DEVICE FOR GENERATING A GAS JET IN PROCESSES FOR COATING METAL STRIPS
Field of the invention
The present invention refers to a device for generating a gas flow in hot coating
processes for metal strips. Such a device is also generally known as an air knife.
State of the art
As known, the hot galvanizing process consists in coating zinc on steel strips, by
immersing them into a bath of molten zinc (at 450 °C - 470 °C) contained in a
tank, on both faces and with variable coating thicknesses as a function of the final
application. The process is of the continuous type; the steel strip is normalized and
the two opposite surfaces are suitably prepared in order to obtain a perfect
adhesion of the zinc to the basic steel and the formation of very thin, uniform zinc
layer.
The adjustment of the zinc coating thickness is obtained by means of an air knife
system, which also allows the coating to be uniformly distributed on the two
surfaces and over the whole length of the strip. The system of air knives
essentially consists of two lips, defining a nozzle having a predominant dimension
as compared to the others and adapted to generate a flat jet, which convey an air
jet onto the whole width of the strip and onto each side thereof when the strip
emerges from the zinc tank.
The same procedure is employed to generally coat metal strips, irrespective of the
nature of the liquid material sticking to the strip being coated. Besides being a zinc
alloy, indeed, the liquid can be an aluminium alloy or a paint.
An adjustment system allows the two lips to be inclined and spaced from each
other, so as to determine the coating thickness required, which can even be
differentiated for each side.
A closed-loop control system, based on a system for measuring the thickness of
the zinc coating obtained, allows the quantity of zinc and thus the coating
thickness to be optimized.
Standards set the minimum value of the mass/surface ratio (g/m2) of the total zinc
coating on both faces, or the minimum coating thickness (microns) on a face,
according to the final application of the steel strip.
This is explained by the corrosion resistance of the material over time being
directly proportional to the zinc thickness applied to the metal strip.
The quality of the jet produced by the air knife thus represents one of the
fundamental factors of the hot galvanizing process.
It is desirable that the air flow is uniformly distributed over space and time on both
faces of the strip, so as to guarantee a minimum deviation of the coating thickness
with respect to the nominal value.
The air knife extends over the entire width of the strip and is to be provided so as
to limit the turbulence therein, before it passes through the nozzle, in order to
obtain the aforementioned uniformity of air distribution over space and time.
In order to even the pressure distribution and minimize the vorticity of the air flow,
load losses can be considerably increased within the device, but this is a major
limit. Therefore, attempts have been made to identify solutions which, despite
modest load losses, would still manage to ensure a sufficient uniformity of the air
flow.
An air knife is a device comprising a cylindrical pipe, also known as a delivery
manifold, injecting air into a sort of annular chamber. Outlet holes for the air under
pressure are provided on the lateral surface of the cylindrical pipe, which are
aligned over the whole length of the cylinder. One or more holed partitions may be
arranged in order to even the air flow within the annular chamber. The cylindrical
pipe is generally fed from both ends through a plenum.
Feeding uniformity must be obtained a priori by the body of the air knife, as the
nozzle is only able to recover a fraction of possible non-uniformities of the gas
pressure.
In the publication DE1 9954231 , for example, a first variant shows a cylindrical pipe
having an alignment of holes arranged parallel to the symmetry axis of the pipe. In
another variant, the cylindrical pipe has grooves which are parallel to one another
and arranged according to meridians of the cylindrical pipe. A third variant shows
the cylindrical pipe having alignments of holes which are parallel to each other and
arranged according to meridians of the cylindrical pipe. A first holed partition is
arranged vertically, i.e. perpendicular to the development axis of the cross-section
of the annular chamber. A second and immediately successive partition, following
the clockwise motion of the gas, is almost horizontal with holes which open almost
perpendicularly to a development plane of the outlet pipe which is substantially
tangent to the annular chamber and culminant with the flat nozzle.
In the device described in DE1 9954231 it is clear that
- the rectilinear stretch which leads to the nozzle is adjacent to the annular
chamber, defining a discontinuity in a medial development plane of the total pipe
formed by the annular chamber and the rectilinear final stretch,
- the last partition is almost parallel with the development of the rectilinear stretch
which leads to the nozzle,
- a fraction of the gas, which rotates in a clockwise direction, passes through the
vertical partition, while the remaining fraction, which rotates in an anticlockwise
direction, passes through the last partition only, this resulting in two parallel
chambers contained in the annular container of the device.
