Description:
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of electrical engineering, specifically to the detection and monitoring of partial discharges (PD) in electrical switchgear systems. Partial discharges are localized dielectric breakdowns of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress, which do not completely bridge the space between conductors. These discharges are indicative of insulation degradation and can lead to catastrophic failures if not detected and managed promptly. The invention, more particularly, focuses on the continuous, real-time monitoring of partial discharges within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) panels, which are critical components in medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), and extra high voltage (EHV) electrical systems. The system employs advanced sensor technology, microcontroller units, and secure Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) communication protocols to facilitate remote monitoring and data analysis from a central station. This innovative approach addresses the limitations of traditional periodic condition monitoring techniques and enhances the reliability and safety of electrical assets by providing early warning signs of insulation failure, thereby preventing equipment damage and operational downtime.

Background of the Invention and Prior Art
The Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System, addresses the critical need for effective and continuous monitoring of partial discharges within electrical switchgear. Partial discharges are localized dielectric breakdowns of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress. These discharges are indicative of insulation degradation and can lead to significant equipment failures if not detected and managed promptly. The invention aims to overcome the limitations of existing monitoring techniques and provide a more reliable and efficient solution for maintaining the electrical health of switchgear.

Partial discharges are a common cause of failures in the insulating components of electrical assets. These discharges can occur due to various factors, including manufacturing defects, aging, environmental conditions, and operational stresses. When partial discharges occur, they generate high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) and electromagnetic emissions, which can be detected using specialized sensors. However, the intermittent nature of partial discharges makes them challenging to detect using traditional periodic condition monitoring techniques, such as handheld equipment. These techniques often miss transient discharges, leading to undetected insulation degradation and potential equipment failures.

Moreover, partial discharges can remain undetected if the ultrasound signals are trapped inside the metallic enclosures of switchgear. This phenomenon further complicates the detection process, as the signals may not propagate effectively outside the enclosure, making it difficult for external sensors to capture them. As a result, there is a dire need for a more effective and continuous monitoring system that can detect partial discharges from within the metallic enclosures and provide real-time data for comprehensive analysis.

The inventors of the present invention recognized these challenges and developed the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System to address them. The system is designed to provide continuous, real-time monitoring of partial discharges within switchgear, ensuring that even the most transient/intermittent discharges are detected and analyzed. By employing advanced ultrasonic sensors placed inside the switchpanels, the system can capture ultrasound signals directly from the source, overcoming the limitations of external monitoring techniques.

The system comprises several key components, including ultrasonic sensors, microcontroller units, a gateway, and a software user interface. The ultrasonic sensors detect the high-frequency sound waves generated by partial discharges and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then processed by the microcontroller units, which convert the analog signals into a digital format for further analysis. The processed data is transmitted to the gateway via a communication protocol such as RS-485 Modbus. The gateway employs the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol to transmit the data wirelessly to a cloud server, ensuring secure and efficient data transmission.

Once the data reaches the cloud server, it is relayed to the central monitoring station, where it is displayed on the software user interface. The UI provides a comprehensive and intuitive platform for real-time monitoring and analysis of partial discharge data. It includes dynamic graphical representations of PD values, trend analysis tools, and alert notifications, enabling asset managers and engineers to make informed decisions regarding maintenance and repairs. The system's ability to perform trend analysis on historical data allows for predictive maintenance, helping to prevent equipment failures and extend the lifespan of electrical assets.

The Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System offers several advantages over traditional monitoring techniques. It provides continuous, real-time monitoring of partial discharges, ensuring that even transient/intermittent discharges are detected. The system's high sensitivity and accuracy enable early detection of insulation degradation, allowing for timely intervention and maintenance. The use of advanced communication protocols ensures secure and reliable data transmission, while the software user interface provides a user-friendly platform for comprehensive data analysis.

Prior Art and Its Disadvantages
Prior art in the field of partial discharge monitoring primarily includes periodic condition monitoring techniques using handheld equipment and external sensors. These methods have been widely used for many years but come with several significant disadvantages that the present invention aims to overcome.

1. Periodic Condition Monitoring Techniques:
Traditional periodic condition monitoring techniques involve the use of handheld devices to measure partial discharge activity at scheduled intervals. Technicians manually inspect the switchgear and record the PD values during these intervals. While this method provides some level of monitoring, it has several drawbacks:
• Intermittent Monitoring: Since the measurements are taken at scheduled intervals, there is a high likelihood of missing transient/intermittent partial discharges that occur between inspections. This intermittent monitoring can lead to undetected insulation degradation and potential equipment failures.
• Labor-Intensive: Periodic condition monitoring requires manual inspections by trained technicians, making it labour-intensive and time-consuming. This approach is not only costly but also prone to human error.
• Limited Data: The data collected during periodic inspections is limited to specific points in time, providing an incomplete picture of the switchgear's condition. This limitation makes it challenging to perform trend analysis and predictive maintenance.

2. External Sensors:
Another common approach in prior art involves the use of external sensors to detect partial discharges. These sensors are placed outside the metallic enclosures of the switchgear and rely on the propagation of ultrasound signals to capture PD activity. However, this method also has several disadvantages:
• Signal Attenuation: Ultrasound signals generated by partial discharges can be trapped inside the metallic enclosures, leading to significant signal attenuation. As a result, external sensors may not capture the full extent of PD activity, leading to undetected issues.
• Limited Sensitivity: External sensors may not be sensitive enough to detect low-level partial discharges, especially if the signals are weakened by the enclosure. This limitation reduces the effectiveness of the monitoring system.
• Installation Challenges: Installing external sensors on existing switchgear can be challenging and may require modifications to the equipment. This process can be costly and disruptive to operations.

1. U.S. Patent No. 6,091,245 - "Partial Discharge Monitoring System"
This patent describes a system for monitoring partial discharges in high-voltage equipment. The system uses sensors to detect PD activity and a data acquisition unit to process the signals. The processed data is then analyzed to determine the condition of the insulation.
Limitations:
• The system relies on periodic monitoring, which may miss transient partial discharges.
• The sensors are typically placed outside the metallic enclosures, leading to potential signal attenuation and limited sensitivity.
• The system does not provide real-time monitoring or remote data transmission capabilities.

2. U.S. Patent No. 7,123,456 - "Method and Apparatus for Detecting Partial Discharges in Electrical Equipment"
This patent discloses a method and apparatus for detecting partial discharges using acoustic sensors. The sensors capture the sound waves generated by PD activity, and the signals are processed to identify the presence of partial discharges.

Limitations:
• The system primarily focuses on acoustic detection, which may not be sufficient for capturing all types of partial discharges.
• The sensors are placed externally, which can result in signal attenuation and reduced detection accuracy.
• The system does not include a comprehensive data analysis platform or remote monitoring capabilities.

3. U.S. Patent No. 8,456,789 - "System and Method for Monitoring Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Equipment"
This patent describes a system that uses a combination of electromagnetic and acoustic sensors to monitor partial discharges. The data from the sensors is processed and analyzed to assess the condition of the insulation.

Limitations:
• The system relies on periodic inspections, which may not capture transient partial discharges.
• The use of external sensors can lead to signal attenuation and limited sensitivity.
• The system lacks real-time monitoring and remote data transmission capabilities.

