Description:BACKGROUND
Field of Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate an antenna and particularly to a dual band antenna printed with growing spiral geometries for characterizing directionality.
Description of Related Art
An antenna is a device crucial for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. One significant challenge in antenna design is accurately characterizing directionality, which refers to how effectively the antenna focuses its radiation pattern in specific directions. Efficient directionality is vital for various applications, including communication, radar, and sensing systems. However, existing solutions often struggle to fully address the complexities of characterizing directionality, particularly in dual-band antennas. These solutions commonly exhibit several shortcomings such as many current designs lack the precision needed to control the directionality of radiation, especially in dual-band operations. This deficiency can lead to inefficiencies and reduced performance in applications requiring accurate directional transmission or reception.
Some existing solutions are not flexible enough to adapt to changing operational requirements or environmental conditions. This limitation can hinder their effectiveness in dynamic or diverse scenarios where optimal directionality is essential for reliable communication or sensing. Further, achieving symmetric radiation patterns across multiple frequency bands poses a challenge. Additionally, prior arts often struggle to achieve consistent symmetry, leading to asymmetrical radiation patterns that can degrade performance in certain directions or frequency ranges.
EP2065972B1 discloses a dual-band antenna design featuring two radiating units, a micro-line unit, and a grounding unit, with impedance matching adjustable via the micro-line unit's feeding point. The antenna utilizes a configuration of zigzag and connected radiating units to achieve dual-band functionality.
US6166694 discloses a compact built-in antenna design with two spiral conductor arms, each tunable to different frequency bands. Matching is achieved through a matching bridge, adjustable for tuning by varying its length, or attaching a loading resistor for enhanced bandwidth.
US6856286 discloses a planar antenna design featuring a spiral conductive surface with inner and outer spiral segments. It includes shorting and feed legs for grounding and signal reception/transmission, respectively. The antenna's performance is influenced by the arrangement and spacing of the spiral segments and the distance from the antenna to the ground plane.
US20100013736A1 discloses a dual-band antenna serves as an antenna for use with a mobile communication device and is operable with radio frequency signals in two different bands.
However, these prior arts have failed to achieve an optimum compactness, a gain, and a radiation efficiency. Further, the shortcomings of the prior arts underscore a need for improved dual-band antennas capable of efficiently characterizing directionality across multiple frequency bands with precision, adaptability, and symmetric radiation patterns.
There is thus a need for an improved and advanced dual band antenna for characterizing directionality that can administer the aforementioned limitations in a more efficient manner.
SUMMARY
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a dual-band antenna, the antenna comprising a single-layer substrate characterized in that the single-layer substrate is having a thickness of the substrate selected from one-fourth or one-eighth wavelength of an operating frequency; spiral geometries on a top surface of the single-layer substrate; wherein the spiral geometries are formed from an initial geometrical shape (A1) by involving rotation, scaling, stretching, and translation of a motif such as the spiral geometries forms a four-folded structure to provide a symmetric radiation pattern; and a ground plane on a bottom surface of the single-layer substrate.
Embodiments in accordance with the present invention further provide a method of manufacturing a dual-band antenna, comprising steps of providing a single-layer substrate with a thickness selected from one-fourth or one-eighth wavelength of an operating frequency; forming spiral geometries on a top surface of the single-layer substrate, wherein the spiral geometries is created by rotating, scaling, stretching, and translating a motif selected from an initial geometrical shape (A1); and placing a ground plane on a bottom surface of the single-layer substrate.
Embodiments of the present invention may provide a number of advantages depending on their particular configuration. First, embodiments of the present application may provide a highly efficient dual-band antenna capable of achieving symmetric radiation patterns and optimal gain across multiple frequency bands.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide a method for manufacturing dual-band antennas that is cost-effective and scalable, allowing for mass production with consistent performance.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide a system for communication or sensing applications that offers reliable and high-performance operation in both X-band and Ku-band frequency ranges.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide a compact and lightweight antenna design suitable for integration into various devices and platforms without compromising performance. Next, embodiments of the present application may provide improved signal transmission and reception capabilities, enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of communication and sensing systems.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide versatility in operation, allowing for adaptation to different environmental conditions and operational requirements.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide enhanced scalability and customization options, enabling tailoring to specific application needs and performance requirements.
