizure resistance can be remarkably improved as compared with the conventional case. The arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve is preferably 0.080 μm or less. The protruding peak height Rpk is preferably 0.060 μm or less.
[0030]
　[Crankshaft Manufacturing Method]
　Next, an example of a crankshaft 10 manufacturing method will be described. The manufacturing method described below is merely an example, and does not limit the manufacturing method of the crankshaft 10.
[0031]
　FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing an example of a method for manufacturing the crankshaft 10. This manufacturing method includes a step of preparing a material (step S1), a hot forging step (step S2), a heat treatment step (step S3), a machining step (step S4), a surface hardening treatment step (step S5), and finishing. It includes a processing step (step S6). Hereinafter, each step will be described in detail.
[0032]
　The material for the crankshaft 10 is prepared (step S1). The material of the crank shaft 10 is not limited to this, but for example, the chemical composition is mass%, C: 0.30 to 0.60%, Si: 0.01 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.1 to 2.0%, Cr: 0.01 to 0.50%, Al: 0.001 to 0.06%, N: 0.001 to 0.02%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0. Those containing 20% ​​or less can be used. The material of the crankshaft 10 may contain elements other than the above (for example, V, Nb, etc.).
[0033]
　The material is, for example, steel bar. The material can be produced, for example, by continuously casting or block-rolling molten steel having the above chemical composition.
[0034]
　The material is hot forged to give a rough shape to the crankshaft (step S2). Hot forging may be performed separately for rough forging and finish forging.
[0035]
　A rough-shaped crankshaft manufactured by hot forging is subjected to heat treatment such as normalizing as necessary (step S3). The heat treatment step (step S3) is an arbitrary step, and this step may be omitted depending on the required characteristics of the crankshaft and the like.
[0036]
　Machining a rough crankshaft (step S4). Machining includes cutting, grinding, and drilling. By this process, an intermediate product having a shape close to that of the final product is produced.
[0037]
　If necessary, surface hardening treatment is performed on the machined intermediate product of the crankshaft (step S5). The surface hardening treatment is, for example, fillet roll processing, induction hardening, soft nitriding and the like. The surface hardening treatment step (step S5) is an arbitrary step, and this step may be omitted depending on the required characteristics of the crankshaft and the like.
[0038]
　The surface hardening treatment may be carried out on the entire intermediate product of the crankshaft, or may be carried out only on the journal portion and the pin portion which are sliding portions.
[0039]
　When the surface hardening treatment step (step S5) is carried out, it becomes difficult to remove the waviness of the surface in the finishing processing step (step S6) described later unless the surface structure is made uniform. In order to make the surface structure uniform, for example, in the case of induction hardening, it is conceivable to raise the temperature to 3 points or more of Ac to completely transform the surface structure into austenite and then perform quenching.
[0040]
　Finishing is performed on the intermediate product of the crankshaft (step S6). The finishing process (step S6) includes a grinding step (step S6-1), a rough wrapping step (step S6-2), and a finishing wrapping step (step S6-3).
[0041]
　First, the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 are ground (step S6-1). In order to reduce the average height Pa of the cross-sectional curve, it is necessary to reduce both the roughness and the waviness. Of these, the roughness depends on the size of the abrasive grains used for grinding. Therefore, it is preferable to grind using as fine an abrasive grain as possible.
[0042]
　The journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 have waviness with a period of several hundred μm to several mm due to the feed and vibration of the tool during machining (step S4). Even if the roughness is made sufficiently small (even if the arithmetic mean height Ra of the roughness curve is made sufficiently small), the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve does not become small if the swell remains. Therefore, in the grinding step (step S6-1), it is necessary to continue grinding even after Ra becomes small to sufficiently remove the waviness.
[0043]
　Subsequently, the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 are wrapped. Specifically, the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 are polished using a film coated with fine abrasive grains. The wrapping is divided into a coarse wrapping step (step S6-2) and a finish wrapping step (step S6-3), and in the rough wrapping step (step S6-2), alumina abrasive grains are used in the finish wrapping step (step S6). In -3), a film coated with diamond abrasive grains is used.
[0044]
　By the wrapping step (steps S6-2 and S6-3), sharp protrusions on the surfaces of the journal portion 11 and the pin portion 12 are scraped to obtain a plateau surface. Thereby, the height Rpk of the protruding mountain portion can be reduced.
[0045]
　In order to prevent the wrapping step (steps S6-2 and S6-3) from forming a hollow shape as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-276121, the following (1) to (4) It is preferable to carry out. (1) Polish while feeding in the axial direction using a film with a narrow width. This makes it easier for the lubricating oil to reach the center of the film. (2) Make the abrasive grains as small as possible. As a result, the depth of cut becomes shallow, so that excessive grinding is alleviated. (3) Increase the rotational speed of the workpiece and reduce the pressing force. This makes it possible to increase the thickness of the oil (water) film between the film and the workpiece. (4) Increase the amount of lubricating oil (water). This makes it possible to increase the thickness of the oil (water) film between the film and the workpiece.
[0046]
　In both the rough wrapping step (step S6-2) and the finish wrapping step (step S6-3), the feed rate of the film in the axial direction of the crankshaft is made as small as possible. As a result, fine waviness is removed, and the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve can be made smaller.
[0047]
　The configuration of the crankshaft 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention and an example of the manufacturing method thereof have been described above. According to this embodiment, a crankshaft having excellent seizure resistance can be obtained.
Example
[0048]
　Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. The present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0049]
　A test shaft for a seizure test was prepared using steel having the chemical composition shown in Table 1 as a material. FIG. 7 shows a heat pattern when the test shaft is manufactured.
