DESC:TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates generally to an herbicidal composition.More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an herbicidal composition and a process of preparation thereof.
BACKGROUND
Weeds are a serious biotic constraint in agricultural production systems, non-crop situations as well as daily activities of human beings. Weeds are typically prolific seed producers; therefore, they should be controlled prior to seed production. Weed management in fence rows and non-cropped land is often as essential as it is within cropped areas. This is due to the weed’s ability to distribute and establish itself rapidly. Presence of weeds in non-cropped areas such as roadsides, storage areas, public works yards, parking lots, other utility areas and transmission lines can create problems ranging from creating fire hazards, reducing drainage, reducing accessibility and visibility. Weed control in such areas can manage these problems and give a well-kept appearance to the area.
However, most of the time, Indian farmers do not take interest to control weeds from non-crop situations like field bunds, irrigation channels, field boundary, farm roadside, areas adjacent to threshing floor etc. But, neglecting these areas increases the weed infestation in crop land also by disseminating their seeds or propagating materials to crop land from non-crop areas by different transporters like water, farm machineries, instruments etc. So, weed management in non-cropped areas is equally important like crop areas.
As of now, weeds can be controlled by mechanical methods like mowing or cultivation, which is time consuming and costly. The present practices include combining herbicides that have different modes of action, which allows for broader spectrum of control and allow for resistance management. The combinations used currently do not effectively handle resistant, persistent weeds and yet do not exert harmful effects on the main crop plants.
In view of the above limitations of the conventional approaches for compositions and methods, there exists a need to develop an improved composition and method which would enhance crop plants, enhanced efficacy and broader spectrum of weed control while being compatible with the main crop plant for longer duration of control over resistant weeds with the crops of the leguminous family.
SUMMARY
In an aspect of the present disclosure, an herbicidal composition is provided. The composition comprises a paraquat dichloride in a range of 1-25% w/w, an oxyfluorfen in a range of 0.1-45 % w/w, a polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxanein a range of 1-30% w/w; and an agriculturally accepted excipient.
In some aspects of the present disclosure, the agriculturally accepted excipient is selected from a group comprising vitamins, salts, thickeners, emulsifiers, dispersion agents, suspension agents, wetting agents, adjuvants carriers, diluents, fillers, anti-foaming agents, anti-freezing agents, dispersing agents, biocides or a mixture thereof.
In another aspect of the present disclosure, the vitamins are selected from a group comprising nitrogen, phosphorus, cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, iron, boron, sulfur or a mixture thereof.
In some aspects of the present disclosure, the emulsifier is selected from a group of comprising an ethoxylated alcohols, polyalkoxylated butyl ethers, calcium alkyl benzene sulphonates, polyalkylene glycol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate or a mixture thereof.
In some aspects of the present disclosure, the anti-foaming agent is selected from a group a comprising a polyalkyne oxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane, 4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, docusate (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), benzalkaonium chloride, perfluorooctane sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, formaldehyde condensate, sodium, polypropylene polyoxyethylene or a mixture thereof.
In some aspect of the present disclosure, the thickener is selected from a group of comprising xantham gum, lignosulphate, gums, molasses or a mixture thereof.

In some aspect of the present disclosure, the suspension agent is selected from a group of comprising of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharides, clays or a mixture thereof.

