FRICTION MEMBER AND FRICTION MATERIAL THEREOF
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/299,659, filed January 29, 2010, and United States Provisional
Patent Application No. 61/299,693, filed January 29, 2010, which are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to a friction member and a friction
material thereof.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Friction materials are often useful for applications where opposing
surfaces engage to transmit mechanical and/or thermal energy. For example, friction
materials may be disposed between opposing surfaces in brake, clutch, and torque
conversion applications. Such applications often require friction materials having
excellent friction stability and wear-, noise-, pressure-, and temperature-resistance.
[0004] One type of friction material, a partially-wet friction material, may be
specifically useful for applications requiring reduced lubrication during mechanical
and/or thermal energy transmission. For example, partially-wet friction materials are
often at least partially submerged in, and impregnated with, a liquid such as brake
fluid, automatic transmission fluid, and/or oil during operation.
SUMMARY
[0005] A friction material includes a resin and a fibrous base material
impregnated with the resin. The fibrous base material has a single ply, and includes a
plurality of aramid fibers present in a first amount. The fibrous base material also
includes a plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers present in a second amount
that is less than the first amount, a plurality of carbon particles present in a third
amount that is less than or equal to the second amount, and a plurality of mineral fibers
present in a fourth amount that is less than or equal to the second amount. Further, the
fibrous base material includes diatomaceous earth present in a fifth amount that is
greater than the first amount.
[0006] In one variation, the plurality of aramid fibers includes a first component
including a plurality of fibrillated aramid fibers and a second component including a
plurality of non-fibrillated aramid fibers. In addition, the plurality of polyacrylonitrilebased
carbon fibers includes a third component having a third average length, and a
fourth component having a fourth average length that is longer than the third average
length.
[0007] A friction member for operatively contacting a lubricated surface
includes a substrate and the friction material. The friction material defines a first
surface bonded to the substrate and a second surface configured for operatively
contacting the lubricated surface.
[0008] The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of
the present disclosure are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the
best modes for carrying out the disclosure when taken in connection with the
accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a friction member
including a friction material disposed on a substrate; and
[0010] Figure 2 is a schematic perspective exploded illustration of the friction
member of Figure 1 disposed between lubricated surfaces.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Referring to the Figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like
elements, a friction member for operatively contacting a lubricated surface 12 (Figure
2) is shown generally at 10 in Figure 1. The friction member 10 may be useful for
applications requiring excellent friction stability, wear-resistance, noise-resistance,
pressure-resistance, and temperature-resistance, as set forth in more detail below.
Therefore, the friction member 10 may be useful for automotive applications including,
but not limited to, clutch plates, transmission bands, brake shoes, synchronizer rings,
friction discs, system plates, and limited slip differential components. However, the
friction member 10 may also be useful for non-automotive applications including, but
not limited to, railway brake blocks and clutch facings, multi-disc aircraft brakes, crane
and elevator components, and other transportation and industrial applications.
[0012] Referring now to Figure 2, in operation, the friction member 10 may
operatively contact the lubricated surface 12 of, for example, an energy transmission
device such as a limited slip differential. By way of general explanation, as described
with reference to Figure 2, a limited slip differential may minimize a difference in
angular velocity of output shafts (not shown) through operation of a clutch pack, shown
generally at 14. The clutch pack 1 may be encased in a housing (not shown) and
lubricated with a lubricant, such as, but not limited to, a gear oil such as Dexron LS,
commercially available from BP Lubricants USA, Inc. of Wayne, New Jersey. In
particular, the clutch pack 14 may include a plurality of lubricated surfaces 12, e.g.,
separator plates, spaced apart from one another, and a plurality of friction members 10,
e.g., friction plates, alternatingly disposed between and opposing the plurality of
lubricated surfaces 12 so that the friction members 10 may interface and interact with the
lubricated surfaces 12. That is, the friction members 10 may be arranged in alternating
series with the lubricated surfaces 12 within the clutch pack 14.
[0013] During operation of the clutch pack 14, the friction members 10
operatively contact the lubricated surfaces 12. For example, the friction members 10 may
frictionally connect to and disconnect from adjacent lubricated surfaces 12 in response to
a difference in output shaft angular velocity so that mechanical and/or thermal energy
may be transmitted between the friction member 10 and the corresponding opposing
lubricated surface 12. That is, the friction member 10 may compress and rub against an
opposing lubricated surface 12 so as to.retard movement between the friction member 10
and the lubricated surface 12 via friction. Stated differently, the friction member 10 may
frictionally engage and cooperate with the lubricated surface 12 intermittently as
operating conditions warrant so that lubricant may be drawn in and squeezed out of the
friction member 10. In other non-limiting examples, the friction member 10 may
operatively contact a brake rotor of a disc brake system or a lubricated gear of a
transmission. That is, the friction member 10 may be configured as a brake pad or a
synchronizer ring.
[0014] Referring now to Figure 1, the friction member 10 includes a substrate 16.
The substrate 16 may be selected according to stiffness and/or strength properties
required for a desired application of the friction member 10. For example, the substrate
16 may be suitable for providing strength and rigidity to the friction member 10, as set
forth in more detail below, and may be formed from a deformation-resistant metal-based
material such as steel. That is, the substrate 16 may be a metal plate such as, but not
limited to, a steel backing plate.
[0015] With continued reference to Figure 1, the friction member 10 also includes
a friction material 18 including a resin and a fibrous base material impregnated with the
resin, as set forth in more detail below. As used herein, the terminology "fibrous base
material" refers to a base layer having a single ply for use in a partially-wet friction
material 1 . The fibrous base material may be a slurry composition before drying to form
a wet, slurry-processed friction material 18. Also, the term "partially-wet friction
material" refers to a relatively thin fibrous base layer impregnated by a resin or binder
that is dried and bonded to a rigid or steel substrate 16 or backing plate. Further,
partially-wet friction materials generally operate while at least partially submerged in a
lubricant and have a thickness of from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. In contrast, dry
friction materials generally operate under dry contact between the friction material and an
opposing friction surface, and have a thickness of from about 3 mm to about 4.5 mm.
