{DESCRIPTION) {Title of Invention} FOAM REMOVAL APPARATUS {Technical Field} {0001}
The present invention relates to wastewater treatment in flue gas desulfurization systems used in coal-fired, crude oil-fired, and heavy oil-fired power plants, and more specifically, it relates to a foam removal apparatus that removes foam from wastewater discharged from a flue gas desulfurization system that performs desulfurization using a seawater process. {Background Art} {0002}
Conventionally, in power plants using coal, crude oil, and the like as fuel, the combustion exhaust gas discharged from the boiler (hereinafter referred to as "boiler exhaust gas") is released into the atmosphere after sulfur oxide (SOx) / such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) , contained in the boiler exhaust gas is removed. Examples of known desulfurization processes employed by flue gas desulfurization systems that perform desulfurization treatment include a limestone gypsum process, a spray dryer process, and a seawater scrubber process. {0003}
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Among them, flue gas desulfurization systems (hereinafter referred to as "seawater desulfurization systems") adopt a seawater scrubber process which uses seawater as the absorbent. In this process, by supplying seawater and boiler exhaust gas into a tubular, e.g., substantially cylindrical desulfurization tower (absorbing tower) that is installed vertically, wet-process-based gas-liquid contact in which seawater serves as the absorbent is achieved, removing sulfur oxide. {0004}
The seawater after desulfurization, used as the absorbent in the above-described desulfurization tower, and the seawater used to cool the power plant (discharge seawater) are released into the ocean, and effluent seawater from the seawater desulfurization systems is mixed in fresh seawater. The discharge seawater is decarboxylated (aerated) by aeration, in which fine aeration bubbles are released from aeration nozzles provided in the bottom surface of a discharge channel, while flowing through a discharge channel and being discharged therefrom.
The area where this aeration, in which fine aeration bubbles are released in the discharge channel, is performed and where the discharge seawater is decarboxylated is called an aeration area. {0005}
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When the pH value and DO value of the discharge seawater is adjusted by performing the above-described decarboxylation, foam is generated on the water surface of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel due to the interaction between fine aeration bubbles and foam components, such as organic materials, contained in the seawater. This foam, together with the discharge seawater, is released from the discharge channel into the surrounding ocean areas, and is not easily defoamed. Thus, there has been a problem in that the foam floating on the ocean is undesirable from the standpoint of scenery. {0006}
In addition, there has been a problem in that flue gas desulfurization systems not adopting the seawater scrubber process may also have the foaming problem, depending on the properties of the seawater or the like. {0007}
To solve the above-described problems, a technique for removing foam from the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel has been proposed (for example, see Patent Literature 1). By removing foam from the discharge seawater as disclosed therein, the scenery problem caused by the foam is solved. {Citation List} {Patent Literature}
4

{0008}
{PTL 1} Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Application,
Publication No. Hei 5-22092
{Summary of Invention}
{Technical Problem}
{0009}
However, methods for removing the foam from the discharge seawater, like the technique disclosed in Patent Literature 1, have a problem in that disposing of the foam components contained in the removed foam is difficult.
For example, a disposing method in which the foam components separated from the foam are converted into powder form or slurry form and are dumped in an ash dumping ground in the power plant may be considered. However, the foam components differ depending on the fuel combusted in the boiler. Furthermore, there has been a problem in that the foam components cannot be easily separated from the foam because a method for separating the foam components from the foam, i.e., a separating method using a filter or a separating method using centrifugal force, has not yet been established. {0010}
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a foam removal apparatus that can remove foam from the surface of the seawater in the discharge channel and can easily treat the
5

foam components.
(Solution to Problem}
{0011}
To achieve the above-described object, the present invention provides the following solutions.
The present invention is a foam removal apparatus installed in a discharge channel through which discharge seawater used in a power plant and discharged therefrom flows. The foam removal apparatus includes a foam recovery portion that recovers foam floating on the water surface of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel; a foam recovery tank into which the foam recovered by the foam recovery portion flows; a defoaming portion that defoams the foam that has flowed into the foam recovery tank; and a release portion that returns a foam component that is obtained by defoaming the foam by the defoaming portion and the discharge seawater that has flowed into the foam recovery tank together with the foam from the foam recovery tank to the vicinity of the discharge channel. {0012}
According to the present invention, the foam recovered in the foam recovery tank from the water surface of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel is defoamed by the defoaming portion, and the foam component thereof is returned to the vicinity of the discharge channel together
6

