Drive chain for a helicopter incorporating a pyrotechnic assistance drive module
and helicopter comprising same
Field of the invention
5 The present invention relates to the field of helicopter propulsion. Specifically, the
invention relates to the use of rotary pyrotechnic actuators for supplying additional
power during difficult flight phases such as autorotation.
Prior art
I 0 A helicopter is conventionally provided with a main rotor, which forms a rotary wing
to lift and propel said helicopter. The helicopter also comprises an anti-torque means
that is often formed by a second, rear rotor.
Single-engine helicopters have great advantages compared with multi-engine
15 helicopters, in particular in terms of production and maintenance costs.
However, if the engine of a single-engine helicopter breaks down or malfunctions,
the pilot has to perform the difficult autorotation manoeuvre for an emergency landing.
Statistics show that in some conditions this manoeuvre can cause significant damage to
20 the airframe.
There is therefore a need to install a means capable of providing potential
supplementary power very quickly in order to increase the safety of the autorotation
manoeuvre in a single-engine helicopter, while preventing the rotor revolution from
25 dropping during any phase of this manoeuvre.
EP2327625 already proposed installing such a system for providing emergency
power at the input of the main transmission gearbox that drives the rotary wing of a
helicopter. This system uses an electric motor, which has the advantage of being able to
30 quickly start rotating and of having power that can be controlled depending on the
driving problem to be fixed.
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However, this kind of electromechanical solution requires batteries, control
electronics and an electric motor onboard. All this equipment, especially the batteries,
affects the weight estimation for the airframe, despite being used very occasionally.
The aim of the invention is to provide a simple alternative to avoid affecting the
weight estimation of the helicopter.
Disclosure of the invention
10 In this respect, the invention relates to a drive chain for driving the rotor(s) of a
helicopter, comprising a main transmission gearbox capable of driving the rotor(s) when
said gearbox is moving, a main engine for providing the power for the flight, and at least
one assistance drive module. The engine and the assistance drive module are
mechanically connected to said main transmission gearbox so as to induce the
15 movement of said gearbox. The drive chain is characterised in that said assistance drive
module comprises a pyrotechnic gas generation device for generating a torque on a
power transmission shaft mechanically connected to the main transmission gearbox.
A first advantage of a pyrotechnic device is its energy density. The assistance drive
20 that uses said device can thus be designed to have a lesser effect on the weight
estimation of the airframe while still providing sufficient power for an emergency
manoeuvre by supplying a torque for maintaining the movement of the rotors.
Another advantage of the pyrotechnic device is that of being able to simplify the
25 onboard electronics for controlling said device. The power curve provided over time
depends on the design of the device. When it is produced, the assistance drive module
having the pyrotechnic device is thus calibrated such as to provide a suitable power
curve for the helicopter without complementary control means.
30 Advantageously, said assistance drive module comprises at least one flyer that can
rotate about an axis of symmetry, said flyer comprising a drum rigidly connected to a
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power transmission shaft, at least one gas ejection nozzle positioned on the periphery of
the drum and oriented substantially tangentially to the rotation about said axis, said
pyrotechnic gas generation device being installed in the flyer and feeding said at least
one exhaust nozzle.
In other words, the exhaust nozzles produce tangential gas ejection jets for
generating a torque on the flyer shaft. The device can thus be used to both provide a
torque at the input of the main transmission gearbox if the main engine fails, and
maintain the movement of the rotors. With regard to a single usage, the pyrotechnic
I 0 device allows gases to be generated in a chamber upstream of the exhaust nozzles at a
high pressure and temperature, thus creating thrust and therefore the torques required
for driving the rotary wing during the manoeuvre being made. In this case, the main
engine is not necessarily restarted, but rather the necessary power is provided to the
helicopter in order to complete a manoeuvre or to perform an emergency manoeuvre to
15 allow the helicopter to get to safety.
The fact that the pyrotechnic gas generation device is installed in the flyer reduces
the transfer problems and the losses during the operation thereof. Moreover, the
principle of the flyer means that it can be positioned on the rotary machine and said
20 rotary machine can rotate the flyer during normal operation, i.e. when the assistance
drive module is not operating. Indeed, the flyer creates few friction losses and is not at
risk of being used prematurely.
Preferably, the pyrotechnic gas generation device comprises a block of solid
25 propellant in which there is formed a combustion chamber that feeds said at least one
exhaust nozzle. This makes it simpler to maintain the device. It is thus conceivable to
replace the pyrotechnic device of the assistance drive module in a simple manner after
use.