The device shown in such a document causes the gas under pressure to strike
and bounce off the lower wall of the last rectilinear stretch with a considerable
increase in the turbulence within the device. Furthermore, the two gas fractions
collide before passing through the last partition, thus generating further turbulence.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a device to level a gas flow along
a nozzle adapted to generate a flat jet, suitable in particular for hot coating
processes for metal strips and adapted to improve the uniformity of the gas
distribution over the length of the nozzle.
The object of the present invention is a device for generating a flat, laminar gas jet,
in particular in hot coating processes for metal strips, comprising in accordance
with claim 1,
- a longitudinal delivery manifold having a peripheral wall, the peripheral wall being
provided with first holes,
- a levelling pre-chamber communicating with said longitudinal delivery manifold
through said first holes,
- a levelling pipe communicating at a first end thereof with said levelling prechamber,
- a nozzle adapted to generate the flat gas jet,
- said levelling pipe communicating at a second end thereof with said nozzle, said
second end being opposite to and having a smaller section than the first end, so
as to be tapered and to create a gas flow path from said levelling pre-chamber to
the nozzle, said path defining a curved medial development surface,
- at least two holed partitions arranged in said levelling pipe perpendicular to said
curved medial development surface, thereby defining at least two successive
portions of the levelling pipe, which are adjacent and connected to each other,
wherein the first holes are provided only in a first longitudinal sector of the
peripheral wall of the delivery manifold and said levelling pre-chamber extends
outwards at least about said first longitudinal sector,
wherein a first portion of the levelling pipe extends outwards about a second
longitudinal sector of the peripheral wall of the delivery manifold, adjacent to the
first longitudinal sector,
and wherein a second portion of the levelling pipe is arranged in a substantially
tangential direction with respect to the delivery manifold, downstream of said
second longitudinal sector,
whereby said curved medial development surface is represented by an ideal
continuous curved surface without any angular points, so as to optimize the
transformation of the gas flow from turbulent flow at the first end to laminar flow at
the second end of the levelling pipe.
In a preferred variant, the levelling pre-chamber is advantageously externally
wound about said first longitudinal sector and the first portion of the levelling pipe
is externally wound about said second longitudinal sector.
The first portion of the levelling pipe is preferably wound about said second sector
or longitudinal portion of the delivery manifold over an angular extent in the range
from 30° to 180°, e.g. approximately 90°.
In a preferred variant, the levelling pre-chamber is wound only about said first
longitudinal sector, preferably but not necessarily having an angular extent of
about 90°.
The device is configured so that the gas flow exiting the delivery manifold, through
the first holes, can cross the levelling pre-chamber in a single rotation direction in
order to reach the levelling pipe.
A first stretch of the curved medial development surface is substantially at least
one portion of a lateral surface of a semi-cylinder, whereas a second stretch of
said curved medial development surface, adjacent to said first stretch, is
substantially a flat surface.
The present invention advantageously solves the problem of supplying a flow to
the nozzle, which flow is uniform over the whole nozzle extension and is especially
uniform over time, i.e. free from instability. In particular, the development surface
of the levelling pipe being continuous and without any angular points, implies that
the first derivative calculated on the development surface of the pipe at any point
of the pipe in the direction of the gas flow is also continuous. Thereby, there are no
areas in which the flow strikes against the walls of the pipe at angles such as to
trigger turbulence. Furthermore, this allows the inserting of levelling partitions with
surfaces perpendicular to the gas flow and therefore to the development surface of
the levelling pipe, and hole axes which are parallel to the direction of the gas flow,
as per the position in which said partitions are arranged.
Between one holed partition and the next, a portion of compressed gas flow
levelling pipe is thus defined. Therefore, stretches of levelling pipe are arranged in
sequence or in cascade, one respect to the other, downstream of a pre-chamber,
thus providing a progressive homogenization of the gas flow.
The levelling pipe, comprising said progressive stretches of levelling pipe, has
sections which are orthogonal to the gas flow having a progressively decreasing
area towards the nozzle, so that also the portion of the levelling pipe wound on a
portion of the delivery manifold does not induce turbulence. In addition, the first
and second portions of the levelling pipe are connected so that the flow is
introduced into the second portion parallel to the corresponding medial
development surface of the second portion.
Furthermore, the partition holes through which the fluid is forced to pass are
progressively decreased in diameter while increasing in number according to the
position of the respective partition along the development of the direction of the
gas flow, thus causing the fluid threads to be arranged parallel to the walls of the
pipe, gradually turning the gas flow motion from turbulent to linear. A further
advantage is that a partition is arranged in a practically rectilinear portion of the
levelling pipe where, inter alia, the turbulence rate is already sensibly decreased,
thus resulting in a further, definitive reduction of the turbulence and approaching a
linearity which is almost aerodynamically ideal.