with the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank. Therefore, compared with the method in which the foam • component in powder form or slurry form is separated from the discharge seawater, the foam component can be easily treated.
Note that, because the main constituent of the foam component is organic material originally contained in the seawater, even if the foam component is returned to the discharge channel, the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel does not violate environmental standards. {0013}
In the above-described invention, it is preferable that the foam recovery tank have an agitating portion that agitates the discharge seawater that has flowed therein together with the foam. {0014}
According to the present invention, because the discharge seawater flowing into the foam recovery tank is agitated, the foam component does not deposit in the foam recovery tank. In other words, because the foam component agitated by the agitating portion is returned as slurry water to the discharge channel by the release portion, the foam component is less likely to deposit on the bottom of the foam recovery tank.
In general, if the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank is not agitated, the deposited foam component reduces the usable capacity of the foam recovery tank,
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requiring an operation to remove the deposited foam component. In contrast, because the foam component does not deposit on the bottom of the foam recovery tank in the foam removal apparatus of the present invention, the operation to remove the deposited foam component is not required or the frequency of such an operation can be reduced. {Advantageous Effects of Invention} {0015}
According to the foam removal apparatus of the present invention, the foam recovered in the foam recovery tank from the water surface of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel is defoamed by the defoaming portion, and the foam component thereof is returned to the vicinity of the discharge channel together with the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank. Therefore, it provides advantages in that the foam is removed from the surface of the seawater in the discharge channel and in that the foam component can be easily treated.
{Brief Description of Drawings} {0016}
{FIG. 1} FIG. 1 is a plan view for describing the configuration of a foam removal apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
{FIG. 2} FIG. 2 is a schematic view for describing, in outline, the configuration of the foam removal apparatus in
8