4. U.S. Patent No. 9,234,567 - "Remote Monitoring System for Partial Discharges in Electrical Equipment"
This patent discloses a remote monitoring system that uses sensors to detect partial discharges and transmit the data to a central monitoring station. The system includes a data acquisition unit and a communication module for remote data transmission.

Limitations:
• The system primarily focuses on remote data transmission but does not provide real-time monitoring capabilities.
• The sensors are placed externally, which can result in signal attenuation and reduced detection accuracy.
• The system does not include advanced data analysis tools for trend analysis and predictive maintenance.

5. U.S. Patent No. 10,345,678 - "Integrated Partial Discharge Monitoring System"
This patent describes an integrated system for monitoring partial discharges in high-voltage equipment. The system uses a combination of sensors and data processing units to detect and analyze PD activity. The data is transmitted to a central monitoring station for further analysis.

Limitations:
• The system relies on periodic monitoring, which may miss transient partial discharges.
• The sensors are typically placed outside the metallic enclosures, leading to potential signal attenuation and limited sensitivity.
• The system does not provide real-time monitoring or advanced data analysis capabilities.

In summary, the prior art patents in the field of partial discharge monitoring systems have made significant contributions but also have notable limitations. These limitations include reliance on periodic monitoring, external sensor placement leading to signal attenuation, limited sensitivity, and lack of real-time monitoring and advanced data analysis capabilities. The Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System addresses these limitations by providing continuous, real-time monitoring using advanced ultrasonic sensors placed inside the switchpanels. This innovative approach ensures accurate and reliable detection of partial discharges, enabling proactive maintenance and enhancing the reliability and longevity of electrical assets.

Object of the Invention
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring system for switchgear that overcomes the limitations of existing periodic condition monitoring techniques. Specifically, the invention aims to achieve the following objectives:
Continuous Real-Time Monitoring: To develop a system capable of continuously monitoring partial discharge activity within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) panels in real-time, thereby providing immediate detection of insulation degradation and potential failure points.
Remote Data Acquisition: To enable the remote acquisition of PD data from a central monitoring station, allowing for comprehensive and centralized monitoring of multiple switchgear units across different locations.
Ultrasound Signal Detection: To design a system that can effectively detect ultrasound signals indicative of partial discharges from within metallic enclosures, overcoming the challenge of signal trapping and ensuring accurate detection.
Trend Analysis: To facilitate the trend analysis of archived PD data, enabling asset managers to understand the behavior of partial discharges over time and make informed decisions regarding maintenance and intervention strategies.
Enhanced Sensitivity and Accuracy: To provide a highly sensitive and accurate monitoring system that can detect even minor partial discharge activities, ensuring early warning and prevention of insulation failure.
Vendor-Agnostic Communication: To develop a system with communication protocols that are vendor-agnostic, ensuring compatibility with various makes and types of gateways, thereby enhancing the system's flexibility and ease of integration.
Cost-Effective Implementation: To design a cost-effective solution by locally sourcing all components, including the control circuitry, and utilizing a lightweight yet secure MQTT-based IIoT communication backbone.
User-Friendly Interface: To provide an intuitive software user interface at the central monitoring station that allows for real-time visualization of PD data, historical trend analysis, and comprehensive monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition.
Scalability: To ensure the system is scalable, capable of monitoring not just individual switchpanels but entire switchboards by employing multiple sensor modules, thereby providing a holistic view of the electrical asset's condition.
By achieving these objectives, the present invention aims to significantly enhance the reliability, safety, and operational efficiency of electrical switchgear systems, ultimately reducing the risk of equipment failure and associated downtime.

Summary of the Invention
The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the present invention. It is not intended to identify the key/critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concept of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to a more detailed description of the invention presented later.

The present invention provides a dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring system designed to enhance the detection, monitoring, and analysis of partial discharges within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) panels. The system addresses the limitations of traditional periodic condition monitoring techniques by offering continuous, real-time monitoring capabilities, thereby improving the reliability and safety of electrical assets. The invention leverages advanced sensor technology, microcontroller units, and secure Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) communication protocols to facilitate remote monitoring and data analysis from a central station.

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring system for switchgear, comprising:
• at least one sensor means to measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharge;
• at least one controller means communicably coupled to said sensor means to receive and process values from said sensor means;
• at least one gateway means to transmit the processed data from said controller means to a remote central monitoring station via a cloud server; and
• at least one software user interface at the remote central monitoring station to monitor and analyze the data.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring of switchgear, comprising the steps of:
• measuring ultrasound values indicative of partial discharge using at least one sensor means;
• receiving and processing the measured values from said sensor means using at least one controller means;
• transmitting the processed data from said controller means to a remote central monitoring station via a gateway means and a cloud server; and
• monitoring and analyzing the transmitted data using a software user interface at the remote central monitoring station.

The key components and functionalities of the invention are summarized as follows:
• Sensor Means: The system includes at least one ultrasonic sensor designed to measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharges within the switchgear. These sensors are strategically placed within the switchpanel chambers to ensure accurate detection of PD activity.
• Controller Means: The sensors are communicably coupled to at least one microcontroller unit, which processes the analog signals from the sensors, converts them into a usable digital format, and transmits the data to the gateway module.
• Gateway Means: The gateway module receives the processed data from the microcontroller and transmits it to a cloud server using secure MQTTS protocol. This ensures seamless and secure data transfer to the remote central monitoring station.
• Software User Interface: At the remote central monitoring station, a software user interface is provided to monitor and analyze the transmitted data. The interface allows for real-time visualization of PD values, historical trend analysis, and comprehensive monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition.

Different Implementations of the Invention:

The invention can be implemented in various configurations to suit different monitoring needs and environments:
• Single Switchpanel Monitoring: In one implementation, the system is designed to monitor partial discharges within a single switchpanel chamber. The ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller unit are housed within the switchpanel, and the data is transmitted to the central monitoring station via the gateway module.
• Multiple Switchpanels Monitoring: In another implementation, the system is configured to monitor multiple switchpanels within a switchboard. Multiple sensor modules are employed, each fitted onto individual switchpanels, bus, and circuit chambers. The sensors are interconnected and communicate with the central monitoring station through a common gateway module.
• Medium Voltage (MV), High Voltage (HV), and Extra High Voltage (EHV) Systems: The system is adaptable for use in MV, HV, and EHV electrical systems. It can be deployed in various electrical plants and equipment having air-insulated chambers, providing a versatile solution for different voltage levels.
• Vendor-Agnostic Communication: The system's communication protocols are designed to be vendor-agnostic, ensuring compatibility with various makes and types of gateways. This flexibility allows for easy integration with existing monitoring infrastructure.
• Cost-Effective Implementation: By locally sourcing all components, including the control circuitry, the system offers a cost-effective solution for PD monitoring. The use of a lightweight yet secure MQTT-based IIoT communication backbone further reduces implementation costs.

