DUAL ANTENNA STRUCTURE HAVING CIRCULAR POLARISATION
CHARACTERISTICS
[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate to an antenna structure comprising
an active arm and a passive arm, the arms being disposed in such a way as to create a
circularly polarised radiation pattern that is good for personal navigation devices (PNDs),
automotive Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver applications, GPS-enabled cameras
and the like. In particular, but not exclusively, embodiments of the present invention
provide a substantially thinner GPS radio antenna solution than conventional ceramic
patch antennas, when used in the above devices, thereby enabling thinner consumer
products to be designed.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Many existing navigation and other GPS-enabled devices use a ceramic patch
antenna connected to a GPS receiver. This is because ceramic patch antennas offer
several advantages. Firstly, provided that the ceramic patch is not too small, good righthand
circular polarization (RHCP) can be obtained. GPS radio signals are transmitted
using RHCP. Generally, ceramic patch antennas larger than about 5mm x 5mm x 4mm
provide good RHCP reception. Also, the radiation pattern of a horizontally mounted
ceramic patch antenna gives good coverage of the upper hemisphere when the patch is
mounted horizontally at the top of a device and facing the sky. Circular polarization is also
used in many other telecommunication systems, such as SDARS and DVB-SH.
[0003] Unfortunately, ceramic patch antennas also suffer from significant drawbacks.
When the patch is made smaller and more commensurate with the requirements of
modern consumer devices (patch sizes typically 12mm x 12mm x 4mm or less) most of the
advantages are lost. The RHCP characteristic is reduced and the polarization becomes
more linear unless a large ground plane is placed under the antenna, which is not practical
in a mobile or hand-held device. Also the efficiency is reduced and the radiation pattern
becomes more omnidirectional, with less gain toward the sky. Furthermore, the bandwidth
of the antenna becomes very narrow, making manufacturing tolerances critical and
increasing the cost.
[0004] In general, ceramic patch antennas have a very high Q and cannot be fine-tuned
using external matching circuits. The high Q implies a narrow bandwidth and this in turn
means that in different applications the same antenna requires tuning in order to be on
frequency. Because matching circuits cannot be used, the ceramic patch has to be
physically changed to tune it for a specific design. This requirement for physically
changing the antenna increases the cost and the length of the integration process for
every new application. Essentially, a new ceramic patch design must be created for each
application.
[0005] Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of the ceramic patch antenna is the severe
constraint it places upon the minimum thickness of a GPS-enabled device, as the
thickness must be at least 12mm to accommodate the ceramic patch. In a typical
application, such as a navigation device in a car, there is a vertically mounted flat-screen
display and potentially the device could be made quite thin were it not for the need to
encompass the width of the ceramic patch. Finally, ceramic patches are expensive to
manufacture compared to many other types of small antenna.
[0006] Figure 1a shows a typical GPS-enabled consumer device comprising an LCD
display 1, a main PCB 2, a groundplane 3 and a ceramic patch antenna 4 . Figure 1b
shows how the minimum device thickness is dictated by the antenna 4, which is mounted
horizontally on top of the vertical PCB 2.
[0007] Although other types of antenna are available that can solve some the above
issues, none really match the performance of a large patch for GPS applications and so
where optimal performance is required, large patches continue to be used and consumer
devices are made thick enough to encompass the patch.
[0008] An example of a known antenna is disclosed in US2008/01 58088, in the form of a
class of thin antenna for GPS applications. However, such antennas are linearly polarized
(see paragraph [0009]), and therefore not comparable with modern ceramic patch
antennas. A further drawback of the antennas disclosed in US2008/0 158088 is that in
order to feed the antenna it is necessary to solder a coaxial cable directly to the antenna
structure, and the antenna cannot be fed directly by the host PCB. This also means that
there is no provision for a matching circuit, so the antenna must be self-resonant at the
desired frequency, and the physical structure of the antenna must be changed in order to
adjust the antenna to any particular host device.
[0009] Another example of a known antenna is disclosed in US2007/0171 130. Although
the superficially similar to some embodiments of the present invention, there are important
differences. First of all the problem to be solved is very different, as US2007/0171 130
teaches how to design an elongated multi-band antenna with broadband function for
cellular communications, and no importance is given to the circular polarization properties
of the waves generated by the antenna and the shape of the radiation pattern, which are
important for satellite communications. Furthermore, the structure defined in
US2007/0171 30 requires a connection using coaxial cable soldered directly to the
antenna, and therefore it suffers from the same drawbacks discussed above for
US2008/01 58088.