FIG. 1.
{FIG. 3} FIG. 3 is a schematic view for describing the
configuration of a foam recovery portion in FIG. 1.
{FIG. 4} FIG. 4 is a sectional view for describing the
configuration of a guide portion in FIG. 3.
{FIG. 5} FIG. 5 is a schematic view for describing the
arrangement of a foam recovery tank, a defoaming portion, and
an agitating portion in FIG. 2.
{Description of Embodiments}
{0017}
A foam removal apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
FIG. 1 is a plan view for describing the configuration of a foam removal apparatus according to this embodiment. FIG. 2 is a schematic view for describing, in outline, the configuration of the foam removal apparatus in FIG. 1.
A foam removal apparatus 1 according to this embodiment separates, removes, and treats foam B floating on a water surface WL of discharge seawater, which is desulfurized seawater discharged from a flue gas desulfurization system that uses seawater, for example, as the absorbent and treats the foam B floating on the water surface WL of the discharge seawater flowing through a discharge channel 10.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the foam removal apparatus 1
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mainly includes a foam recovery portion 2, a foam recovery tank/pit 3, a defoaming portion 4, an agitating portion 5, and a release portion 6. {0018}
As shown in FIG. 1, the discharge channel 10 is a flow path that is surrounded by walls 11 and through which discharge seawater discharged from the flue gas desulfurization system is released into the ocean. The discharge channel 10 includes aeration areas 12A, 12B, and 12C where the discharge seawater is decarboxylated.
The aeration areas 12A, 12B, and 12C may have known configurations and are not specifically limited. {0019}
FIG. 3 is a schematic view for describing the configuration of the foam recovery portion in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the foam recovery portion 2 recovers the foam B floating on the water surface WL of the discharge seawater from the discharge channel 10.
The foam recovery portion 2 mainly includes guide portions 21, a foam trap portion 22, a trolley 23, and a guide plate 14. {0020}
FIG. 4 is a sectional view for describing the configuration of the guide portion in FIG. 3.
The guide portions 21 serve as rails along which the
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trolley 23 reciprocates and support the foam trap portion 22.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the guide portions 21 have a pair of beam-like members 21A and trolley rails 21B. {0021}
The pair of beam-like members 21A extend so as to cross the discharge channel 10 and connect the upper ends of the walls 11 of the discharge channel 10. The beam-like members 21A are made of concrete and extend parallel to each other.
The trolley rails 21B are plate-like members made of metal, such as stainless steel (SUS), and are installed on the top surfaces of the beam-like members 21A. The trolley 23 is installed on the trolley rails 21B, and a rake 23B installed below the trolley is configured to gather the foam and slide over the guide plate 14. {0022}
On the other hand, the foam trap portion 22 is installed on the bottom surface of the beam-like member 21A of the guide portion 21 installed downstream the discharge seawater flow (on the lower side in FIG. 3).
The ends of the guide portions 21 at the foam recovery tank/pit 3 (pn the right side in FIG. 2) project from the discharge channel 10 toward the foam recovery tank/pit 3. {0023}
On the other hand, an opening 13 and the guide plate 14 are provided between the pair of guide portions 21 at the
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walls 11 of the discharge channel 10. {0024}
The opening 13 is a portion through which the foam B flowing through the discharge channel 10 flows into the foam recovery tank/pit 3 and where the height of the wall 11 is reduced compared to the other portions. The guide plate 14 is provided at the opening 13. {0025}
The guide plate 14 separates the foam B from the discharge seawater when the foam B flowing through the discharge channel 10 is introduced into the foam recovery tank/pit 3. In addition, the guide plate 14 is an inclined wall provided at the opening 13 and constitutes a surface that is inclined upward from the discharge channel 10 to the foam recovery tank/pit 3.
The guide plate 14 is installed such that the upper end thereof is located at a higher level than the maximum water level (for example, the high tide water level) of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel 10. {0026}
The foam trap portion 22 is a film-like or plate-like member that traps the foam B flowing downstream together with the discharge seawater in the discharge channel 10 at a position below the area where the trolley 23 reciprocates. Therefore, the lower end of the foam trap portion 22 reaches
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at least the water surface WL of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel 10.
A known structure such as a curtain wall, a foam gathering float, or an oil boom may be used as the foam trap portion 22. {0027}
The trolley 23 reciprocates on the guide portions 21 to recover the foam trapped by the foam trap portion 22 into the foam recovery tank/pit 3.
The trolley 23 mainly includes a trolley body 23A and the rake 23B. {0028}
The trolley body 23A holds the rake 23B and reciprocates on the trolley rails 21B of the guide portions 21 by means of wheels provided on the trolley body 23A. The trolley body 23A is moved using a known structure for generating a driving force, such as a motor. {0029}
The rake 23B reciprocates together with the trolley body " 23A to recover the foam B flowing through the discharge channel 10 into the foam recovery tank/pit 3. The rake 23B is formed in a film-like or plate-like shape and is installed such that the upper end thereof is attached to the trolley body 23A and the lower end thereof reaches at least the foam B flowing through the discharge channel 10.
13

{0030}
In addition, the rake 23B is configured to gather the foam B when moving toward the opening 13 and not to gather the foam B when moving backward from the opening 13.
More specifically, the rake 23B is configured to be bent into two toward the opening 13 at a position near the center in the vertical direction. When moving toward the opening 13, the rake 23B extends in a straight line, and the lower end of the rake 23B gathers the foam B. On the other hand, when moving backward from the opening 13, because the rake 23B is bent toward the opening 13 at a position near the center, the lower end of the rake 23B cannot gather the foam B. {0031}
Alternatively, instead of configuring the rake 23B to be bendable, the rake 23B may be configured to be elastically deformable toward the opening 13; it is not specifically limited. {0032}
FIG. 5 is a schematic view for describing the arrangement of the foam recovery tank/pit, the defoaming portion, and the agitating portion in FIG. 2.
The recovered foam B flows into the foam recovery tank/pit 3, where the recovered foam B is defoamed.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the foam recovery tank/pit 3 mainly includes a first area 31 that performs defoaming and a
14

