Description:.

GOLD-SALEN COMPLEX EMBEDDED IN CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE FOR ENHANCED CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF EOSIN Y DYE IN WATER

Field of the Invention

Generally, the present disclosure relates to material synthesis technologies. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods and systems for synthesizing carbon nanocomposite materials and system for the sustainable degradation of dyes using a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst.
Background
The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
The development of carbon-based nanocomposites has attracted significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields such as catalysis and materials science. Among these, carbon nanocomposites incorporating metal complexes have shown promising results in enhancing catalytic activities and electronic properties. Current methodologies for synthesizing such nanocomposites often involve complex procedures that require precise control over the reaction conditions and the use of hazardous chemicals.
One prevalent approach involves the oxidation of carbonaceous materials to introduce functional groups that can facilitate the binding of metal complexes. Typically, this process employs strong oxidizing agents and stringent conditions, which can lead to the destruction of the carbonaceous framework and a loss of material properties.
Furthermore, the synthesis of metal complexes, such as gold complexes, necessitates the use of ligands that can stabilize the metal ions. The conventional synthesis of these ligands often involves multiple steps, including protection-deprotection strategies and the use of expensive and toxic reagents, making the process time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly.
Additionally, the integration of metal complexes into carbonaceous materials to form nanocomposites is a critical step that requires efficient coupling strategies. Traditional methods often rely on covalent bonding strategies that can compromise the integrity of the carbonaceous material and the metal complex, leading to suboptimal properties of the final nanocomposite.
Moreover, the activation of surface functional groups on carbonaceous materials is a crucial step for the successful integration of metal complexes. However, conventional activation methods often result in the overoxidation of the material, leading to a significant loss of surface area and porosity, which are vital for the material's performance.
In light of the above discussion, there exists an urgent need for solutions that overcome the problems associated with conventional systems and techniques for synthesizing carbon nanocomposite materials.
Summary
The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of this disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements nor delineate the scope of such aspects. Its purpose is to present some concepts of this disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The following paragraphs provide additional support for the claims of the subject application.
In a first aspect, the present disclosure aims to provide a method for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material. The synthesis process encompasses the oxidation of a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5% oxygen at a temperature range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide. This is followed by the activation of surface hydroxyl groups through refluxing with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH and adjusting the pH to 7.5-8.5. The material is then vacuum-dried to obtain a coupling agent. A Salen ligand is synthesized through refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol, purified using silica gel column chromatography. A gold-Salen complex is prepared by refluxing equimolar quantities of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate and the Salen ligand in an ethanolic solution, followed by the formation of the carbon nanocomposite through integration with the coupling agent. This method facilitates the creation of nanocomposites with enhanced properties suitable for various applications.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a system for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material. This system comprises an oxidation chamber, a first reflux apparatus, a vacuum oven, a second reflux apparatus, a purification unit, and a mixing device, all orchestrated by a control unit. The system is designed to automate the synthesis process, including oxidation, surface hydroxyl group activation, drying, ligand synthesis, purification, and the formation of the carbon nanocomposite. Enhancements such as an inlet and outlet with valves in the oxidation chamber, cooling condenser and heating element in the reflux apparatus, pressure and temperature sensors in the vacuum oven, and a variable mechanical agitator in the mixing system contribute to the efficiency and precision of the synthesis process.
Further, the present disclosure introduces system for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye utilizing a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst. The system comprises a reaction chamber, mixing unit, temperature control unit, pressure regulation system, filtration unit, and a monitoring system, all regulated by a control unit. This setup not only allows for the effective degradation of Eosin Y dye but also ensures the sustainability of the process by incorporating a microfiltration membrane for catalyst recovery and a dispensing unit for precise reactant addition based on real-time monitoring. The disclosed apparatus offers a controlled, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for dye degradation.