TITLE OF INVENTION
CRANKSHAFT FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINE
TECHNICAL FIELD
[OOO 1 ]
The present invention relates to a crankshaft to be mounted in reciprocating
engines such as automotive engines, marine engines, and multi-purpose engines used in,
for example, power generators.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002]
A reciprocating engine requires a crankshaft for converting the reciprocating
motion of pistons in cylinders to rotational motion so as to extract power. Crankshafts
are generally categorized into two classes: the type manufactured by die forging and the
type manufactured by casting. For multiple cylinder engines having two or more
cylinders in particular, the firstly mentioned die forged crankshafts, which have higher
strength and stiffness, are often employed.
[0003]
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a common crankshaft for multiple cylinder
engines. A crankshaft 1 shown in FIG. 1 is designed to be mounted in a 4 cylinder
engine and includes: five journals J1 to J5; four crank pins P1 to P4; a front part Fr, a
flange F1, and eight crank arms A1 to A8 (hereinafter also referred to as "crank arm")
that connect the journals J1 to J5 and the crank pins P1 to P4 to each other. The
crankshaft 1 is configured such that all of the eight crank arms A 1 to A8 are formed
integrally with counterweights W 1 to W8 (hereinafter also referred to as
"counterweight"), respectively, and is referred to as a 4-cylinder 8-counterweight
crankshaft.
[0004]
Hereinafter, when the journals J1 to J5, the crank pins P1 to P4, the crank arms
A1 to A8, and the counterweights W1 to W8 are each collectively referred to, the
reference character "J" is used for the journals, "P" for the crank pins, "A" for the crank
arms, and "W" for the counterweights. A crank pin P and a pair of crank arms A
(including the counterweights W) which connect with the crank pin P are also
collectively referred to as a "throw".
[0005]
The counterweight W may be included in each of the crank arms A, but instead
may be included in at least one of the crank arms A. For example, in some of those
crankshafts to be mounted in a 4 cylinder engine, of all the eight crank anns A, the
leading first crank ann A1 , the trailing eighth crank ann A8, and the central two crank
arms (fourth crank arm A4 and fifth crank arm A5) are provided with the counterweight
W. In such a case, the remaining second, third, sixth, and seventh crank arms A2, A3,
A6, A7 do not include the counterweight W. Such crankshafts are referred to as a
4-cylinder 4-counterweight crankshaft.
[0006]
The journals J, front part Fr, and flange F1 are arranged coaxially with the center
of rotation of the crankshaft 1. The crank pins P are arranged at positions eccentric
with respect to the center of rotation of the crankshaft 1 by half the distance of the
piston stroke. The journals J are supported by the engine block by means of sliding
bearings and serve as the central rotational axis. The big end of a connecting rod
(hereinafter referred to as "connecting rod") is coupled to the crank pin P by means of a
sliding bearing, and a piston is coupled to the small end of the connecting rod. The
front part Fr constitutes the front end portion of the crankshaft 1. A damper pulley 2
for driving a timing belt, a fan belt, and the like is attached to the front part Fr. The
flange F1 constitutes the rear end portion of the crankshaft 1. A flywheel 3 is attached
to the flange F1.
[0007]
In an engine, fuel explodes within cylinders. The combustion pressure
generated by the explosion causes the reciprocating motion of the pistons, which acts on
the crank pins P of the crankshaft 1 and concurrently is transmitted to the journals J via
each crank arm A connecting to a corresponding one of the crank pins P, so as to be
converted into rotational motion. In this process, the crankshaft 1 rotates while
repetitively undergoing elastic deformation.
[OOOS]
The bearings that support the journals of the crankshaft are supplied with
lubricating oil. In response to the inclination and the elastic deformation of the
crankshaft, the oil film pressure and the oil filin thickness in the bearings vary in
correlation with the bearing load and the journal center orbit. Furthermore, depending
on the surface roughness of the journals and the surface roughness of the bearing metal
in the bearings, not only the variation of the oil film pressure but also local metal-to
metal contact occurs. Ensuring a sufficient oil film thickness is important in order to
prevent seizure of the bearings due to lack of lubrication and to prevent local
metal-to-metal contact, thus affecting the fuel economy performance.
[0009]
In addition, the elastic deformation caused by the rotation of the crankshaft and
the movement of the center orbit in the clearances within the bearings cause an offset of
the center of rotation, and therefore affect the engine vibration (mount vibration).
Furthermore, the vibration propagates through the vehicle body and thus affects the
vehicle interior noise and the ride comfort.
[OO 1 01
In order to improve such engine performance properties, there is a need for a
crankshaft having high stiffness with the ability to resist deformation. In addition,
there is a need for weight reduction of the crankshaft.
[OO 1 11
Crankshafts are subjected to loads due to pressure in cylinders (combustion
pressure in cylinders) and centrifugal force of rotation. In order to impart deformation
resistance to the loads, an attempt is made to improve the torsional rigidity and flexural
rigidity. In designing a crankshaft, the main specifications such as the journal diameter,
crank pin diameter, and crank pin stroke are firstly determined. After determination of
the main specifications, the remaining region to be designed is the shape of the crank
arm. Thus, the design of the crank arm shape for increasing both the torsional rigidity
and the flexural rigidity is an important requirement.
[OO 121
In the meantime, crankshafts need to have a mass distribution that ensures static
balance and dynamic balance so as to be able to rotate kinematically smoothly as a
rotating body. Accordingly, an important requirement is to adjust the mass of the
counterweight region with respect to the mass of the crank arm region determined by
the requirements for the flexural rigidity and torsional rigidity in view of weight
reduction while ensuring the static balance and dynamic balance.