Further, embodiments of the present application may provide a robust and durable antenna solution suitable for deployment in harsh or challenging environments.
These and other advantages will be apparent from the present application of the embodiments described herein. The preceding is a simplified summary to provide an understanding of some embodiments of the present invention. This summary is neither an extensive nor exhaustive overview of the present invention and its various embodiments. The summary presents selected concepts of the embodiments of the present invention in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description presented below. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the present invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and still further features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and wherein:
FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of a dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram of the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 1C illustrates a representation diagram of the dual band antenna with dimensions, according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2A illustrates an initial set of iterations for printing the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2B illustrates a final set of iterations for printing the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3A illustrates spiral geometries based on different numbers of iterations, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3B illustrates a Table-1 for comparative performance for the spiral geometries based on the different numbers of iterations, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A illustrates a Table-2 for Parametric findings for different substrate materials, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4B illustrates a Table-3 for Parametric outcomes for different commercial frequency bands, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4C illustrates a Table-4 for Parametric variation for different scaling factor, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5A illustrates a prototype of the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5B illustrates the prototype of the dual band antenna, according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5C illustrates the prototype of the dual band antenna, according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates simulated and measured results of the dual-band antenna as compared with prior arts, according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a Table-5 for outcomes of the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates a Table-6 for comparative performance of the dual-band antenna in comparison with published patents, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of a method for manufacturing the dual-band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description includes the preferred best mode of one embodiment of the present invention. It will be clear from this description of the invention that the invention is not limited to these illustrated embodiments but that the invention also includes a variety of modifications and embodiments thereto. Therefore, the present description should be seen as illustrative and not limiting. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, it should be understood, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form disclosed, but, on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of a dual-band antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The dual-band antenna 100 may be manufactured to overcome limitations in existing antenna designs, offering improved performance and versatility. According to the embodiments of the present invention, the dual-band antenna 100 may be efficiently designed and fabricated to achieve optimal characteristics for dual-band operations. The dual-band antenna 100 may comprise a single-layer substrate 102, spiral geometries 104a-104n (hereinafter singularly referred to as the spiral geometry 104 and referred to as the spiral geometries 104), and a ground plane 106.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the single-layer substrate 102 may be selected to optimize the performance of the dual-band antenna 100. In an embodiment of the present invention, the single-layer substrate 102 may be formed using materials such as, but not limited to, Rogers Corporation (RO-5880), Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4), Neltec NX9320, or other dielectric materials suitable for a printed circuit board fabrication. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the single-layer substrate 102 may be formed using the RO-5880. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the materials including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the single-layer substrate 102 may have a thickness that may be one-fourth wavelength of an operating frequency. In another embodiment of the present invention, the single-layer substrate 102 may have the thickness that may be one-eighth wavelength of the operating frequency. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the thickness of the single-layer substrate 102 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the spiral geometries 104 may be formed on a top surface of the single-layer substrate 102. The formation of the spiral geometries 104 may involve various techniques such as photolithography, etching, or additive manufacturing methods. The spiral geometries 104 may be designed using mathematical algorithms to achieve desired properties such as resonance frequencies, radiation patterns, and impedance matching. Additionally, the spiral geometries 104 may be optimized for a compactness and an efficiency in the dual-band X/Ku operations.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the ground plane 106 may be situated on a bottom surface of the single-layer substrate 102. The ground plane 106 may serve to provide a stable reference point for operations of the antenna 100 and may facilitate an efficient grounding of electromagnetic fields. By ensuring a proper grounding connection, the ground plane 106 may help to minimize undesired radiation and maximize a performance of the antenna in terms of gain, radiation efficiency, and impedance matching. Additionally, the ground plane 106 may contribute to an overall mechanical stability of the antenna structure, ensuring reliable operation in various environmental conditions.
FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram of the dual band antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the spiral geometries 104 may be derived from an initial geometrical shape (A1) through processes involving rotation, scaling, stretching, and translation of a motif. Essentially, starting with the initial geometrical shape A1, transformational processes may be applied iteratively to create the spiral geometries 104. Through this iterative process of transformation, the spiral geometries 104 may be structured to achieve specific characteristics and functionalities required for the operations of the dual-band antenna 100. This methodical approach to forming the spiral geometries 104 ensures a desired performance and properties of the antenna 100 may attained, as outlined in the embodiment of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the initial geometrical shape (A1) may be a square shape. In another embodiment of the present invention, the initial geometrical shape (A1) may be trapezoidal in shape. In another embodiment of the present invention, the initial geometrical shape (A1) may be rhombic in shape. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any initial geometrical shape (A1) including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the formed spiral geometries 104 may be analogous to the initial geometrical shape (A1). In an embodiment of the present invention, the spiral geometries 104 may exhibit a four-folded symmetry for contributing to a creation of a symmetric radiation pattern. By carefully manipulating geometric parameters of each of the spiral geometries 104, the antenna 100 may effectively radiate electromagnetic waves in a uniform manner across multiple frequency bands. This design of the dual band antenna 100 may ensure that the antenna 100 achieves optimal characteristics for the dual-band X/Ku operations while maintaining a compact and efficient design on the single-layer substrate 102. In an embodiment of the present invention, a formation of the spiral geometries may be dependent on a scaling factor (Sf) and a rotational angle (?).
FIG. 1C illustrates a representation diagram of the dual band antenna 100 with dimensions, according to another embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of the dual band antenna 100 may be such that a width (w) of the dual band antenna 100 may be one-half of a total width (W) of the antenna 100. The substrate 102 may have two surfaces such as the top surface is dedicated to a printed design having the spiral geometries 104 and the bottom surface may serve as the ground plane 106. In an embodiment of the present invention, the ground plane 106 may be made of a copper material. A thickness of the ground plane 106 may be set at a constant value of 0.017 millimeters (mm). Notably, the ground plane 106 may be devoid of any faulty construction to ensure a minimal frequency drift and a maximum gain. Despite its compact dimensions, with an effective aperture of 4×4 centimeters Square (cm²), the length of a radiator on one side may be 2 centimeters (cm), rendering it a remarkably small and diminutive printed structure.
FIG. 2A illustrates an initial set of iterations 200a-200q for printing the dual band antenna, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, initially, an initial geometrical shape (A1) of a square shape having a length A1 may be considered. Next the initial geometrical shape (A1) may be scaled down by Sf and a corresponding length of a newly structured square becomes A2 = Sf * A1. Later, a scaled version square is rotated in a counterclockwise direction with an angle of ?. Again, the scaled square of length A2 is scaled down by Sf and rotated with the same angle in the same direction. Further, the same procedure may be followed ten (10) times to obtain the spiral-square-shaped geometry. The length of the successive squares has been determined as follows:
A(i+1)=Sf×Ai _____________ Equation (1); wherein i=1,2,3,….,11.
Similarly, the rotation angle of the successive scaled square geometries can be determined as follows:
?=?tan?^(-1) {([0.71+v(?S_f?^2-0.5)]^2 )/(1-?S_f?^2 )}___________________________ Equation (2).
In an embodiment of the present invention, the Equation (1) and the Equation (2) suggest that a successive square length and corresponding rotational angle are varied based on the scaling factor. In an embodiment of the present invention, the length of the initial square (A) is considered as A1 = 10 millimeters (mm), with a scaling factor of 0.85 and a rotation angle (?) of 11.24° respectively. A total of eleven (11) iterations are conducted, resulting in the formation of a spiral-shaped square structure depicted in the FIG. 2A.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the formation of the spiral geometry may further involve iteratively repeating the process outlined above to achieve additional layers of fractal complexity. After obtaining structure C in the stepwise procedure described, the same process is applied iteratively, scaling, rotating, and removing triangular portions to create successive layers of the fractal structure. Each iteration from the initial set of iterations 200a-200q may result in the formation of new structures, denoted as 200d, 200e, 200f, and so forth. Each from the initial set of iterations 200a-200q may exhibit increased complexity and finer detail compared to a previous iteration. This iterative process may continue until a desired level of fractal intricacy is achieved, resulting in the spiral geometry 104 that may be one quadrant as denoted by 200q. The detailed development of each successive layer is depicted in the corresponding initial set of iterations 200d to 200q to showcase a gradual evolution and refinement of the fractal geometry.
FIG. 2B illustrates a final set of iterations 202a-202d for printing the dual band antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The length of each section of a spiral-shaped construction may be denoted as L?, where m ranges from 1 to 12. The caption of the FIG. 2B may provide numerical figures for the lengths of each square and the integral section of the spiral-shaped construction. In an embodiment of the present invention, an overall effective fractal length of the spiral geometry 104 that may be the one-quadrant be computed as follows using an Equation-3.