Partially-wet friction materials may also be referred to as semi-wet or moist friction
materials, and may be useful for applications requiring reduced or minimal lubrication.
By comparison, wet friction materials generally operate while substantially submerged in
a lubricant. Partially-wet friction materials may also be subjected to operating
temperatures of about 100 °C greater than the operating temperatures of wet friction
materials, and generally operate in an environment of relatively lower lubricant flow rate
for cooling as compared to wet friction materials. As such, oil absorption capacity and
temperature-resistance may be particularly important for partially-wet friction materials
as compared to wet friction materials.
[0016] The fibrous base material of the friction material 18 (Figure 1) includes a
plurality of aramid fibers. As used herein, the terminology "aramid" refers to aromatic
polyamide fibers. The aramid fibers may be produced by a reaction between an amine
group and a carboxylic acid halide group. For example, the aramid fibers may be a
synthetic polyamide chain in which at least 85 parts by volume of amide linkages, i.e., an
acyl group (R-C=0) bonded to a nitrogen atom (N), based on 100 parts by volume of the
synthetic polyamide chain are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
[0017] The plurality of aramid fibers may be further defined as a plurality of paraaramid
fibers having an average length of less than or equal to about 5 mm. For example,
the plurality of aramid fibers may be para-aramid fibers having a mean fiber length of
about 1.4 mm and/or a bimodal mean fiber length of about 0.5 mm and about 1.4 mm.
As used herein, the terminology "about" is a quantity modifier, and refers to +/- 2% of
the quantity being modified. The aramid fibers may be poly-(p-phenylene
terephthalamdide) (PPTA) produced from the monomers p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and
terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC) in a co-solvent with an ionic component such as calcium
chloride to occupy hydrogen bonds of the amide groups, and an organic component Nmethylpyrrolidone
(NMP) to dissolve the aromatic polymer. The plurality of aramid
fibers may have a density of about 1.44 g/cm3. Suitable aramid fibers are commercially
available from Teijin Aramid GmbH of Arnhem, The Netherlands, under the trade name
Twaron®.
[0018] In one variation, the plurality of aramid fibers includes a first component
including a plurality of fibrillated aramid fibers and a second component including a
plurality of non-fibrillated aramid fibers. As used herein, the terminology "fibrillated"
refers to a fiber having a stalk and a plurality of fibrils extending from the stalk, wherein
the stalk is generally columnar and the fibrils are comparatively thinner hair-like
members attached to the stalk. That is, the stalk is substantially thicker than each of the
plurality of fibrils.
[0019] The first component may include aramid fibers provided in a pulp form
and having a high degree of fibrillation as compared to other fiber types, e.g., the aramid
fibers of the second component. The aramid fibers of the first component may be short
cut. That is, after the polymer production set forth above, the resulting aramid may be
dissolved in water-free sulphuric acid and spun into filament yarn. The first component
may be formed by shearing and chopping the filament yarn in water so that the aramid
fibers are shortened and fibrillated. The plurality of fibrillated aramid fibers of the first
component may have an average length of less than about 3 mm. A suitable first
component is commercially available from Teijin Aramid GmbH of Arnhem, The
Netherlands, under the trade name Twaron® 1094.
[0020] By comparison, the aramid fibers of the second component are nonfibrillated.
That is, the second component has a minimal degree of fibrillation as
compared to the first component. The non-fibrillated aramid fibers of the second
component are generally free from the fibrils present in the first component. The aramid
fibers of the second component may be present in dipped-chopped form and may have an
average length of about 3 mm. Therefore, the second component may have a longer
average length than the first component. A suitable second component is commercially
available from Teijin Aramid GmbH of Arnhem, The Netherlands, under the trade name
Twaron® 1588.
[0021] The first component and the second component may be present in the
fibrous base material in a ratio of about 2:1. For example, the first component may be
present in the fibrous base material in an amount of about 20 parts by weight based on
100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material, and the second component may be
present in an amount of about 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the
fibrous base material. The first component and the second component may be present in
the aforementioned ratio to provide a desired porosity of the fibrous base material. For
example, the non-fibrillated second component may define surface pores in the fibrous
base material having comparatively large sizes. Such pores may be difficult to clog and
close, and as such, the second component may allow degradation products produced
during operation of the friction member 0 to recede into the friction material 18. Such
recession of degradation products into the friction material 18 may provide the friction
material 18 with excellent glaze- and fade-resistance.
[0022] T e second component may also induce clumping of the fibrous base
material. Therefore, the first component may be present in the fibrous base material to
counterbalance or compensate for the open pores defined by the second component. That
is, the fibrillated first component may hold or contain other components of the fibrous
base material better than the non-fibrillated second component, especially other
components present in the fibrous base material in particle form. Together, the first
component and the second component may therefore provide the desired porosity of the
fibrous base material.
[0023] The plurality of aramid fibers is present in a first amount. Without
intending to be limited by theory, the plurality of aramid fibers may be present in the
fibrous base material to provide the fibrous base material with increased porosity, and to
provide the friction member 10 with excellent strength, wear-resistance, and temperatureresistance.
That is, as set forth above, the plurality of aramid fibers may support other
comparatively smaller components of the fibrous base material, especially other
components present in particle form. The plurality of aramid fibers may also provide
connections between other fibrous components of the fibrous base material, as set forth in
more detail below. The aramid fibers may be present in the first amount of from about 20
parts by weight to about 34 parts by weight, e.g., about 25 parts by weight to about 30
parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material. When the
aramid fibers are present in the fibrous base material in amounts less than about 20 parts
by weight, the fibrous base material may have insufficient structure and strength, and
may exhibit low pressure-resistance. However, at amounts of greater than about 34 parts
by weight, the fibrous base material may be difficult to process and exhibit excess
porosity.