second area 32 that performs defoaming and agitating. {0033}
The first area 31 is an area into which the foam B recovered by the foam recovery portion 2 initially flows.
The first area 31 is located at a position adjacent to the discharge channel 10 and also adjacent to the opening 13. Furthermore, the first area 31 is configured to have a smaller area and a smaller depth than the second area 32. A deform spray nozzles 41 of the defoaming portion 4 are disposed in the first area 31. {0034}
The second area 32 is an area into which the foam B and the discharge seawater having flowed into the first area 31 flow, and an area into which the foam components of the foam B defoamed in the first area 31 and the foam B that is not defoamed flow.
The second area 32 is disposed at a position adjacent to the first area 31, such that the opening 13, the first area 31, and the second area 32 are arranged in sequence. The deform spray nozzles 41 of the defoaming portion 4 and the agitating portion 5 are installed in the second area. {0035}
The defoaming portion 4 defoams the foam B recovered in the foam recovery tank/pit 3.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the defoaming portion 4 mainly
15

includes the deform spray nozzles 41 and deform spray pumps
42.
{0036}
The deform spray nozzles 41 sprays the discharge seawater over the foam B from above to defoam the foam B. The deform spray pumps 42 supply seawater to the deform spray nozzles 41. The deform spray nozzles 41 is installed above the first area 31 and the second area 32 of the foam recovery tank/pit 3.
The deform spray nozzles 41 may have a known configuration and is not specifically limited. {0037}
The deform spray pumps 42 supply the seawater taken in from the discharge channel 10 to the deform spray nozzles 41. In this embodiment, an example in which two deform spray pumps 42 are provided will be described. This configuration enables one deform spray pump 42 to supply the seawater to the deform spray nozzles 41 and the other deform spray pump 42 to serve as a backup.
Note that the number of deform spray pumps 42 activated may be changed to cope with a change in the amount of foam B to be defoamed; it is not specifically limited.
Defoaming flow-rate valves 4 3 that are basically either fully open or fully closed are provided at the inlets (on the upstream side) of the deform spray pumps 42, and defoaming flow-rate valves 43 that control the flow rate of the
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discharge seawater flowing into or flowing out of the pumps are provided at the outlets (on the downstream side) of the deform spray pumps 42. {0038}
The agitating portion 5 prevents the foam components of the foam B from depositing on the bottom of the foam recovery tank/pit 3. The agitating portion 5 is located in the second area 32 of the foam recovery tank/pit 3. In this embodiment, an example in which six agitating portions 5 are provided will be described.
As shown in FIG. 2, the agitating portion 5 mainly includes rotating portions 51 and agitating motors 52. {0039}
The rotating portions 51 agitate the discharge seawater in the second area 32 of the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to prevent the foam components of the foam B from depositing.
The rotating portion 51 includes a rod-like shaft and an agitating member extending perpendicular to the shaft. The shaft of the rotating portion 51 is connected to the agitating motor 52 in such a manner that the rotational driving force can be transmitted thereby. The shaft and agitating member of the rotating portion 51 are rotationally driven by the agitating motor 52. {0040}
The agitating motors 52 rotationally drive the rotating
17