In some aspect of the present disclosure, the herbicidal composition is in form of an emulsion, microemulsion, granules, powder, suspension, capsule, liquid, or a spray.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for preparation of an herbicidal composition is provided. The method comprises blending N,N-dimethyl decanamide and N,N dimethylformamide, oxyfluorfen, naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, sodium, and polypropylene polyoxyethylene copolymer to obtain an aqueous phase, mixing demineralized water, surfactant and antifoaming agent, propylene glycol and paraquat dichloride to obtain an organic phase, dropping the obtained aqueous phase into the organic phase followed by stirring to obtain a homogenized mass, adding 20% aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one,polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane in the obtained homogenized mass, and filtering the obtained homogenized mass by way of a 5-micron hole filter to obtain the herbicidal composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The above and still further features and advantages of aspects of the present disclosure become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of aspects thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and wherein:
Fig 1A is a graphical representation that illustrates distribution of weeds in the non-cropped land, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.
To facilitate understanding, like reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate like elements common to the figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This section is intended to provide explanation and description of various possible embodiments of the present invention. The embodiments used herein, and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to non-limiting embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawing/s and detailed in the following description. The examples used herein are intended only to facilitate understanding of ways in which the embodiments may be practiced and to enable the person skilled in the art to practice the embodiments used herein.
Also, the examples/embodiments described herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein. The various aspects including the example aspects are now described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the various aspects of the disclosure are shown. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the aspects set forth herein. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure is thorough and complete, and fully conveys the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the sizes of components may be exaggerated for clarity.
The exemplary mode for carrying out the disclosure is presented in terms of its exemplary embodiments. However, the exemplary embodiments described herein detail for illustrative purposes and are subject to many variations. It is understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient but are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.
The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.
As mentioned, there remains a need to provide longer duration of control over resistant weeds that are grown with the crops of the leguminous family. The present aspect, therefore provides an herbicidal composition and process of preparation thereof.
As used herein, the term “herbicide”, refers to an active ingredient that kills controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants. As used herein, a herbicidal effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient that causes a “herbicidal effect,” i.e., an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation.
As used herein, the terms “plants” and “vegetation” include, but are not limited to, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
As used herein, the term “synergy “refers to a combination of two elements such that the result of this combination is greater than the sum of the results that these elements would have separately. It is an unexpected result only achieved by bringing the components into contact, and therefore it is not possible to predict, infer or suggest.
As used herein, N, N –dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride, also known as paraquat dichloride is an organic compound with the chemical formula {(C6H7N)2}Cl2. It is a broad spectrum, non-selective and contact herbicide which effectively controls broadleaved weeds and grasses. The molecular formula is C12H14Cl2N2 and molecular weight is 257.16 g•mol-1.

As used herein, oxyfluorfen also called as2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene is a diphenyl-ether herbicide used for broad spectrum pre- and post-emergent control of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of tree fruit, nut, vine, and field crops. It controls pre-emergent and post emergent broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of field, fruit, and vegetable crops, ornamentals, as well as non-crop sites. The molecular formula isC15H11ClF3NO4and molecular weight is 361.702 g/mol.

As used herein, Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxaneis an organic silicone surfactant is co-formulant having a super ability of spreading. It is to enhance the performance of agricultural chemicals, especially water-soluble broadleaf herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and plant growth regulators, rapid control as well as more coverage comparatively alone pesticides combination. It helps accelerate the rapid uptake of agrochemicals into plants and foliage through stomatal infiltration, resulting in rain fast spray solutions and improved application reliability and it also not affected by any oil-based components and provide enhanced spreading in formulations.
The term “paraquat dichloride” and “N,N –dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride” are interchangeably used across the disclosure.
The term “oxyfluorfen” and“2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy (trifluoromethyl) benzene” are interchangeably used across the disclosure.
The present herbicidal composition comprises a paraquat dichloride, an oxyfluorfenandapolyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxanethat produces a synergistic effect by controlling the pre-emergent and post emergent broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of field, fruit, and vegetable crops, ornamentals, as well as non-crop sites.
The herbicidal composition of the present invention comprises a paraquat dichloride in a range of 1-25% w/w, an oxyfluorfen in a range of 0.1-45 % w/w, a polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane in a range of 1-30% w/w and an agriculturally accepted excipient.