[0024] The fibrous base material also includes a plurality of polyacrylonitrilebased
carbon fibers. As used herein, the terminology "polyacrylonitrile-based" refers to
carbon fibers produced from a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor. The polyacrylonitrilebased
carbon fibers may be produced by calcining preoxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber at a
temperature of greater than or equal to about 1,000 °C in an inert gas to obtain fibers
having a carbon content of at least 90 parts by weight, and a bond nitrogen content of
from about 1 part by weight to about 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of
the fiber.
[0025] In one variation, the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers
includes a third component having a third average length, and a fourth component having
a fourth average length that is longer than the third average length. More specifically, the
third component many be further defined as a plurality of milled polyacrylonitrile-based
carbon fibers, and the third average length may be less than about 500 microns. In
contrast, the fourth component may be further defined as a plurality of chopped
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, and the fourth average length may be from about
2,500 microns to about 4,000 microns, e.g., about 3,000 microns. As used herein, the
terminology "milled" refers to a carbon fiber which is shorter than a "chopped" carbon
fiber. For example, the milled polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers may have the third
average length of less than about 1,000 microns. By comparison, chopped
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers may have the fourth average length of from about
1,000 microns to about 25,000 microns. Strands of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber
may be milled into shorter-length polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers having the third
average length of about 350 microns, for example. Further, the polyacrylonitrile-based
carbon fibers may have an average fiber diameter of from about 7 microns to about 9
microns, and a density of from about 1.73 g/cm3 to about 1.79 g/cm3 . Suitable
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers include AGM 94 polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers, commercially available from Asbury Graphite Mills, Inc. of Asbury, New Jersey.
More specifically, suitable examples of milled and chopped polyacrylonitrile-based
carbon fibers may be available under the identifiers AGM94MF350U and AGM94CF3,
respectively.
[0026] The plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers is present in a
second amount that is less than the first amount. That is, the fibrous base material
includes comparatively more aramid fibers than polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers.
Without intending to be limited by theory, the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers may be present in the fibrous base material to provide the friction member 10 with
excellent friction stability, i.e., a stable coefficient of friction, during operation, and
increased strength, increased elastic recovery, and desired temperature- and noiseresistance.
That is, the friction material 18 including the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers may maintain a desired firictional engagement with the opposing lubricated surface
12 (Figure 2) to thereby decrease shuddering of the energy transmission device during
operation and decrease "fade", i.e., a reduction in the coefficient of friction (m) at high
operating temperatures.
[0027] Further, the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers may provide
the friction material 18 with excellent temperature-resistance. In particular, the plurality
of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers exhibit desired thermal-conductivity and may
cool any lubricant deposited in the pores of the friction material 18.
[0028] In addition, the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers may
provide the friction material 18 with excellent elastic recovery during frictional
engagement of the friction member 10 with the opposing lubricated surface 12. In
particular, the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers have an increased elastic modulus,
i.e., stiffness, and bounce-back characteristics when stressed in the elastic range as
compared to other fibers.
[0029] The polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers may be present in the second
amount of from about 5 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, e.g., about 10 parts
by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material. When the
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers are present in the fibrous base material in amounts
less than about 5 parts by weight, the fibrous base material may have insufficient
structure and strength, and the friction member 10 may exhibit low friction stability,
temperature-resistance, and pressure-resistance. However, at amounts of greater than
about 15 parts by weight, the fibrous base material may be difficult to process, and the
iction member 10 may exhibit reduced pressure-resistance and temperature-resistance.
[0030] For variations including both the third component and the fourth
component, the third component and the fourth component may be present in the fibrous
base material in a ratio of about 1:1. For example, the third component may be present in
the fibrous base material in an amount of about 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by
weight of the fibrous base material, and the fourth component may also be present in an
amount of about 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base
material. The fourth component may be present in the fibrous base material to provide
the friction material 18 (Figure 1) with increased pressure-resistance. That is, the fourth
component may provide the friction material 18 with excellent porosity so that the
lubricant may penetrate the friction material 18 during operation of the energy
transmission device, yet the fourth material may also contribute to the excellent
compression set and resistance to permanent deformation during operation of the friction
material 18. That is, as described with reference to Figure 2, the friction material 18
including the fourth component may be suitably compressible so that the lubricant may
be squeezed into or out of the friction material 18 quickly under pressure applied by the
opposing lubricated surface 12 of the energy transmission device. However, at amounts
greater than about 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base
material, the fibrous base material may be difficult to process because of entanglements
caused by the comparatively-longer chopped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers.
[0031] Generally, the third component may be present in the fibrous base material
to counterbalance or compensate for open pores defined by the fourth component of the
fibrous base material. That is, since the chopped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers of
the fourth component are longer than the milled polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers of
the third component, the fourth component may not hold or contain other components of
the fibrous base material as well as the third component, especially other components
present in particle form. Therefore, the third component and the fourth component may
be present together in the aforementioned ratio to provide a desired porosity and
temperature-resistance of the friction material 18.
[0032] The fibrous base material also includes a plurality of carbon particles. As
used herein, the terminology "carbon particles" is differentiated from the terminology
"carbon fibers" and refers to carbon present in a non-fibrous form. For example, the
plurality of carbon particles may be a form of carbon processed by physical reactivation
and/or chemical reactivation and may have excellent porosity and high surface area, i.e. a
Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area of greater than or equal to about 250
m /g. The carbon particles may include, but are not limited to, carbon black, powdered
activated carbon, granular activated carbon, extruded activated carbon, impregnated
carbon, pyrolyzed carbon, and combinations thereof. That is, the carbon particles may be
formed from carbon that has undergone pyrolysis.