?[L_1]?_eff=4×[?_(j=2)^12¦L_j +((L_1+L_11)/2)] ___Equation (3).
In order to achieve the symmetric radiation pattern, four identical geometries may be placed in four quadrants of a 2D plane and may obtain a four-folded structure as depicted in Figure 2(c). The effective fractal length of the obtained four-folded structure may be computed as follows using an Equation (4):
?[L]?_eff=4×?[L_1]?_eff ------------------Equation (4); where, ?[L_1]?_eff=?[L_2]?_eff=?[L_3]?_eff=?[L_4]?_eff.
Further, those four parts are Boolean and obtained the antenna 100 as depicted by the final set of iterations 202d. Considering a residual length due to this type of formation mechanism, the final Equation (5) as follows:
?[M]?_teff=?[L]?_eff-4×[L_1/2+L_11 ]------Equation (5).
FIG. 3A illustrates the spiral geometries 104 based on different numbers 300 of iterations, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the antenna 100 with dual-band operational capabilities may be built, drawing inspiration from a concept of fractal geometry. The antenna 100 may be constructed to serve both X-band wireless and Ku-band direct broadcast satellite applications. Utilizing CST Microwave Studio (v2019), the antenna 100 may employ a cost-effective and precise printed circuit board (PCB) laminated material known as the RO-5880. The material’s permittivity and thickness may be considered as 2.20 and 0.787 millimeters (mm), respectively. In an embodiment of the present invention, the motif may be used for translation of the spiral geometries 104 on the substrate 102.
FIG. 3B illustrates a Table-1 for comparative performance for the spiral geometries based on the different numbers of iterations, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, in an embodiment of the present invention, the geometric structure of the spiral may have been altered over several incarnations. Five distinct antennas may have been constructed for the iterations 6, 8, 10, 11, and 12, while other design parameters such as the scaling factor (Sf), rotation angle (?), and length A1 of the starting squares may have been kept constant. In an embodiment of the present invention, all structures of the antenna 100 may have been created and simulated using the CST Microwave Studio, with simulated parametric results reported in the Table- 1. It may be evident from the Table-1 that the antenna 100 may operate effectively in two distinct commercial frequency bands, for each iteration. Both the bands may exhibit satisfactory performance characteristics for the antenna 100. Notably, in an eleventh iteration, the antenna 100 may achieve precise resonance at frequencies of 10.50 and 12.50 Gigahertz (GHz), demonstrating its suitability for dual-band activities such as X-band wireless communication and Ku-band direct broadcast satellite reception. The number of iterations may have been limited to a maximum of 12 due to constraints imposed by manufacturing limitations. The antenna 100 may exhibit a satisfactory level of gain, surpassing 9.50 dBi, and may demonstrate a low level of cross-polarization discrimination, falling below -37 dB. Additionally, it may showcase good radiation efficiency, exceeding 85%, particularly within the designated commercial frequency ranges. The antenna 100 under consideration may be designed to resonate at the necessary frequency bands, such as the X-band and the Ku-band, ensuring its applicability for a range of wireless communication and satellite reception applications.
FIG. 4A illustrates a Table-2 for Parametric findings for different substrate materials, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the fractal structure under consideration may have been integrated into three distinct dielectric materials, and an analysis of their respective characteristics may have been conducted. The desired dual-band frequencies (fr) may have been set at 10.50 and 12.50 Gigahertz (GHz). To achieve resonance of the suggested spiral-shaped antennas at the appropriate frequencies, adjustments may have been made to the total aperture area, while maintaining other parameters such as It, Sf, and ? constant. The antenna structures may have been simulated using the CST Microwave Studio. The simulated parameter values that were achieved may be shown in the Table 2. Thereby, the present invention may demonstrate appropriate parametric results, including return-loss, gain, x-pol., and efficiency, for all the materials. According to the specifications provided by the designer, the proposed spiral-shaped structure may be constructed using any of the mentioned materials, while considering cost as a determining factor. In all instances, these materials may have shown sufficient performance, emphasizing its advance performance and uniqueness.