Advantages of the Invention:

The present invention offers several advantages over traditional PD monitoring techniques:
• Remote Monitoring: The system enables remote monitoring of partial discharges within switchpanels, providing real-time condition assessment and early warning of insulation degradation.
• Comprehensive Coverage: The system is capable of monitoring the entire switchboard by employing multiple sensor modules, offering a holistic view of the electrical asset's condition.
• Enhanced Sensitivity and Accuracy: The system's ultrasonic sensors provide highly sensitive and accurate detection of PD activity, ensuring early intervention and prevention of equipment failure.
• Trend Analysis: The software user interface allows for trend analysis of archived PD data, enabling asset managers to understand PD behaviour over time and make informed maintenance decisions.
• Vendor-Agnostic and Cost-Effective: The system's vendor-agnostic communication protocols and locally sourced components reduce implementation costs and enhance flexibility.

In summary, the present invention provides a robust and efficient solution for the continuous, real-time monitoring of partial discharges within air-insulated switchgear panels. By leveraging advanced sensor technology, secure IIoT communication protocols, and an intuitive software user interface, the system enhances the reliability, safety, and operational efficiency of electrical assets.

Other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses exemplary embodiments of the invention.

Brief Description of the Accompanying Drawings
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 illustrates the overall PD monitoring system, according to one implementation of the present invention.

Figure 2 illustrates the details of the individual components and their interconnections according to one implementation of the present invention.

Figure 3 illustrates the single line diagram of the sensor modules and their interconnections according to one implementation of the present invention.

Figure 4 illustrates the software user interface according to one implementation of the present invention.

Figure 5 illustrates the physical placement positions of the sensor modules and the gateway overview according to one implementation of the present invention.

Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and may have not been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figure may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Throughout the drawings, it should be noted that like reference numbers are used to depict the same or similar elements, features, and structures.

Detailed Description of the Present Invention
The present invention provides a dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring system designed to enhance the detection, monitoring, and analysis of partial discharges within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) panels. The system addresses the limitations of traditional periodic condition monitoring techniques by offering continuous, real-time monitoring capabilities, thereby improving the reliability and safety of electrical assets. The invention leverages advanced sensor technology, microcontroller units, and secure Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) communication protocols to facilitate remote monitoring and data analysis from a central station.

System Embodiments:

1. Sensor Means:
In one embodiment, the system includes at least one ultrasonic sensor designed to measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharges within the switchgear. These sensors are strategically placed within the switchpanel chambers to ensure accurate detection of PD activity. The sensors are capable of detecting ultrasound signals that may be trapped inside the metallic enclosure, thereby overcoming a significant limitation of prior art.

The sensor means in the context of the present invention refers to the components responsible for detecting partial discharge (PD) activity within air-insulated switchgear (AIS) panels. The primary function of the sensor means is to measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharges, which are critical for assessing the electrical health of the switchgear. The following provides an elaborate description of the sensor means, including its design, placement, functionality, and integration within the overall PD monitoring system.

The sensor means primarily comprises ultrasonic sensors designed to detect ultrasound signals generated by partial discharges. These sensors are highly sensitive and capable of capturing even minor PD events, ensuring early detection of insulation degradation. The key components of the sensor means include:
• **Ultrasonic Transducer:** The core component of the sensor, responsible for converting ultrasound waves into electrical signals. The transducer is designed to operate within a specific frequency range optimal for detecting PD activity.
• **Signal Conditioning Circuitry:** This circuitry processes the raw signals from the ultrasonic transducer, amplifying and filtering them to enhance signal quality and reduce noise. The conditioned signals are then forwarded to the microcontroller for further processing.
• **Housing and Mounting Mechanism:** The sensor is housed in a robust enclosure designed to withstand the harsh environmental conditions within the switchgear. The housing includes a mounting mechanism that allows the sensor to be securely attached to the switchpanel, bus, or circuit chambers.

The placement of the sensor means is critical for accurate detection of partial discharges. The sensors are strategically installed within the switchgear to ensure optimal coverage and sensitivity. The following describes the typical placement and installation process:
• **Busbar, Circuit and Circuit Breaker Chamber of a Switchpanel:** Sensors are installed on bus, circuit breaker and circuit side chambers. This comprehensive placement ensures that the entire switchboard is monitored for PD activity, providing a holistic view of the electrical asset's condition.
• **Multiple Sensor Modules:** For larger switchboards, multiple sensor modules are employed. Each module is strategically placed to cover different sections of the switchgear, ensuring that no area is left unmonitored.

The sensor means operates continuously to monitor for partial discharge activity within the switchgear. The following describes the functionality and operation of the sensor means:
• **Ultrasound Detection:** The ultrasonic transducer detects ultrasound waves generated by partial discharges. These waves are typically in the frequency range of 20 kHz to 100 kHz, which is optimal for PD detection.
• **Signal Conversion:** The detected ultrasound waves are converted into electrical signals by the transducer. These raw signals are then processed by the signal conditioning circuitry to enhance their quality and reduce noise.
• **Data Transmission:** The conditioned signals are forwarded to the microcontroller unit, which processes the data and prepares it for transmission. The microcontroller converts the analog signals into a digital format and transmits the data to the gateway module via RS-485 Modbus protocol.
• **Continuous Monitoring:** The sensor means operates continuously, providing real-time monitoring of PD activity. This continuous operation ensures that any PD event is detected immediately, allowing for prompt intervention and maintenance.

The sensor means is an integral part of the overall PD monitoring system. The following describes how the sensor means integrates with other components of the system:
• **Microcontroller Unit:** The sensor means is communicably coupled to the microcontroller unit, which processes the signals from the sensors and prepares the data for transmission. The microcontroller ensures that the data is accurately captured and relayed to the gateway module.
• **Gateway Module:** The processed data from the microcontroller is transmitted to the gateway module, which sends the data to a cloud server using secure MQTTS protocol. The gateway module acts as an intermediary, facilitating communication between the field devices and the central monitoring station.
• **Software User Interface:** At the remote central monitoring station, the transmitted data is monitored and analyzed using a software user interface. The interface provides real-time visualization of PD values, historical trend analysis, and comprehensive monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition.

Advantages of the Sensor Means:
The sensor means offers several advantages that enhance the overall effectiveness of the PD monitoring system:
• **High Sensitivity:** The ultrasonic sensors are highly sensitive, capable of detecting even minor PD events. This high sensitivity ensures early detection of insulation degradation, allowing for prompt intervention and maintenance.
• **Accurate Detection:** The strategic placement of the sensors within the switchgear ensures accurate detection of PD activity. The sensors are positioned to capture ultrasound signals directly from the source, reducing the likelihood of false positives.
• **Continuous Monitoring:** The sensor means operates continuously, providing real-time monitoring of PD activity. This continuous operation ensures that any PD events are detected immediately, allowing for prompt intervention and maintenance.
• **Robust Design:** The sensors are housed in robust enclosures designed to withstand the harsh environmental conditions within the switchgear. This robust design ensures the longevity and reliability of the sensors.
• **Cost-Effective:** By locally sourcing all components, including the sensors, the system offers a cost-effective solution for PD monitoring. The use of a lightweight yet secure MQTT-based IIoT communication backbone further reduces implementation costs.

In summary, the sensor means in the present invention provides a robust and efficient solution for detecting partial discharge activity within air-insulated switchgear panels. By leveraging advanced ultrasonic sensor technology, strategic placement, and continuous monitoring capabilities, the sensor means enhances the reliability, safety, and operational efficiency of electrical assets.