portions 51. In this embodiment, an example in which the rotating portions 51 and the agitating motors 52 are disposed in one-to-one correspondence will be described.
The proportion of the number of rotating portions 51 to the number of agitating motors 52 may be any one of one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one and is not specifically limited. {0041}
The release portion 6 returns the foam components of the foam B from the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to the discharge channel 10. As shown in FIG. 2, the release portion 6 mainly includes a releasing flow path 61 and scum slurry pumps 62. {0042}
The releasing flow path 61 connects the second area 32 of the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to the area near the discharge channel 10. The scum slurry pumps 62 are installed in the releasing flow path 61. {0043}
The scum slurry pumps 62 return the discharge seawater and the foam components in the second area 32 of the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to the discharge channel 10 through the releasing flow path 61. In this embodiment, an example in which two scum slurry pumps 62 are provided will be described. This configuration enables one scum slurry pump 62 to return the discharge seawater and the foam components to the
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discharge channel 10 and the other scum slurry pump 62 to serve as a backup.
Note that the number of scum slurry pumps 62 activated may be changed to cope with a change in the amount of the discharge seawater and the foam components to be returned to the discharge channel 10; it is not specifically limited.
Releasing flow-rate valves 63 that are basically either fully open or fully closed are provided at the inlets (on the upstream side) of the scum slurry pumps 62, and releasing flow-rate valves 63 that control the flow rate of the discharge seawater flowing into or flowing out of the pumps are provided at the outlets (on the downstream side) of the scum slurry pumps 62. {0044}
Next, referring to FIGS. 1 to 5, the operation of the foam removal apparatus 1 having the above-described configuration will be described.
For example, the discharge seawater discharged from the flue gas desulfurization system flows into the discharge channel 10 and undergoes decarboxylation in the aeration areas 12A, 12B, and 12C, as shown in FIG. 1. The discharge seawater after the decarboxylation generates foam B on the water surface WL, and the foam B flows downstream (the lower side in FIG. 1) together with the discharge seawater. {0045}
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As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the foam B flowing downstream is blocked by the foam trap portion 22 below the foam recovery portion 2.
The blocked foam B is recovered to the foam recovery tank/pit 3 by the trolley 23 reciprocating along the guide portions 21 in the direction crossing the discharge channel 10. {0046}
More specifically, while the trolley body 23A moves along the guide portions 21 toward the foam recovery tank/pit 3, the rake 23B extending downward from the trolley body 23A gathers the blocked foam B into the foam recovery tank/pit 3.
When the rake 23B reaches the inclined wall 14 provided at the opening 13, the lower end of the rake 23B is lifted upward along the wall of the inclined wall 14 along with the movement of the trolley body 23A. At this time, although the foam B is trapped by the rake 23B, the discharge seawater flows down through the gap between the rake 23B and the inclined wall 14. That is, the foam B is separated from the discharge seawater.
When the rake 23B passes the end of the inclined wall 14 at the foam recovery tank/pit 3, the foam B trapped by the rake 23B falls into the foam recovery tank/pit 3. {0047}
When the trolley 23 reaches the ends of the guide
20

portions 21 at the foam recovery tank/pit 3, it reverses the traveling direction and starts to move away from the foam recovery tank/pit 3. At this time, the rake 23B is bent so that it can easily get over the inclined wall 14. Furthermore, the rake 23B is bent also when moving over the discharge channel 10 so that the foam B is prevented from being gathered in the direction away from the foam recovery tank/pit 3. {0048}
The foam B dropped into the foam recovery tank/pit 3 is guided initially to the first area 31 and then to the second area 32.
In the first area 31 and the second area 32, discharge seawater is sprayed from the deform spray nozzles 41 over the foam B to defoam the foam B. {0049}
The discharge seawater sprayed from the deform spray nozzles 41 is supplied from the discharge channel 10 by the deform spray pumps 42. In this embodiment, an example in which one of two deform spray pumps 42 is operated will be described. In this case, the defoaming flow-rate valves 43 installed on the upstream side and downstream side of the operating deform spray pump 42 are open, and the defoaming flow-rate valves 43 disposed on the upstream side and downstream side of the non-operating deform spray pump 42 are
21

closed. {0050}
Therefore, the discharge seawater is supplied to the deform spray nozzles 41 through the open defoaming flow-rate valves 43 and the operating deform spray pump 42.
Note that, in FIG. 2, the open defoaming flow-rate valves 43 are shown in outlined symbols, and the closed defoaming flow-rate valves 43 are shown in filled-in symbols. {0051}
The foam B contains foam components such as organic materials contained in the seawater, and the foam components are mixed in the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank/pit 3 when the foam B is defoamed.
Because the discharge seawater is agitated by the agitating portion 5 in the second area 32, the foam components are also agitated together with the discharge seawater. {0052}
That is, the agitating motors 52 supplied with electricity generate rotational driving force -and rotationally drive the rotating portions 51. When the rotating portions 51 are rotationally driven, the agitating members located at the lower ends of the shafts are rotated in the discharge seawater. This creates a flow, for example, a flow circulating in the vertical direction, in the discharge seawater in the second area 32, causing the foam components,
22