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The features and advantages of the present disclosure would be more clearly understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a method (100) disclosed relates to the synthesis of a carbon nanocomposite material, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a system (200) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus (300) designed for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye using a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image showing the surface morphology of the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite , in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 illustrates a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image that provide structural and morphological information of the Gold-salen complex embedded in the carbon nanocomposite, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 illustrates a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) curve of the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 illustrates a graph representing the degradation of Eosin Y dye over time, using the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite as a catalyst, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description
In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to claim those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and “at least one” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of the term “at least one” followed by a list of one or more items (for example, “at least one of A and B”) is to be construed to mean one item selected from the listed items (A or B) or any combination of two or more of the listed items (A and B), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Pursuant to the "Detailed Description" section herein, whenever an element is explicitly associated with a specific numeral for the first time, such association shall be deemed consistent and applicable throughout the entirety of the "Detailed Description" section, unless otherwise expressly stated or contradicted by the context.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method (100) disclosed relates to the synthesis of a carbon nanocomposite material, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. In step (102), a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage is subjected to oxidation using a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5% oxygen within a temperature range of 630-750 K for a period of 8-12 hours. This process results in the formation of a carbon cage oxide. In step (104), this carbon cage oxide is refluxed with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for a duration of 0.8-1.5 hour, facilitating the activation of surface hydroxyl groups and adjustment of the pH to between 7.5 and 8.5. The material obtained from this process is then vacuum-dried in step (106) to acquire a coupling agent, denoted as CCONa. In step (108), refining of the carbon nanocomposite material involves the synthesis of a Salen ligand. This is achieved by refluxing a mixture consisting of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol. The Salen ligand produced through step (110) is then purified employing silica gel column chromatography. Following the purification, in step (112) a gold-Salen complex is prepared by refluxing equimolar quantities of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate and the previously synthesized Salen ligand in an ethanolic solution. In step (114), of the method (100) is the integration of the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa, resulting in the formation of the carbon nanocomposite. This synthesis method incorporates a series of chemical reactions and processes tailored to activate, modify, and combine specific chemical entities, thereby leading to the creation of a novel carbon nanocomposite material. Each step in the method is meticulously designed to ensure the successful integration of the gold-Salen complex with the activated carbon cage oxide, highlighting the innovative approach taken towards material synthesis. The resultant carbon nanocomposite material demonstrates the potential for applications in various fields, including catalysis, material science, and electronics, due to its unique properties and composition.
The term "system for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to an integrated assembly of components designed to facilitate the synthesis of carbon nanocomposite materials through a series of chemical reactions and processes. This system encompasses an oxidation chamber, a first and second reflux apparatus, a vacuum oven, a purification unit, and a mixing device, all coordinated by a control unit.
The term "oxidation system" or “oxidation chamber” as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a component designed for facilitating the oxidation process of petroleum pitch-based carbon cages with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5% oxygen. The oxidation system maintains a temperature range of 630-750 K for a duration of 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide.
The term "first reflux apparatus" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a device used for the refluxing of the carbon cage oxide with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour. This apparatus enables the activation of surface hydroxyl groups and the adjustment of the pH to 7.5 – 8.5.
The term "vacuum oven" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to an equipment designed for drying the activated material under vacuum conditions to obtain a coupling agent denoted as CCONa.
The term "second reflux system " or “second reflux appartus” as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a device employed for the refluxing of a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol. This apparatus is utilized for synthesizing a Salen ligand.
The term "purification unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a system for purifying the Salen ligand. This unit employs methods such as silica gel column chromatography to ensure the purity of the Salen ligand.
The term "mixing system " or “"mixing device" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a device designed for combining the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa. This combination results in the formation of the carbon nanocomposite.