[00 131
For the static balance, the adjustment is made so that when the mass moments of
inertia (the "mass" multiplied by the "radius of the center of mass") of the crank arm
region and the counterweight region are summed, the result is zero. For the dynamic
balance, the adjustment is made so that, when, for each region, the product of the axial
distance from the reference point to the center of mass multiplied by the mass nloment
of inertia (the "mass" multiplied by the "radius of the center of mass" multiplied by the
"axial distance") is determined using a point on the rotation axis of the crankshaft as the
reference and the products are summed, the result is zero.
[00 141
Furthermore, the balance ratio is adjusted for balancing against the load of
combustion pressure within one throw (a region of the crankshaft corresponding to one
cylinder). The balance ratio is defined as a ratio of the mass moment of inertia of the
counterweight region to the mass moment of inertia of the crank arm region including
the crank pin (also including part of the connecting rod, strictly speaking) in the
crankshaft, and this balancing ratio is adjusted to fall within a certain range.
[00 151
There is a trade-off between increase of the stiffness of the crank arm of a
crankshaft and weight reduction thereof, but heretofore various techniques relating to
the crank arm shape have been proposed in an attempt to meet both needs. Such
conventional techniques include the following.
[00 1 61
Japanese Patent No. 4998233 (Patent Literature 1) discloses a crank arm having
intensively greatly depressed recess grooves in the crank pin-side surface of the crank
arm and the journal-side surface thereof on a straight line connecting the axis of the
journal to the axis of the crank pin (hereinafter also referred to as the "crank arm
centerline"). The crank arm disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is intended to achieve
weight reduction and increase of stiffness. The recess groove in the journal-side
sulrface contributes to weight reduction by virtue of the reduced mass, and moreover, the
thick region around the recess groove contributes to increasing the torsional rigidity.
However, in reality, the flexural rigidity cannot be substantially increased because of the
intensively greatly depressed recess grooves on the crank ann centerline.
[OO 1 71
Japanese Translation of PCT International Application Publication No.
2004-538429 (Patent Literature 2), Japanese Translation of PCT International
Application Publication No. 2004-538430 (Patent Literature 3), Japanese Patent
Application Publication No. 2012-7726 (Patent Literature 4), and Japanese Patent
Application Publication No. 2010-230027 (Patent Literature 5) each disclose a crank
arm having a greatly and deeply depressed hollow portion in the journal-side surface of
the crank arm on the crank ann centerline. The crank arms disclosed in Patent
Literatures 2 to 5 are also intended to achieve weight reduction and increase of torsional
rigidity. However, in reality, the flexural rigidity is reduced because of the greatly and
deeply depressed hollow portion on the crank arm centerline.
CITATION LIST
PATENT LITERATURE
[OO 181
Patent Literature 1 : Japanese Patent No. 4998233
Patent Literature 2: Japanese Translation of PCT International Application
Publication No. 2004-538429
Patent Literature 3: Japanese Translation of PCT International Application
Publication No. 2004-538430
Patent Literature 4: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-7726
Patent Literature 5: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 201 0-230027
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
TECHNICAL PROBLEM
[OO 191
With the techniques disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 to 5, it is possible to provide
a crankshaft with reduced weight and increased torsional rigidity. However, the
conventional techniques have their limits in increasing flexural rigidity of crankshafts,
and therefore technological innovation therefor is strongly desired.
[0020]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances. An
object of the present invention is to provide a crankshaft for reciprocating engines
which has reduced weight and increased torsional rigidity in combination with increased
flexural rigidity.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM
[002 11
A crankshaft for a reciprocating engine, according to an embodiment of the
present invention, includes: journals that define a central axis of rotation; crank pins that
are eccentric with respect to the journals; and crank anns, each of the crank arms
connecting a corresponding one of the journals to a corresponding one of the crank pins,
wherein each of the crank arms or at least one of the crank arms integrally includes a
countenveight. The crank arms have a recess in a surface adjacent to the
corresponding one of the jounlals, the recess disposed inward of a peripheral region
along a periphery of the surface, the recess disposed along the peripheral region.
[0022]
The above-described crankshaft may be configured such that the recess extends
to a portion of the peripheral region, the portion corresponding to an area in the
corresponding one of the crank pins, the area extending from an axis of the crank pin to
an eccentrically top portion of the crank pin.
[0023]
The crankshaft may be configured such that the recess extends to an area of the
peripheral region, the area corresponding to the top portion. Alternatively, the
configuration may be such that the recess extends to a side area of the peripheral region.
Alternatively, the configuration may be such that the recess extends to two side areas of
the peripheral region, the recess being symmetrical with respect to a line connecting an
axis of the corresponding one of the journals to the axis of the corresponding one of the
crank pins.
[0024]
The above-described crankshaft may be configured such that, of all the crank
arms, a crank arm not having the counteweight has a recess in a surface adjacent to the
corresponding one of the crank pins, the recess disposed inward of a peripheral region
along a periphery of the surface, the recess disposed along the peripheral region.