having a greater specific gravity than the discharge seawater, to be uniformly distributed in the discharge seawater. {0053}
The discharge seawater in the second area 32 and the foam components contained therein are returned to the area near the bottom of the discharge channel 10 through the releasing flow path 61 and the scum slurry pumps 62 of the release portion 6.
In this embodiment, an example in which one of two scum slurry pumps 62 is operated will be described. In this case, the releasing flow-rate valves 63 installed on the upstream side and downstream side of the operating scum slurry pump 62 are opened, and the releasing flow-rate valves 63 installed on
*
the upstream side and downstream side of the non-operating
scum slurry pump 62 are closed.
{0054}
Therefore., the discharge seawater is supplied to the deform spray nozzles 41 through the open releasing flow-rate valves 63 and the operating scum slurry pump 62.
Note that, in FIG. 2, the open releasing flow-rate valves 63 are shown in outlined symbols, and the closed releasing flow-rate valves 63 are shown in filled-in symbols. {0055}
Note that the scum slurry pumps 62 and the releasing flow-rate valves 63 are controlled on the basis of the measured value obtained using a level sensor 64 installed in
23

the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to measure the water level of the discharge seawater.
Furthermore, the deform spray pumps 42, the scum slurry pumps 62, the defoaming flow-rate valves 43, and the releasing flow-rate valves 63 may be controlled on the basis of the measured value obtained using the level sensor 64 installed in the foam recovery tank/pit 3 to measure the water level of the discharge seawater; it is not specifically limited. {0056}
In the above-described configuration, the foam B recovered from the water surface WL of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel 10 into the foam recovery tank/pit 3 is defoamed by the defoaming portion 4, and the foam components therein are returned to the vicinity of the discharge channel 10 together with the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank/pit 3. Therefore, compared with the method in which the foam components are in powder form or slurry form are separated from the discharge seawater, the foam components can be easily treated.
Note that, because the main constituent of the foam components is organic material originally contained in the seawater, even if the foam components are returned to the discharge channel 10, the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel 10 does not violate environmental standards.
24

{0057}
Because the discharge seawater flowing into the foam
recovery tank/pit 3 is agitated by the agitating portion 5, the foam components do not deposit in the foam recovery tank/pit 3. In other words, because the foam components agitated by the agitating portion 5 are returned together with the discharge seawater to the discharge channel 10 by the release portion 6, the foam components are less likely to deposit on the bottom of the foam recovery tank/pit 3. In general, if the discharge seawater in the foam recovery tank/pit 3 is not agitated, the deposited foam components reduce the usable capacity of the foam recovery tank/pit 3, requiring an operation to remove the deposited foam components. In contrast, because the foam components do not deposit on the bottom of the foam recovery tank/pit 3 in the foam removal apparatus 1 according to this embodiment, the operation to remove the deposited foam components is not required, or the frequency of such an operation can be reduced.
{Reference Signs List} {0058}
1 foam removal apparatus
2 foam recovery portion
3 foam recovery tank
4 defoaming portion
25

5 agitating portion
6 release portion
26

{CLAIMS} {Claim 1}
A foam removal apparatus installed in a discharge channel through which discharge seawater used in a power plant and discharged therefrom flows, the foam removal apparatus comprising:
a foam recovery portion that recovers foam floating on the water surface of the discharge seawater flowing through the discharge channel;
a foam recovery tank into which the foam recovered by the foam recovery portion flows;
a defoaming portion that defoams the foam that has flowed into the foam recovery tank; and
a release portion that returns a foam component that is obtained by defoaming the foam by the defoaming portion and the discharge seawater that has flowed into the foam recovery tank together with the foam from the foam recovery tank to the vicinity of the discharge channel. {Claim 2}
The foam removal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the foam recovery tank has an agitating portion that agitates the discharge seawater that has flowed therein together with the foam.
Dated this 27th day of April, 2012.
27 ROBINIMARKGROSER
ofGRSSER&GROSER AGENT FOR THE APPLICANTS