The term "control unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a system responsible for overseeing and regulating the operation of the oxidation chamber, the first and second reflux apparatuses, the vacuum oven, the purification unit, and the mixing device. The control unit ensures that each component operates under the optimal conditions necessary for synthesizing the carbon nanocomposite material.
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a system (200) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. Said system (200) comprises an oxidation chamber (202), where a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage is exposed to a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen. Said oxidation chamber (202) operates within a temperature range of 630-750 K to produce a carbon cage oxide. A first reflux apparatus (204) is included for activating surface hydroxyl groups of the carbon cage oxide using an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH. A vacuum oven (206) is employed for drying the activated material to obtain a coupling agent (CCONa). Said system (200) also encompasses a second reflux apparatus (208) for the synthesis of a Salen ligand and a purification unit (210) for purifying said ligand. The mixing system (212) facilitates the integration of the gold-Salen complex with CCONa to form the carbon nanocomposite. A control unit (214) arranges the operation of said components within the system (200), ensuring the process is conducted under optimal conditions.
In an embodiment, the oxidation unit (202) comprises an inlet and an outlet for the gas mixture, with both the inlet and outlet equipped with valves controlled by the control unit (214). This setup facilitates precise regulation of gas flow into and out of the oxidation unit (202), ensuring controlled conditions for the oxidation of the petroleum pitch-based carbon cage to produce carbon cage oxide. The control unit (214) manages the valves in real-time based on the process requirements, optimizing the oxide production and, consequently, the quality of the carbon nanocomposite material. This arrangement underlines the system’s capability for fine-tuning the oxidation environment for effective synthesis.
In another embodiment, the reflux apparatus comprises a cooling condenser to condense vapors, a heating element to maintain the solution at the reflux temperature, a stirring unit, a temperature sensor, and a pH sensor, all integrated and managed by the control unit (214). The cooling condenser and heating element ensure the solution's optimal temperature for activating surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting pH, maintaining the carbon cage oxide's integrity. The stirring unit promotes uniform solution mixing, with the temperature and pH sensors providing the control unit (214) with real-time data for precise condition regulation. This embodiment emphasizes the system’s ability to precisely control the reflux process, a critical step in the carbon nanocomposite material’s synthesis.
In a further embodiment, the vacuum oven (206) is equipped with a pressure sensor and a temperature probe, both connected to the control unit (214). This connection allows for precise drying process regulation by adjusting pressure and temperature within the vacuum oven (206), ensuring optimal conditions for drying the activated material. This embodiment showcases the system's capability to adjust drying conditions precisely, crucial for obtaining the desired properties in the coupling agent and the final carbon nanocomposite material.
In yet another embodiment, the mixing device (212) includes a variable mechanical agitator operating at different speeds at predetermined intervals. This variability enables efficient mixing of the gold-Salen complex with the coupling agent CCONa, ensuring their uniformity. The variable speed agitator accommodates the mixing needs of the components, enhancing the homogeneity of the final carbon nanocomposite material. This aspect of the mixing device (212) highlights the system’s adaptability and precision in nanocomposite formation.
In a further embodiment, the system includes control unit (214) for automated sample collection at predetermined intervals. This automation facilitates real-time monitoring and quality control, minimizing manual intervention and contamination risk.
The term " system for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye utilizing a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst" as used throughout the present disclosure refers to an system designed to efficiently and sustainably degrade Eosin Y dye. This apparatus comprises several key components, each playing a crucial role in the degradation process.
The term "reaction chamber" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a component of the apparatus designed for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye. It is equipped with an inlet for introducing Eosin Y, sodium borohydride, and a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite, serving as the catalyst. This chamber facilitates the chemical reactions necessary for the degradation process.
The term "mixing unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a device disposed within the reaction chamber, responsible for stirring the reaction mixture at a controlled rate. The mixing unit ensures uniform distribution of the reactants and catalyst within the system, contributing to the efficiency of the dye degradation process.
The term "temperature control unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a system for maintaining the reaction chamber at room temperature. This unit plays a critical role in ensuring that the degradation process occurs under optimal temperature conditions, which is essential for the effectiveness of the reaction and stability of the catalyst.