[0010] A further antenna is known from EP0942488A2. In this case the antenna can
generate a circular polarized wave; however, because the two arms forming the antenna
are arranged in perpendicular directions, such type of antenna is not suitable for
application in thin devices. The same consideration applies to the antenna type disclosed
in US2008/0284661 .
[0011] US20055/0057401 discloses an antenna comprising an active arm and a passive
arm that are mounted over a groundplane with a slot between the two arms. However, the
groundplane is much larger in area than the area under the active and passive arms, and
the arms are all fed and grounded at the same end of the antenna device. This antenna is
not stated to have any circular polarization properties, nor can it be formed from a single
sheet of metal.
[0012] The problem to be solved is thus to create a low-cost antenna that occupies a
small space, can fit inside thin flat-screen devices, requires little or no customisation when
installed on many different types of platform and yet will give the performance of a ceramic
patch antenna.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0013] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an antenna
device comprising at least first, second and third conductive metal plates arranged in a
substantially parallelepiped configuration, with the third plate defining a lower plane and
the first and second plates together defining an upper plane substantially parallel to the
lower plane, wherein: the first and second plates are substantially similar in shape and are
of substantially the same length as each other along a major axis of the antenna; the first
and second plates are separated by a slot in the upper plane, the slot extending along the
major axis of the antenna and having a length similar to the length of each of the first and
second plates; the first plate comprises an active antenna arm that is provided with a feed
connection; the second plate comprises either a passive antenna arm that is provided with
a grounding connection to the third plate, or a second active antenna arm that is provided
with a grounding connection to the third plate and also with a feed connection; and wherein
the feed or grounding connections are not all formed on a single side of the parallelepiped
arrangement of plates.
[0014] The feed connection of the active antenna arm preferably extends substantially
perpendicular to the third plate and passes through a slot or hole provided in the third
plate.
[0015] The feed connection may be formed as an integral feed pin which extends
through and beyond the third plate. This is an important feature of certain embodiments,
as it allows the direct connection of the antenna to a host device without the use of
expensive coaxial cables. Moreover, in this way the antenna can be connected to a
matching circuit, which can be used to adjust the resonant frequency of the antenna
without the need of modifying the physical structure of the antenna. This feature makes it
possible to use of the same antenna on many different devices without expensive
customization.
[0016] In order to achieve circular polarization behaviour, the length of the slot in the
upper plane between the first and second plates must be similar to the length of the first
and second plates themselves, although the exact shape of the slot is not currently
believed to be a critical feature for some embodiments. The special feature that the feed
or grounding connections are not all formed on a single side of the parallelepiped
arrangement of plates helps to promote circular polarization.
[0017] In preferred embodiments, the first, second and third plates are made from a flat
sheet of metal by cutting and bending. In particular, the third plate and at least one or
other, and in some cases both, of the first and second plates, may be formed from a single
sheet of metal that is appropriately cut and then bent into shape. The feed connection
may be made from the same metal sheet.
[0018] Embodiments of the present invention are to be distinguished from antennas that
are formed by way of printed conductive tracks. In particular, the plates of embodiments of
the antennas of the present invention may comprise relatively stiff metal structures which
retain their own shape without the need for an underlying substrate.
[0019] In alternative embodiments, antenna devices of the present invention may be
manufactured using a flexible printed circuit wrapped around a non-conductive mechanical
support, or by using a Laser Direct Structuring (LDS) process, where the shape of the
conductive part of the antenna device is imprinted on a plastic or dielectric support using a
laser, followed by plating the support in such a way that only the parts of the support that
have been activated by the laser are metallized. Alternatively, the plates may be formed
by etching a metal layer formed on or bound to a non-conductive support.
[0020] Preferred embodiments have a rectangular parallelepiped shape with typical
dimensions 25mm x 5mm x 4mm or less for the GPS frequency band, allowing a
significant reduction of the total thickness of a consumer device from around 12 mm to 5
mm or less.