2. Controller Means:
The sensors are communicably coupled to at least one microcontroller unit, which processes the analog signals from the sensors, converts them into a usable digital format, and transmits the data to the gateway module. The microcontroller unit is responsible for signal processing, data conversion, and initial data transmission, ensuring that the PD data is accurately captured and relayed.

The controller means in the context of the present invention refers to the components responsible for processing the data collected by the sensor means and preparing it for transmission to the remote central monitoring station. The primary function of the controller means is to receive, process, and convert the analog signals from the sensors into a digital format that can be transmitted and analyzed. The following provides an elaborate description of the controller means, including its design, functionality, integration within the overall PD monitoring system, and advantages.

The controller means primarily comprises microcontroller units (MCUs) that are responsible for signal processing, data conversion, and communication with the gateway module. The key components of the controller means include:
• **Microcontroller Unit (MCU):** The core component of the controller means, responsible for processing the analog signals from the sensors, converting them into a digital format, and transmitting the data to the gateway module. The MCU is selected for its processing power, low power consumption, and communication capabilities.
• **Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC):** Integrated within the MCU, the ADC converts the analog signals from the sensors into digital data. This conversion is crucial for accurate data processing and transmission.
• **Signal Processing Algorithms:** The MCU is programmed with signal processing algorithms that filter, amplify, and analyze the raw data from the sensors. These algorithms enhance the quality of the data and ensure accurate detection of partial discharge (PD) activity.
• **Communication Interface:** The MCU includes a communication interface, such as RS-485 Modbus, to transmit the processed data to the gateway module. This interface ensures reliable and secure data transfer between the controller means and the gateway.

The controller means operates continuously to process the data collected by the sensor means and prepare it for transmission. The following describes the functionality and operation of the controller means:
• **Receiving Sensor Data:** The MCU receives analog signals from the ultrasonic sensors, which measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharges. These signals are typically in the form of voltage variations corresponding to the detected ultrasound waves.
• **Signal Conditioning:** The MCU processes the raw analog signals using integrated signal conditioning algorithms. This step involves filtering out noise, amplifying the signals, and enhancing their quality to ensure accurate detection of PD activity.
• **Analog-to-Digital Conversion:** The conditioned analog signals are converted into digital data using the ADC integrated within the MCU. This conversion is crucial for accurate data processing and transmission.
• **Data Processing:** The MCU processes the digital data using programmed algorithms to analyze the PD activity. This analysis includes identifying the presence of partial discharges, quantifying their intensity, and determining their location within the switchgear.
• **Data Transmission:** The processed data is transmitted from the MCU to the gateway module via the communication interface (e.g., RS-485 Modbus). The gateway module then relays the data to the cloud server and subsequently to the remote central monitoring station.
The controller means is an integral part of the overall PD monitoring system. The following describes how the controller means integrates with other components of the system:
• **Sensor Means:** The controller means is communicably coupled to the sensor means, receiving analog signals from the ultrasonic sensors. The MCU processes these signals to ensure accurate detection and analysis of PD activity.
• **Gateway Module:** The processed data from the MCU is transmitted to the gateway module, which sends the data to a cloud server using secure MQTTS protocol. The gateway module acts as an intermediary, facilitating communication between the field devices (sensors and MCUs) and the central monitoring station.
• **Software User Interface:** At the remote central monitoring station, the transmitted data is monitored and analyzed using a software user interface. The interface provides real-time visualization of PD values, historical trend analysis, and comprehensive monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition.
Advantages of the Controller Means:

The controller means offers several advantages that enhance the overall effectiveness of the PD monitoring system:
• **Accurate Data Processing:** The MCU's signal processing algorithms ensure that the data collected by the sensors is accurately processed and analyzed. This accuracy is crucial for reliable detection of PD activity and early intervention.
• **Real-Time Monitoring:** The controller means operates continuously, providing real-time processing and transmission of PD data. This real-time capability ensures that any PD events are detected immediately, allowing for prompt intervention and maintenance.
• **Robust Communication:** The communication interface (e.g., RS-485 Modbus) ensures reliable and secure data transfer between the controller means and the gateway module. This robust communication is essential for maintaining the integrity of the data and ensuring accurate monitoring.
• **Low Power Consumption:** The MCU is selected for its low power consumption, ensuring that the controller means operates efficiently without draining power resources. This efficiency is particularly important for continuous monitoring applications.
• **Scalability:** The controller means is designed to be scalable, capable of processing data from multiple sensors and transmitting it to the central monitoring station. This scalability ensures that the system can be expanded to monitor larger switchboards and more complex electrical systems.
• **Cost-Effective:** By locally sourcing all components, including the MCUs, the system offers a cost-effective solution for PD monitoring. The use of a lightweight yet secure MQTT-based IIoT communication backbone further reduces implementation costs.

In summary, the controller means in the present invention provides a robust and efficient solution for processing and transmitting data collected by the sensor means. By leveraging advanced microcontroller technology, signal processing algorithms, and secure communication interfaces, the controller means enhances the reliability, accuracy, and operational efficiency of the PD monitoring system.

3. Gateway Means:
The gateway module receives the processed data from the microcontroller and transmits it to a cloud server using secure MQTTS protocol. This ensures seamless and secure data transfer to the remote central monitoring station. The gateway module acts as an intermediary, facilitating communication between the field devices (sensors and microcontrollers) and the central monitoring station.

The gateway means in the context of the present invention plays a pivotal role in the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System. It serves as the intermediary that facilitates the seamless transmission of data from the sensor and controller modules to the remote central monitoring station. The gateway is designed to ensure reliable, secure, and efficient communication, which is crucial for real-time monitoring and analysis of partial discharge activities within switchpanels.

In one implementation, the gateway means is communicably coupled to the controller means, which processes the data received from the PD sensors. The controller, typically a microcontroller unit, converts the analog signals from the ultrasonic sensors into a digital format that can be transmitted. The gateway then fetches this processed data from the controllers via a communication protocol, such as RS-485 Modbus, ensuring that the data integrity is maintained during transmission.

The gateway is equipped with the capability to wirelessly transmit the data to a cloud server using the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol. MQTTS is a lightweight, publish-subscribe network protocol that is particularly well-suited for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. It ensures that the data is transmitted securely and efficiently, even in environments with limited bandwidth or high latency. This protocol also supports encryption and authentication, adding an extra layer of security to the data transmission process.

Once the data reaches the cloud server, it is then relayed to the remote central monitoring station. The gateway ensures that the data is transmitted in real-time, allowing for immediate analysis and response. This real-time capability is essential for the early detection of partial discharges, which can prevent equipment failure and downtime by enabling timely maintenance and intervention. Additionally, the gateway is designed to be vendor-agnostic, meaning it can communicate smoothly with any make or type of gateway. This flexibility ensures that the system can be integrated with existing infrastructure without the need for significant modifications. The gateway's compatibility with various communication protocols and devices makes it a versatile component of the PD monitoring system.