The term "pressure regulation system" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a mechanism for maintaining normal pressure within the reaction chamber. This system ensures that the reaction environment remains stable, thereby facilitating the controlled degradation of the Eosin Y dye.
The term "filtration unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a component for separating the Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite catalyst from the reaction mixture post-degradation. The filtration unit is crucial for recovering and reusing the catalyst, underscoring the apparatus's sustainability aspect.
The term "monitoring system" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to an assembly, including a UV-visible spectrophotometer integrated into the reaction chamber. It enables real-time monitoring of the degradation process at a maximum adsorption wavelength of 480 – 530 nm, providing valuable data on the efficiency and progress of the dye degradation.
The term "control unit" as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a system programmed to automate the degradation process. It controls the introduction of reactants, stirring rate, temperature maintenance, and monitoring of the reaction. The control unit is the central component that arrange the operation of the apparatus, ensuring the process's precision and repeatability.
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus (300) designed for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye using a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. Said apparatus (300) features a reaction chamber (302) equipped with an inlet for introducing Eosin Y, sodium borohydride, and the catalyst. A mixing unit (304) ensures the thorough mixing of the reactants at a controlled rate within said reaction chamber (302). Temperature control is maintained by a temperature control unit (306), while a pressure regulation system (308) maintains normal pressure. After the degradation of Eosin Y dye, a filtration unit (310) separates the catalyst from the reaction mixture. A monitoring system (312), including a UV-visible spectrophotometer, enables real-time monitoring of the degradation process. Control of the entire operation is vested in a control unit (314), which ensures automation and precision of the degradation process in said apparatus (300).
In an embodiment, the apparatus for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye includes a filtration unit (310) that features a filtration This filtration is specifically designed with the particle size of the gold-Salen complex embedded in the carbon nanocomposite. The strategic sizing of the membrane's pores ensures that the gold-Salen complex remains within the reaction chamber (302) while allowing the degraded dye products to pass through effectively. This design facilitates the selective separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture post-degradation, ensuring the catalyst's retention for subsequent reuse. This feature highlights the system’s sustainability, enabling the repeated use of the gold-Salen complex embedded in the carbon nanocomposite catalyst without significant loss in activity over multiple cycles of dye degradation. The inclusion of such a microfiltration unit (310) within the system not only optimizes the sustainability of the dye degradation process but also contributes to reducing waste and operational costs associated with catalyst replacement.
In another embodiment, the system comprises a dispensing unit for the controlled addition of sodium borohydride to the reaction chamber (302). This dispensing unit is regulated by the control unit (314), which adjusts the volume of sodium borohydride introduced based on the concentration of Eosin Y dye as determined by the monitoring system (312). The dispensing system includes a set of syringe pumps, which are instrumental in delivering precise volumes of reactants into the reaction chamber (302). This precise control over reactant addition is crucial for maintaining optimal reaction conditions and ensuring the efficient degradation of Eosin Y dye. The ability to adjust reactant volumes in response to real-time monitoring data allows for the adaptation of the degradation process to varying dye concentrations, enhancing the process's efficiency and effectiveness. The unit with syringe pumps, controlled by the central control unit (314) based on input from the monitoring system (312), exemplifies the system’s advanced capabilities in automating and optimizing the dye degradation process, leading to improved sustainability and operational efficiency.
In an embodiment, nanocomposite of present disclosure provides a non-toxic and highly efficient method for degrading Eosin Y dye contaminants in water. The advanced material functions as a catalyst with high surface area and stability offered by the carbonaceous support and also produces fewer waste products under mild reaction conditions compared to traditional methods. The efficacy of this nanocomposite in breaking down Eosin Y dye significantly improves water quality and ecosystem health by converting harmful dye molecules into harmless byproducts, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of industrial pollution on aquatic habitats and biodiversity. The nanocomposite can be used to for treatment of wastewater from industries such as paper, textiles, and cosmetics, which often contain this persistent organic pollutant. Traditional catalysts typically suffer from issues such as low catalytic activity, instability, and high costs; however, the Gold-Salen Complex addresses these issues effectively. Moreover, the potential environmental risks posed by Eosin Y dyes, which include toxicity and bioaccumulation, are significantly reduced by this nanocomposite, promoting a sustainable solution that supports ecosystem integrity.
The Nitrogen adsorption desorption study was conducted for synthesized carbon nanocomposite material. The BET surface area, pore volume and BJH pore diameter of nano silica ball, carbon composite and Gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite have been presented in following table

