Description:BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The majority of the energy required for transport and industrial sectors is currently supplied by petroleum fuels. At the current rate of consumption, petroleum fuel reserves are likely to run out shortly. These fuels also greatly add to air pollution. To address these problems, it is essential to develop renewable and less-polluting alternative fuels.
Use of straight Honge oil resulted in poor engine characteristics due to its higher viscosity, poor combustion characteristics. To reduce the viscosity of fuel ethanol solvent is blended with it. Result show that blending of ethanol up to 30% with Honge oil has improved the brake thermal efficiency and decreased the smoke opacity as compared to straight Honge oil. Further it is observed that increasing injector opening pressure to 220 bar, advancing injection timing to 27° bTDC and compression ratio to 18 resulted in improvement in thermal efficiency and reduction in smoke opacity as compared to a preset engine operating parameters.
Highest thermal efficiency and lowest smoke opacity are attained with a combination of 220 bar injector opening pressure, 27° bTDC fuel injection timing, and 18 compression ratio when compared to default engine operating settings.
SUMMARY
In contrast to straight Honge oil (oil from Pongamia pinnata), Honge oil –ethanol boosted volatility and reduced viscosity of the fuel, which enhances engine performance.
A vegetable oil ( Honge oil) - ethanol blend with 70% Honge oil and 30% ethanol is one of the most efficient. Honge oil and ethanol mixtures for compression ignition engines, when compared to the default engine operating settings, the maximum thermal efficiency and lowest smoke opacity are obtained with a combination of 220 bar injector opening pressure, 27° bTDC fuel injection timing, and 18 compression ratio.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiment of the figure 1 describes clearly blending ethanol with Honge oil resulted in higher engine brake thermal efficiency as compared to staright oil. With BHO-70, increase in injector opening pressure up to 220 bar (Fig.2), advancing injection timing up to 27° bTDC (Fig.3) and raising compression ratio to 18 (Fig.4) resulted in improvement in engine thermal efficiency as compare to pre-set engine operating conditions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Petroleum fuels currently provide the majority of the energy needed to power the transportation and industrial sectors. It is probable that petroleum fuel reserves will run out soon at the current rate of usage. These fuels contribute significantly to air pollution as well. It is necessary to create alternative fuels that are renewable and less polluting in order to solve these issues.
With the aforementioned information in mind, Honge oil (Pongamia pinnata oil), a non-edible oil, is employed in this work for research. To improve engine characteristics compared to straight Honge oil, this oil is blended with ethanol to reduce viscosity and boost volatility.
For the experimental work, a single-cylinder, diesel engine rated at 1500 rpm producing 3.5 kW is used.
Experimental studies are carried out using different vegetable oil (Honge oil) - ethanol blends to examine the effects of increasing the proportion of ethanol in blend on engine characteristics.
The impact of changing injector opening pressure, fuel injection timing, and compression ratio on engine parameters is also investigated using a blend demonstrating the maximum thermal efficiency. Taguchi - Grey relational analysis is used to determine combination of engine operating parameters such as injector opening pressure, fuel injection timing, and compression ratio for highest possible thermal efficiency and lowest possible emissions.
Results of experimental work indicate that using Honge oil instead of diesel, resulted in lower engine performance and higher pollutants due its higher viscosity.
To a decrease viscosity and increase in fuel volatility, various Honge-ethanol blends were used for operating compression ignition engine.
The engine characteristics of a blend of 70% Honge oil and 30% ethanol were improved with an increase in injector opening pressure from 200 to 220 bar, fuel injection timing advancement from 23° to 27°bTDC, and compression ratio from 17.5 to 18.The 70% Honge oil 30% ethanol mix used in this study, exhibits the maximum thermal efficiency and the least amount of smoke opacity at the following conditions: 220 bar injector opening pressure, 27° bTDC fuel injection timing, and 18 compression ratio.
Experimental set up
For the investigation, a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, constant speed, water-cooled diesel engine with a rated output of 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm is used. It has a 17.5 compression ratio, 200 bar injector opening pressure, and 23°CA bTDC pre-set injection time.
