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Estimating Blood Pressure Of A Subject Using An Ecg Driven Cardiovascular Model

Abstract: ABSTRACT ESTIMATING BLOOD PRESSURE OF A SUBJECT USING AN ECG DRIVEN CARDIOVASCULAR MODEL This disclosure relates generally to in-silico modeling of hemodynamic patterns of physiologic blood flow. Conventional cardiovascular hemodynamic models depend on neuromodulation schemes (baroreflex autoregulation) and threshold parameters of neuromodulation correlate with physical activities. Thus these models may not work practically for a large set of people due to dependency on prior knowledge of these parameters. The present disclosure enables estimating blood pressure of a subject by estimating cardiac parameters based on the morphology of ECG signal associated with the subject and hence activation delays in cardiac chambers of the in-silico model is reproduced purposefully. In accordance with the present disclosure, the blood pressure of the subject can be estimated using only the ECG signal even if the signal is missed for some time instance(s) or is noisy. [To be published with FIG. #2]

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Notices, Deadlines & Correspondence

Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
10 June 2022
Publication Number
50/2023
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING
Status
Email
Parent Application

Applicants

Tata Consultancy Services Limited
Nirmal Building, 9th floor, Nariman point, Mumbai 400021, Maharashtra, India

Inventors

1. ROY, Dibyendu
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Block -1B, Eco Space, Plot No. IIF/12 (Old No. AA-II/BLK 3. I.T) Street 59 M. WIDE (R.O.W.) Road, New Town, Rajarhat, P.S. Rajarhat, Dist - N. 24 Parganas, Kolkata 700160, West Bengal, India
2. MAZUMDER, Oishee
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Block -1B, Eco Space, Plot No. IIF/12 (Old No. AA-II/BLK 3. I.T) Street 59 M. WIDE (R.O.W.) Road, New Town, Rajarhat, P.S. Rajarhat, Dist - N. 24 Parganas, Kolkata 700160, West Bengal, India
3. SINHA, Aniruddha
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Block -1B, Eco Space, Plot No. IIF/12 (Old No. AA-II/BLK 3. I.T) Street 59 M. WIDE (R.O.W.) Road, New Town, Rajarhat, P.S. Rajarhat, Dist - N. 24 Parganas, Kolkata 700160, West Bengal, India
4. KHANDELWAL, Sundeep
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Plot no. A-44 & A45, Ground , 1st to 05th floor & 10th floor Block C&D, Sector 62, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
5. GHOSE, Avik
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Block -1B, Eco Space, Plot No. IIF/12 (Old No. AA-II/BLK 3. I.T) Street 59 M. WIDE (R.O.W.) Road, New Town, Rajarhat, P.S. Rajarhat, Dist - N. 24 Parganas, Kolkata 700160, West Bengal, India