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION
[0025]
According to the present invention, the crank arm is provided with a recess
fonned in the joumal-side surface, so that the peripheral region of the crank ann is thick,
the region inward thereof is thin because of the recess, and the central region further
inward thereof is thick. With this configuration, it is possible to provide a crankshaft
which has reduced weight and increased torsional rigidity in combination with increased
flexural rigidity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0026]
[FIG. 11 FIG. I is a schematic side view of a common crankshaft for multiple
cylinder engines;
[FIG. 21 FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for evaluating the
flexural rigidity of a crank arm;
[FIG. 31 FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are schematic diagrams illustrating a method for
evaluating the torsional rigidity of a crank ann, wherein FIG. 3(a) is a side view of a
throw and FIG. 3(b) is a front view thereof in the axial direction;
[FIG. 41 FIGS. 4(a) to 4(c) are diagrams showing typical examples in which the
crank arm is assumed to be a simple circular plate, wherein FIG. 4(a) shows a circular
plate having a rectangular cross section, FIG. 4(b) shows a circular plate having a
projected cross section, and FIG. 4(c) shows a circular plate having a recessed cross
section;
[FIG. 51 FIGS. 5(a) to 5(c) are diagrams showing typical examples in which the
crank arm is assumed to be a simple beam, wherein FIG. 5(a) shows a beam having a
rectangular cross section, FIG. 5(b) shows a beam having a projected cross section, and
FIG. 5(c) shows a beam having a recessed cross section;
[FIG. 61 FIG. 6 is a graph summarizing the magnitude relationships between the
area moments of inertia and between the polar moments of inertia, for the respective
cross-sectional shapes;
[FIG. 73 FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a
crankshaft according to a first embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 7(a)
is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial direction,
FIG. 7(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A, FIG. 7(c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B, FIG. 7(d) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line C-C, and FIG. 7(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line D-D;
[FIG. 81 FIGS. 8(a) to 8(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a
crankshaft according to a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG.
8(a) is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial
direction, FIG. 8(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line E-E, FIG. 8(c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line F-F, FIG. 8(d) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line G-G, and FIG. 8(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line H-H;
[FIG. 91 FIGS. 9(a) to 9(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a
crankshaft according to a third embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 9(a)
is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial direction,
FIG. 9(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I, FIG. 9(c) is a cross-sectional
view taken along the line J-J, FIG. 9(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line
K-K, and FIG. 9(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line L-L;
[FIG. 101 FIGS. 10(a) to 10(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in
a crankshaft according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG.
10(a) is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial
direction, FIG. 10(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line M-M, FIG. 10(c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line N-N, FIG. 10(d) is a cross-sectional view
taken along the line 0-0, and FIG. 10(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line
P-P; and
[FIG. 1 11 FIGS. I l(a) to 1 l(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in
a crankshaft according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG.
11 (a) is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the crank pin region in the axial
direction, FIG. 11 (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Q-Q, FIG. 1 l(c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line R-R, FIG. ll(d) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line S-S, and FIG. 11 (e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line T-T.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0027]
Embodiments of the crankshaft for reciprocating engines according to the present
invention will now be described.
100281
1. Basic Techniques to be Considered in Designing Crankshaft
1 - 1. Flexural Rigidity of Crank Arm
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for evaluating the flexural
rigidity of a crank arm. As shown in FIG. 2, in each throw of the crankshaft, a load F
of combustion pressure generated by the explosion in the cylinder is applied to the
crank pin P via a connecting rod. Since the journals J at the opposite ends in each
throw are supported by bearings, the load F is transmitted to the journal bearings from
the crank pin P via the crank arms A. Thus, the crank arms A are placed in a state in
which the load of three-point bending is applied thereto with a bending moment M
acting on the crank arms A. Accordingly, in each crank arm A, compressive stress
occurs at the outside (the side adjacent to the journal J) in the thickness direction and
tensile stress occurs at the inside opposite thereto (the side adjacent to the pin P).
[0029]
In the case where the diameters of the crank pin P and the journal J have been
determined as design specifications, the flexural rigidity of the crank arm A depends on
the crank arm shape of each throw. The counterweight W seldom contributes to the
flexural rigidity. The displacement u of the axial center of the crank pin P in the
direction in which the combustion pressure is applied is proportional to the load F of
combustion pressure applied to the crank pin P and is inversely proportional to the
flexural rigidity as shown in the following formula (1).
u proportional to Fl(Flexura1 Rigidity) ...( 1)
[0030]
1-2. Torsional Rigidity of Crank Arm
FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are schematic diagrams illustrating a method for evaluating
the torsional rigidity of a crank arm, wherein FIG. 3(a) is a side view of a throw and
FIG. 3(b) is a front view thereof in the axial direction. The rotation of the crankshaft
about the journal J causes a torsional torque T as shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b). Thus,
it is necessary to enhance the torsional rigidity of the crank ann A in order to ensure
smooth rotation against the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft without causing
resonance.
1003 11
In the case where the diameters of the crank pin P and the journal J have been
determined as design specifications, the torsional rigidity of the crank arm A depends on
the crank arm shape of each throw. The counterweight W seldom contributes to the
torsional rigidity. The torsion angle y of the journal J is proportional to the torsional
torque T and inversely proportional to the torsional rigidity as shown in the following
formula (2).
y proportional to T/(Torsional Rigidity) . . .(2)
[0032]
2. Crankshaft of Present Embodiment
2-1. Approach to Increasing Stiffhess of Crank Arm
As stated above, the counterweight seldom contributes to the flexural rigidity and
torsional rigidity. Accordingly, the present embodiment provides a crank ann shape
that can achieve weight reduction and increase of flexural rigidity in combination with
increase of torsional rigidity.
[0033]
2- 1 -1 . Shape for Increasing Torsional Rigidity
Here, an exemplary shape for increasing the torsional rigidity is studied based on
the theory of Strength of Materials. For the crank arm A shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b),
an effective way to increase its torsional rigidity while maintaining reduced weight is to
increase its polar moment of inertia.
[0034]
FIGS. 4(a) to 4(c) are diagrams showing typical examples in which the crank arm
is assumed to be a simple circular plate from the standpoint of torsional rigidity in the
sense of Strength of Materials, wherein FIG. 4(a) shows a circular plate having a
rectangular cross section, FIG. 4(b) shows a circular plate having a projected cross
section, and FIG. 4(c) shows a circular plate having a recessed cross section. The
rectangular cross section type circular plate shown in FIG. 4(a), the projected cross
section type circular plate shown in FIG. 4(b), and the recessed cross section type
circular plate shown in FIG. 4(c) are assumed to be of equal weight taking into account
the maintenance of reduced weight. In other words, these circular plates are of equal
volume in spite of the varied cross sections in rectangular, projected, and recessed
shapes.