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Advantageously, the assistance drive module further comprises a mounting in which
the shaft of the flyer rotates, and a volute for recovering the gases, which radially
surrounds the flyer and is rigidly connected to said mounting.
5 The volute helps to expand the gases exiting the exhaust nozzles, and thus, by
means of the thrust from said nozzles, contributes to the torque provided by the flyer. It
is therefore possible to improve the performance of the flyer by optimising the shape of
this volute. Another advantage of this volute is that of the hot gases exiting the exhaust
nozzles being discharged radially with respect to the axis of the flyer, thus limiting the
I 0 extent to which the equipment surrounding the flyer heats up. These gases can then be
directed to the outlet of the volute towards a suitable discharge region.
If necessary, said assistance drive module can comprise at least two flyers arranged
in a line for driving the same power transmission shaft. A first advantage of this
15 arrangement is the ability to provide a particular power by combining a plurality of
standard flyers. Another advantage is that of being able to adjust over time the power
provided by the assistance drive module by controlling the successive start-up of the
flyers such that it is adapted to the requirements of a manoeuvre.
20 Said assistance drive module can comprise a mechanical output arranged to directly
drive a mechanical input of the main transmission gearbox or to drive the same power
transmission shaft connected to the main transmission gearbox as the main engine.
When the main engine is a turbine engine, said assistance drive module can
25 comprise a mechanical output coupled to the spindle of a turbine of the turbine engine.
Advantageously, said turbine is the power turbine of the turbine engine. Depending on
the installation selected, this option can make it possible to integrate the assistance
drive module in the turbine and to further improve the weight estimation.
30 Advantageously, the assistance drive module further comprises a system for igniting
the or said pyrotechnic gas generation device(s), said ignition system comprising a
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control system that can be placed in an armed mode or a deactivated mode. In
particular, this prevents the system from being ignited at the incorrect time.
The invention also relates to a helicopter comprising a drive chain as described
5 above.
The invention also relates to a method for driving the rotary wing of such a
helicopter, in which the assistance drive module ignition system can be placed in an
armed, deactivated or triggered mode, said method comprising a step of arming said
I 0 ignition system when a helicopter pilot orders a predetermined manoeuvre, for example
autorotation. This step corresponds in particular to the case in which the safety
conditions for triggering are satisfied. This enables the system to react quickly when
necessary, and to avoid the risk of the system being triggered during normal flight
conditions.
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Brief description of the drawings
The present invention will be better understood, and other details, features and
advantages of the present invention will become clearer upon reading the following
description, given with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
20 Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a flyer for an assistance module according to the
invention.
Fig. 2 is a section through half a flyer according to the invention, in a plane that is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation and passes through the exhaust nozzles.
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section through an assistance drive module according to
25 the invention prior to use.
Fig. 4 is a schematic perspective view of one arrangement of the means for
discharging the gases on an assistance drive module according to the invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic section, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
through the volute for discharging the gases and through the flyer of an assistance drive
30 module according to the invention.
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Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section through an assistance drive module according to
the invention towards the end of its ignition.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of a drive chain according to the
invention for a helicopter.
5 Fig. 8 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a drive chain according to
the invention for a helicopter.
Fig. 9 is a schematic view of a third embodiment of a drive chain according to the
invention for a helicopter.
Fig. 10 to 12 show alternative embodiments of an assistance drive module
10 according to the invention, which can be used in the various embodiments of the drive
chain.
Detailed description of the invention
The invention relates to the use of a pyrotechnic drive module such as an assistance
15 drive module in a drive chain of a helicopter.
In the example described, as shown by Fig. 1 to 3, this drive module comprises a
flyer 1 consisting of a cylindrical drum 2 and a power transmission shaft 3, which are
rigidly interconnected and have the same axis LL about which the assembly is intended
20 to rotate.
With the drum 2 having a given width 0 along the axis of rotation LL, a plurality of
exhaust nozzles 4 are arranged on a narrower strip, of width d, of the peripheral
cylindrical wall 5 of said drum. This strip is located at one side of the cylindrical wall 5 of
25 the drum 2. With reference to Fig. 1 and 2, if, for example, the left transverse surface is
denoted the upper surface 6 of the drum 2 and the right transverse surface is denoted
the lower surface 7 of the drum, the strip in which the exhaust nozzles 4 are located can,
for example, be off-centre as shown, and close to the upper surface 6. The exhaust
nozzles 4 are oriented tangentially to the cylindrical wall 5, all facing the same direction.