Specification

Description:FORM 2 THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 (39 of 1970) & THE PATENT RULES, 2003 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (See Section 10 and Rule 13) Title of invention: ESTIMATING BLOOD PRESSURE OF A SUBJECT USING AN ECG DRIVEN CARDIOVASCULAR MODEL Applicant Tata Consultancy Services Limited A company Incorporated in India under the Companies Act, 1956 Having address: Nirmal Building, 9th floor, Nariman point, Mumbai 400021, Maharashtra, India Preamble to the description: The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed. TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosure herein generally relates to the field of in-silico modeling of hemodynamic patterns of physiologic blood flow, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for estimating blood pressure of a subject using an electrocardiogram (ECG) driven cardiovascular model. BACKGROUND Computer simulation-based cardiovascular modeling in healthcare is an attractive proposition since analytical models aid in improving understanding of cardiac physiology which in turn is useful for predicting adverse accidents like sudden cardiac death. Clinicians find predictive models useful to stratify likelihood or severity of exercise intolerance in patients. In-silico model platforms also serve as virtual test-beds to verify consequences on different levels of exercise for pathological conditions of varying severity. Various literatures define cardiac parameter variations based on lumped order models. Conventional cardiovascular hemodynamic models depend on neuromodulation schemes (baroreflex autoregulation) and threshold parameters of neuromodulation correlate with physical activities. Thus these models may not work practically for a large set of people due to dependency on prior knowledge of these parameters. Establishing a cardiac care continuum for cardiac rehabilitation may not be as effective as desired. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present disclosure present technological improvements as solutions to one or more of the above-mentioned technical problems recognized by the inventors in conventional systems. In an aspect, there is provided a processor implemented method comprising estimating, by an in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via one or more hardware processors, in each cardiac cycle of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, cardiac parameters based on morphology of the ECG signal associated with a subject, wherein the cardiac parameters include a continuous heart rate (HR) and a set of compliance parameters, and wherein estimating the set of compliance parameters is based on: (i) a set of PQRST amplitudes; and (ii) time-instances, ([(a_p^j,t_p^j ),(a_q^j,t_q^j ),(a_r^j,t_r^j ),(a_s^j,t_s^j ),(a_t^j,t_t^j )];j?m) for a j^th cardiac cycle (?j?m) of the ECG signal; generating, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, a set of compliance functions using the estimated cardiac parameters; sequentially activating, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, a plurality of cardiac chambers, in a synchronized manner, using the generated set of compliance functions; and estimating blood pressure of the subject, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, wherein the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model is driven by the ECG signal associated with the subject. In another aspect, there is provided a system comprising a memory storing instructions in an in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model; one or more communication interfaces; and one or more hardware processors coupled to the memory via the one or more communication interfaces, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured by the instructions to: estimate, in each cardiac cycle of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, cardiac parameters based on morphology of the ECG signal associated with a subject, wherein the cardiac parameters include a continuous heart rate (HR) and a set of compliance parameters, and wherein estimating the set of compliance parameters is based on: (i) a set of PQRST amplitudes; and (ii) time-instances, ([(a_p^j,t_p^j ),(a_q^j,t_q^j ),(a_r^j,t_r^j ),(a_s^j,t_s^j ),(a_t^j,t_t^j )];j?m) for a j^th cardiac cycle (?j?m) of the ECG signal; generate, a set of compliance functions using the estimated cardiac parameters; sequentially activate, a plurality of cardiac chambers, in a synchronized manner, using the generated set of compliance functions; and estimate blood pressure of the subject, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, wherein the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model is driven by the ECG signal associated with the subject. In yet another aspect, there are provided one or more non-transitory machine-readable information storage mediums comprising one or more instructions which when executed by one or more hardware processors cause estimating, by an in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via one or more hardware processors, in each cardiac cycle of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, cardiac parameters based on morphology of the ECG signal associated with a subject, wherein the cardiac parameters include a continuous heart rate (HR) and a set of compliance parameters, and wherein estimating the set of compliance parameters is based on: (i) a set of PQRST amplitudes; and (ii) time-instances, ([(a_p^j,t_p^j ),(a_q^j,t_q^j ),(a_r^j,t_r^j ),(a_s^j,t_s^j ),(a_t^j,t_t^j )];j?m) for a j^th cardiac cycle (?j?m) of the ECG signal; generating, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, a set of compliance functions using the estimated cardiac parameters; sequentially activating, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, a plurality of cardiac chambers, in a synchronized manner, using the generated set of compliance functions; and estimating blood pressure of the subject, by the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model via the one or more hardware processors, wherein the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model is driven by the ECG signal associated with the subject. In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors are configured to estimate HR based on the HR associated with a noise-less ECG signal, when the ECG signal is missing or is noisy, and is represented as: HR(t)={¦(h_ae (end)+w(t)&during resting state@[1-(t+1) e^(-t/t_k ) ] h_ae (0)+w(t)&during exercising state) ¦ where, h_ae (end), h_ae (0) are the HRs at a last and a first instance of capturing the ECG signal respectively, w(t)=N(0,s^2 ) is white-noise with zero-mean, variance of s^2=9.26, and t_k=50 sec defines the time constant. s^2, and t_k are learnt empirically through the ECG signal using linear regression. In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors are configured to estimate HR based on the HR associated with a noise-less ECG signal, when the ECG signal is missing or is noisy, and is represented as: HR(t)={¦(h_ae (end)+w(t)&during resting state@[1-(t+1) e^(-t/t_k ) ] h_ae (0)+w(t)&during exercising state) ¦ where, h_ae (end), h_ae (0) are the HRs at a last and a first instance of capturing the ECG signal respectively, w(t)=N(0,s^2 ) is white-noise with zero-mean, variance of s^2=9.26, and t_k=50 sec defines the time constant. s^2, and t_k are learnt empirically through the ECG signal using linear regression. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the disclosed principles: FIG.1 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a system for estimating blood pressure of a subject using an electrocardiogram (ECG) driven cardiovascular hemodynamic model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG.2 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of the cardiovascular hemodynamic model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG.3 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a computer implemented method for estimating blood pressure of a subject using an electrocardiogram (ECG) driven cardiovascular model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4A illustrates an ECG signal with PQRST amplitudes and time steps, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4B illustrates synchronous activation signals to trigger cardiac chambers of an in-silico ECG driven cardiovascular hemodynamic model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG.5 illustrates an estimated heart-rate of a subject 1 of the Kaggle dataset, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 6A illustrates a force-sensing-resistor (FSR) signal, as known in the art. FIG. 6B illustrates a simulated blood pressure of the subject 1 with respect to the FSR signal of FIG.6A, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG.7 illustrates a correlation between ground-truth blood pressure and measured blood pressure of all the subjects of Kaggle dataset in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. While examples and features of disclosed principles are described herein, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible without departing from the scope of the disclosed embodiments. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a main cause of death worldwide; with coronary heart disease (CHD) accounting for a majority of CVD mortality. CHD has a high prevalence and is aggravated by lifestyle disorders. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is often prescribed as a prevention scheme to reduce the impact of CHD. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a complex secondary preventive intervention that aims to optimize cardiovascular disease risk reduction, promoting adoption and adherence of healthy habits, and reducing disability among those with established CHD. CR is prescribed to patients suffering from cardiac diseases like valvular heart disease, heart transplantation, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF), post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), etc. with the goal of improving quality of life and reducing re-hospitalization. Although CR is a multi-component risk management process, exercise is considered as an integral component. Exercise has been shown to regulate several established CHD risk factors like blood pressure, blood lipid profile, glucose metabolism, weight status and body composition through cardiovascular and metabolic adaptation. In-silico models serve as virtual test beds to verify consequences on different levels of exercise for pathological conditions of varying severity. Machine learning based conventional cardiovascular hemodynamic models are dependent on prior knowledge of threshold parameters of neuromodulation schemes, thereby limiting their application in establishing a cardiac care continuum for cardiac rehabilitation. Applicants’ previous patent application No. 202121010972 provided compliance functions for activating cardiac chambers of cardiovascular hemodynamic models, however, the parameters used were constants. The present disclosure enables estimating cardiac parameters from an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal associated with a subject using the morphology of the ECG signal, thereby reproducing activation delays in the cardiac chambers purposefully. In accordance with the present disclosure, the blood pressure of the subject is also estimated using the ECG signal even if the signal is missed for some time instance(s) or is noisy. Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 through FIG.7, where similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the figures, there are shown preferred embodiments and these embodiments are described in the context of the following exemplary system and/or method. Based on the requirement of both exercise monitoring and in-silico modeling for establishing a cardiac care continuum for cardiac rehabilitation, the present disclosure provides cardiovascular digital-twin simulation system as shown in FIG.1 that illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a system 100 for estimating cardiac parameters when performing an activity using a personalized cardiovascular hemodynamic model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more hardware processors 104, communication interface device(s) or input/output (I/O) interface(s) 106, and one or more data storage devices or memory 102 operatively coupled to the one or more hardware processors 104. The one or more hardware processors 104 can be implemented as one or more microprocessors, microcomputers, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, central processing units, state machines, graphics controllers, logic circuitries, and/or any devices that manipulate signals based on operational instructions. Among other capabilities, the processor(s) are configured to fetch and execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory. In the context of the present disclosure, the expressions ‘processors’ and ‘hardware processors’ may be used interchangeably. In an embodiment, the system 100 can be implemented in a variety of computing systems, such as laptop computers, notebooks, hand-held devices, workstations, mainframe computers, servers, a network cloud and the like. I/O interface(s) 106 can include a variety of software and hardware interfaces, for example, a web interface, a graphical user interface, and the like and can facilitate multiple communications within a wide variety of networks N/W and protocol types, including wired networks, for example, LAN, cable, etc., and wireless networks, such as WLAN, cellular, or satellite. In an embodiment, the I/O interface(s) can include one or more ports for connecting a number of devices to one another or to another server. The memory 102 may include any computer-readable medium known in the art including, for example, volatile memory, such as static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM, flash memories, hard disks, optical disks, and magnetic tapes. In an embodiment, one or more modules (e.g. the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model) of the system 100 can be stored in the memory 102. FIG.2 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a cardiovascular hemodynamic model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure while FIG.3 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a computer implemented method 300 for estimating blood pressure of a subject using an electrocardiogram (ECG) driven cardiovascular model, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more data storage devices or memory 102 operatively coupled to the one or more hardware processors 104 and is configured to store instructions configured for execution of steps of the method 200 by the one or more hardware processors 104. The memory 102 further comprises (or may further comprise) information pertaining to input(s)/output(s) of each step performed by the system and method of the present disclosure. In other words, input(s) fed at each step and output(s) generated at each step are comprised in the memory 102 and can be utilized in further processing and analysis, particularly functionalities represented by modules (the in-silico cardiovascular hemodynamic model) illustrated in FIG.1 and FIG.2. The modules are implemented as at least one of a logically self-contained part of a software program, a self-contained hardware component, and/or, a self-contained hardware component with a logically self-contained part of a software program embedded into each of the hardware component that when executed perform the method 300 described hereinafter. Accordingly, the modules are invoked by the one or more hardware processors 104 to perform the method 300 of the present disclosure. The steps of the method 300 will now be explained in detail with reference to the components of the system 100 of FIG.1 and the block diagram of FIG.2. Although process steps, method steps, techniques or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and techniques may be configured to work in alternate orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously. The human cardiovascular system contains a couple of atrium and ventricles acting like a pulsatile pump. The systemic circulation is produced by the left-ventricle (lv) and left-atrium (lv) pumping oxygenated blood to all body tissues via aorta. On the other side, the right-ventricle (rv) and right-atrium (ra) drive deoxygenated blood to the lungs forming the pulmonic circulation. The rhythmic unidirectional blood flow across the cardiac chambers is controlled by four heart valves, namely, mitral (mi) and aortic (ao) valves in the left heart and tricuspid (tr) and pulmonic (pu) valves in the right heart respectively which are synchronously opened and closed based on the pressure difference across the chambers. Hence, the hemodynamics of the human circulatory system outlines the dynamics of blood flow as a function of pressure-volume fluctuations across cardiac chambers. Additionally, the homeostatic process of autoregulation continuously monitors and regulates blood flow throughout the body. So, to get the quantitative overview of a cardiac system, it is necessary to monitor the hemodynamics of the cardiac chambers such as pressures, volumes, blood-flows, etc. According to the electrophysiology principle, each of the heart chambers is simultaneously actuated by an autonomous compliance function. During each cardiac cycle, the activation begins in the sinoatrial node located inside the right atrium (ra), then spreads throughout the atrium (depolarization of atria). It then propagates to the ventricles after passing through the atrioventricular node, bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers (depolarization and repolarization of ventricles). As a consequence, during the repolarization state, the ventricles fill with incoming blood from atrium, and in the depolarization state, blood ejects from ventricles. The autonomous activation functions across the cardiac chambers can analytically be defined as compliance functions given below. u_ra (t)={¦(0,&0=t=T_a@1-cos?(2p (t-T_a)/(T-T_a )),&T_a=t