Specifically, the rectangular cross section type circular plate shown in FIG. 4(a)
has a rectangular cross-sectional shape with a thickness of Ho and a diameter of Bo.
The projected cross section type circular plate shown in FIG. 4(b) has a projected
cross-sectional shape in which the central portion projects with respect to the outer
peripheral portion, with the outermost diameter being Bo. The projection in the central
portion has a thickness of H2 and a diameter of B7, and the outer peripheral portion has
a thickness of HI. The recessed cross section type circular plate shown in FIG. 4(c)
has a recessed cross-sectional shape in which the central portion is recessed with respect
to the outer peripheral portion, with the outermost diameter being Bo. The central
portion has a thickness of HI with the depth of the recession being H3 and the diameter
of the recession being B3.
The magnitude relationship between the torsional rigidities of the respective
circular plates is investigated under the condition that they are of equal weight. In
general, according to the theory of Strength of Materials, there is a relationship between
the torsional rigidity, the polar moment of inertia, and the torsion angle as shown in the
following fonnulae (3) to (5). The relationship shown in the formulae indicates that
increasing the polar moment of inertia is effective at increasing the torsional rigidity.
[0037]
Torsional rigidity: G x JIL ...( 3)
Polar moment of inertia: J = (~132x) d4 ...(4 )
Torsion angle: y = T x L/(G x J) ...( 5)
where L represents the axial length, G represents the shear modulus, d represents
the radius of the round bar, and T represents the torsional torque.
[003 81
The condition that the three types of circular plates shown in FIGS. 4(a) to 4(c)
are of equal weight means the condition that they are of equal volume. Accordingly,
the relationship indicated by the following formula (6) is established among the
dimensional parameters of the three types of circular plates.
( nI4) x Bo x Bo x Ho = (7114) x (Bo x Bo x HI + B2 x B2 x HZ) = (n14) x {Bo x
Bo x (HI + H3) - B3 X B3 x H3)) ...( 6)
[0039]
The polar moments of inertia of the three types of circular plates are expressed by
the following formulae (7) to (9), respectively, taking into account the thicknesses.
Polar moment of inertia of a rectangular cross section type circular plate:
J(A) = (71132) x HO x B: ...( 7)
[0040]
Polar moment of inertia of a projected cross section type circular plate:
JtB) = (7~132)x (HI X B: + H2 X ~ 2 ~...()8 )
[004 11
Polar moment of inertia of a recessed cross section type circular plate:
J(q = (nl32) x {(HI + H3) x B~~- H3 x ~ 3 ~...()9 )
[0042]
Based on the formulae (7) to (9), the magnitude relationship between the polar
moment of inertia J(*) of a rectangular cross section type circular plate, the polar
moment of inertia J(B, of a projected cross section type circular plate, and the polar
moment of inertia J[c, of a recessed cross section type circular plate is expressed by the
following formula (10).
J(B) < J(A) < J(c) . ..( 10)
[0043]
This formula (10) is the conclusion drawn theoretically from Strength of
Materials. This conclusion can be understood from the observation in the sense of
Strength of Materials that, qualitatively speaking, a cross-sectional shape such that
materials are placed in greater proportion in locations farther from the torsion center
provides a higher polar moment of inertia.
[0044]
For example, a case is considered as an illustrative example in which the
dimensional parameters are set as follows so that the condition of the equal weight, i.e.,
the condition of the above fom~ula(6 ) can be satisfied: Bo = 100 mm, Ho = 20 mm, HI =
10 mm, HZ = H3 = 20 mm, and BZ = B3 = 100/.\/2 = 70.71 mm.
[0045]
In the case of this illustrative example, the polar moment of inertia J(*) of a
rectangular cross section type circular plate is determined as shown in the following
formula (1 1) according to the above formula (7).
J(A) = 1.96 x 10' ...( 1 1)
[0046]
The polar moment of inertia J(B) of a projected cross section type circular plate is
determined as shown in the following formula (12) according to the above formula (8).
JtB) = 1.47 x lo8 ...( 1 2)
[0047]
The polar moment of inertia J(c) of a recessed cross section type circular plate is
determined as shown in the following formula (13) according to the above fonnula (9).
J(c) = 2.45 x 10' ...( 13)
[0048]
The formulae (1 1) to (1 3) numerically confirm that the relationship expressed by
the above formula (1 0) holds.
[0049]
Thus, projected cross section type circular plates, rectangular cross section type
circular plates, and recessed cross section type circular plates are in ascending order in
magnitude of torsional rigidity against torsional loads, and therefore the shape of
recessed cross section type circular plates is most preferred.
[OOSO]
2- 1-2. Shape for Increasing Flexural Rigidity
Here, an exemplary shape for increasing the flexural rigidity is studied based on
the theory of Strength of Materials. For the crank arm A shown in FIG 2, an efficient
way to increase its flexural rigidity while maintaining reduced weight is to increase its
area moment of inertia against bending.
[005 11
FIGS. 5(a) to 5(c) are diagrams showing typical examples in which the
cross-sectional shape of the crank arm is simplified and the crank arm is assumed to be
a simple beam fi-om the standpoint of flexural rigidity in the sense of Strength of
Materials, wherein FIG. 5(a) shows a beam having a rectangular cross section, FIG. 5(b)
shows a beam having a projected cross section, and FIG. 5(c) shows a beam having a
recessed cross section. The rectangular cross section type beam shown in FIG. 5(a),
the projected cross section type beam shown in FIG. 5(b), and the recessed cross section
type beam shown in FIG. 5(c) are assumed to be of equal weight taking into account the
maintenance of reduced weight. In other words, these beams are of equal
cross-sectional area in spite of the varied cross sections in rectangular, projected, and
recessed shapes.