[0033] The plurality of carbon particles may be further defined as primary
particles, aggregates, or agglomerates. The primary particles may have a generally
spherical shape, and may firmly link together to form aggregates, which may in turn join
together to form agglomerates. Suitable carbon particles include carbon black,
commercially available under the trade name Colour Black F101 from Evonik Degussa
Corporation of Parsippany, New Jersey.
[0034] The plurality of carbon particles is present in a third amount that is less
than or equal to the first amount. That is, the fibrous base material may include equal
amounts of carbon particles and polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, or comparatively
less carbon particles than polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. In particular, the
plurality of carbon particles may be present in the third amount of from about 3 parts by
weight to about 15 parts by weight, e.g., about 5 parts by weight to about 10 parts by
weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material. Without intending to
be limited by theory, the plurality of carbon particles may be present in the fibrous base
material to provide the friction member 0 with excellent temperature- and noiseresistance
during operation. In particular, the plurality of carbon particles exhibit desired
thermal-conductivity and may cool any lubricant deposited in the pores of the friction
material 18.
[0035] Further, the plurality of carbon particles may increase the dynamic
coefficient of friction and reduce the static coefficient of friction of the friction member
10 and thereby contribute to the excellent noise-resistance of the friction member 10.
The friction member 10 including the plurality of carbon particles present in the
aforementioned third amount has an optimized slope of a m-n curve. In particular, the
slope of a m-n curve represents a variation in coefficient of friction (m) compared to a
variation in sliding speed (v). For frictional applications, a positive slope is desired over
a range of speeds to be controlled by the friction member 10 so as to decrease shudder,
i.e., frictional vibration, within the energy transmission device. For example, the friction
member 10 may decrease shuddering during braking or gear shifting. Therefore, the
friction material 18 including the plurality of carbon particles may maintain a desired
frictional engagement with the opposing lubricated surface 1 to thereby decrease
shuddering of the energy transmission device during operation and decrease "fade", i.e., a
reduction in the coefficient of friction (m) at high operating temperatures. In addition, the
plurality of carbon particles may provide the friction material 18 with a color, e.g., green,
and therefore provide a distinguishable feature for marking and recognition of the friction
member 10.
[0036] The fibrous base material also includes a plurality of mineral fibers. The
mineral fibers may be formed from a vitreous melt, such as rock, slag, glass, or other
mineral melts. The vitreous melt may be formed by blending selected rocks or minerals
to provide a desired composition of the vitreous melt. The plurality of mineral fibers may
be classified as engineering mineral fibers and may include a surface treatment such as,
but not limited to, a silane or surfactant. As a non-limiting example, each of the plurality
of mineral fibers may include, based on 100 parts by weight of the mineral fiber, Si0 2 in
an amount of from about 38 parts by weight to about 43 parts by weight, A1 0 3 in an
amount of from about 1 parts by weight to about 23 parts by weight, CaO+MgO in an
amount of from about 23 parts by weight to about 28 parts by weight, FeO in an amount
of from about 4.5 parts by weight to about 8 parts by weight, K20+Na 20 in an amount of
about 4.5 parts by weight, and other ingredients in an amount of less than about 6 parts by
weight.
[0037] Each of the plurality of mineral fibers may have a diameter of less than or
equal to about 20 microns, e.g., less than about 10 microns, and a fifth average length that
is greater than the third average length and less than the fourth average length. That is,
the fifth average length may be from about 500 microns to less than about 2,500 microns.
As a non-limiting example, the fifth average length may be from about 500 microns to
about 800 microns, such as about 650 microns. Mineral fibers having the aforementioned
fifth average length may contribute to the desired controlled porosity of the friction
material 10. That is, the plurality of mineral fibers may balance the comparatively short
milled polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers and the comparatively long aramid fibers
within the fibrous base material to provide the excellent porosity of the fibrous base
material.
[0038] Further, the plurality of mineral fibers may be comparatively harder than
each of the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers and the plurality of aramid
fibers of the fibrous base material. For example, the plurality of mineral fibers may have
a hardness of 6 on the Moh scale. Therefore, the plurality of mineral fibers may provide
the friction member 10 with excellent wear- and pressure-resistance.
[0039] In addition, since the plurality of mineral fibers are comparatively long,
hard, and temperature-resistant, the friction material 10 may have an increased surface
roughness and exhibit an excellent glaze-resistance. That is, the combination of the
strong and rigid substrate 16 and the excellent surface roughness of the friction material
10 may minimize excessive smoothening of the friction material 10 and provide the
friction member 10 with excellent glaze-resistance.
[0040] The plurality of mineral fibers is present in the fibrous base material in a
fourth amount that is less than or equal to the second amount. That is, the fibrous base
material includes comparatively more polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers than mineral
fibers. More specifically, the plurality of mineral fibers may be present in the fourth
amount of from about 5 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight, e.g., about 7 parts by
weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material. A suitable example of
mineral fibers is Rockbrake® RB280-Roxul® 1000, commercially available from Lapinus
Fibers BV of Roermond, The Netherlands.
[0041] The fibrous base material also includes diatomaceous earth present in a
fifth amount that is greater than the first amount. That is, the fibrous base material may
include more diatomaceous earth than any other component of the fibrous base material,
e.g., aramid fibers, polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, carbon particles, or mineral
fibers. In particular, the diatomaceous earth may be calcined diatomaceous earth having
an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 15 microns. As used herein,
the terminology "calcined diatomaceous earth" refers to diatomaceous earth, i.e.,
sedimentary ore formed from freshwater planktonic species, that has been heat-treated,
e.g., at temperatures at greater than about 800 °C, to round off sharp corners of individual
diatomaceous earth particles. Therefore, calcined diatomaceous earth may have reduced
surface area but increased hardness as compared to natural, non-calcined diatomaceous
earth. As such, the presence of the calcined diatomaceous earth in the fibrous base
material generally provides the friction material 18 (Figure 1) with excellent pressureresistance.