FIG. 4B illustrates a Table-3 for Parametric outcomes for different commercial frequency bands, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, a length of the initial geometrical shape (A1) may have been altered, but other design parameters, such as It, Sf, and ?, may have been maintained at a constant value. The alteration of the starting length may result in a corresponding modification of the total effective aperture of the antenna 100. Basically, the operating frequency may be inversely proportional to the length of the antenna 100. Hence, the antenna 100 with varying aperture may exhibit resonance at distinct frequencies. In an embodiment of the present invention, the antenna 100 under consideration may exhibit resonance over six distinct frequency bands, namely L, S, C, X, Ku, and K frequency bands when the length of the initial geometrical shape (A1) is varied. This notable achievement may be attributed to its distinctive design method. Simultaneously, the antenna may also provide acceptable simulated results for five dual-band operations, with the variable A1 ranging from 7.50 to 17.50 millimeters (mm). All of the aforementioned structures may be simulated using the CST Microwave Studio (v2019). The simulated parameters that may be obtained are shown in the Table-3. The antenna 100 may have good performance across all dual-band frequencies, as shown by empirical observations.
FIG. 4C illustrates a Table-4 for Parametric variation for different scaling factors, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of the starting square (A1) and the number of iterations (11) are held constant, but the scaling factor (Sf) and the associated angle of rotation (?) may be varied correspondingly. The spiral geometry 104 may be adjusted, and the gain of the antenna 100 may be updated correspondingly. In accordance with the constraints imposed by the manufacturing process, a range of the parameter Sf may be established as 0.75 to 0.95, with a fixed gap of 0.05. The appropriate value of the parameter ? may be determined by using the Equation (2). In an embodiment of the present invention, the five diverse designs of the antenna 100 may be simulated using the CST Microwave Studio, resulting in excellent outcomes. Given that the aperture area remains constant across all the designs of the antenna 100, there may be minor variations in resonant frequencies. However, it is important to note that all of designs of the antenna 100 may only operate within the X and Ku-bands. The gain, cross-polarization, and radiation efficiency of the antenna 100 may be modified correspondingly. The parametric values are shown in the Table 4. It may be clearly observed that the antenna 100 may offer better gain and radiation efficiency when the Sf is fixed at 0.85. This may be an additional advantage of the present invention.
FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, and FIG. 5C illustrates a prototype of the dual-band antenna, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, significant advancements may have been made in the fabrication of the dual-band antenna 100 which may be an application-oriented spiral-shaped printed radiator. A process of photolithography may be employed in the fabrication of the prototypes as shown in the figures. In an embodiment of the present invention, a height of the single layer substrate 102 may be set at a constant value of 0.787 millimeters (mm), while a thickness of the antenna 100 and the ground plane 106 may be assumed to be 0.017 millimeters (mm) each. This specific prototype may be designed to facilitate wireless communication in an X-band frequency range and may enable direct broadcast of satellite communication in a Ku-band frequency range. The prototype may be depicted in the figures. The antenna 100 may exhibit characteristics such as a low profile, lightweight, affordability, and ease of integration with other microwave equipment. In an embodiment of the present invention, to verify radiation properties, the antenna 100 may be installed inside an anechoic chamber. To evaluate the E (f = 0^°) and H (f = 90^°) characteristics of the antenna 100, the antenna 100 may be positioned correctly inside the anechoic chamber.
FIG. 6 illustrates simulated and measured results 600 of the dual-band antenna 100, according to another embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, characteristics of the antenna 100 were measured to verify them in comparison to the simulated results. The dual-band antenna 100 may resonate at 10.52 and 12.49 Gigahertz (GHz) and may offer return-loss values of 20.24 and 24.36 dB, respectively, as depicted in (a) of the FIG. 6. The dual-band antenna 100 may also offer measured gains of 8.67 and 11.28 dBi in the particular dual-bands, as depicted in (b) of the FIG. 6. One of the notable advancements may be the ability of the antenna 100 to provide a gain exceeding 8.5 dBi in both frequency ranges. The radiation patterns of the antenna 100 may be shown as depicted in (c) to (e) of the FIG. 6. The antenna 100 may exhibit a cross-polarization discrimination of less than -36 dBi for both the electric and magnetic field components and may exhibit a symmetrical radiation pattern in the intended direction, as shown in (e) of the FIG. 6. Likewise, the antenna 100 may exhibit appropriate radiation patterns for the Ku-band, as seen in (f) to (h) of the FIG. 6. In an embodiment of the present invention, the antenna 100 may exhibit a cross-polarization level of less than -37 dBi, in addition to a symmetric radiation pattern in the desired direction upon considering the Ku-band. In both instances, the antenna 100 may exhibit shallow back-lobe radiation, indicating that the antenna 100 mostly radiates its maximum power in the intended directions, hence enhancing directivity.