30 This direction is the same as that of the gas jet that should exit said nozzles, and
therefore, in response, it causes the flyer 1 to rotate during operation in the opposite
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direction to that of the gas jet. In the example, the exhaust nozzles 4 are distributed
evenly in azimuth, and there are three of them, with two being visible in Fig. 1.
Still referring to the example, the exhaust nozzles 4 are two-dimensional. This means
5 that they are defined by their shape in a sectional plane transverse to the axis of rotation
LL. With reference to Fig. 2, the exhaust nozzle 4 forms a duct of length dz that diverges
starting from a neck 8. This neck 8 is located on a radius R of the axis LL of the flyer 1,
and the exhaust nozzle 4 is oriented along an axis ZZ that is substantially perpendicular
to the radius passing through the neck 8.
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Alternatively, it is possible, for example, to design the exhaust nozzles 4 to have an
asymmetric shape, depending on the required ease of design and production. In this
case, said exhaust nozzles are still defined as a diverging duct oriented along an axis
ZZ.
Via the neck 8, the exhaust nozzle 4 is in communication with a combustion chamber
9, which should generate pressurised gas when the flyer 1 is in operation. In the
example shown, this combustion chamber 9 is shared by the three exhaust nozzles 4
positioned on the cylindrical wall 5 of the drum 2.
Therefore, the combustion chamber 9 has to be supplied with pressurised gas. With
reference to Fig. 3, which shows the flyer 1 prior to use, it can be seen that the drum 2
forms a cavity between its cylindrical wall 5 and its upper surface 6 and lower surface 7.
The internal cavity in the drum 2 is filled by a solid block 10 of a material designed to
25 produce high-energy gases when set alight by an ignition device, which is positioned in
the region of the combustion chamber 9 but not shown in the drawings. This material is
generally made of solid propellant. The space left free in the drum 2 between the strip
occupied by the exhaust nozzles 4 and the lower surface 7 is of such a size as to form a
sufficient store of propellant, the combustion of which will generate gases for the
30 necessary period of time for the emergency manoeuvre.
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In the flyer 1, before use, the combustion chamber 9 which feeds the exhaust
nozzles 4 and is intended for receiving the gases produced by the combustion of the
propellant is dug out of the propellant block 10 and occupies less space in the region of
the exhaust nozzles. Preferably, the exhaust nozzles 4 are sealed by a membrane 11,
5 which is ejected by the pressure of the combustion gases during ignition, thus
preventing dust and moisture from entering the combustion chamber 9 when not in the
triggered state.
To form a drive module, the flyer 1 is incorporated on a mounting 12 comprising
I 0 bearings 13, 14, in which the shaft 3 rotates. As shown, the shaft 3 is intended to be
coupled to a shaft 15 that drives another mechanical system. The shaft 15 can be an
intermediate shaft, referred to as a "shear shaft", that is designed to break if the
transmitted torque accidentally exceeds a maximum permissible value. Furthermore,
said shaft is coupled, for example by means of splines, on the shaft 3 of the flyer 1.
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As shown in Fig. 3 to 5, the mounting 12 preferably includes a volute 16. This volute
16 radially surrounds the flyer 1. The volute is designed to allow the gases exiting the
exhaust nozzles 4 to expand before discharging them. Together with the portion of the
mounting 12 that surrounds the drum 2, the volute forms a duct 16 which winds around
20 the flyer 1. The internal wall of this duct 16 is open opposite the passage for the exhaust
nozzles 4 in order to collect the gases exiting said nozzles. In the example shown, the
radial cross section of the duct formed by the volute 16 is substantially rectangular.
With reference to Fig. 5, the cross section of the external wall of the volute 16 has a
25 spiral shape around the axis LL of the flyer 1. If q> denotes the azimuth around the axis
LL, the distance from the external wall of the volute 16 to the axis follows a law S(q>),
which increases steadily in this example, as a function of q> between a point A and a
point B in the direction of rotation corresponding to that of the flyer 1 during operation. In
Fig. 5, the direction of rotation is anticlockwise and corresponds to exhaust nozzles 4
30 oriented as in Fig. 2.
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In addition, the width of the volute 16 along the axis LL increases in this example
from A to B. This is shown by the sections shown in Fig. 3 and 6, which show the cross
section of the volute 16 in the longitudinal sectional half-planes passing through point A
(at the top) and point C (at the bottom), which is an intermediate point between A and B
5 and shown in Fig. 5. The cross section of the duct formed by the volute 16 thus steadily
changes (increases in the example given here), according to a law S(