The dependent claims describe preferred embodiments of the invention, forming
an integral part of the present description.
Brief description of the figures
Further features and advantages of the invention will become clearer in light of the
detailed description of preferred but not exclusive embodiments of a device to
level a gas flow along a nozzle adapted to generate a flat jet, in particular for hot
coating processes for metal strips, for example with zinc alloys or aluminium
alloys, shown by way of non-limiting example with the aid of the accompanying
drawings in which:
Figure 1 represents a diagrammatic cross-section view of the device,
Figures 2a, 2b and 2c represent three sections of the device in figure 1, orthogonal
to the direction of the gas flow.
The same reference numbers and letters in the figures identify the same elements
or components.
Detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention
With reference to figure 1, a device to level a gas flow according to the present
invention comprises a longitudinal delivery manifold 1 and a levelling pre-chamber
2 which directs the gas from delivery manifold 1 to levelling pipe 3, on which
nozzle 10 is engaged. The peripheral wall of the delivery manifold, in a first
longitudinal sector 11 of an angular extent of about 90°, over the whole length or
longitudinal extension of said manifold, comprises first holes 12 for the gas to
pass. In figures 1 and 2a, for example, three rows of first holes 12 are provided. In
other variants, the number of rows of first holes 12 may be different from three.
Levelling pre-chamber 2 overlies the first longitudinal sector 11 in which holes 12
open, and is connected to a levelling pipe 3 divided into a first stretch or portion 3a
which is wound on the delivery manifold 1 over about a second longitudinal sector,
i.e. for about preferably 90°, and into a second stretch or portion 3b which
substantially extends in the tangential direction with respect to the delivery
manifold 1. The two portions of levelling pipe 3 are adjacent and perfectly
connected to each other, so as to avoid the presence of edges along the whole
levelling pipe.
The longitudinal delivery manifold 1 may have a cross-section which is circular or
elliptical or the like, and the lateral surface thereof may be divided into longitudinal
sectors of equal or different angular extent. The first portion 3a of levelling pipe 3
may extend around a portion or longitudinal sector of the delivery manifold 1,
preferably at an angle in the range from 30° to 180°.
Reference letter Z indicates the outline of an ideal medial development surface of
the levelling pipe 3 which corresponds to a development axis according to the
cross-section of the device shown in figure 1 and to the direction of the gas flow in
the pipe stretches where it is substantially or completely linear.
Levelling pipe 3 is tapered from the first portion 3a towards the second portion 3b
up to outlet pipe 4 , on which nozzle 10 is engaged.
Nozzle 10 may be a separate component or integrally made in one piece with
outlet pipe 4 . The nozzle 10 shown in figure 1 is merely intended to schematize
the presence of a nozzle having a width such as to generate a flat gas jet.
The holes 12 allow gas to be introduced into the levelling pre-chamber 2. The
stretch of the lateral wall of delivery pipe 1 on which the first holes 12 open may be
in common between the delivery pipe 1 and the levelling pre-chamber 2.
A partition 5 is substantially arranged at the joining point between the levelling prechamber
2 and the first portion 3a of levelling pipe 3 . This partition 5 comprises
second through holes 25.
A successive partition 6 is substantially arranged in an intermediate area of the
second portion 3b of levelling pipe 3 downstream of the first partition 5 with
respect to the gas flow direction. This partition 6 comprises third through holes 26.
It is preferred that partitions 5 and 6 are detachable, for both reasons of
maintenance and for modifying the configuration of the device.
Partitions 5 and 6 are perpendicular to the curved medial development surface Z.
Said surface Z follows a pattern which is firstly substantially semi-cylindrical and
then substantially flat, i.e. a first stretch of the curved medial development surface
Z is substantially at least one portion of lateral surface of a semi-cylinder whereas
a second stretch of said curved surface Z is substantially a flat surface.
Given the shape of the pipe 3, with particular reference to the device variant in
figure 1, partition 5 is substantially horizontal and partition 6 is substantially
vertical. More generally, the two partitions 5, 6 are arranged on planes which are
substantially orthogonal to each other, respectively.
According to the present invention, the perfect connection between the first portion
3a and the second portion 3b of levelling pipe 3, which has each wall rounded,
facilitates instead an outflow of gas without triggering turbulent phenomena.