[0052]
Specifically, the rectangular cross section type beam shown in FIG. 5(a) has a
rectangular cross-sectional shape with a thickness of Ho and a width of B3. The
projected cross section type beam shown in FIG. 5(b) has a projected cross-sectional
shape in which the central portion projects with respect to the opposite side portions,
with the maximum width being B3. The central portion has a thickness of H2 and a
width of Bq, and the opposite side portions each have a thickness of HI and a width of
B1/2. The recessed cross section type beam shown in FIG. 5(c) has a recessed
cross-sectional shape in which the central portion is recessed with respect to the
opposite side portions, with the maximum width being B3. The central portion has a
thickness of HI and a width of B1, and the opposite side portions each have a thickness
of HZ and a width of B2/2.
[0053]
The magnitude relationship between the stiffnesses of the respective beams
against bending loads is investigated under the condition that they are of equal weight.
In general, the relationship between the flexural rigidity of a rectangular beam and the
area moment of inertia thereof is expressed by the following formulae (14) to (1 6) based
on the theory of Strength of Materials. The relationship shown in the formulae
indicates that increasing the area moment of inertia results in increasing the flexural
rigidity.
[0054]
F1exuralRigidity:Exl ...( 14)
Area moment of inertia: I = (111 2) x b x h3 ...( 1 5)
Flexural displacement: u = k(M/(E x I)) ...( 1 6)
where b represents the width, h represents the thickness, E represents the Young's
modulus, M represents the bending moment, and k represents the shape factor.
[0055]
The condition that the three types of beams shown in FIGS. 5(a) to 5(c) are of
equal weight means the condition that they are of equal volume, i.e., they are of equal
cross-sectional area. Accordingly, the relationship indicated by the following formula
(1 7) is established among the dimensional parameters of the three types of beams.
B3 x Ho = (HZ x BZ + B1 x HI) = (HZ x Bz + B1 x HI) ...( 17)
LO0561
The area moments of inertia of the three types of beams are expressed by the
following formulae (1 8) to (20), respectively.
Area moment of inertia of a rectangular cross section type beam:
I(D)= (1112) x B3 x ~0~ ...( 18)
[0057]
Area moment of inertia of a projected cross section type beam:
I(E)= 113 x (B3 x ~ 2 -' B1 x ~3~ + B2 x ~ 1 ~...() 19)
where E2 is determined by "(B2 x ~2~ + Bl x ~ , ~ ) /x{ (2B 2 x H2 + B1 x HI)) 'I, El
is determined by l'H2 - E2", and H3 is determined by "E2 - HI1'.
[0058]
Area moment of inertia of a recessed cross section type beam:
I ( F ) = ~ / ~ ~ ( B ~ x E ~ ~ - B I X H ~...(~ 20+) B ~ X E ~ ~ )
where Ez is determined by "(B2 x ~2~ + BI x ~ 1 ~ ) 1x{ (2B 2 x H2 + B1 x HI)}", El
is determined by "Hz - E2", H3 is determined by "E2 - HIt'.
[0059]
The above formula (19) and the above formula (20) are in the same form. This
indicates that the area moment of inertia of a projected cross section type beam
equals the area moment of inertia I(F) of a recessed cross section type beam under the
condition that they are of equal weight.
[0060]
In short, the magnitude relationship between the area moment of inertia of a
rectangular cross section type beam, the area moment of inertia I(E) of a projected cross
section type beam, and the area moment of inertia I(F, of a recessed cross section type
beam is expressed by the following formula (21).
40) < I(E)= I(F) ...( 2 1)
[006 11
This formula (2 1) is the conclusion drawn theoretically from Strength of
Materials. This conclusion can be understood from the observation in the sense of
Strength of Materials that, qualitatively speaking, a cross-sectional shape such that
materials are placed in greater proportion in locations farther from the neutral plane of
bending provides a higher area moment of inertia.
[0062]
For example, a case is considered as an illustrative example in which the
dimensional parameters are set as follows so that the condition of the equal weight, i.e.,
the condition of the above fonnula (17) can be satisfied: B1 = B2 = 50 mm, B3 = 100
mm, Ho = 20 rnm, HI = 10 mm, and H2 = 30 mm, by which El = 12.5 mm, E2 = 17.5
mm, and H3 = 7.5 rnm.
[0063]
In the case of this illustrative example, the area moment of inertia Ip) of a
rectangular cross section type beam is determined as shown in the following formula
(22) according to the above formula (18).
I(D)= 6.67 x lo4 ...(2 2)
[0064]
The area moment of inertia I(E) of a projected cross section type beam is
determined as shown in the following formula (23) according to the above formula (19).
ItE)= 2.04 x lo5 ...( 23)
100651
The area moment of inertia of a recessed cross section type beam is
determined as shown in the following formula (24) according to the above formula (20).
I~F)=2.04x105 ...( 24)
[0066]
The formulae (22) to (24) numerically confirm that the relationship expressed by
the above formula (2 1) holds.
[0067]
Thus, projected cross section type beams and recessed cross section type beams
have comparable flexural rigidity against bending loads, and therefore partially
thickened crank arm shapes sucll as those of a projected cross section type beam and a
recessed cross section type beam are Inore preferred because of the higher flexural
rigidity than the shape of a rectangular cross section type beam.
