Description:The proposed design is illustrated in Fig 1. Urine samples are collected from patients using appropriate collection methods. The samples (101) are stored in suitable containers for testing. The e-nose device consists of the following components such as VOC Sensors (102), Signal Conditioning (103), Microcontroller (104) and communication Interface (105) for enabling data transmission between the e-nose and other devices. Next we have the Data Analysis and Classification block (106) which process and analyses the sensor signals for further Feature Extraction, Pattern Recognition and accuracy Enhancement. Followed by this we have a User Interface (107) which is a visual interface, such as an LCD screen or LED indicators to provide real-time information and status updates to users for Data Visualization to display test results, trends, and historical data can be displayed to users. After this we have Portability and Power (108) including the Battery or power supply unit, Size and Weight Optimization efforts are made to design the e-nose in a compact and lightweight form factor, allowing for ease of use and portability. Finally the last block in this we have Documentation and Support (109) where this a User Manual containing the detailed instructions on how to operate the e-nose, collect samples, and interpret results. The Technical Support for users to seek assistance or clarifications from the manufacturer or support team is also provided.
Here is a brief summary of the dimensions used for the E-Nose for UTI detection:
Overall Dimensions:
Length: 10-20 cm (4-8 inches)
Width: 5-10 cm (2-4 inches)
Height: 2-5 cm (0.8-2 inches)
Sensor Dimensions:
Sensor Size: Varies depending on the type and number of sensors used.
Common sensor sizes: 0.5-2 cm (0.2-0.8 inches) in diameter or width.
Display Dimensions:
Display Size: Varies depending on the type and purpose of the display.
Common display sizes: 2-5 cm (0.8-2 inches) diagonally for small screens.
User Interface Dimensions:
Buttons/Controls: Size and number of buttons depend on the user interface design.
Button size: Typically 0.5-1 cm (0.2-0.4 inches) in diameter or width.
Portability Considerations:
Weight: 100-300 grams (3.5-10.6 ounces)
Battery Size: Varies depending on power requirements and desired battery life.
We have the block diagram of E-Nose shown in Fig 2, which includes Sensor Array (201). The e-nose device includes a sensor array comprising multiple individual sensors. These sensors are designed to detect and measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in urine samples. Signal Conditioning Circuitry (202) takes the output signals from the sensor array process and condition them using signal conditioning circuitry. This circuitry includes amplifiers, filters, and other components to enhance the quality of the sensor signals. There is a Microcontroller or Processor (203) controlling the operation of the e-nose device. It receives the conditioned sensor signals, performs data processing and analysis, and coordinates the overall functionality of the device. Communication Interface (204) include a communication interface to enable data transmission and connectivity with other devices or systems. This interface can be wired (e.g., USB) or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) and allows for data exchange and integration with external platforms. The Power Supply (205) provides power source to operate. This can be a built-in rechargeable battery, external power supply, or a combination of both. Finally the User Interface (206) enables interaction and provides information to the user. This includes buttons, switches, LED indicators, LCD displays, touchscreens, or other input/output mechanisms.
The sample collection process is shown in Fig 3. The first stage is Preparation (301) to ensure that the individual providing the urine sample follows proper hygiene practices, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water before collection. The Clear Instructions (302) provide clear instructions to the individual on how to collect the urine sample. They should be informed about any specific requirements or considerations for the sample collection process. The most common method for collecting a urine sample is the midstream clean-catch method (303) where the individual is instructed to clean their genital area with a sterile wipe or mild antiseptic solution. They then begin urinating into the toilet and, after a few seconds, position the collection container in the urine stream to collect a midstream sample. This helps minimize contamination from the urethra and surrounding areas. Sufficient Sample Volume (304) instruct the individual to collect an adequate volume of urine, typically around 30-60 millilitres (1-2 fluid ounces), to ensure there is enough for analysis and testing. The Labelling and Identification (305) guides once the sample is collected, ensures that it is properly labelled with relevant information, including the individual's name, date, and any other required identifiers. This helps maintain sample integrity and traceability. Finally the Storage and Transport (306) instructs the individual on proper storage and transport of the urine sample. It should be tightly sealed to prevent leakage and contamination. If the sample cannot be tested immediately, provide instructions on appropriate storage conditions (e.g., refrigeration) and the timeframe within which it should be analysed.
It's important to note that the interpretation of e-nose test results should be done in conjunction with medical expertise. The e-nose device serves as a screening tool and provides information that can guide further clinical evaluation and decision-making by healthcare professionals. Users should be encouraged to consult healthcare providers for a comprehensive diagnosis and appropriate treatment based on the test results. The process of test results interpretation is shown in Fig 4 through the stages from (401) to (407). , Claims:1. A method for detecting urinary tract infections using an e-nose device, comprising of Receiving a urine sample from a patient, Analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the urine sample using a sensor array comprising multiple sensors, extracting features from the sensor data to characterize the odor patterns associated with urinary tract infections and applying a machine learning algorithm to classify the odor patterns and determine the presence or absence of a urinary tract infection.
2. An e-nose device for urinary infection detection, comprising:
 A sensor array comprising multiple sensors capable of detecting and measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine samples.
 Signal conditioning circuitry to process and amplify the sensor signals.
 A microcontroller or processor unit to control the operation of the e-nose
device, including data analysis and classification.
 A user interface to display test results and provide user interaction.
 A communication interface for data transmission and connectivity with external systems.
3. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor in an e-nose device, cause the device to perform the following steps:
 Receive a urine sample and collect sensor data from a sensor array comprising multiple sensors.
 Preprocess the sensor data to remove noise and normalize the signals.
 Extract features from the preprocessed sensor data to characterize odor patterns associated with urinary tract infections.
 Apply a machine learning algorithm to classify the odor patterns and determine the presence or absence of a urinary tract infection.
4. A system for urinary infection detection, comprising:
 An e-nose device as described in claim 2.
 A sample collection apparatus for collecting urine samples for analysis.
 Data storage and analysis components for storing sensor data, performing data processing, and training classification models.
 A mobile application for remote monitoring of urinary infection status, data visualization, and communication with healthcare providers.