[0021] The antenna works optimally in the same position as a ceramic patch at the top of
a device, facing the sky. The antenna can be fine tuned to the correct frequency using a
simple external matching circuit, allowing the same antenna to be used in many different
designs without mechanical changes.
[0022] Importantly, for GPS applications, the antenna is almost purely circularly polarized
( HCP or LHCP) when used in isolation (not connected to a big ground plane). Circular
polarization is created by the combination of the electromagnetic field radiated by the slot
between the first and second plates, and the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiofrequency
current circulating around the loop-like path formed by the three plates together.
Furthermore, the circular polarisation characteristic is maintained to a good degree when
the antenna is connected to a large ground plane, for instance at the top of different
application device PCBs or on top of LCD displays. When located in this way, similar to
the way a ceramic patch antenna is disposed, the antenna generates a hemispherical
radiation pattern similar to that of a patch antenna, which is suitable for some applications
such the reception of GPS signals.
[0023] The antenna has significant cost advantages over ceramic patches because it
may be manufactured from a single metal sheet, thereby considerably reducing the
manufacturing cost.
[0024] In a first embodiment of the present invention, an antenna is constructed from a
single flat piece of metal by cutting and bending. The lower plate is grounded and two
upper plates or arms are provided with grounding connections to the lower plate, the
grounding connections being at opposed ends of the lower plate. One upper arm is active
and driven by a feeding pin, located in between the opposed ends of the antenna device,
in a manner reminiscent of the way a planar inverted F antenna is fed with the grounding
connection at one end. The other arm is passive and has only the ground connection.
[0025] In a second embodiment of the present invention, an antenna is constructed from
a single flat piece of metal by cutting and bending. A lower plate is grounded and two
upper plates or arms are provided with grounding connections to the lower plate. One
upper arm is active and driven by a feeding pin at one end and grounded by a grounding
connection to the lower plate along a long edge of the lower plate in between the two ends
of the lower plate. The feeding and grounding arrangements are reversed with respect to
the first embodiment. The other arm is passive and has only the ground connection at an
end of the lower plate opposed to the end where the feeding pin of the active upper arm is
located.
[0026] In a third embodiment of the present invention, an antenna is constructed from
two separate flat pieces of metal by cutting and bending. The active arm is driven by a
feeding pin at one end and no provision is made for grounding. A separate lower plate is
grounded and supports a second, passive arm that has a grounding connection to the
lower plate at an end opposed to the end where the feeding pin of the active arm is
located. Because the antenna is manufactured from two separate metal pieces the
structure is not wholly self-supporting and there is need of a non-conducting or dielectric
mechanical supporting mechanism. This support may take the form of a block of non¬
conducting or dielectric mechanical, or pillars or even a plastic 'carrier' that clips, or is
screwed, to the PCB and which holds one or more of the metal arms in place. Various
other mechanical arrangements may be made to support the two arms.
[0027] In a fourth embodiment, both arms are fed and both are grounded. The second
arm is fed with a signal out of phase with respect to the first arm as a form a differential
feeding. The concept of having two PIFAs with a slot between them and feeding both with
a phase difference is already known from Kan et al. [H.K. Kan, D. Pavlickovski and R.B.
Waterhouse, "Small dual L-shaped printed antenna", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol. 39,
No. 23, 13th November 2003]. However, Kan et al. describe a printed PIFA and they do
not teach having a lower grounded plate to connect the two structures together. It will be
appreciated that the differential feeding of both arms may be applied to the first three
embodiments and also to the additional case where one arm is grounded and the other is
not. It will also be appreciated that in all these embodiments, one feed may be connected
to the radio and the other grounded as an alternative to differential feeding.
[0028] Moreover, with two feeding points, it is also possible to generate RHCP when
using one feed and to generate LHCP when using the other feed.
[0029] It will also be appreciated that both, or either, arms may be provided with a
matching circuit in all the embodiments above.
[0030] In the embodiments outlined above, the antenna has been described as a stand
alone component separate from the radio. However, the presence of the bottom ground
plate allows the possibility of attaching a small PCB mounted with the components
required for a RF front end (Low Noise Amplifier plus a Surface Acoustic Wave filter) or a
complete radio receiver. In this way, an active antenna or complete radio-antenna module
is created. The input to the LNA or radio receiver may be connected to the feed of the
antenna and the ground of the LNA or radio may be connected to the bottom ground plate
of the antenna. The output of the radio/LNA may be connected to the host PCB using a
commercially available connector, coaxial cable or via soldering pins.