[0042] The diatomaceous earth may have a pore size of from about 0.1 micron to
about 1.0 micron, and may have a porosity of greater than 80 parts by volume based on
100 parts by volume of the diatomaceous earth. Further, the diatomaceous earth may
have a mean particle size of from about 10 microns to 15 microns. Suitable
diatomaceous earth includes Celite® 281, commercially available from World Minerals
Inc. of Santa Barbara, California.
[0043] The diatomaceous earth may be present in the fifth amount of greater than
or equal to about 35 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base
material. That is, the fifth amount may be greater than either of the first amount, second
amount, third amount, and fourth amount. For example, the diatomaceous earth may be
present in the fifth amount of from about 40 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight
based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base material. In one non-limiting example,
such as the variation of the fibrous base material including each of the first component,
the second component, the third component, and the fourth component as set forth above,
the diatomaceous earth may be present in the fifth amount of from about 40 parts by
weight to about 47 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base
material.
[0044] The diatomaceous earth may provide the friction member 10 with
excellent noise-resistance and may complement the plurality of carbon particles. Further,
diatomaceous earth may assist in resin absorption, as set forth in more detail below, and
may promote lubricant flow through the friction material 18 (Figure 1). That is, even
when present in the fifth amount of greater than about 35 part by weight based on 100
parts by weight of the fibrous base material, the diatomaceous earth unexpectedly
provides the fibrous base material with excellent noise-resistance without detrimentally
affecting the structure and strength of the fibrous base material. In particular, when
present in the fibrous base material in the fifth amount of greater than 35 parts by weight,
the diatomaceous earth increases the dynamic coefficient of friction and reduces the static
coefficient of friction of the friction member 10. Therefore, the friction member 10
including the diatomaceous earth present in the aforementioned fifth amount has an
optimized slope of a m-n curve. In particular, the slope of a m-n curve represents a
variation in coefficient of friction (m) compared to a variation in sliding speed (v). For
frictional applications, a positive slope is desired over a range of speeds to be controlled
by the friction member 10 so as to decrease shudder, i.e., frictional vibration, within the
energy transmission device. For example, the friction member 10 may decrease
shuddering during braking or gear shifting.
[0045] Stated differently, the friction member 10 including the friction material
18 has increased noise-resistance. That is, the friction material 18 generates a desired
torque curve having a shape defined by a positive m-n slope so that the friction material
18 is substantially noise- or squawk-free during operation.
[0046] The fibrous base material may further include latex. Latex may be present
in the fibrous base material as a saturant and processing aid, and may generally provide
the fibrous base material with flexibility. Latex may also coat the aramid fibers, the
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, and/or the mineral fibers to provide the fibrous
base material with sufficient wet strength, i.e., web strength, for processability. The latex
maybe in the form of an aqueous dispersion, e.g., a medium acrylonitrile, acrylonitrilebutadiene
copolymer formed by emulsion polymerization. That is, the latex may be a
nitrile latex emulsion that is acrylonitrile-based. Further, the latex may have a Brookfield
viscosity of about 15 cP at 25 °C. The latex may be present in an amount of from about 1
part by weight to about 6 parts by weight, e.g., 3 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by
weight of the fibrous base material. Suitable latex may include Hycar® 1562x1 17 latex,
commercially available from Emerald Performance Materials LLC of Akron, Ohio.
[0047] To achieve the aforementioned temperature-resistance of the friction
member 10, the fibrous base material may be substantially free from low-heat-resistant
fibers and fillers such as cellulose, hemp, homoacrylic fibers, cashew nut shells, lowtemperature
cured rubber particles, and the like. Likewise, the fibrous base material is
generally free from impregnation by epoxy- or oil-modified phenolic resins so as to
maintain the excellent temperature-resistance of the resin and friction material 18.
[0048] In addition, to avoid swelling of the friction material 18 during operation
of the friction member 10 upon contact with the lubricant, the fibrous base material may
be substantially free from cellulose fibers which may react with any phosphorous and
sulfur additives of the lubricant.
[0049] Therefore, as set forth above, the friction member 10 including the friction
material 18 has increased wear-, noise-, pressure-, and temperature-resistance and is
economical to produce. That is, the friction member 10 exhibits decreased degradation
from abrasion and shear stress during operation of the energy transmission device, and
performs suitably when partially wetted by a lubricant.
[0050] As set forth above, the fibrous base material is impregnated with the resin.
The resin impregnates the fibrous base material to provide the friction material 18 with
mechanical shear strength, temperature-resistance, and friction stability. The resin also
counterbalances the presence of the diatomaceous earth in the friction material 18 and
contributes to the enhanced friction stability of the friction material 18. Therefore, the
resin may be a saturant and/or binder, and may have a viscosity of from about 2,500 cP to
about 7,000 cP at 25 °C. The resin may be any suitable resin selectable according to a
desired application of the friction material 18. For example, the resin may be a thermoset
resin. Further, the resin may be modified to increase the temperature-resistance of the
resin by nitrile modification or dispersions of nano-particles.
[0051] In one non-limiting example, the resin may be a polyimide resin. n this
example, the polyimide resin may be combined with a solvent, such as ethanol, for ease
of processing. The polyimide resin may be hardened to increase strength and fracture
toughness by combining the polyimide resin with a phenol resin. For example, the resin
may include polyimide resin and phenol resin in a ratio of about 9:1, i.e., 90 parts by
weight of the polyimide resin to about 10 part by weight of the phenol resin based on 100
parts by weight of the resin. Combining the polyimide resin and the phenol resin may
provide the friction material 18 with an increased hardness and coefficient of friction,
which in turn may provide the friction member 10 with excellent wear- and noiseresistance.
The polyimide resin may also be combined with other resins. In other
variations, the resin may be selected from phenolic resins, silicone resins, mixtures of
resins, multiple resin systems, and combinations thereof. Generally, epoxy- or oilmodified
phenolic resins are avoided so as to maintain the excellent temperatureresistance
of the resin and friction material 18.