In another embodiment, the agriculturally accepted excipient is selected from a group comprising - vitamin, salts, thickeners, emulsifiers, dispersion agents, suspension agents, wetting agents, adjuvants carriers, diluents, fillers, anti-foaming agents, anti-freezing agents, dispersing agents, biocides or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the vitamins are selected from a group comprising- nitrogen, phosphorus, cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, iron, boron, sulfur or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the emulsifier is selected from a group of comprising-ethoxylated alcohols, polyalkoxylated butyl ethers, calcium alkyl benzene stilphonates, polyalkylene glycol, polyoxyethylenesorbitan esters, polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonolaurate or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the anti-foaming agent is selected from a group a comprising-polyalkyne oxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane, 4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, docusate (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), benzalkaonium chloride, perfluorooctane sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, formaldehyde condensate, sodium, polypropylene polyoxyethylene or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the thickener is selected from a group comprising xantham gum, lignosulphate, gums, molasses or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the suspension agent is selected from a group of comprising sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharides, clays or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition is in a form of an emulsion, microemulsion, granules, powder, suspension, capsule, liquid, or a spray.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition can be formulated in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion, microemulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, emulsifiableconcentrate, nano emulsions, water dispersible granules, suspension concentrate, capsule suspensions, emulsifiable granule, driftless formulation, oil dispersion or wettable powder, nules, or encapsulated granules.
In another embodiment, the composition comprising the synergistic combination are effective in controlling the grassy weeds, sedges and broad-leaf weeds (BLW’s) such as Echinochloa spp., Dctylocteniumaegypticum and EleusineIndicaHeliotropium, Amaranthus, Digitaria, Imperata, Angallisarvenis,fimbristylis, traianthemamonogyna, setariasp, commelinabenghalensisboerrariain the agricultural field.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition is provided to control weeds comprising grassy weeds, sedges and broad leaf weeds present, but not limited to, a wheat, oat, rapeseed, barley, chili, tomato, onion, wild oat, cereal, rice, ginger, cotton, sugar canes, pea, volunteer cereals to improve the growth and grain yield without resulting in any environmental hazard and phytotoxicity.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition is provided to improve yield of food crops.
In a preferred embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises paraquat dichloride in a range of 1 to 25% w/w of the composition, oxyfluorfen in a range of 0.1 to 45% w/w of the composition and polyalkane oxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane in a range of 1 to 30% w/w of the herbicidal composition.
The herbicidal compounds mentioned above are in the art either individually or in combination with other herbicides. N,N –dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride, 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneand2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene when applied showed poor effective and low phytotoxicity. However, oxyfluorfen, paraquat and Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane in combination are proven to be more efficacious and provides an excellent synergistic activity on weeds.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition further comprises one or more of a herbicide selected from a group comprising pyrimidinyloxybenzylamine herbicides, phenylenediamineherbicides, arsenical herbicides, nitrile herbicides, pyrazole herbicides, pyridazineherbicides, oxazole herbicides, benzofuranylalkyl sulfonate, cyclopropylisoxazoleherbicides, organo phosphorus herbicides, thiocarbamate herbicides, uracil herbicides, inorganic herbicides, dinitrophenol herbicides, quaternary ammonium herbicides, or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition further comprises one or more of PPG oxidase inhibitor herbicide. In another embodiment, PPG oxidase inhibitor herbicide is selected from a group comprising acifluorfen-Na, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, fluazolate, pyraflufen-ethyl, cinidon-ethyl, flumioxazin, flumiclorac-pentyl, fluthiacet-methyl, thidiazimin, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, azafenidin, carfentrazone-ethyl, sulfentrazone, pentoxazone,benzfendizone, butafenacil, pyrazogyl, and profluazol or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition is in form of a mixture in combination comprising insecticides, miticides and fungicides, pesticidal, or biopesticide agents.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition is provided to control weeds in crops. In another embodiment, the crops are selected from a group comprising cotton, sugarcane, beetroot, soyabean, rice or canola. In an embodiment, the herbicidal composition is provided to control weeds in fruits selected from a group comprising grapes, watermelon, banana, cherry, apricot, plum, peach, berry or apples.
In an embodiment, a method for preparing an herbicidal composition is provided. The method comprises blending N,N-dimethyl decanamide and N,N dimethylformamide, oxyfluorfen, naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, sodium, and polypropylene polyoxyethylene copolymer to obtain an aqueous phase. The method further comprises mixing demineralized water, surfactant and antifoaming agent, propylene glycol and paraquat dichloride to obtain an organic phase. The method further comprises dropping the obtained aqueous phase into the organic phase followed by stirring to obtain a homogenized mass followed by adding 20% aqueous di-propylene glycol solution of1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one,modifiedheptamethyltrisiloxane in the obtained homogenized mass. Lastly, filtering the obtained homogenized mass by way of a 5-micron hole filter to obtain a herbicidal composition.
Examples
The subject matter of example aspects, as disclosed herein, is described with specificity to meet statutory requirements. The disclosure will now be illustrated with working examples, which is intended to illustrate the working of disclosure and not intended to take restrictively to imply any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, the exemplary methods, devices, and materials are described herein. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to methods, and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary.
Example 1: Preparation of herbicidal composition as Emulsion in water (EW)
Preparation of an organic phase
Solvent 2.40% w/w of N, N-dimethyl decanamide and 0.60% w/w of N,N dimethylformamide were blended in a glass beaker to obtain a homogenous mixture of solvents. Further, 1.99%w/w of oxyfluorfen was added into the obtained solvent and dissolved to obtain a transparent liquid. Further, 2.60% w/w of naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, sodium, 2.50% w/w of polypropylene polyoxyethylene copolymere are added to the obtained transparent liquid.
Preparation of an aqueous phase
In a glass beaker, 25.82% w/w of demineralized water, 5% w/w of surfactant and 3% of antifoaming agent and 3 % w/w of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a homogenous mass. Further, 22.4 % w/w of paraquat dichloride was added to the obtained homogenous mass and stirred to obtain a homogenous mobile liquid.
Further, the obtained aqueous phase was mixed in a high shear mixing well and then shifted to a feed vessel provided with level indicator management. The aqueous phase was dropped into the obtained organic phase under vigorous stirring until a homogenized mass was obtained.
Furthermore, 0.20 % w/w of 20% aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-oneand 0.20% of xanthan gum was added into the obtained homogenized mass at room temperature followed by stirring.2.30% w/w of polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane was added to the homogenized mass. Lastly, the obtained homogenized mass was filtered by way of a 5-micron hole filter followed by testing of quality parameters as discussed in Table 2 and the composition is depicted in Table 1.