Furthermore, holed partitions 5 and 6 are always perpendicular to surface Z with
the axis of the respective holes parallel to the direction of laminar motion of the
gas flow in the respective positions along levelling pipe 3.
There is a relationship between the turbulence intensity and the position of the
holed partitions 5 and 6, with particular reference to the partition 6: it has been
verified that if the fluid reaches the holed partition 6 with a high turbulence rate, the
levelling action of the holes 26 is not exploited to full advantage. It is preferred that
partition 6 is spaced apart from previous partition 5, whereby the turbulence rate at
the inlet of partition 6 is at least 7% lower than the total gas flow, the remaining
amount of flow moving with laminar motion.
Therefore, partition 6 working with a turbulence rate lower than 7% and preferably
lower than 5% is particularly important.
The narrowing of levelling pipe 3 essentially takes place between partition 5 and
outlet pipe 4, ending with nozzle 10; in the case of a device having a nozzle
characterized by a predominant dimension with respect to the others, i.e. with a
width of about 2 - 3 metres and a much lower height and length than the width, in
order to generate a corresponding planar gas jet with a width of 2-3 metres, there
is a reduction in the section to ¼, e.g. changing from a section of 60 mm to one of
15 mm. This is provided for an overall path measured on the ideal surface Z
between 500 and 900 mm.
According to another aspect of the invention, first holes 12, second holes 25 and
third holes 26 are dimensioned and arranged so as to have a particular
relationship to each other.
First 12, second 25 and third holes 26 are preferably circular holes.
With reference to figures 2a, 2b and 2c:
- the first holes 2 have a diameter 1 and are spaced from one another in a first
direction by a measure equal to d 1 and in a second direction, perpendicular to the
first direction, by a measure equal to s 1;
- the second holes 25 have a diameter 2 and are spaced from one another in a
first direction by a measure equal to d2 and in a second direction, perpendicular to
the first direction, by a measure equal to s2;
- the third holes 26 have a diameter 3 and are spaced from one another in a first
direction by a measure equal to d3 and in a second direction, perpendicular to the
first direction, by a measure equal to s3;
The relationship between diameters 1 and 2 and between diameters 2 and
3 is advantageously equal to the rate of increase of the hole number. The
distances s2, d2 and s3, d3 between the holes decrease accordingly, along the
gas flow path. For example, if the diameter of the second holes 25, which are on
the partition 5, is halved with respect to the diameter of the first holes 12, the
number of the second holes 25 is doubled with respect to the number of first holes
12. This occurs independently from the portion of levelling pipe 3 in which the
holes are arranged. This entails that the three series of holes, as is the case of the
variant in figure 1, express the same load loss. Therefore, an overall load loss is
equal to three times the load loss on one of the three series of holes.
For all the series of holes, the holes of two successive rows are reciprocally offset
so as to define a number of columns which is double with respect to the case in
which the holes are aligned. Furthermore, successive columns are equally spaced
from one another. The same rule for dimensioning and positioning the holes also
applies when there is more than two partitions, e.g. three or four.
Figures 2a, 2b and 2c show, from top to bottom, the first series of holes 12 (fig.
2a), partition 5 (fig. 2b) and partition 6 (fig. 2c). It is worth noting that the two
parallel and vertical lines a and b pass through the centres of the holes 12 of two
successive columns.
Said lines a and b pass through the centres of holes 25 and through the centres of
further holes 26 on partitions 5 and 6, respectively.
Between lines a and b there is an intermediate row of holes 25, i.e. which is not
' crossed by the lines.
Between lines a and b there are three intermediate rows of holes 26, i.e. which are
not crossed by the lines.
Therefore, it is worth noting that as the number of hole rows increases, the
diameter of said holes similarly decreases.
The present invention advantageously solves the problem of supplying a flow to
nozzle 10, which flow is uniform over the whole length of the nozzle and stable
over time.
This is firstly due to the development surface Z of levelling pipe 3, which does not
have any discontinuity; then, due to the fact that the partitions through which the
fluid passes are always arranged perpendicularly to development surface Z.
A further optimization of the flow is obtained because the holes, from those of the
peripheral wall of the delivery manifold to the holes provided in the last holed
partition of the levelling pipe, progressively decrease in diameter while increasing
in number.
Furthermore, partition 6 is arranged in portion 3b, where the corresponding part of
medial development surface is substantially flat: this generates a synergic effect
between said portion 3b of the levelling pipe 3 and partition 6 arranged therein.