[0052] The fibrous base material may be impregnated with the resin at a resin
pick-up of from about 20 parts by weight to about 100 parts by weight, e.g., about 40
parts by weight to about 75 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous
base material. That is, the percent of resin pick-up by the fibrous base material, i.e., a
weight percent of the resin based on the weight of the dry fibrous base material, may
range from about 20% to about 100%. At resin amounts below about 20 parts by weight,
the fibrous base material may not exhibit sufficient strength, and at resin amounts greater
than about 100 parts by weight, the fibrous base material may be oversaturated so that the
friction material 18 exhibits poor porosity and lubricant absorption, resulting in glazing
and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) sensitivity. Further, the aforementioned resin
pick-up contributes to the excellent noise-resistance and pressure-resistance of the
friction material 18 by coating the fibrous base material. A suitable resin may include
SKYBOND® 700, commercially available from Industrial Summit Technology
Corporation of Parlin, New Jersey.
[0053] The friction material 18 may be formed via any processing system capable
of mixing the plurality of aramid fibers, the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers, the plurality of carbon particles, the plurality of mineral fibers, and diatomaceous
earth. For example, the friction material 18 may be formed via drylaid, airlaid, coform,
or wetlaid fiber processes and coated, saturated, and slurry-impregnated resin addition
processes. Further, the friction material may be produced on paper machines and resin
saturation equipment recognizable to one skilled in the art.
[0054] By way of a non-limiting example, a process for forming the friction
material 18 may include combining the plurality of aramid fibers, plurality of
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, plurality of carbon particles, plurality of mineral
fibers, diatomaceous earth, and optional latex with water to form a slurry. The slurry
may be pumped to a forming wire of a paper machine. Generally, the forming wire may
define a plurality of openings configured for draining the water in the slurry. During
processing, water in the slurry drains through the openings, and the remaining wet paper
is carried to a drying section of the paper machine so that any remaining water may be
removed by drying to thereby form dried paper, i.e., the fibrous base material.
[0055] The fibrous base material may then be impregnated and saturated by the
resin by, for example, immersion, surface coating, or spray saturating. The impregnated
fibrous base material, i.e., the friction material 18, is dried to a "B" stage semi-cured
state, rolled onto a reel, and sheeted to desired dimensions. The formed friction material
18 may have a basis weight of from about 60 lbs/3,000 ft2 to about 400 lbs/3,000 ft2.
That is, the friction material 18 may have a basis weight of from about 150 lbs/3,000 ft2
to about 250 lbs/3,000 ft2, e.g., about 200 lbs/3,000 ft2. The friction material 1 may
have a thickness of from about 12 mils to about 60 mils, e.g., from about 25 mils to about
35 mils, where 1mil is equal to 0.0254 mm. Further, the friction material 18 may have a
density of from about 4.5 lbs/3,000 ft /0.001 in to about 8.0 lbs/3,000 ft /0.001 in, e.g.,
from about 5.9 lbs/3,000 ft2/0.001 in to about 6.6 lbs/3,000 ft2/0.001 in.
[0056] The friction material 18 has a single ply. As used herein, the terminology
"ply" refers to a single layer of the friction material 18. That is, the friction material 18 is
not multi-layered and does not include two or more plies. Rather, the friction material 18
may be in the form of a sheet having a single ply. Therefore, the friction material 18
advantageously exhibits reduced delarnination from the substrate 16 during operation,
and thus contributes to the excellent wear-resistance of the friction member 10.
[0057] Referring again to Figure 1, for the friction member 10, the friction
material 18 defines a first surface 20 bonded to the substrate 16 and a second surface 22
configured for operatively contacting the lubricated surface 12 (Figure 2). The first
surface 20 of the friction material 18 may be bonded to the substrate 16 by way of, for
example, a phenolic adhesive sheet and/or subjecting the impregnated friction material 18
to pressure and/or temperature to bond the friction material 18 to the substrate 16 by way
of the resin. Further, the resin may be cured before and after bonding the friction
material 18 to the substrate 16. The aforementioned thickness and density of the friction
material 18 may be achieved by applying a pressure to the friction material 1 that is
greater than or equal to the operating pressure of the friction member 10, e.g., about 20
MPa. Such operating pressure may stress and/or fracture the plurality of
polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers in the fibrous base material and thereby minimize
further fragmentation of the plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers and
compression set of the friction material 1 during operation.
[0058] Therefore, with continued reference to Figures 1 and 2, during operation,
the second surface 22 may operatively contact, e.g., frictionally connect to and disconnect
from adjacent lubricated surfaces 12 so as to compress and rub against an opposing
lubricated surface 12. That is, the friction member 10 may frictionally engage and
cooperate with the lubricated surface 12 mtermittently as operating conditions warrant so
that lubricant may be drawn in and squeezed out of the friction member 10.
[0059] As such, the friction material 18 may be penetrable by the aforementioned
lubricant during operation. However, the friction material 18 may be compatible with
any suitable lubricant, including oils and transmission fluids formulated with additives to
minimize thermal breakdown of the lubricant.
[0060] Further, as shown in Figure 1, the friction material 18 may be bonded to
multiple surfaces of the substrate 16. That is, by way of non-limiting examples, the
friction material 18 may be bonded to opposing surfaces or sides of the substrate 16 for
operatively contacting two adjacent lubricated surfaces 12. For example, although not
shown in Figure 2, the friction material 1 may be disposed on and bonded to two
surfaces of the substrate 16, e.g., a "front" and "back" of the substrate 16, so as to be
sandwiched between and operatively contact two adjacent lubricated surfaces 12.
Alternatively, the friction material 18 may only be bonded to a single surface of the
substrate 16.
[0061] Moreover, for applications including the clutch pack 14 of Figure 2, it is to
be appreciated that the plurality of friction members 10 may be arranged in any
configuration within the clutch pack 14. In addition, each of the plurality of friction
members 10, e.g., friction plates, and the plurality of lubricated surfaces 12, e.g.,
separator plates, may include the friction material 18 bonded to the substrate 16. That is,
although not shown in Figure 2, the plurality of lubricated surfaces 12 may also include
the friction material 18.