[0031] In another embodiment, the stamping, cutting and bending process used to create
the antenna from a sheet of metal may also be used to create a screened volume beneath
the ground or third plate suitable for locating the radio. The radio-antenna module is thus
created with an integral screening can for the radio.
[0032] The third plate may be provided with one or more conductive tabs to facilitate
connection of the antenna device to a host device. The one or more conductive tabs may
be disposed in a coplanar configuration with the feed connection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0033] For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how it may be
carried info effect, reference shall now be made by way of example to the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIGURES 1a and 1b show a prior art ceramic patch enabled GPS receiving
device;
FIGURE 2 shows a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 3 shows a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 4 shows a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 5 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURES 6a and 6b show the radiation patterns of an antenna of the present
invention when used without connection to a groundplane;
FIGURES 7a, 7b and 7c show an embodiment of the present invention connected
to the PCB of a consumer navigation device;
FIGURES 8a and 8b show the radiation patterns of the antenna of Figures 7a to
7c when connected to the groundplane of the consumer navigation device; and
FIGURE 9 shows the impedance of an antenna of the present invention across a
frequency band of interest both before and after matching;
FIGURE 10 shows a variation of the embodiment of Figure 2 configured to
generate LHCP;
FIGURES 11 and 12 show an embodiment comprising an antenna with an
integrated radio circuit;
FIGURES 13 and 14 show an embodiment comprising an antenna with an
integrated radio circuit and a screening can made from an extension of the ground plate;
and
FIGURE 5 shows an alternative mounting arrangement on a PCB substrate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Figure 2 shows a first embodiment of the present invention, comprising an
antenna device 5 consisting of first 6, second 7 and third 8 conductive metal plates
arranged in a substantially parallelepiped configuration. The third plate 8 defines a lower
plane and the first 6 and second 7 plates together define an upper plane substantially
parallel to the lower plane. The first 6 and second 7 plates are separated by a slot 9 in the
upper plane.
[0035] The first plate 6 comprises an active antenna arm that is provided with a feed
connection or pin 10 that passes through a hole 11 provided in the third plate 8 . The first
plate 6 also has a grounding connection or pin 12 that connects to the third plate 8.
[0036] The second plate 7 comprises a passive antenna arm that is provided with a
ground connection or pin 13 that connects to the third plate 8 at an opposite end thereof to
the ground connection or pin 12 of the first plate 6 .
[0037] It can be seen that the overall envelope of the antenna device 5 is that of a
rectangular parallelepiped, with the area of the first and second plates 6 , 7 and their
intermediate slot 9 being substantially the same in size and shape as the area of the third
plate 8, and substantially parallel thereto.
[0038] Tabs 18, 19 are created in the third plate 8 so as to allow the antenna device 5 to
be soldered along the edge of a host PCB (not shown). The tabs 18, 19 provide both a
mechanical support and a ground connection. The tabs 18, 19 are preferably disposed in
the same plane as the feed connection or pin 10 so that soldering can be done on a single
side of the host device. Alternatively, tabs 18, 19 and the feed 10 can be arranged so that
they are connected to different sides of the host PCB.
[0039] Figure 3 shows a second, alternative embodiment which is substantially the same
as the first embodiment, except in that the feed connection or pin 10 and the ground
connection or pin 12 of the first plate 6 are swapped around. The feed connection or pin
10 extends through the third plate 8 by way of a slot or cut-out 100 formed in the third plate
8.
[0040] In a third embodiment, shown in Figure 4, the first plate 6 is not provided with a
ground connection or pin, but instead has only a feed connection or pin 10. In this
embodiment, the first plate 6 is not physically connected to the third plate 8, and comprises
a separate sheet of metal. In order to provide structural integrity, it is necessary for a nonconductive
mechanical support 14 to be provided between the third plate 8 and the first
plate 6.
[0041] In a fourth embodiment, shown in Figure 5 , both arms (i.e. both the first plate 6
and the second plate 7) are fed and grounded. This arrangement is similar to the
arrangement of Figure 2, with the addition of a feed connection or pin 15 for the second
plate 7 and an additional hole 11' in the third plate 8 through which the feed connection or
pin 15 may be passed. In this embodiment, the second plate 7 is fed with a signal that is
out of phase with a signal that is fed to the first plate 6 so as to form a differential feeding
arrangement.