[0068]
2-1-3. Summarization of Shapes for Increasing Flexural Rigidity and Torsional Rigidity
FIG. 6 is a graph summarizing the magnitude relationships between the area
moments of inertia and between the polar moments of inertia, which are directly related
to flexural rigidity and torsional rigidity, for the respective cross-sectional shapes. In
FIG. 6, the polar moments of inertia and the area moments of inertia resulting from the
cross sectional shapes shown in FIGS. 4(a) to 4(c) and FIGS. 5(a) to 5(c), i.e., the
rectangular cross section, the projected cross section, and the recessed cross section, are
presented as relative values assuming that the values of the rectangular cross section are
the reference " 1 ".
[0069]
The results shown in FIG. 6 indicate that, in order to increase both the flexural
rigidity and the torsional rigidity effectively, an efficient way is to increase the thickness
of the crank arm. In particular, the projected or recessed cross-sectional shape results
in increased flexural rigidity while the recessed cross-sectional shape results in
increased torsional rigidity, and therefore it is believed that, when these shapes are
combined, both the flexural rigidity and the torsional rigidity increase.
[0070]
2-2. Overview of Crankshaft of Present Embodiment
The results shown in FIG. 6 demonstrate that an effective way to increase both
the flexural rigidity and the torsional rigidity is to configure the crank arm to have a
cross-sectional shape such that the projected cross section and the recessed cross section
are combined. Specifically, the peripheral region along the periphery of the crank arm
is configured to be thick, the region inward of the peripheral region is configured to be
thin, and the central region further inward thereof (a region through which the crank
arm centerline passes and which is adjacent to the journal) is configured to be tliick.
By configuring the peripheral region, which is farther from the torsion center of the
crank arm, to be thick and configuring the region inward thereof to be thin, it is possible
to ensure high torsional rigidity while achieving weight reduction. The large thickness
of the peripheral region of the crank arm contributes to ensuring the flexural rigidity.
In addition, for the purpose of ensurilig the flexural rigidity, the large thickness of the
central region of the crank arm contributes.
In view of the above, the crankshaft according to the present embodiment is
provided with the crank arms each having a recess in the journal-side surface thereof,
inside the peripheral region thereof which extends along the periphery of the surface (in
particular portions of the peripheral region corresponding to the two sides of the crank
arm), in such a manner that the recess is disposed along the peripheral region. Thus, in
the crank arms, the peripheral region outside the recess is thick, the region inward
thereof is thin because of the recess, and the region firther inward thereof is thick, so
that weight reduction and increase of the torsional rigidity are achieved while increase
of the flexural rigidity is also achieved.
[0072]
Furthermore, in the case of a crankshaft including a crank arm that does not have
a counterweight, the crank arm that does not have a counterweight may have a recess in
the crank pin-side surface thereof, inside the peripheral region thereof which extends
along the periphery of the surface (in particular portions of the peripheral region
corresponding to the two sides of the crank ann), in such a manner that the recess is
disposed along the peripheral region. In this case, further weight reduction of the
crankshaft is achieved while ensuring increased torsional rigidity and increased flexural
rigidity.
[0073]
2-3. Specific Embodiments
[First Embodiment]
FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a crankshaft
according to a first embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 7(a) is a front
view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial direction, FIG. 7(b) is
a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A, FIG. 7(c) is a cross-sectional view
taken along the line B-B, FIG. 7(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C,
and FIG. 7(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line D-D. The A-A cross
section in FIG. 7(b) is a cross section taken on a crank an11 centerline Ac. The B-B
cross section in FIG. 7(c) is a cross section parallel to the A-A cross section. The C-C
cross section in FIG. 7(d) is a cross section perpendicular to the crank arm centerline Ac
and containing the axis PC of the crank pin, and the D-D cross section in FIG. 7(e) is a
cross section parallel to the C-C cross section.
[0074]
The crank arm A of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) has a recess
10 in the surface adjacent to a journal J. Specifically, the crank arm A has a peripheral
region 11 along the periphery of the journal J-side surface. The recess 10 is formed
inside the peripheral region 11 and along the peripheral region 11. Thus, in the crank
arm A, the peripheral region 11 is thick over its entire area, the region inward thereof is
thin because of the recess 10, and the central region further inward thereof is thick. As
a result, the crankshaft has reduced weight and increased torsional rigidity in
combination with increased flexural rigidity.
[0075]
It should be noted that the pin fillet portion, which is a joint connecting the crank
pin P to the crank arm A, is prone to stress concentration. Accordingly, in many cases,
quenching using high frequency induction heating is applied to the pin fillet portion in
order to increase the fatigue strength. In this process, in the peripheral region 11 of the
crank arm A, particularly the area (hereinafter also referred to as "pin top area")
corresponding to the eccentrically top portion of the crank pin P may experience quench
cracking since it is contiguous with the pin fillet portion, which is subjected to
quenching, unless the area has a certain degree of thickness. To guard against such a
case, the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A of the first embodiment has a sufficient
thickness over its entire area including the pin top area without any interruption, and
therefore has high resistance to quench cracking.
[0076]
[Second Embodiment]
FIGS. 8(a) to 8(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a crankshaft
according to a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 8(a) is a front
view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial direction, FIG. 8(b) is
a cross-sectional view taken along the line E-E, FIG. 8(c) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line F-F, FIG. 8(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line G-G, and FIG.
8(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line H-H. The E-E cross section, F-F
cross section, G-G cross section, and H-H cross section of FIG. 8(a) correspond to the
locations of the A-A cross section, B-B cross section, C-C cross section, and D-D cross
section of FIG. 7(a), respectively.