[0062] The friction material 18 may have any suitable size and/or shape. For
example, the friction material 1 may have an annular or full ring shape as shown in
Figure 2. Alternatively, although not shown, the friction material 18 may be segmented
into shapes including, but not limited to, arcs, strips, wedges, and combinations thereof.
The friction material 18 may also define a plurality of molded and/or cut grooves, i.e.,
channels, therein (not shown) so as to optimize lubricant flow during operation.
[0063] The following examples are meant to illustrate the disclosure and are not
to be viewed in any way as limiting to the scope of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES
[0064] To form the friction materials of each of Examples 1 and 2, components
A-H are combined with water in the amounts listed in Table 1 to form a slurry. The
amounts of Components A-H listed in Table 1 refer to parts by weight based on 100 parts
by weight of the fibrous base material. The slurry is pumped to a forming wire of a paper
machine, and water in the slurry drains through openings defined by the forming wire to
form a wet paper. The wet paper is carried to a drying section of the paper machine and
water is further removed by drying to thereby form dried paper, i.e., a fibrous base
material of each of Examples 1 and 2. Each fibrous base material is then saturated with
Resin J at the resin pick-up listed in Table 1 to form a friction material of each of
Examples 1 and 2.
Table 1. Friction Material Compositions
[0065] Component A is Twaron® 1094 fibrillated aramid fibers commercially
available from Teijin Aramid GmbH of Arnhem, The Netherlands;
[0066] Component B is Twaron® 1588 non-fibrillated aramid fibers
commercially available from Teijin Aramid GmbH of Arnhem, The Netherlands;
[0067] Component C is AGM 94 milled polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers
having a third average length of 350 microns and commercially available under the
identifier AGM94MF350U from Asbury Graphite Mills, Inc. of Asbury, New Jersey;
[0068] Component D is AGM 94 chopped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers
having a fourth average length of 3 mm and commercially available under the identifier
AGMCF3 from Asbury Graphite Mills, Inc. of Asbury, New Jersey;
[0069] Component E is Colour Black F101 carbon particles commercially
available from Evonik Degussa Corporation of Parsippany, New Jersey;
[0070] Component F is Celite® 281 calcined diatomaceous earth commercially
available from World Minerals Inc. of Santa Barbara, California;
[0071] Component G is Rockbrake® RB280-Roxul® 1000 mineral fibers
commercially available from Lapinus Fibers BV of Roermond, The Netherlands;
[0072] Component H is Hycar® 1562x1 17 latex commercially available from
Emerald Performance Materials LLC of Akron, Ohio; and
[0073] Resin J is SKYBOND® 700 polyimide resin commercially available from
Industrial Summit Technology Corporation of Parlin, New Jersey.
[0074] The friction materials of Examples 1 and 2 are compared to friction
materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 for friction performance, and the results
are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The friction material of Comparative Example 3 is
a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic friction material. The friction material of Comparative
Example 3 includes a fibrous base material including woven carbon fiber embedded in a
synthetic matrix. In addition, the friction material of Comparative Example 3 includes
thermosetting plastics as a binding component and does not include mineral fibers.
[0075] The friction material of Comparative Example 4 is a carbon fiberreinforced
carbon friction material. The friction material of Comparative Example 4
includes a fibrous base material including woven carbon fiber and pyrolytic carbon
produced by chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon gas. The friction material of
Comparative Example 4 also does not include mineral fibers .
[0076] The resulting friction material of each of Examples 1 and 2 and
Comparative Examples 3 and 4 has a thickness of 32 mils. Each friction material is
bonded to respective steel backing plate substrates under a pressure of about 20 MPa at
232 °C for 1 minute to form the friction members of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative
Examples 3 and 4.
Falex Durability Test
[0077] The friction members of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 3
and 4 are evaluated for wear-resistance and pressure-resistance on a Falex Multi-
Specimen Test Machine. Each friction member is rotated under load in Gear Oil K at 118
°C against a stationary steel countersurface for fixed time periods. Gear Oil K is
Dexron® LS 75W-90 gear oil commercially available from General Motors Incorporated
of Detroit, Michigan. Wear rate, coefficient of friction, and a product of pressure (P,
MPa) on the contact area and surface velocity (V, m/s) are measured as each friction
member progresses through a matrix of pressures and surface velocities. In particular,
each friction member is stepped through the matrix of pressures and surface velocities
where speed is constant at 10.9 m/s, pressure is increased from 0.54 MPa to 3.06 MPa in
14 steps at loads from 140 lbf to 790 Ibf under continuous sliding for 10 minutes at each
load step. The PV, i.e., pressure-velocity, range is from 5.9 MPa m/s to 33.2 MPa m/s. A
friction member that survives without degradation and/or failure beyond 24 MPa m s, i.e.,
beyond 90 minutes, passes the aforementioned test. That is, a friction member that does
not exhibit excessive wear and/or destruction beyond 24 MPa m/s is deemed acceptable.
The test results are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Falex Durability Test Results
[0078] As shown by the results listed in Table 2, each of the friction members
of Examples 1 and 2, which includes greater than 45 parts by weight diatomaceous earth
based on 100 parts by weight of the friction material, and aramid fibers, polyacrylonitrilebased
carbon fibers, carbon particles, and mineral fibers, does not exhibit wear beyond 24
MPa m/s and therefore passes the aforementioned test. In contrast, each of the friction
members of Comparative Examples 3 and 4, which includes less than 45 parts by weight
diatomaceous earth based on 100 parts by weight of the friction material, and does not
include mineral fibers, exhibits wear beyond 24 MPa m/s and therefore does not pass the
Falex Durability test. In addition, thickness loss over the 140 minute test duration is
acceptable for the friction members of Examples 1 and 2 and unacceptable for the friction
members of Comparative Examples 3 and 4. Further, destruction and/or debonding of the
friction material from the substrate occurs for the friction members of Comparative
Examples 3 and 4, and does not occur for the friction members of Examples 1 and 2.