Documents

Application Documents

# Name Date
1 202221033450-STATEMENT OF UNDERTAKING (FORM 3) [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
2 202221033450-REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION (FORM-18) [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
3 202221033450-FORM 18 [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
4 202221033450-FORM 1 [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
5 202221033450-FIGURE OF ABSTRACT [10-06-2022(online)].jpg 2022-06-10
6 202221033450-DRAWINGS [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
7 202221033450-DECLARATION OF INVENTORSHIP (FORM 5) [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
8 202221033450-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [10-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-10
9 202221033450-Proof of Right [29-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-29
10 Abstract1.jpg 2022-08-24
11 202221033450-FORM-26 [20-09-2022(online)].pdf 2022-09-20
12 202221033450-Power of Attorney [10-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-10
13 202221033450-Form 1 (Submitted on date of filing) [10-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-10
14 202221033450-Covering Letter [10-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-10
15 202221033450-CORRESPONDENCE(IPO)-(WIPO DAS)-11-08-2023.pdf 2023-08-11
16 202221033450-FORM 3 [06-12-2023(online)].pdf 2023-12-06
17 202221033450-FER.pdf 2025-06-25
19 202221033450-FORM 3 [18-08-2025(online)].pdf 2025-08-18

Search Strategy

1 202221033450_SearchStrategyNew_E_202221033450searchstrategyE_25-06-2025.pdf