Sr. No.
Compound
BET Surface Area (m2/g)
Total Pore Volume (cm3/g)
BJH Pore Diameter (Å)

1.
NSB
163
0.290
71

2.
CC
212
0.857
162

3.
Gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite
239
1.002
17

FIG. 4 illustrates a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image showing the surface morphology of the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. The SEM image reveals a porous, somewhat irregular surface topography. The lighter regions indicate the presence of gold nanoparticles, while the darker areas are likely the carbonaceous material. This porous structure is beneficial for catalytic applications because it increases the surface area available for reactions, such as the degradation of pollutants like Eosin Y dye. The dispersion of gold nanoparticles throughout the carbon matrix can be observed, suggesting a uniform synthesis process and potential for high catalytic activity due to the extensive contact area between the catalyst and the target molecules.
FIG. 5 illustrates a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image that provide structural and morphological information of the Gold-salen complex embedded in the carbon nanocomposite, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. The TEM image shows the nano-scale architecture of the composite material with a high degree of resolution. The structural insight is crucial in understanding how the composite functions at a molecular level, particularly in relation to its catalytic abilities and the pathways for pollutant degradation.
FIG. 6 illustrates a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) curve of the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. The TGA graph plots percentage weight loss against temperature which provides information about the thermal stability and decomposition pattern of the material. The weight loss at different temperature points can be attributed to the loss of various functional groups or the breakdown of the composite components. A significant weight loss at a particular temperature range can indicate the stability of the composite up to that temperature, which is vital for its practical application in various temperature conditions. This TGA data helps in determining the robustness of the composite material for use in industrial processes. The loading of organic moiety in Gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite was found to be 13.95 % as determined from the weight loss measured by thermo-gravimetric analysis carried out in the temperature range between 27 to 800 °C.
FIG. 7 illustrates a graph representing the degradation of Eosin Y dye over time, using the Gold-salen complex embedded in a carbon nanocomposite as a catalyst, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. The graph plots the absorbance of Eosin Y dye at different wavelengths over various reaction times, indicating the decrease in dye concentration as the reaction progresses. A clear decline in peak absorbance is observed as time increases, demonstrating the effectiveness of the nanocomposite in catalysing the breakdown of the dye. The rate of degradation and the time required to significantly reduce the dye's presence in the solution are critical for assessing the efficiency and potential scalability of this method for wastewater treatment applications. The spectrum shift and decrease in intensity confirm the progressive degradation and the catalytic property of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite likely exhibits higher catalytic activity compared to traditional catalysts or methods used for dye degradation. The unique combination of gold-Salen complex and carbon nanomaterials can provide improved catalytic properties as shown below. As illustrated Within 70 minutes more 95 % dye has been degraded.
Example embodiments herein have been described above with reference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods and system. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented. by For example, in one embodiment, each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations can be implemented.
Operations in accordance with a variety of aspects of the disclosure is described above would not have to be performed in the precise order described. Rather, various steps can be handled in reverse order or simultaneously or not at all.
While several implementations have been described and illustrated herein, a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein may be utilized, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the implementations described herein. More generally, all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application. Implementations of the present disclosure are directed to system, material, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such systems, materials, and/or methods, if such features, systems, materials, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

I/We claim:

A method (100) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, comprising:
oxidizing a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage (CC) with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen at a temperature of in range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide (CCO);
refluxing the CCO with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour to activate surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting the pH to 7.5 – 8.5;
vacuum-drying the resulting material to obtain a coupling agent (CCONa);
refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol to synthesize a Salen ligand;
purifying the Salen ligand using silica gel column chromatography;
preparing a gold-Salen complex by refluxing equimolar quantities of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate and the Salen ligand in an ethanolic solution; and
forming a carbon nanocomposite by integrating the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa.
A system (200) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, comprising:
an oxidation chamber (202) receives a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage (CC) with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen and maintain a temperature of in range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide (CCO);
a first reflux apparatus (204) for refluxing the CCO with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour to activate surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting the pH to 7.5 – 8.5;
a vacuum oven (206) for drying the activated material to obtain CCONa;
a second reflux apparatus (208) for refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol to synthesize a Salen ligand;
a purification unit (210) to purify the Salen ligand; and
a mixing device (212) for combining the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa to form the carbon nanocomposite; and
a control unit (214)
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the oxidation chamber (202) comprises an inlet and outlet for the gas mixture, the inlet and outlet equipped with valves controlled by the control unit (214).
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the reflux apparatus comprises:
a cooling condenser to condense vapors and a heating element to maintain the solution at the reflux temperature;
a stirring unit;
a temperature sensor connected to the control unit (214) to regulate the heating element; and
a pH sensor connected to the control unit (214) to adjust the aqueous solution's pH.
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the vacuum oven (206) is equipped with a pressure sensor and a temperature probe, both connected to the control unit (214) to control the drying process.
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the mixing device (212) comprises a variable mechanical agitator to operate at different speeds at predetermined intervals.
The system (200) of claim 2, comprising robotic sampling arm controlled by the control unit (214) to collect samples at predetermined intervals for analysis.
An apparatus (300) for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye utilizing a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst, the apparatus comprising:
a reaction chamber (302) comprises an inlet for introducing Eosin Y, sodium borohydride, and a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite;
a mixing unit (304) disposed within the reaction chamber (302) for stirring the reaction mixture at a controlled rate;
a temperature control unit (306) for maintaining the reaction chamber (302) at room temperature;
a pressure regulation system (308) for maintaining normal pressure within the reaction chamber (302);
a filtration unit (310) for separating the Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite catalyst from the reaction mixture after degradation of the Eosin Y dye;
a monitoring system (312) including a UV–visible spectrophotometer integrated into the reaction chamber (302) for real-time monitoring of the degradation process at a maximum adsorption wavelength of 480 – 530 nm; and
a control unit (314) programmed to automate the degradation process, including the introduction of reactants, stirring rate, temperature maintenance, and monitoring of the reaction.
The apparatus (300) of claim 8, wherein the filtration unit (310) includes a filtration having pore sizes smaller than particle size of gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite to retain gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite while allowing degraded dye products to pass through.
The apparatus (300) of claim 8, comprising a unit for addition of sodium borohydride to the reaction chamber (302), controlled by the control unit (314) based on the concentration of Eosin Y dye determined by the monitoring system (312).

GOLD-SALEN COMPLEX EMBEDDED IN CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE FOR ENHANCED CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF EOSIN Y DYE IN WATER

The present disclosure provides a method for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, comprising: oxidizing a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen at a temperature of in range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide; refluxing the carbon cage oxide with an aqueous solution of 0.1 N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour to activate surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting the pH to 7.5 – 8.5; vacuum-drying the resulting material to obtain a coupling agent; refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol to synthesize a Salen ligand; purifying the Salen ligand using silica gel column chromatography; preparing a gold-Salen complex by refluxing equimolar quantities of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate and the Salen ligand in an ethanolic solution; and forming a carbon nanocomposite by integrating the gold-Salen complex with the coupling agent. The gold-salen embedded in carbon nanocomposite material has shown effective catalytic degradation Eosin Y dye in water to use further in waste water treatment.