[0079] Therefore, the friction members of Examples 1 and 2 exhibit higher wearresistance
and pressure-resistance than the friction members of Comparative Examples 3
and 4.
m P v T Testing
[0080] The friction materials of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 3
and 4 are evaluated for noise-resistance on an SAE No. 2 Universal Wet Friction Test
Machine according to the SAE J2490 test method for 24 hours. For the test method, the
lubricant is gear oil, and the reaction plates, i.e., lubricated surfaces, are steel clutch
plates. A m-n curve is generated for each friction material and the slope of each m-n curve
is noted as positive or negative, as summarized in Table 3. A friction material that has a
positive m-n slope curve passes the aforementioned m R n T test. That is, higher
coefficients of friction and descending m-n curve shapes are desirable and correlated to
higher noise-resistance, i.e., quieter operation, of the friction material.
Table 3. Noise-Resistance and Thermal-Resistance of Friction Materials
slope
Noise- Acceptable Acceptable Not Not
resistance Acceptable Acceptable
[0081] As shown by the results listed in Table 3, each of the m-n curves of the
friction materials of Examples 1 and 2 has a positive slope. Therefore, each of the
friction materials of Examples 1 and 2, which includes greater than 45 parts by weight
diatomaceous earth based on 100 parts by weight of the friction material, and aramid
fibers, polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, carbon particles, and mineral fibers, passes
the aforementioned test. That is, the friction materials of Examples 1 and 2 have higher
coefficients of friction and descending m-n curve slopes as compared to the friction
materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4. In contrast, each of the m-n curves of the
friction materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 has a negative slope. Therefore, the
friction materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4, which do not include any
diatomaceous earth or mineral fibers, do not pass the aforementioned test. Therefore, the
friction materials of Examples 1 and 2 exhibit increased noise-resistance as compared to
the friction materials of Comparative Examples 3 and 4, and have an increasing
coefficient of friction as slip speed increases.
[0082] While the best modes for carrying out the disclosure have been described
in detail, those familiar with the art to which this disclosure relates will recognize various
alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the disclosure within the scope of the
appended claims.
CLAIMS
1. A friction material (18) comprising:
a resin; and
a fibrous base material impregnated with the resin and having a single
ply, the fibrous base material including;
a plurality of aramid fibers present in a first amount;
a plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers present in a
second amount that is less than the first amount;
a plurality of carbon particles present in a third amount that is
less than or equal to the second amount;
a plurality of mineral fibers present in a fourth amount that is less
than or equal to the second amount; and
diatomaceous earth present in a fifth amount that is greater than
the first amount.
2. The friction material (18) of claim 1, wherein the diatomaceous
earth is calcined diatomaceous earth having an average particle size of from about 10
microns to about 15 microns.
3. The friction material (18) of claim 1, wherein the fifth amount is
greater than or equal to about 35 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the
fibrous base material.
4. The friction material (18) of claim 2, wherein the fifth amount is
from about 40 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight
of the fibrous base material.
5. The friction material (18) of claim 3, wherein the first amount is
from about 20 parts by weight to about 34 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight
of the fibrous base material.
6. The friction material (18) of claim 3, wherein the second amount
is from about 5 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by
weight of the fibrous base material.
7. The friction material (18) of claim 1, wherein the third amount is
from about 3 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight
of the fibrous base material.
8. The friction material (18) of claim 1, wherein the fourth amount
is from about 5 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by
weight of the fibrous base material.
9. The friction material (18) of claim 1, wherein the fibrous base
material is impregnated with the resin at a resin pick-up of from about 20 parts by
weight to about 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the fibrous base
material.
10. A friction material (18) comprising:
a resin; and
a fibrous base material impregnated with the resin and having a single
ply, the fibrous base material including;
a plurality of aramid fibers present in a first amount and
including;
a first component including a plurality of fibrillated
aramid fibers; and
a second component including a plurality of nonfibrillated
aramid fibers;
a plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers present in a
second amount that is less than the first amount and including;
a third component having a third average length;
and
a fourth component having a fourth average length
that is longer than the third average length; and
a plurality of carbon particles present in a third amount that is
less than or equal to the second amount;
a plurality of mineral fibers present in a fourth amount that is less
than or equal to the second amount; and
diatomaceous earth present in a fifth amount that is greater than
the first amount.
11. The friction material (18) of claim 11, wherein the fifth amount is
from about 40 parts by weight to about 47 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight
of the fibrous base material.
12. The friction material (18) of claim 11, wherein the third
component is further defined as a plurality of milled polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers and the third average length is less than about 500 microns.
13. The friction material (18) of claim 12, wherein the fourth
component is further defined as a plurality of chopped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon
fibers and the fourth average length is from about 2,500 microns to about 4,000
microns.
14. The friction material (18) of claim 11, wherein the plurality of
mineral fibers has a fifth average length that is greater than the third average length and
less than the fourth average length.
15. A friction member (10) for operatively contacting a lubricated
surface (12), the friction member (10) comprising:
a substrate (16); and
a friction material (18) defining a first surface (20) bonded to the
substrate (16) and a second surface (22) configured for operatively contacting the
lubricated surface (12), the friction material (18) including;
a resin; and
a fibrous base material impregnated with the resin and having a
single ply, the fibrous base material including;
a plurality of aramid fibers present in a first amount;
a plurality of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers present in a
second amount that is less than the first amount;
a plurality of carbon particles present in a third amount that is
less than or equal to the second amount;
a plurality of mineral fibers present in a fourth amount that is less
than or equal to the second amount; and
diatomaceous earth present in a fifth amount that is greater than
the first amount.