[0042] In one exemplary embodiment (Figure 2) the antenna 5 is used without
connection to a groundplane. The radiation patterns are shown in Figures 6a (z-x plane of
the antenna pattern) and 6b (y-z plane of the antenna pattern) and they can be seen to be
the same as those of a dipole, except that the patterns exhibit strong RHCP. The RHCP
response is better than the LHCP response by a factor of 10 dB or more. This is very
good for an electrically small device.
[0043] In another exemplary embodiment (Figure 2) the antenna 5 is connected to the
PCB 2 of a consumer navigation device or other GPS-enabled device, as illustrated in
Figures 7a, 7b and 7c. It can be seen in Figure 7b that the antenna 5 is easily soldered or
reflowed onto the edge of the PCB 2. Figure 7c shows that the minimum device thickness
is no longer dictated by the antenna 5, but rather by the PCB 2, an LCD screen ,
electronic circuitry 16 and a power supply 17.
[0044] Despite the perturbing influence of the groundplane, the antenna 5 still exhibits a
preference for RHCP, as can be seen in Figures 8a (y-z plane of the antenna pattern) and
8b (z-x plane of the antenna pattern). Furthermore, the antenna 5 shows excellent upward
radiation characteristics, as required for most navigation applications. In this respect the
radiation pattern of the present invention is similar to that of a ceramic patch antenna, but
the present invention is much thinner in profile and cheaper to manufacture.
[0045] An important advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they have
a wider impedance bandwidth than the sharp resonance of a ceramic patch antenna. This
wider bandwidth makes it much easier to use in different applications. Furthermore, the
antenna 5 is easily matched to the 50 ohm impedance typical of many RF systems using a
simple LC matching circuit having typically one or two components. In different
applications, the resonant frequency of the antenna 5 can therefore be adjusted simply by
changing the matching circuit, at least within a reasonable frequency range. This is
considered advantageous in the integration and manufacturing process, as the same
antenna 5 can be easily re-used in many different devices without any physical or
mechanical change. Only the matching circuit needs to be changed. An example of
matching the antenna in a typical application is shown in Figure 9.
[0046] In the exemplary embodiments shown so far the antenna 5 has been used for
GPS applications where RHCP response and an upward radiation pattern response is
preferred. However, in other applications, LHCP may be preferred. RHCP and LHCP are
easily swapped by symmetry operations. Figure 10 shows a variation of the embodiment
of Figure 2, using the same labelling of parts, that is configured to generate LHCP. Other
radiation patterns may be created by disposing the antenna 5 in different locations on the
PCB 2 .
[0047] In the exemplary embodiments shown so far the antenna has been described as
a stand-alone component separate from the radio. However, as shown in Figures 11 and
12, the presence of the bottom ground plate 8 allows the possibility of attaching a small
PCB 20 mounted with the components required for a RF front end (Low Noise Amplifier
plus a Surface Acoustic Wave filter) or a complete a radio receiver. In this way, an active
antenna or complete radio-antenna module is created. The input to the LNA or radio
receiver may be connected to the feed 10 of the antenna 5 and the ground of the LNA or
radio would be connected to the bottom ground plate 8 of the antenna 5. The output of the
radio/LNA is connected to the host PCB using a commercially available connector 2 1,
coaxial cable or via soldering pins. A conductive shielding can 22 is provided to shield the
LNA or radio receiver components.
[0048] In a further embodiment, shown in Figures 13 and 14, the stamping, cutting and
bending process used to create the antenna from a sheet of metal is also used to create a
screened volume 23 beneath the ground plate suitable for locating the radio. The radioantenna
module is thus created with an integral screening can 23 for the radio.
[0049] Instead of mounting the antenna device 5 on a top edge of a PCB substrate 2 as
shown in, for example, Figures 7a to 7c, it is also possible for the antenna device 5 to be
mounted on a flat surface of a PCB substrate 2 as shown in Figure 15. In this
arrangement, there is no requirement for tabs 18, 19, and the bottom ground plate 8 may
be soldered directly to a flat surface of the host PCB 2 as shown.