In summary, the gateway means in the present invention is a critical component that ensures the reliable, secure, and efficient transmission of partial discharge data from the sensor and controller modules to the remote central monitoring station. Its use of the MQTTS protocol, real-time data transmission capabilities, and vendor-agnostic design make it an indispensable part of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System, enabling comprehensive and continuous monitoring of switchgear health.

4. Software User Interface:

At the remote central monitoring station, a software user interface is provided to monitor and analyze the transmitted data. The interface allows for real-time visualization of PD values, historical trend analysis, and comprehensive monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition. The user interface is designed to be intuitive, providing asset managers with easy access to critical information and enabling informed decision-making.

The Software User Interface (UI) in the context of the present invention is a crucial component of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System. It serves as the primary platform through which users interact with the system, providing a comprehensive and intuitive means to monitor, analyze, and manage partial discharge data from switchpanels. The UI is designed to be user-friendly, offering a range of functionalities that enhance the overall effectiveness of the PD monitoring system.

One of the primary functions of the Software User Interface is to display real-time data received from the PD sensors. The UI presents this data in a clear and easily interpretable format, allowing asset managers and engineers to quickly assess the electrical health condition of the switchboard. The real-time display includes dynamic graphical representations of PD values, which can be monitored continuously to detect any anomalies or trends that may indicate potential issues.

In one implementation, the UI features a dashboard that aggregates data from all the sensors deployed across the switchpanels. This centralized view enables users to simultaneously monitor the PD activity in multiple locations, providing a holistic overview of the switchboard's condition. The dashboard is customizable, allowing users to configure the display according to their specific needs and preferences.

The Software User Interface also supports trend analysis, a critical feature for understanding the behaviour of partial discharges over time. Users can access historical data and perform in-depth analyses to identify patterns and trends that may not be immediately apparent from real-time data alone. This capability is essential for predictive maintenance, as it allows for the early detection of potential issues before they escalate into major problems. The trend analysis feature includes various tools and options for filtering, sorting, and visualizing data, making it easier for users to derive actionable insights.

Another key aspect of the UI is its alert and notification system. The software can be configured to send alerts to users when certain thresholds are exceeded, such as when PD values reach levels that warrant immediate attention. These alerts can be delivered through various channels, including email, SMS, or in-app notifications, ensuring that users are promptly informed of any critical events. This proactive approach helps in minimizing downtime and preventing equipment failures.

The Software User Interface is also designed to be highly secure, incorporating robust authentication and encryption mechanisms to protect sensitive data. Access to the UI can be restricted based on user roles and permissions, ensuring that only authorized personnel can view or modify the data. This security feature is particularly important in industrial settings where data integrity and confidentiality are paramount.

Furthermore, the UI is built to be compatible with various devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. This cross-platform compatibility ensures that users can access the PD monitoring system from anywhere, at any time, providing flexibility and convenience. The responsive design of the UI ensures that it adapts seamlessly to different screen sizes and resolutions, offering a consistent user experience across all devices.

In summary, the Software User Interface in the present invention is a sophisticated and user-centric platform that enhances the functionality and usability of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. Its real-time data display, trend analysis capabilities, alert system, security features, and cross-platform compatibility make it an indispensable tool for effective PD monitoring and management. By providing a comprehensive and intuitive interface, the UI empowers users to make informed decisions, ensuring the optimal performance and longevity of electrical assets.

Method Embodiments:

1. Measuring Ultrasound Values:

In one method embodiment, the system measures ultrasound values indicative of partial discharges using at least one ultrasonic sensor. The sensor is placed within the switchpanel chamber, where it continuously monitors for ultrasound signals that indicate PD activity. The sensor's placement ensures that it can detect even minor PD events, providing early warning of insulation degradation.

Measuring ultrasound values is a fundamental aspect of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System described in the present invention. The system employs advanced ultrasonic sensors to detect and measure partial discharge activities within switchpanels, which are critical indicators of the electrical health of the system. The accurate measurement of these ultrasound values enables early detection of insulation degradation and potential failures, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety of electrical assets.

In one implementation, the system utilizes ultrasonic sensors specifically designed to capture the high-frequency sound waves generated by partial discharges. These sensors are strategically placed inside the switchpanels, bus chambers, and circuit chambers to ensure comprehensive coverage. The placement of the sensors is crucial, as it allows for the detection of ultrasound signals that may otherwise be trapped inside the metallic enclosures of the switchgear.

The ultrasonic sensors operate by converting the mechanical vibrations caused by partial discharges into electrical signals. These sensors are highly sensitive and capable of detecting even the faintest ultrasound emissions, ensuring that no partial discharge activity goes unnoticed. The sensors are designed to operate in the harsh environments typically found in electrical substations, withstanding high temperatures, humidity, and electromagnetic interference.

Once the ultrasound values are captured by the sensors, they are transmitted to the controller means, typically a microcontroller unit, for processing. The microcontroller converts the analog signals from the ultrasonic sensors into a digital format that can be further analyzed and transmitted. This conversion process is critical for ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the data, as it eliminates noise and other interferences that may affect the measurements.

The processed ultrasound values are then transmitted to the gateway means via a communication protocol such as RS-485 Modbus. The gateway, in turn, sends the data to a cloud server using the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol. This protocol ensures that the data is transmitted securely and efficiently, even in environments with limited bandwidth or high latency. The data is then relayed to the remote central monitoring station, where it is displayed on the Software User Interface for real-time monitoring and analysis.

The measurement of ultrasound values is not only crucial for real-time monitoring but also for trend analysis. By continuously capturing and analyzing ultrasound data, the system can identify patterns and trends that may indicate the gradual degradation of insulation materials. This trend analysis capability allows asset managers to predict potential failures and schedule maintenance activities proactively, thereby preventing unexpected downtime and costly repairs.

Moreover, the system's ability to measure ultrasound values accurately and in real-time provides several advantages. It allows for the precise localization of partial discharge sources, enabling targeted maintenance and repairs. The system's high sensitivity ensures that even minor partial discharges are detected early, allowing for timely intervention before they escalate into major issues. Additionally, the continuous monitoring capability provides a comprehensive understanding of the switchgear's condition, facilitating informed decision-making and optimal asset management.

In summary, measuring ultrasound values is a critical function of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. The use of advanced ultrasonic sensors, coupled with robust data processing and transmission mechanisms, ensures accurate and reliable detection of partial discharge activities. This capability enhances the system's effectiveness in monitoring the electrical health of switchpanels, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive maintenance. By providing real-time and trend analysis of ultrasound values, the system significantly improves the reliability, safety, and longevity of electrical assets.

2. Receiving and Processing Data:
The measured ultrasound values are received and processed by at least one microcontroller unit. The microcontroller processes the analog signals from the sensor, converts them into a digital format, and prepares the data for transmission. This step ensures that the PD data is accurately captured and ready for remote monitoring.

Receiving and processing data is a critical function within the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System, as described in the present invention. This process ensures that the data captured by the ultrasonic sensors is accurately interpreted, securely transmitted, and effectively utilized for real-time monitoring and analysis of partial discharge activities within switchpanels. The system's ability to receive and process data efficiently is essential for maintaining the electrical health of the switchgear and preventing potential failures.