Drawings
/
FIG. 1
/
FIG. 2
/
FIG. 3
/
FIG. 4
/
FIG. 5
/
FIG. 6
/
FIG. 7

, Claims:I/We claim:

A method (100) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, comprising:
oxidizing a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage (CC) with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen at a temperature of in range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide (CCO);
refluxing the CCO with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour to activate surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting the pH to 7.5 – 8.5;
vacuum-drying the resulting material to obtain a coupling agent (CCONa);
refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol to synthesize a Salen ligand;
purifying the Salen ligand using silica gel column chromatography;
preparing a gold-Salen complex by refluxing equimolar quantities of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate and the Salen ligand in an ethanolic solution; and
forming a carbon nanocomposite by integrating the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa.
A system (200) for synthesizing a carbon nanocomposite material, comprising:
an oxidation chamber (202) receives a petroleum pitch-based carbon cage (CC) with a gas mixture containing nitrogen and 5 % oxygen and maintain a temperature of in range of 630-750 K for 8-12 hours to produce a carbon cage oxide (CCO);
a first reflux apparatus (204) for refluxing the CCO with an aqueous solution of 0.1N NaOH for 0.8-1.5 hour to activate surface hydroxyl groups and adjusting the pH to 7.5 – 8.5;
a vacuum oven (206) for drying the activated material to obtain CCONa;
a second reflux apparatus (208) for refluxing a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine in ethanol to synthesize a Salen ligand;
a purification unit (210) to purify the Salen ligand; and
a mixing device (212) for combining the gold-Salen complex with the CCONa to form the carbon nanocomposite; and
a control unit (214)
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the oxidation chamber (202) comprises an inlet and outlet for the gas mixture, the inlet and outlet equipped with valves controlled by the control unit (214).
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the reflux apparatus comprises:
a cooling condenser to condense vapors and a heating element to maintain the solution at the reflux temperature;
a stirring unit;
a temperature sensor connected to the control unit (214) to regulate the heating element; and
a pH sensor connected to the control unit (214) to adjust the aqueous solution's pH.
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the vacuum oven (206) is equipped with a pressure sensor and a temperature probe, both connected to the control unit (214) to control the drying process.
The system (200) of claim 2, wherein the mixing device (212) comprises a variable mechanical agitator to operate at different speeds at predetermined intervals.
The system (200) of claim 2, comprising robotic sampling arm controlled by the control unit (214) to collect samples at predetermined intervals for analysis.
An apparatus (300) for the sustainable degradation of Eosin Y dye utilizing a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite as a catalyst, the apparatus comprising:
a reaction chamber (302) comprises an inlet for introducing Eosin Y, sodium borohydride, and a Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite;
a mixing unit (304) disposed within the reaction chamber (302) for stirring the reaction mixture at a controlled rate;
a temperature control unit (306) for maintaining the reaction chamber (302) at room temperature;
a pressure regulation system (308) for maintaining normal pressure within the reaction chamber (302);
a filtration unit (310) for separating the Gold-Salen Complex Embedded in Carbon Nanocomposite catalyst from the reaction mixture after degradation of the Eosin Y dye;
a monitoring system (312) including a UV–visible spectrophotometer integrated into the reaction chamber (302) for real-time monitoring of the degradation process at a maximum adsorption wavelength of 480 – 530 nm; and
a control unit (314) programmed to automate the degradation process, including the introduction of reactants, stirring rate, temperature maintenance, and monitoring of the reaction.
The apparatus (300) of claim 8, wherein the filtration unit (310) includes a filtration having pore sizes smaller than particle size of gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite to retain gold-salen complex embedded in carbon nanocomposite while allowing degraded dye products to pass through.
The apparatus (300) of claim 8, comprising a unit for addition of sodium borohydride to the reaction chamber (302), controlled by the control unit (314) based on the concentration of Eosin Y dye determined by the monitoring system (312).

GOLD-SALEN COMPLEX EMBEDDED IN CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE FOR ENHANCED CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF EOSIN Y DYE IN WATER