[0050] Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words "comprise"
and "contain" and variations of them mean "including but not limited to", and they are not
intended to (and do not) exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the singular encompasses the
plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is
used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity,
unless the context requires otherwise.
[0051] Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups
described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention
are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example
described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this
specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the
steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination,
except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually
exclusive. The invention is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments.
The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features
disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings),
or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so
disclosed.
[0052] The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed
concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and
which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such
papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.
CLAIMS:
1. An antenna device comprising at least first, second and third conductive metal
plates arranged in a substantially parallelepiped configuration, with the third plate defining
a lower plane and the first and second plates together defining an upper plane
substantially parallel to the lower plane, wherein:
the first and second plates are substantially similar in shape and are of
substantially the same length as each other along a major axis of the antenna;
the first and second plates are separated by a slot in the upper plane, the slot
extending along the major axis of the antenna and having a length similar to the length of
each of the first and second plates;
the first plate comprises an active antenna arm that is provided with a feed
connection;
the second plate comprises either a passive antenna arm that is provided with a
grounding connection to the third plate, or a second active antenna arm that is provided
with a grounding connection to the third plate and also with a feed connection; and
wherein the feed or grounding connections are not all formed on a single side of
the parallelepiped arrangement of plates.
2. An antenna device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feed connection of the
active antenna arm extends substantially perpendicular to the third plate and passes
through a slot or hole provided in the third plate.
3. An antenna device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the feed connection is formed
as an integral feed pin which extends through and beyond the third plate.
4. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first plate is
connected to the third plate by a grounding connection.
5. An antenna device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the grounding connection of the
first plate is located at one end of the antenna device, and the grounding connection of the
second plate is located at an opposed end of the antenna device.
6. An antenna device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the feed connection is located
between the ends of the antenna device.
7. An antenna device as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the feed connection of the first
plate is located at one end of the antenna device, the grounding connection of the second
plate is at an opposed end of the antenna device, and the grounding connection of the first
plate is located between the ends of the antenna device.
8. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first plate is not
electrically connected to the third plate.
9. An antenna device as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the first plate supported over
the third plate by a dielectric support member.
10. An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the second
plate is provided with a feed connection.
11. An antenna device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the feed connection of the
second plate passes through a second hole provided in the third plate.
12. An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 or 10 or 11, wherein the
first, second and third plates comprise a continuous piece of metal.
13. An antenna device as claimed in claim 8 or 9 , wherein the second and third plates
comprise a continuous piece of metal.
14. An antenna device as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein the single piece of metal
is formed by cutting and bending.
15 . An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the plates are
formed by a flexible printed circuit wrapped around a non-conductive support.
16. An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the plates are
formed on a non-conductive support by a laser direct structuring process.
17. An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the plates are
formed by etching a metal layer formed on or bound to a non-conductive support.
18. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein an envelope of the
parallelepiped structure has dimensions of 25mm x 5mm x 4mm or less.
19. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein either the first
antenna arm or the second antenna arm is provided with a matching circuit.
20. An antenna device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18 wherein the first
antenna arm and the second antenna arm are each provided with a matching circuit.
2 1 An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising
electronic circuitry mounted on a side of the third plate opposed to the side on which the
first and second plates are located.
22. An antenna device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the electronic circuitry
comprises an RF front end or a complete radio receiver.
23. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising an RF
screened volume formed on a side of the third plate opposed to the side on which the first
and second plates are located.
24. An antenna device as claimed in claim 23, wherein the RF screened volume
comprises a cage made from the same conductive metal plate as that from which the third
plate is formed.
25. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the dimensions of
the slot and the plates are configured such that the antenna device radiates with circular
polarization at a desired working frequency.
26. An antenna device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the third plate is
provided with one or more conductive tabs to facilitate connection of the antenna device to
a host device.
27. An antenna device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the one or more conductive
tabs are disposed in a coplanar configuration with the feed connection.
28. An antenna device as claimed in claim 10 or any one of claims 11 to 27
depending from claim 10, wherein the antenna device generates right handed circular
polarization when one plate is fed, and left handed circular polarization when the other
plate is fed.
29. An antenna device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to or as
shown in Figures 2 to 9 of the accompanying drawings.