[0077]
The crank arm A of the second embodinlent shown in FIGS. 8(a) to 8(e) is based
on the configuration of the crank arm A of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 7(a) to
7(e), and is a variation thereof with a partially modified configuration. In the second
embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), the recess 10 formed in the journal J-side
surface of the crank arm A extends to the area (pin top area) in the peripheral region 11
of the crank arm A, which corresponds with the top portion. That is, the thickness of
the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A is locally thin at the pin top area.
[0078]
This crank arm A of the second embodiment also has the configuration in which
the peripheral region is thick except for part of it, the region inward thereof is thin
because of the recess 10, and the central region firther inward thereof is thick. Hence,
the crankshaft of the second embodiment, similarly to the crankshaft of the first
embodiment, has reduced weight and increased torsional rigidity in combination with
increased flexural rigidity.
[0079]
Indeed, when the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A is partially thinned, the
partial thinning leads to a corresponding reduction in torsional rigidity. However,
provided that, in the peripheral region 1 1, the thinned portion of the peripheral region 11
is limited to a zone corresponding to a zone in the crank pin P from the axis PC thereof
to the top portion thereof (this zone of the peripheral region 11 is hereinafter also
referred to as "pin top-side zone"), the reduction in torsional rigidity is small and the
flexural rigidity is substantially not reduced. Accordingly, when the recess 10 of the
crank arm A is to be extended to the peripheral region 11, it is preferred that the
extension be limited to the pin top-side zone in the peripheral region 11 and thus that the
recess 10 be extended to a portion of the specific pin top-side zone.
[0080]
In the second embodiment, the thickness of the peripheral region 11 of the crank
arm A is thin at the pin top area, and therefore, when the pin fillet portion is subjected to
high frequency induction heating for quenching, quench cracking tends to occur at the
pin top area of the crank arm A. Thus, the pin top area in the peripheral region 11 of
the crank arm A needs to have a minimally required thickness to prevent quench
cracking.
[0081]
[Third Embodiment]
FIGS. 9(a) to 9(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a crankshaft
according to a third embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 9(a) is a front
view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial direction, FIG. 9(b) is
a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I, FIG. 9(c) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line J-J, FIG. 9(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line K-K, and FIG.
9(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line L-L. The 1-1 cross section, J-J cross
section, K-K cross section, and L-L cross section of FIG. 9(a) correspond to the
locations of the A-A cross section, B-B cross section, C-C cross section, and D-D cross
section of FIG. 7(a), respectively.
[0082]
The crank arm A of the third embodiment shown in FIGS. 9(a) to 9(e) is a
variation of the crank arm A of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) with a
partially modified configuration, based on technical ideas similar to those of the above
second embodiment. In the third embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 9(a) and 9(e), the
recess 10 formed in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A extends to a portion of
one side area in the pin top-side zone of the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A.
That is, the thickness of the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A is locally thin at a
portion of the one side area of the pin top-side zone. The recess 10 may instead extend
to the entirety of the one side area in the pin top-side zone of the peripheral region 11 of
the crank arm A.
[0083]
This crank arm A of the third embodiment also has the configuration in which the
peripheral region is thick except for part of it, the region inward thereof is thin because
of the recess 10, and the central region further inward thereof is thick. Hence, the
crankshaft of the third embodiment has advantages similar to those of the crankshaft of
the second embodiment.
[0084]
In the third embodiment, the recess 10 of the crank arm A does not extend to the
pin top area of the peripheral region 11. Thus, the crank arm A has a sufficient
thickness at the pin top area of the peripheral region 11 and therefore has high resistance
to quench cracking that may be caused by high frequency induction heating.
[OOSS]
[Fourth Embodiment]
FIGS. 10(a) to 10(e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a
crankshaft according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG.
10(a) is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the journal region in the axial
direction, FIG. 10(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line M-M, FIG. 10(c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line N-N, FIG. 10(d) is a cross-sectional view
taken along the line 0-0, and FIG. 10(e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line
P-P. The M-M cross section, N-N cross section, 0 - 0 cross section, and P-P cross
section of FIG. 10(a) correspond to the locations of the A-A cross section, B-B cross
section, C-C cross section, and D-D cross section of FIG. 7(a), respectively.
[0086]
The crank arm A of the fourth embodiment shown in FIGS. 10(a) to 10(e) is a
variation of the crank arm A of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) with a
partially modified configuration, based on technical ideas similar to those of the above
second embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 10(a) and 10(e),
the recess 10 formed in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A extends to portions
of two respective side areas in the pin top-side zone of the peripheral region 11 of the
crank arm A, so as to be symmetrical with respect to the crank arm centerline Ac (the
line connecting the axis Jc of the journal J to the axis PC of the crank pin P). That is,
the thickness of the peripheral region 11 of the crank arm A is locally and symmetrically
thin at portions of the two respective side areas of the pin top-side zone. The recess 10
may instead extend to the entireties of the two respective side areas in the pin top-side
zone of the peripheral region 1 1 of the crank arm A.
[0087]
This crank arm A of the fourth embodiment also has the configuration in which
the peripheral region is thick except for part of it, the region inward thereof is thin
because of the recess 10, and the central region further inward thereof is thick. Hence,
the crankshaft of the fourth embodiment has advantages similar to those of the
crankshaft of the second embodiment.
[OOSS]
In the fourth embodiment, similarly to the third embodiment described above, the
recess 10 of the crank arm A does not extend to the pin top area of the peripheral region
1 I. Thus, the crank arm A has a sufficient thickness at the pin top area of the
peripheral region 11 and therefore has high resistance to quench cracking that may be
caused by high frequency induction heating.