Also, especially because said partition 6 has holes of very small diameter which
are able to further decrease the turbulence to a rate of less than 2%, thus
achieving the production of a gas flow motion which is almost exclusively laminar
at outlet pipe 4 .
The device of the present invention advantageously has a lower loss load with the
uniformity of the gas flow directed to flat nozzle 10 being equal. This results in a
greater shear stress of the jet exerted on the strip with greater and better removal
of the excess zinc.
The elements and features shown in the various preferred embodiments can be
combined, without however departing from the scope of protection of the present
application.
CLAIMS
1. A device for generating a flat, laminar gas jet, in particular suitable for hot
coating processes for metal strips, comprising
- a longitudinal delivery manifold ( 1) having a peripheral wall, the peripheral wall
being provided with first holes (12),
- a levelling pre-chamber (2) communicating with said longitudinal delivery
manifold ( 1) through said first holes (12),
- a levelling pipe (3) communicating at a first end thereof with said levelling prechamber
(2),
- a nozzle (10) adapted to generate the flat gas jet,
- said levelling pipe (3) communicating at a second end thereof with said nozzle
(10), said second end being opposite to and having a smaller section than the first
end, so as to be tapered and to create a gas flow path from said levelling prechamber
(2) to the nozzle ( 0), said path defining a curved medial development
surface (Z),
- at least two holed partitions (5, 6) arranged in said levelling pipe (3) and
perpendicular to said curved medial development surface (Z), thereby defining at
least two successive, adjacent portions (3a, 3b) of the levelling pipe (3) which are
connected to each other,
wherein the first holes (12) are provided only in a first longitudinal sector ( 11) of
the peripheral wall of the delivery manifold ( 1) and said levelling pre-chamber (2)
extends externally at least about said first longitudinal sector ( 11) ,
wherein a first portion (3a) of the levelling pipe (3) extends externally about a
second longitudinal sector of the peripheral wall of the delivery manifold ( 1) ,
adjacent to the first longitudinal sector ( 11),
and wherein a second portion (3b) of the levelling pipe (3) is arranged in a
substantially tangential direction with respect to the delivery manifold ( 1) ,
downstream of said second longitudinal sector,
whereby said curved medial development surface (Z) is represented by a by an
ideal continuous curved surface without any angular points, so as to optimize the
transformation of the gas flow from turbulent flow at the first end to laminar flow at
the second end of the levelling pipe (3).
2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said levelling pre-chamber (2) is
externally wound about said first longitudinal sector ( 11) , and wherein said first
portion (3a) of the levelling pipe (3) is externally wound about said second
longitudinal sector.
3 . A device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said second longitudinal sector has
an angular extent in the range from 30° to 180°.
4. A device according to claim 3, wherein said second longitudinal sector has an
angular extent equal to approximately 90°.
5. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said levelling
pre-chamber (2) only surrounds said first longitudinal sector ( 11) .
6. A device according to claim 5, wherein said first longitudinal sector ( 11) has an
angular extent of approximately 90°.
7. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a first stretch of
the curved medial development surface (Z) is substantially at least one portion of a
lateral surface of a semi-cylinder, whereas a second stretch of said curved medial
development surface (Z), adjacent to said first stretch, is substantially a flat
surface.
8. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a first holed
partition (5) and a second holed partition (6) arranged downstream of said first
partition.
9. A device according to claim 8, wherein said first partition (5) is arranged at the
joining point between the levelling pre-chamber (2) and the first portion (3a) of the
levelling pipe (3).
10. A device according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the second holed partition (6) is
substantially arranged at the joining point between the first portion (3a) and the
second portion (3b) of the levelling pipe (3).
11. A device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the section of said
levelling pipe (3) in a stretch between the first partition (5) and an outlet pipe (4)
decreases to about ¼ of an initial value.
12. A device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said first holed
partition (5) comprises second holes (25) and said second holed partition (6)
comprises third holes (26) and wherein the diameters (1,2 ,3 ) of the holes
(12, 25, 26) decrease along the gas flow path as the number of holes (12, 25, 26)
increases.
13. A device according to claim 12, wherein the diameter (2) of said second
holes (25) is half of the diameter (1) of said first holes (12) and the number of
said second holes (25) is double the number of said first holes ( 2).
14. A device according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the diameter (3 ) of said third
holes (26) is half of the diameter (2 ) of said second holes (25) and the number
of said third holes (26) is double the number of said second holes (25).