Table 1: Composition of the herbicidal composition
INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE W/W
Paraquat Dichloride (based on 100 % w/w ) 22.40
Oxyflurofen(based on 100 % w/w a.i.) 1.99
Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane (based on 100 %w/w) 2.30
Surfactants: Naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, sodium 2.60
Polypropylene -polyoxyethylene, copolymer 2.50
Blended of Anionic andNonionic Surfactant-The non-ionic surfactant' Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate 5.00
N,N-dimethyl decanamide 2.40
Auxiliary agents (1,2-propylene glycol) 3.00
Biocides (20% aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one.) 0.20
NN Dimethyl formamide 0.60
Xanthan Gum 0.20
Carrier –Water 25.82
TOTAL 100

Table 2: Quality Testing Parameters
Sno Testing Parameters Desired Quality
1 Physical Description The material shall be in the form of greenish color homogeneous stable emulsified liquid free from extraneous matter , readily mixed with water for the spray
2 AI Content Paraquat Dichloride (w/w) 22.4%
Oxyfluorfen (w/w) 1.99%
Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane (w/w) 2.30%
3 Emulsion Stability and re-emulsification The formulation, when diluted at 25 ±50C with CIPAC standard waters A and D , shall comply with the following :
0 h - initial emulsification complete
0.5h-cream, maximum 0 mL
2.0h -cream, maximum 1 mL
24 h – re-emulsification complete
24.5 h – Cream maximum – 2 mL
Free oil maximum – 1 mL
4 pH 1% aqueous solution 5.0 - 8.0
5 Pourability Maximum residue 1 %
6 Persistent foam after 1 minute Maximum 60 mL
7 Stability at 0C After storage at 0 ±0C for 7 days , the volume of solid and / or oily liquid which separates shall not be more than 0.3mL
8 Stability at elevated temperature After storage 54 ±20C for 14 days, the determined average active ingredient content must not be lower than 5 % relative to the determined average content found before storage and the formulation shall continue to comply the pH , emulsion stability and re-emulsification as required .

Example 2:Field evaluation of the bio efficacy of the present herbicidal composition
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of premix herbicide formulation paraquatdichloride 22.4%, oxyfluorfen 1.99 % and 2.30% of Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxanemulsionin water in a non-cropped area situated in the research farm of ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur.
The herbicides were applied on 01-08-2022 following the standard protocol.
The plot size was 4m x 3m .The trial was laid out in a random block design comprising a total of 9 treatments and 3 replications. A spray volume of 500 litres was used for the herbicide application. All the observations were recorded as per the protocol. The WCE (%) and Colby’s ratio were also calculated.
Observations to be recorded:
1. Initial population of weeds (species-wise) before spraying
2. Weed count (species-wise) at 30, 60 and 90 days after spraying
3. Weed dry biomass
4. Recording of species-wise symptom development (yellowing, scorching and wilting etc.) at 4 and 7 DAA
5. Recording of regeneration of weeds after 10, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after spray
6. Days of complete kill of weeds (species-wise)
7. Weed Control Efficiency (WCE) percentage data.
Table 3 below provides the treatment details of the non-cropped area in the trial experiment conducted.