FIG. 7 illustrates a Table-5 for outcomes of the dual-band antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the dual-band antenna 100 may exhibit simulated and measured parametric results. The radiation efficiency of the antenna 100 may be determined by using a Wheeler-cap mechanism, yielding values of 81% and 85% for the intended dual-band operations, respectively. Similarly, a computation of an aperture efficiency of the antenna 100 may have been conducted, resulting in recommended aperture efficiencies of 62% and 77% for X and Ku-band applications, respectively. These values may be deemed desirable and suitable for applications using wireless and direct broadband satellite technology, particularly in the context of direct-to-home (DTH) services.
FIG. 8 illustrates a Table-6 for comparative performance of the dual-band antenna in comparison with published patents, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the prior arts may be compared based on various parameters such as material, aperture size, feed mechanism, supported bands, validation status, gain (dBi), and radiation efficiency (?). The comparative performances between the antenna 100 and other existing dual-band antennas are presented in the Table 6. It can be clearly observed that the proposed antenna 100, and supports the X and Ku bands. Additionally, the antenna 100 offers a decent gain and a high radiation efficiency compared to the prior arts.
FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of a method 900 for manufacturing the dual-band antenna 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. At step 902, the antenna 100 may be formed by providing a single-layer substrate 102 with a thickness selected from the one-fourth or the one-eighth wavelength of the operating frequency. At step 904, the antenna 100 may be formed by forming the spiral geometries 104 on the top surface of the single-layer substrate 102, such that the spiral geometry 104 may be formed by rotating, scaling, stretching, and translating the motif selected from an initial geometrical shape (A1). At step 906, the antenna 100 may be formed by placing the ground plane 106 on the bottom surface of the single-layer substrate 102 to complete the formation of the antenna 100.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and various embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims. This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined in the claims and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements within substantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. , Claims:CLAIMS
We Claim:
1. A dual-band antenna (100), the antenna (100) comprising:
a single-layer substrate (102), characterized in that the single-layer substrate (102) is having a thickness selected from a one-fourth or a one-eighth wavelength of an operating frequency;
spiral geometries (104a-104n) on a top surface of the single-layer substrate (102); wherein each of the spiral geometries (104a-104n) is formed from an initial geometrical shape (A1) by involving rotation, scaling, stretching, and translation of a motif such that the spiral geometries (104a-104n) forms a four-folded structure to provide a symmetric radiation pattern; and
a ground plane (106) on a bottom surface of the single-layer substrate (102).
2. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein a formation of the spiral geometries (104a-104n) is dependent on a scaling factor (Sf) and a rotational angle (?).
3. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the initial geometrical shape (A1) for the spiral geometries (104a-104n) is a square shape.
4. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein a gain of the antenna varies when iterations of the initial geometrical shape (A1) changes.
5. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, is capable of dual-band (X/Ku) operations.
6. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the single-layer substrate (102) is designed using dielectric materials selected from Rogers Corporation (RO-5880), Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4), or Neltec NX9320.
7. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, is designed to resonate in six distinct frequency bands selected from L, S, C, X, Ku, and K frequency bands when a length of the initial geometrical shape (A1) is varied.
8. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, is capable to resonate at 10.52 and 12.49 Gigahertz (GHz).
9. The antenna (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formed spiral geometries (104a-104n) is analogous to the initial geometrical shape (A1).
10. A method (900) for manufacturing a dual-band antenna (100), comprising steps of:
providing a single-layer substrate (102) with a thickness selected from one-fourth or one-eighth wavelength of an operating frequency;
forming spiral geometries (104a-104n) on a top surface of the single-layer substrate (102), wherein the spiral geometries (104a-104n) are formed by rotating, scaling, stretching, and translating a motif selected from an initial geometrical shape (A1); and
placing a ground plane (106) on a bottom surface of the single-layer substrate (102).
Date: May 21, 2024
Place: Noida

Dr. Keerti Gupta
Agent for the Applicant
(IN/PA-1529)