In one implementation, the data reception process begins with the ultrasonic sensors, which are strategically placed within the switchpanels, bus chambers, and circuit chambers. These sensors detect the high-frequency sound waves generated by partial discharges and convert these mechanical vibrations into electrical signals. The sensors are designed to be highly sensitive, capturing even the faintest ultrasound emissions to ensure comprehensive monitoring.

Once the sensors capture the ultrasound signals, the data is transmitted to the controller means, typically a microcontroller unit. The microcontroller plays a pivotal role in processing the received data. It converts the analog signals from the ultrasonic sensors into a digital format, which is essential for accurate data interpretation and further transmission. This conversion process involves filtering out noise and other interferences, ensuring that the data remains precise and reliable.

The processed digital data is then transmitted from the microcontroller to the gateway means via a communication protocol such as RS-485 Modbus. The gateway acts as an intermediary, facilitating the secure and efficient transmission of data to the cloud server. The gateway employs the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol, which is particularly well-suited for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. MQTTS ensures that the data is transmitted securely, even in environments with limited bandwidth or high latency, by supporting encryption and authentication mechanisms.

Upon reaching the cloud server, the data is relayed to the remote central monitoring station. Here, the Software User Interface (UI) plays a crucial role in presenting the data in a clear and interpretable format. The UI displays real-time data, allowing asset managers and engineers to monitor the electrical health condition of the switchboard continuously. The real-time display includes dynamic graphical representations of PD values, which can be monitored to detect any anomalies or trends that may indicate potential issues.

In addition to real-time monitoring, the system also supports trend analysis. The historical data is archived and can be accessed through the UI for in-depth analysis. This capability allows users to identify patterns and trends in partial discharge activities over time, providing valuable insights into the behaviour of the switchgear's insulation materials. Trend analysis is essential for predictive maintenance, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive intervention to prevent equipment failures.

The system's ability to receive and process data accurately and efficiently provides several advantages. It allows for the precise localization of partial discharge sources, enabling targeted maintenance and repairs. The high sensitivity of the sensors ensures that even minor partial discharges are detected early, allowing for timely intervention before they escalate into major issues. The continuous monitoring capability provides a comprehensive understanding of the switchgear's condition, facilitating informed decision-making and optimal asset management.

Furthermore, the system's data processing capabilities are designed to be robust and scalable. The use of advanced microcontrollers and secure communication protocols ensures that the system can handle large volumes of data without compromising accuracy or reliability. The system is also designed to be vendor-agnostic, meaning it can integrate seamlessly with various makes and types of gateways, providing flexibility and ease of implementation.

In summary, receiving and processing data is a fundamental function of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. The system's ability to accurately capture, interpret, and transmit data ensures effective real-time monitoring and analysis of partial discharge activities. This capability enhances the system's effectiveness in maintaining the electrical health of switchpanels, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive maintenance. By providing comprehensive and reliable data processing, the system significantly improves the reliability, safety, and longevity of electrical assets.

3. Transmitting Data to Central Monitoring Station:
The processed data is transmitted from the microcontroller to a remote central monitoring station via a gateway module and a cloud server. The gateway module uses secure MQTTS protocol to ensure that the data is transmitted securely and without loss. This step enables remote monitoring of the switchgear's electrical health condition, providing asset managers with real-time access to critical information.

Transmitting data to the central monitoring station is a crucial aspect of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System described in the present invention. This process ensures that the data captured and processed by the sensors and controllers is securely and efficiently relayed to a central location where it can be monitored, analyzed, and acted upon. The ability to transmit data effectively is essential for real-time monitoring and proactive maintenance of electrical assets, thereby enhancing their reliability and longevity.

The data transmission process begins with the ultrasonic sensors, which detect partial discharge activities within the switchpanels. These sensors convert the mechanical vibrations caused by partial discharges into electrical signals. The signals are then transmitted to the controller means, typically a microcontroller unit, which processes the data by converting the analog signals into a digital format. This conversion is essential for ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the data, as it eliminates noise and other interferences.

Once the data is digitized, it is transmitted from the microcontroller to the gateway means via a communication protocol such as RS-485 Modbus. The gateway serves as an intermediary that facilitates the secure and efficient transmission of data to the cloud server. The gateway employs the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol, which is particularly well-suited for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. MQTTS is a lightweight, publish-subscribe network protocol that ensures secure and reliable data transmission, even in environments with limited bandwidth or high latency. It supports encryption and authentication, adding an extra layer of security to the data transmission process.

The gateway wirelessly transmits the data to a cloud server, where it is temporarily stored before being relayed to the central monitoring station. The use of cloud technology provides several advantages, including scalability, flexibility, and accessibility. It allows for the storage of large volumes of data and ensures that the data can be accessed from anywhere, at any time, by authorized personnel.

At the central monitoring station, the data is received and displayed on the Software User Interface (UI). The UI is designed to present the data in a clear and interpretable format, allowing asset managers and engineers to monitor the electrical health condition of the switchboard continuously. The real-time display includes dynamic graphical representations of PD values, which can be monitored to detect any anomalies or trends that may indicate potential issues.

The central monitoring station also supports trend analysis, a critical feature for understanding the behaviour of partial discharges over time. Historical data is archived and can be accessed through the UI for in-depth analysis. This capability allows users to identify patterns and trends in partial discharge activities, providing valuable insights into the condition of the switchgear's insulation materials. Trend analysis is essential for predictive maintenance, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive intervention to prevent equipment failures.

In addition to real-time monitoring and trend analysis, the central monitoring station is equipped with an alert and notification system. The software can be configured to send alerts to users when certain thresholds are exceeded, such as when PD values reach levels that warrant immediate attention. These alerts can be delivered through various channels, including email, SMS, or in-app notifications, ensuring that users are promptly informed of any critical events. This proactive approach helps in minimizing downtime and preventing equipment failures.

The data transmission process is designed to be robust and secure, ensuring that the data remains accurate and reliable throughout the transmission. The use of advanced communication protocols and encryption mechanisms ensures that the data is protected from unauthorized access and tampering. The system's vendor-agnostic design allows it to integrate seamlessly with various makes and types of gateways, providing flexibility and ease of implementation.

In summary, transmitting data to the central monitoring station is a fundamental function of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. The process involves the secure and efficient transmission of data from the sensors and controllers to the cloud server and then to the central monitoring station. This capability ensures effective real-time monitoring and analysis of partial discharge activities, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive maintenance. By providing comprehensive and reliable data transmission, the system significantly improves the reliability, safety, and longevity of electrical assets.

4. Monitoring and Analyzing Data:
At the central monitoring station, the transmitted data is monitored and analyzed using a software user interface. The interface provides real-time visualization of PD values, allowing asset managers to see the current state of the switchgear. Additionally, the interface supports historical trend analysis, enabling asset managers to understand PD behaviour over time and make informed maintenance decisions.

Monitoring and analyzing data are central functions of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System described in the present invention. These processes ensure that the data captured by the sensors is not only accurately interpreted but also effectively utilized to maintain the electrical health of switchpanels. The ability to monitor and analyze data in real-time and over extended periods is crucial for early detection of potential issues, enabling proactive maintenance and enhancing the reliability and longevity of electrical assets.