Table 3 Treatment Details
S.no Treatments Dosage (Formulation) (ml/ha)
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % +Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500
6. Paraquatdichloride 24% SL 2500
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500

Example 2 (a):Initial population of weeds (species-wise) before herbicide application
The experimental plot had presence of diverse weed flora, a total of 12 weed species. On an average 478.1 weeds were present per m2 area (Table 4). The per cent distribution of weeds (Fig 1 and Table 4) was Alternantheraphiloxeroides (1.5), Alternantherasessilis(3.9),Commelinabenghalensis(0.3),Cyperusrotundus(7.0),Dinebraretroflexa(22.3),Eclipta alba (0.7), Echinochloacolona (0.3), Euphorbia geniculata(0.3),Mollugopentaphyla(56.9),Paspalidiumflavidum(2.1),Physalis minima (1.8), Phyllanthus simplex (2.8).

Table 4: Weed population (no./m2) before herbicide application
Sno A. p. A. s. C. b. C. r. D. r. E.a. E. c. E. g. M. p. P. f. P. m. P.s. Total
1. 0.0 18.0 1.3 12.7 74.0 4.7 5.0 10.7 388.7 36.3 7.0 17.0 575.4
2. 24.7 9.0 1.0 52.3 77.3 4.7 1.3 0.3 197.3 19.7 15.0 11.3 413.9
3. 22.7 15.0 1.3 27.3 94.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 293.0 11.3 16.3 16.3 499.5
4. 11.3 20.3 5.0 53.3 83.0 1.7 0.0 1.3 319.3 4.3 11.3 15.0 525.8
5 0.0 46.0 0.7 19.7 85.7 0.3 1.3 0.3 193.3 2.7 6.0 16.0 372
6. 0.0 28.7 3.3 36.3 159.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 204.3 6.0 9.0 13.3 461.2
7. 0.0 12.7 0.7 24.3 125.7 3.3 0.0 1.0 289.0 2.7 2.7 16.0 478.1
8. 0.7 5.0 0.0 45.7 126.3 7.7 1.0 0.0 336.3 4.0 6.7 11.3 544.7
9. 3.7 13.3 0.0 30.7 134.0 4.7 3.0 0.0 226.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 432.4
10. 7.0 18.6 1.4 33.5 106.5 3.2 1.4 1.51 271.9 10.1 8.8 13.6 478.1
11. 1.5 3.9 0.3 7.0 22.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 56.9 2.1 1.8 2.8 100.3

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, E.g. – Euphorbia geniculata, M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, , P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex
Example 2(b) :Weed count (species-wise) at 30 days after spraying
At 30 days after herbicide application, among the evaluated herbicide combinations, considerable reduction in total weed population was observed under paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW and paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99% +Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% EW applied at 2500 ml/ha mainly due to reduction in population of Dinebraretroflexa, Cyperusrotundus, Mollugopentaphylla, Physalis minima etc.(Table 4). There was almost nil weed population observed with Paraquat 22.4% + Oxyfluorfen 1.99% and Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30 % EWapplication. However, all the herbicides at their dosage tested were able to reduce the weed population compared to weedy check.

Table 5 Weed population (no./m2) at 30 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
( ml/ha ) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. M. p. P. f. P. m. P.s. Others Total
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + PolyalkyleneoxideModifiedHeptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 4.3 21.7 5.7 34.3 192.0 2.3 1.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 265.3
2.
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 5.7 11.3 0.3 17.0 158.3 1.7 5.7 1.3 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 203.7
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 0.3 22.7 0.0 28.0 131.0 0.7 2.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 190.7
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 1.3 16.3 0.3 16.0 130.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 166.5
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 0.3 17.3 0.3 6.3 171.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 197.2
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 11.7 15.7 0.3 36.7 18.0 1.7 0.0 83.0 0.0 10.0 14.7 2.3 194.1
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 12.7 29.7 0.0 16.3 114.0 0.7 1.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 180.4
9. Weedy check 2.7 18.7 1.3 22.7 158.7 2.7 2.0 155.0 1.3 7.0 7.0 0.7 379.8
LSD (P=0.05) 107.78

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, , M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, , P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex, Others - E.g. – Euphorbia geniculata, Cynodondactylon
Example 2(c):Weed count (species-wise) at 60 days after spraying
The weed density observations taken at 60 DAA state that the variation among the test herbicides on the total weed population were negligible . The weeds A.p., C.b.E.a., M.p., and P.s. were effectively controlled by Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% at 2500 ml/ha.