[0050]
[table 1]

[0051]
　Specifically, the material was heated at 1250 ° C. for 1 hour, then hot forged at 1100 ° C. to 850 ° C., and after the forging was completed, it was air-cooled to room temperature. Then, after normalizing by heating at 1250 ° C. for 20 minutes and then air-cooling, the outer diameter was adjusted to about 48 mm by machining (cutting). Then, induction hardening was carried out to adjust the surface hardness to HV650.
[0052]
　As the finishing process, (1) only grinding, (2) grinding + rough wrapping, and (3) grinding + rough wrapping + finish wrapping were carried out to prepare test shafts having various surface shapes. Coarse wrapping was performed using a film coated with alumina abrasive grains having a particle size of 9-15 μm, and finish wrapping was performed using a film coated with diamond abrasive grains having a particle size of 1-3 μm (# 8000- # 4000). .. The outer diameter of the test shaft was adjusted so that the clearance with the bearing used in the seizure test described later was about 0.090 mm.
[0053]
　The surface shape of the produced test shaft was measured using a contact roughness tester (SJ-412 manufactured by Mitutoyo Co., Ltd.) according to the method described in the embodiment.
[0054]
　FIG. 8 shows an example of a cross-sectional curve of the produced test shaft. The left is the cross-sectional curve of the test shaft that has been subjected to grinding only, and the right is the cross-sectional curve of the test shaft that has been subjected to wrapping in addition to grinding. As shown in FIG. 8, in the test shaft obtained only by grinding, there are sharp protruding peaks and the peaks are triangular, whereas in the test shaft obtained by wrapping in addition to grinding, the peaks are triangular. It can be seen that the protruding mountain part has been scraped off and the mountain part has a trapezoidal shape.
[0055]
　Next, a seizure test was carried out using the prepared test shaft. The seizure test was carried out using a crank metal wear and seizure resistance evaluation device manufactured by Shinko Engineering Co., Ltd. A schematic diagram of the evaluation device 20 is shown in FIG. The test shaft TP was inserted into a plurality of bearings 21, and the test shaft TP was rotated at 8000 rpm by a motor (not shown) while lubricating the bearings 21. As the metal of the bearing, an Al alloy of HV40 to 50 was used. The lubricating oil was 0 W-20, the lubrication temperature was 140 ° C., and the oil pressure was 0.8 MPa.
[0056]
　In this state, one of the bearings 21 was pulled down to gradually increase the surface pressure applied to the test shaft TP, and the operation was performed until seizure occurred. FIG. 10 schematically shows the time change of the surface pressure applied to the test axis TP. The holding time at the same surface pressure was 3 minutes, the amount of increase in surface pressure per step was 4.35 MPa, and the time required for increasing the surface pressure was 15 seconds. It was determined that seizure occurred when the surface temperature of the test shaft TP was 280 ° C. or higher, or when the torque applied to the test shaft was 25 Nm or higher.
[0057]
　Table 2 shows the finishing conditions, surface shape, and seizure surface pressure of each test shaft.
[0058]
[Table 2]

[0059]
　FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the average roughness Ra and the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve. From FIG. 11, it can be seen that even if the Ra values ​​are the same, the Pa values ​​can be different.
[0060]
　FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the finishing processing conditions and the surface shapes (Pa and Rpk). From FIG. 12, it can be seen that when wrapping is performed in addition to grinding as the finishing process, the height Rpk of the protruding ridge tends to be smaller than that in the case of only grinding. Further, by performing grinding, rough wrapping, and finish wrapping, the surface shape in which the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve is 0.090 μm or less and the protruding peak height Rpk is 0.070 μm or less can be obtained. It turns out that it can be obtained.
[0061]
　FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the relationship between Pa and the seizure surface pressure. From FIG. 13, it can be seen that the smaller the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve, the larger the seizure surface pressure. Further, it can be seen that by performing wrapping in addition to grinding, the seizure surface pressure can be increased as compared with the case of only grinding. Further, it can be seen that the seizure surface pressure is remarkably improved in the test shaft in which the Pa: 0.090 μm or less and the Rpk: 0.070 μm or less are performed by grinding, rough wrapping, and finish wrapping.
[0062]
　FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional curve of the test axis of the comparative example (reference numeral 15). FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional curve of the test axis of the example (reference numeral 1). From the comparison between FIGS. 14 and 15, it can be seen that not only the surface roughness but also the waviness is small in the test shaft (FIG. 15) of the example.
[0063]
　From the above results, it can be seen that the seizure resistance can be remarkably improved by setting the arithmetic mean height Pa of the cross-sectional curve to 0.090 μm or less and the protruding peak height Rpk to 0.070 μm or less. confirmed.
[0064]
　Although one embodiment of the present invention has been described above, the above-described embodiment is merely an example for carrying out the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and the above-described embodiment can be appropriately modified and implemented within a range that does not deviate from the gist thereof.
The scope of the claims
[Claim 1]
　A surface having a journal portion and a pin portion
　, each of which has an arithmetic mean height Pa of a cross-sectional curve of 0.090 μm or less and a protruding peak height Rpk of 0.070 μm or less. A crankshaft that has a shape.
[Claim 2]
　The method for manufacturing a crankshaft according to claim 1,
　wherein the grinding step of grinding the journal portion and the pin portion and the ground
　journal portion and the pin portion are coated with a film coated with alumina abrasive grains. A
　method for manufacturing a crankshaft , comprising a coarse wrapping step for wrapping and a finish wrapping step for wrapping the coarsely wrapped journal portion and pin portion using a film coated with diamond abrasive grains.