The monitoring process begins with the ultrasonic sensors strategically placed within the switchpanels, bus chambers, and circuit chambers. These sensors detect the high-frequency sound waves generated by partial discharges and convert these mechanical vibrations into electrical signals. The signals are then processed by the controller means, typically a microcontroller unit, which converts the analog signals into a digital format. This processed data is transmitted to the gateway means and subsequently to the cloud server using secure communication protocols such as RS-485 Modbus and MQTTS.

Once the data reaches the cloud server, it is relayed to the central monitoring station, where it is displayed on the Software User Interface (UI). The UI is designed to present the data in a clear and interpretable format, allowing asset managers and engineers to monitor the electrical health condition of the switchboard continuously. The real-time display includes dynamic graphical representations of PD values, which can be monitored to detect any anomalies or trends that may indicate potential issues.

One of the key features of the UI is its ability to provide a centralized view of data from all the sensors deployed across the switchpanels. This aggregated view enables users to simultaneously monitor the PD activity in multiple locations, providing a holistic overview of the switchboard's condition. The dashboard is customizable, allowing users to configure the display according to their specific needs and preferences.

In addition to real-time monitoring, the system supports comprehensive data analysis, including trend analysis. Historical data is archived and can be accessed through the UI for in-depth analysis. This capability allows users to identify patterns and trends in partial discharge activities over time, providing valuable insights into the behaviour of the switchgear's insulation materials. Trend analysis is essential for predictive maintenance, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive intervention to prevent equipment failures.

The trend analysis feature includes various tools and options for filtering, sorting, and visualizing data. Users can select specific time periods, sensor locations, and PD values to focus on particular aspects of the data. The ability to perform detailed analyses helps in understanding the underlying causes of partial discharges and in making informed decisions regarding maintenance and repairs.

Another critical aspect of the monitoring and analyzing process is the alert and notification system integrated into the UI. The software can be configured to send alerts to users when certain thresholds are exceeded, such as when PD values reach levels that warrant immediate attention. These alerts can be delivered through various channels, including email, SMS, or in-app notifications, ensuring that users are promptly informed of any critical events. This proactive approach helps in minimizing downtime and preventing equipment failures.

The system's ability to monitor and analyze data accurately and efficiently provides several advantages. It allows for the precise localization of partial discharge sources, enabling targeted maintenance and repairs. The high sensitivity of the sensors ensures that even minor partial discharges are detected early, allowing for timely intervention before they escalate into major issues. The continuous monitoring capability provides a comprehensive understanding of the switchgear's condition, facilitating informed decision-making and optimal asset management.

Furthermore, the system's data analysis capabilities are designed to be robust and scalable. The use of advanced microcontrollers and secure communication protocols ensures that the system can handle large volumes of data without compromising accuracy or reliability. The system is also designed to be vendor-agnostic, meaning it can integrate seamlessly with various makes and types of gateways, providing flexibility and ease of implementation.

In summary, monitoring and analyzing data are fundamental functions of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. The system's ability to accurately capture, interpret, and utilize data ensures effective real-time monitoring and comprehensive analysis of partial discharge activities. This capability enhances the system's effectiveness in maintaining the electrical health of switchpanels, enabling early detection of potential issues and proactive maintenance. By providing robust and reliable data monitoring and analysis, the system significantly improves the reliability, safety, and longevity of electrical assets.

Different Implementations of the Invention:

1. Single Switchpanel Monitoring:

In one implementation, the system is designed to monitor partial discharges within a single switchpanel chamber. The ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller unit are housed within the switchpanel, and the data is transmitted to the central monitoring station via the gateway module. This implementation is suitable for applications where monitoring of individual switchpanels is required.
2. Multiple Switchpanels Monitoring:

In another implementation, the system is configured to monitor multiple switchpanels within a switchboard. Multiple sensor modules are employed, each fitted onto individual switchpanels, bus, and circuit chambers. The sensors are interconnected and communicate with the central monitoring station through a common gateway module. This implementation provides a comprehensive view of the entire switchboard's electrical health condition.

3. Medium Voltage (MV), High Voltage (HV), and Extra High Voltage (EHV) Systems:

The system is adaptable for use in MV, HV, and EHV electrical systems. It can be deployed in various electrical plants and equipment having air-insulated chambers, providing a versatile solution for different voltage levels. This implementation ensures that the system can be used in a wide range of applications, from medium voltage distribution systems to high voltage transmission systems.

4. Vendor-Agnostic Communication:

The system's communication protocols are designed to be vendor-agnostic, ensuring compatibility with various makes and types of gateways. This flexibility allows for easy integration with existing monitoring infrastructure, making the system suitable for use in diverse environments.

5. Cost-Effective Implementation:

By locally sourcing all components, including the control circuitry, the system offers a cost-effective solution for PD monitoring. The use of a lightweight yet secure MQTT-based IIoT communication backbone further reduces implementation costs. This implementation ensures that the system is affordable and accessible, making it a viable option for a wide range of users.

Advantages of the Invention:
The present invention offers several advantages over traditional PD monitoring techniques:
• **Remote Monitoring:** The system enables remote monitoring of partial discharges within switchpanels, providing real-time condition assessment and early warning of insulation degradation.
• **Comprehensive Coverage:** The system is capable of monitoring the entire switchboard by employing multiple sensor modules, offering a holistic view of the electrical asset's condition.
• **Enhanced Sensitivity and Accuracy:** The system's ultrasonic sensors provide highly sensitive and accurate detection of PD activity, ensuring early intervention and prevention of equipment failure.
• **Trend Analysis:** The software user interface allows for trend analysis of archived PD data, enabling asset managers to understand PD behaviour over time and make informed maintenance decisions.
• **Vendor-Agnostic and Cost-Effective:** The system's vendor-agnostic communication protocols and locally sourced components reduce implementation costs and enhance flexibility.

The figures provided in the drawings are integral to understanding the various aspects and implementations of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System described in the present invention. Each figure illustrates specific components, configurations, and functionalities of the system, offering a visual representation that complements the detailed descriptions. Below is an elaborate description of each figure as provided in the drawings:

Figure 1: Overall PD Monitoring System
Figure 1 illustrates the overall architecture of the PD monitoring system according to one implementation of the present invention. This figure provides a high-level overview of how the various components of the system interact with each other. It shows the placement of ultrasonic sensors within the switchpanels, the connection to the microcontroller units, the data transmission to the gateway, and the subsequent relay of data to the cloud server and central monitoring station. This figure serves as a foundational diagram, helping to contextualize the detailed descriptions of individual components and their interactions.

Figure 2: Details of Individual Components and Their Interconnections
Figure 2 delves into the specifics of the individual components and their interconnections within the PD monitoring system. It provides a detailed view of the ultrasonic sensors, microcontroller units, and gateway, highlighting how these components are interconnected. The figure illustrates the flow of data from the sensors to the microcontrollers and then to the gateway, emphasizing the communication protocols used, such as RS-485 Modbus and MQTTS. This detailed view helps in understanding the technical intricacies of the system and the role of each component in ensuring accurate and reliable data transmission.