Table 6: Weed population (no./m2) at 60 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
(ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c M. p. P. f. P. m. P. s. Others Total
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 1.3 18.0 2.3 12.7 33.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 74.9
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 2.0 14.0 0.3 14.0 26.0 0.3 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 1.7 0.6 62.9
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 0.7 12.3 0.0 11.7 33.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 12.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 73.7
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 3.0 18.3 0.7 19.3 34.3 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.6 78.8
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 0.7 10.0 0.3 12.3 31.3 0.7 5.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 62.9
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 0.0 12.0 0.3 10.3 47.7 1.0 2.7 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 77.6
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 4.3 9.3 0.7 18.3 10.3 2.3 1.0 3.3 0.7 1.3 22.0 2.0 75.5
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 0.0 2.0 1.3 0.7 68.7 0.0 0.7 14.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 90.8
9. Weedy check 1.0 18.0 0.7 7.0 31.0 2.3 1.0 28.3 2.7 1.3 9.3 5.3 107.9
LSD (P=0.05) NS

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, , M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, , P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex, Others – Cynodondactylon, Euphorbia geniculata, Ipomoea sp., Mecardoniaprocumbens and Partheniumhysterophorus.

Example 2 (d): Calculating weed dry biomass
a. 30 DAA
The total weed dry weight was effectively reduced at 30 DAA by application of paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 ml/ha compared to all other test chemicals except paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% at dose (2500 ml/ha )which showed negligible weed growth. .Population of D.r., the major weed observed was effectively reduced by paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW+ Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% at dose ( 2500 ml/ha)(Table 7).

Table 7: Weed dry weight (g/m2) at 30 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
( ml/ha ) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. M. p. P. f. P. m. P.s. Others Total
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 0.9 22.3 3.0 12.8 107.0 1.0 4.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 155.2
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 3.7 26.2 0.3 9.9 65.9 1.5 17.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 8.0 133.2
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 1.2 39.9 0.0 8.0 56.2 0.2 4.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 114.5
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.30
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 2.1 36.5 2.2 5.6 44.3 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 104.6
6. Paraquatdichloride24% SL 2500 0.4 12.7 1.0 1.1 115.5 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 139.1
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 80.6 37.8 1.2 22.1 21.2 1.4 0.0 11.3 0.0 12.7 10.0 1.8 200.0
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 0.0 1.8 3.9 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 17.2
9. Weedy check 6.1 59.7 0.0 11.4 107.7 1.6 15.9 20.7 0.4 6.6 4.7 5.3 240.1
LSD (P=0.05) 84.21

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, , M.p. - Mollugopentaphyla, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, , P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex, Others - E.g. – Euphorbia geniculata, Cynodondactylon
(b) at 60 DAA

The least total weed dry weight at 60 DAA was noted under paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30%at 2500 ml/ha in comparison to paraquat and oxyflorfen2500 ml/ha alone. It was observed that competition among weed species played an important role on the amount of weed dry weight (Table 8).

Table 8: Weed dry weight (g/m2) at 60 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
(ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. P.s. M. p. P. f. P. m. Others Total
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 6.3 98.8 10.8 2.9 47.0 0.0 18.3 0.2 0.0 5.5 0.9 23.6 214.6
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 5.5 75.9 0.9 6.5 71.1 0.8 14.7 0.4 0.0 16.6 0.1 3.6 196.4
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + PolyalkyleneoxideModifiedHeptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 0.4 71.0 0.0 5.5 64.6 0.0 7.2 0.2 0.0 18.9 0.7 3.6 172.4
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 5.6 10.8 0.1 4.7 29.5 0.1 5.2 0.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.4 58.2
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 1.8 14.1 0.7 3.1 100.1 0.6 36.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 6.4 163.0
6. Paraquatdichloride 24% SL 2500 0.0 54.5 0.1 2.9 104.7 0.0 19.1 0.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 183.1
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 55.7 61.5 2.2 5.7 21.4 6.2 6.2 42.1 0.5 0.4 2.0 2.1 206.0
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 0.0 5.4 1.5 0.1 146.6 0.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 0.1 0.1 159.5
9. Weedy check 3.5 67.3 0.7 1.5 58.9 3.3 13.0 9.9 21.8 14.4 10.5 30.4 235.2
LSD (P=0.05) NS

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, , M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, , P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex, Others – Cynodondactylon, Euphorbia geniculata, Ipomoea sp., Mecardoniaprocumbens and Partheniumhysterophorus. Acmellaradicans.