An eddy current dynamometer with a maximum coil voltage of 60 V and a current of 5 amps is connected to the engine. Numerous sensors are mounted to the engine in the proper locations to detect the cylinder pressure, fuel line pressure, exhaust gas temperature, fuel consumption, air consumption, crank angle, and speed, among other parameters. The engine is coupled to a powder-coated panel box that contains several components, including two gasoline tanks, a fuel measuring burette, an air box with a mercury manometer, a dynamometer controller with display unit, etc. Four gas analyzers are used to measure the emission of CO, CO2, UBHC, and NOx. Smoke opacity is measured with a smoke meter.
A differential pressure transmitter is used to measure the flow of fuel. Coolant temperature and exhaust gas measurements are performed using K-type thermocouples. For the purpose of measuring the cylinder pressure and injector opening pressure, two PCB-USA made piezotronic pressure sensors with a range of 0 to 5000 psi are employed. For measuring crank angle and engine speed, a Kubler crank angle sensor is mounted to the dynamometer rotor shaft. Air flow measurement of air consumption.
Exhaust emission monitoring is carried out using a smoke meter and a four gas analyzer. Engine analysis program "Engine Soft 9.5" tracks engine performance and combustion characteristics.
The data recorded by this software includes engine speed, load, fuel consumption, coolant temperature, exhaust gas temperature, air flow rate, cylinder pressure, and fuel pressure, among other things. Software derives the thermal efficiency, braking power, fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, net heat release, cumulative heat release, etc. from the aforementioned data.
Characterization of Test Fuels:
Important properties of Diesel, Honge oil (HO), blend of 80% Honge oil and 20% ethanol (BHO-80), blend of 70% Honge oil and 20% ethanol ethanol (BHO-70) and blend of 60% Honge oil and 40% ethanol ethanol (BHO-60) are determined using standard procedure. Below table shows properties of various fuels.
Fuel Diesel HO BHO-80 BHO-70 BHO-60
Sp.gr. 0.83 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84
Viscosity
(cSt) 4.25 40.2 24.20 10.08 9.83
Flash point (°C) 79 190 40 37 -
Fire point (°C) 85 210 47 42 -
Calorific value (MJ/kg) 42.70 37.25 34.81 34.10 33.15

The straight Honge oil exhibit higher viscosity, flash and fire point, density and lower calorific value as compared to diesel. This results in lower thermal efficiency and higher smoke emission from engine. Addition of ethanol to vegetable oil causes reduction in viscosity, flash and fire point, calorific value and density which improve the combustion process resulting in higher thermal efficiency and lower smoke emission.
Experimental work layout
In first phase of investigation, experiments on engine are conducted with Diesel, and various Honge oil – ethanol blends.
In second phase, experiments are conducted with Honge-ethanol blend showing highest brake thermal efficiency at various engine operating parameters (various injector opening pressure, fuel injection timing and compression ratio) to study their effect on engine characteristics. The injector opening pressure (IOP) is varied from 200 to 260 bar in steps of 20 bar. The fuel injection timing (FIT) is changed from 23°bTDC to 25° bTDC, 27°bTDC and 21°bTDC, the compression ratio (CR) is changed from 17 to 18. During this phase, only one engine parameter is varied and others at original values.
In third phase of investigation, Design of experiment (DOE) is applied to find the optimum combination of injector opening pressure (IOP); fuel injection timing (FIT) and compression ratio (CR) for highest possible BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and lowest Somke opacity (SO).
Layout of experimental work is shown below.
Sl.No Fuel IOP( in bar) FIT(°CA bTDC) CR
1 Diesel 200 23 17.5
2 HO 200 23 17.5
3 BHO-80 200 23 17.5
4 BHO-70 200, 220, 240, 260 21, 23, 25, 27 17,17.5 and 18
5 BHO-60 200 23 17.5

, Claims:1. Efficiency of Compression ignition engine is improved with use of Ethanol and Honge oil blends as compared to straight vegetable oil (Honge oil).
2. Among different blends used , use of blend with 70% Honge oil and 30% ethanol shows highest thermal efficiency and lowest smoke
3. Increasing injector opening pressure to 220 bar, and compression ratio to 18 and advancing injection timing to 27° bTDC individually results in better engine characteristics as compared to other values of engine operating parameters
4. With BHO-70, highest thermal efficiency and lowest smoke opacity is obtained at combination of injector opening pressure at 220 bar, compression ratio at 18 and injection timing 27° bTDC as compared to preset engine operating conditions with same fuel.