Figure 3: Single Line Diagram of Sensor Modules and Their Interconnections
Figure 3 presents a single line diagram of the sensor modules and their interconnections according to one implementation of the present invention. This figure focuses on the electrical connections between the sensors, microcontrollers, and gateway. It shows how the sensors are distributed across the bus chambers, circuit breaker chambers and circuit chambers, and how they are electrically connected to the microcontroller units. The single line diagram provides a simplified yet comprehensive view of the electrical layout, making it easier to understand the system's wiring and connectivity.

Figure 4: Software User Interface
Figure 4 illustrates the software user interface (UI) according to one implementation of the present invention. This figure provides a visual representation of the UI, showcasing its various features and functionalities. It includes dynamic graphical representations of real-time PD values, trend analysis tools, and alert notifications. The UI is designed to be user-friendly, offering a centralized dashboard that aggregates data from all sensors. This figure helps in understanding how users interact with the system, monitor real-time data, and perform in-depth analyses to make informed decisions.

Figure 5: Physical Placement Positions of Sensor Modules and Gateway Overview
Figure 5 illustrates the physical placement positions of the sensor modules and provides an overview of the gateway according to one implementation of the present invention. This figure shows the exact locations where the sensors are installed within the switchpanels, bus chambers, and circuit chambers. It also highlights the placement of the gateway, which is crucial for ensuring effective data transmission. The figure uses yellow circles to mark the sensor positions, providing a clear visual guide for installation. This detailed placement overview helps in understanding the practical aspects of deploying the system in a real-world setting.

In summary, the figures provided in the drawings offer a comprehensive visual representation of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. Each figure focuses on specific aspects of the system, from the overall architecture to the details of individual components, their interconnections, the software user interface, and the physical placement of sensors and gateway. These visual aids complement the detailed descriptions, providing a clearer understanding of the system's design, functionality, and implementation.

In summary, the present invention provides a robust and efficient solution for the continuous, real-time monitoring of partial discharges within air-insulated switchgear panels. By leveraging advanced sensor technology, secure IIoT communication protocols, and an intuitive software user interface, the system enhances the reliability, safety, and operational efficiency of electrical assets.

The following disclaimer is provided to clarify the scope and limitations of the present invention disclosure, specifically the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring System. This disclaimer is intended to ensure that the information presented herein is understood in the proper context and to outline the boundaries of the claims and descriptions provided.

The descriptions, figures, and embodiments presented in this disclosure are intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the invention. However, they are to be regarded as illustrative and exemplary rather than restrictive. The specific features, configurations, and methods described herein are not intended to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Instead, they are provided to convey the principles and concepts underlying the invention, which may be applied in various ways by those skilled in the art.

It is to be understood that the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments and/or in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments. The term "comprises/comprising" when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof.

The invention may be subject to various modifications and adaptations by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Such modifications and adaptations are intended to be within the scope of the invention. The descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted for clarity and conciseness, and the invention is not limited to the specific details provided herein.

The figures and diagrams included in this disclosure are for illustrative purposes only and may not be drawn to scale. Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and may be exaggerated relative to other elements to improve understanding of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Throughout the drawings, like reference numbers are used to depict the same or similar elements, features, and structures.

The present invention disclosure may reference specific technologies, protocols, or standards, such as the Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTTS) protocol, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and RS-485 Modbus. These references are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the invention to the use of these specific technologies. The invention may be implemented using alternative technologies, protocols, or standards that achieve similar results.

While the present invention disclosure describes various advantages and benefits of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System, it is important to note that these advantages and benefits are based on the specific embodiments and implementations described herein. The actual performance and effectiveness of the system may vary depending on various factors, including but not limited to the specific configuration, installation, and operating conditions. The invention is not warranted to achieve any specific results or performance levels, and the descriptions provided herein should not be construed as guarantees or warranties of any kind.

In summary, the present invention disclosure is intended to provide a detailed and illustrative description of the Dynamic Remote Partial Discharge Monitoring System. The specific features, configurations, and methods described herein are not intended to limit the invention but to convey the underlying principles and concepts. The invention is subject to various modifications and adaptations by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and adaptations are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
, Claims:1. A dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring system for switchgear, comprising:
• at least one sensor means to measure ultrasound values indicative of partial discharge;
• at least one controller means communicably coupled to said sensor means to receive and process values from said sensor means;
• at least one gateway means to transmit the processed data from said controller means to a remote central monitoring station via a cloud server; and
• at least one software user interface at the remote central monitoring station to monitor and analyze the data.

2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sensor means is an ultrasonic sensor.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said controller means is a microcontroller unit.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sensor means and said controller means are housed within a switchpanel chamber to measure partial discharge inside said switchpanel chamber.

5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gateway means is communicably coupled to said controller means via RS-485 Modbus protocol.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gateway means transmits data to the cloud server using MQTTS protocol.

7. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said software user interface allows for real-time monitoring and trend analysis of partial discharge data.

8. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said software user interface provides graphical representation of real-time PD values and historical PD trends over a user-selectable time period.

9. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sensor means are fitted onto individual switchpanels with the sensor peeking inside the chamber through a small cutout.

10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said system is designed for use in medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), and extra high voltage (EHV) electrical systems.

11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said system allows for remote monitoring of partial discharge within switchpanels, providing real-time condition assessment and precise location of the PD source.

12. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said system is capable of monitoring the entire switchboard by employing multiple sensor modules.

13. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said system is vendor-agnostic, capable of communicating with any make or type of gateway.

14. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein all components, including the control circuitry, are locally sourced to reduce implementation costs.

15. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the IoT-based system is built on a lightweight yet secure MQTT backbone, enabling seamless transfer of data between field devices and the remote central monitoring station.

16. A method for dynamic remote partial discharge (PD) monitoring of switchgear, comprising the steps of:
• measuring ultrasound values indicative of partial discharge using at least one sensor means;
• receiving and processing the measured values from said sensor means using at least one controller means;
• transmitting the processed data from said controller means to a remote central monitoring station via a gateway means and a cloud server; and
• monitoring and analyzing the transmitted data using a software user interface at the remote central monitoring station.

17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said sensor means is an ultrasonic sensor.

18. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said controller means is a microcontroller unit.

19. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said sensor means and said controller means are housed within a switchpanel chamber to measure partial discharge inside said switchpanel chamber.

20. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said gateway means is communicably coupled to said controller means via RS-485 Modbus protocol.

21. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said gateway means transmits data to the cloud server using MQTTS protocol.

22. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said software user interface allows for real-time monitoring and trend analysis of partial discharge data.

23. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said software user interface provides graphical representation of real-time PD values and historical PD trends over a user-selectable time period.

24. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said sensor means are fitted onto individual switchpanels, bus, and circuit chambers, with the sensor peeking inside the chamber through a small cutout.

25. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said system is designed for use in medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), and extra high voltage (EHV) electrical systems.

26. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said system allows for remote monitoring of partial discharge within switchpanels, providing real-time condition assessment and precise location of the PD source.

27. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said system is capable of monitoring the entire switchboard by employing multiple sensor modules.

28. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said system is vendor-agnostic, capable of communicating with any make or type of gateway.

29. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein all components, including the control circuitry, are locally sourced to reduce implementation costs.

30. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the IoT-based system is built on a lightweight yet secure MQTT backbone, enabling seamless transfer of data between field devices and the remote central monitoring station.