Example 2(e): Recording of species-wise symptom development (yellowing, scorching and wilting etc.) at 2, 4 and 7 DAA.
2 DAA
Two days after application of herbicides, the formulations containing paraquat showed low to severe leaf scorching on weeds. The treatments viz. paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxanexane 2.30%, paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW at 2500 ml/ha dose showed severe leaf scorching on weeds A.p., A.s.C.b.E.a.M.p.P.f., P.m. and P.s.s. (Table 9)

Table 9: Species-wise symptom development (yellowing, scorching and wilting etc.) at 2 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage (ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. d. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. I. s. M. p. P. f. P. h. P. m. P. s.
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxanexane 2.30% 1000 LLS SLS LLS MLS LLS LLS LLS LLS LLS SLS LLS - LLS LLS
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 LLS SLS LLS MLS LLS LLS LLS LLS LLS SLS LLS - LLS SLS
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 MLS SLS LLS MLS MLS LLS MLS LLS LLS SLS LLS LLS LLS SLS
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 SLS SLS SLS MLS MLS MLS SLS MLS LLS SLS SLS LLS SLS SLS
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 SLS SLS SLS MLS MLS MLS SLS MLS LLS SLS SLS LLS SLS SLS
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 SLS SLS SLS MLS MLS MLS SLS MLS LLS SLS SLS LLS SLS SLS
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 - - - - - LY - - - - - - LY -
9. Weedy check - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

LY – Low Yellowing; SY – Severe Yellowing; RL – Red Leaf; GR – Green
LLS – Low Leaf Scorching; MLS – Medium Leaf Scorching; SLS – Severe Leaf Scorching
LW - Low Wilting; MW – Medium Wilting; SW – Severe Wilting
A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis C.d.- Cynodondactylon, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, I.s. - Ipomoea sp., M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla , P.h.- Partheniumhysterophorus, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex

4 DAA
The treatments 3, 4, and 5 caused severe wilting on weeds A.p., A.s., C.b., C.r.,,E.a., M.p., P.f., P.m. and P.s. at 4 DAA

Table 10: Species-wise symptom development (yellowing, scorching and wilting etc.) at 4 DAA
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
( ml/ha ) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. d. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. I. s. M. p. P. f. P. h. P. m. P. s.
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 MW MW LW MW MW LW MW LW SLS MW LW LLS LW MW
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 MW MW LW MW MW LW SW LW SLS SW MW LLS LW MW
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 SW SW SW MW SW MW SW LW SLS SW SW SLS SW SW
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + PolyalkyleneoxideModifiedHeptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 SW SW SW MW SW MW SW MW SLS SW SW SLS SW SW
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 SW SW SW MW SW MW SW MW SLS SW SW SLS SW SW
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 SW SW SW MW SW MW SW MW SLS SW SW SLS SW SW
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 LY LLS - - - - - - - - - - - -
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 LW LY SLS - LY RL SW RL SY SW - SW LY SW
9. Weedy check - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis C.d.- Cynodondactylon, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, I.s. - Ipomoea sp., M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla , P.h.- Partheniumhysterophorus, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthussimplex.
LY – Low Yellowing; SY – Severe Yellowing; RL – Red Leaf; GR – Green
LLS – Low Leaf Scorching; MLS – Medium Leaf Scorching; SLS – Severe Leaf Scorching
LW - Low Wilting; MW – Medium Wilting; SW – Severe Wilting

7 DAA
Severe wilting of weeds A.p., A.s., C.r., M.p.P.f., P.m. and P.s. caused by the treatments 3, 4 and 5 continued on 7 DAA, however, C.b., C.d., E.a., E.c. I.s., and P.h. started showing greening of leaves(Table 11).

Table 11: Species-wise symptom development (yellowing, scorching and wilting etc.) at 7 DAA.
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
(ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. d. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. I. s. M. p. P. f. P. h. P. m. P. s.
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 SW GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR SW SW GR GR SW
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 SW GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR SW SW GR GR SW
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 SW SW GR GR SW GR GR GR GR SW SW GR SW SW
4. Paraquatdichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 SW SW GR GR SW SW GR GR GR SW SW GR SW SW
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 SW SW GR GR SW SW GR GR GR SW SW GR SW SW
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 SW SW SW GR SW SW SW GR SW SW SW GR SW SW
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 - - - - - LLS - - - - - - - -
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 SW SW - - SY SW SW SLS SW SW - - SW SLS
9. Weedy check - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