[0089]
In any of the above second to fourth embodiments, the radius of the center of
mass of the crank arm A region is smaller than in the first embodiment described above
because the crank arm A is locally thinned at a portion of the peripheral region 11 (pin
top-side zone), which is far from the center of rotation of the crankshaft. Accordingly,
the mass moment of inertia of the crank arm A region is reduced, and therefore it is
possible to reduce the mass of the counterweight W in light of the static balance and
dynamic balance of the crankshaft. Hence, the second to fourth embodiments
described above are useful for hrther weight reduction of a crankshaft as a whole.
[0090]
[Fifth Embodiment]
In the first to fourth embodiments described above, not only the crank arm A
having a counterweight but also a crank ann A that does not have a countenveight has
the recess 10 in the journal J-side surface. In the case of the crank arm that does not
have a counterweight, such a recess may be formed in the crank pin P-side surface of
the crank arm A.
[009 11
FIGS. 11 (a) to 11 (e) are schematic views showing a crank arm shape in a
crankshaft according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 1 l(a)
is a front view of the crank arm as seen from the crank pin region in the axial direction,
FIG. 1 l(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Q-Q, FIG. 11 (c) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line R-R, FIG. 11 (d) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line S-S, and FIG. 11 (e) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line T-T.
The Q-Q cross section in FIG. 11 (b) is a cross section taken on the crank arm centerline
Ac. The R-R cross section in FIG. 11 (c) is a cross section parallel to the Q-Q cross
section. The S-S cross section in FIG. ll(d) is a cross section perpendicular to the
crank arm centerline Ac and containing the axis Jc of the journal, and the T-T cross
section in FIG. 1 l(e) is a cross section parallel to the S-S cross section. The Q-Q cross
section and R-R cross section of FIG. 11 (a) correspond to the locations of the A-A cross
section and B-B cross section of FIG. 7(a), respectively.
[0092]
In the fifth embodiment, a crank arm A shown in FIGS. 1 l(a) to 11 (e) does not
have a counterweight. In a 4-cylinder 4-counterweight crankshaft, by way of example,
the second, third, sixth, and seventh crank arms A2, A3, A6, A7 correspond to the crank
arm A.
[0093]
The crank arm A in the fifth embodiment has a recess 20 in the surface adjacent
to the crank pin P in addition to the recess 10 formed in the surface adjacent to the
journal J. Specifically, the crank arm A has a peripheral region 21 along the periphery
of the crank pin P-side surface. The recess 20 is formed inside the peripheral region
21 and along the peripheral region 2 1. Thus, in the crank arm A, at the side where the
crank pin P is coupled, the peripheral region 11 is thick over its entire area, the region
inward thereof is thin because of the recess 10, and the central region hrther inward
thereof is thick. Furthermore, in the crank arm A, at the side where the journal J is
coupled, the peripheral region 2 1 is thick over its entire area, the region inward thereof
is thin because of the recess 20, and the central region firther inward-thereof is thick.
As a result, fin-ther weight reduction of the crankshaft is achieved while ensuring
increased torsional rigidity and increased flexural rigidity.
[0094]
The recess 20 of the fifth embodiment is similar in shape to the recess 10 of the
first embodiment described above. Instead, the recess 20 of the fifth embodiment may
be modified to have a shape similar to that of any of the recesses 10 of the second to
fourth embodiments described above.
[0095]
The crankshaft of the present invention is a crankshaft that can be mounted in a
variety of reciprocating engines. That is, the number of engine cylinders may be any
of two, three, four, six, eight and ten, or the number greater than that may be possible.
The arrangement of engine cylinders may be in a variety of forms such as the straight
type, V-type, and opposed type. The fuel for the engine may be of various types such
as gasoline, diesel, and biohel. Examples of the engine include a hybrid engine that
includes a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0096]
The present invention is capable of being effectively utilized in a crankshaft to be
mounted in a variety of reciprocating engines.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
[0097]
1 : crankshaft
J, J1 to J5: journal
Jc: axis of journal,
P, P1 to P4: crank pin
PC: axis of crank pin
Fr: front part
F1: flange
A, A1 to A8: crank arm
Ac: crank arm centerline
W, W 1 to W8: counterweight
2: damper pulley
3: flywheel
10: recess
1 1 : peripheral region
20: recess
2 1 : peripheral region

We claim:
1. A crankshaft for a reciprocating engine, the crankshaft configured to be
mounted in a reciprocating engine, the crankshaft comprising:
journals that define a central axis of rotation;
crank pins that are eccentric with respect to the journals; and
crank arms, each of the crank arms connecting a corresponding one of the
journals to a corresponding one of the crank pins,
wherein each of the crank arms or at least one of the crank arms integrally
includes a countenveight, and
wherein the crank arms have a recess in a surface adjacent to the corresponding
one of the journals, the recess disposed inward of a peripheral region along a periphery
of the surface, the recess disposed along the peripheral region.
2. The crankshaft for a reciprocating engine according to claim 1,
wherein the recess extends to a portion of the peripheral region, the portion
corresponding to an area in the corresponding one of the crank pins, the area extending
from an axis of the crank pin to an eccentrically top portion of the crank pin.
3. The crankshaft for a reciprocating engine according to claim 2,
wherein the recess extends to an area of the peripheral region, the area
corresponding to the top portion.
4. The crankshaft for a reciprocating engine according to claim 2,
wherein the recess extends to a side area of the peripheral region.
5. The crankshaft for a reciprocating engine according to claim 2,
wherein the recess extends to hvo side areas of the peripheral region, the recess
being syrninetrical with respect to a line connecting an axis of the corresponding one of
the journals to the axis of the corresponding one of the crank pins.
6. The crankshaft for a reciprocating engine according to any one of claims 1
wherein, of all the crank arms, a crank ann not having the counterweight has a
recess in a surface adjacent to the corresponding one of the crank pins, the recess
disposed inward of a peripheral region along a periphery of the surface, the recess
disposed along the peripheral region.