LY – Low Yellowing; SY – Severe Yellowing; RL – Red Leaf; GR – Green
LLS – Low Leaf Scorching; MLS – Medium Leaf Scorching; SLS – Severe Leaf Scorching
LW - Low Wilting; MW – Medium Wilting; SW – Severe Wilting
A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis C.d.- Cynodondactylon, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, I.s. - Ipomoea sp., M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla , P.h.- Partheniumhysterophorus, P.f. –Paspalidiumflavidum, P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex

Example 2(f): Recording of regeneration of weeds after 10, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after spray
Most of the weeds observed in the experimental plot except M.p., P.m. and P.s. started regenerating after 09 DAA in all the combinations containing paraquat(Table 12)

Table 12: Days to regeneration of weeds
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
(ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. d. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. I. s. M. p. P. f. P. h. P. m. P. s.
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane2.30% 1500 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
6. Paraquatdichloride 24% SL 2500 15 15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
9. Weedy check - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. –Commelinabenghalensis C.d.- Cynodondactylon, C.r.–Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, I.s. - Ipomoea sp., M.p. –Mollugopentaphyla , P.h.- Partheniumhysterophorus, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex

Example 2(g): Days of complete kill of weeds (species-wise)
The tested herbicide combinations Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyflurofen 1.99 % + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% EW took 3 days to complete kill the Mollugopentaphyla, Physalis minima,Phyllanthus simplex.Alternantheraphiloxeroides, Alternantherasessilis, Eclipta alba andPhysalis minima,Cynodondactylon, Dinebraretroflexa, Echinochloacolona, Ipomoea sp.,PaspalidiumflavidumandPartheniumhysterophorus ,CommelinabenghalensisandCyperusrotundus(Table 13).

Table 13: Days to complete kill of weeds
Sl.No Treatments Dosage
(ml/ha) A. p. A. s. C. b. C. d. C. r. D. r. E. a. E. c. I. s. M. p. P. f. P. h. P. m. P. s.
1. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 - - - - - - - - - 7 7 7
2. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 - - - - - - - - - 7 7 7
3. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2000 - - - - - - - - - 7 7 7
4. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + PolyalkyleneoxideModifiedHeptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 3 3 3- 3 3 3 3- 3- 3- 3- 3 3 3- 3-
5 Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + Oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 - - - - - - - - - 7 7 7
6. Paraquat 24% SL 2500 - - - - - - - - - 7 7 7
7. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8. Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 7 7 20 15 20 15 7 15 15
7 15 15
7
20
9. Weedy check - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A.p. – Alternantheraphiloxeroides, A.s. – Alternantherasessilis, C.b. - Commelinabenghalensis C.d.- Cynodondactylon, C.r. - Cyperusrotundus, D.r. – Dinebraretroflexa, E.a. – Eclipta alba, E.c. – Echinochloacolona, I.s. - Ipomoea sp., M.p. - Mollugopentaphyla , P.h.- Partheniumhysterophorus, P.f. – Paspalidiumflavidum, P.m. – Physalis minima, P.s. – Phyllanthus simplex.

Table 14: Weed control efficiency (%) and Colby’s ratio
Compound Dose
(g or mL)/ha WCE at 30 DAA
(Ea+b) WCE at 60 DAA
(Ea+b) Expected Control (Et)
30 DAA Expected Control (Et)
60 DAA Colby's Ratio
30 DAA Colby's Ratio
60 DAA
(%) (%) (%) (%) (Ea+b/Et) (Ea+b/Et)
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1000 35.36
8.75 51.74
31.76 0.68
0.27
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 1500 44.52 16.5 51.74 31.76 0.86 0.52
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 %EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane2.30% 2000 48.56 26.7 51.74 31.76 0.94 0.84
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% 2500 52.31 12.3 51.74 31.76 1.01 0.39
Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW 2500 56.43 30.7 51.74 31.76 1.09 0.96
Paraquat 24% SL 2500 42.06 22.1
Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 1000 16.70 12.4
Glyphosate 41% SL 2500 98.37 32.2

Conclusion:
Based on one season research results it is stated that the pre-mix herbicide formulation paraquat dichloride 22.4% + oxyfluorfen 1.99% + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% @2500 ml/ha could effectively reduce the diverse weed population and their dry weight as compared to all other combinations of the same herbicides at different doses. Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % + oxyfluorfen 1.99 % EW + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% @ 2500 ml/ha have synergistic effect on broad spectrum weed control with Colby’s ratio of 1.01 and 1.09, respectively.
The application of Paraquat dichloride 22.4 % +Oxyflurofen 1.99 % +Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% EW. 2500 ml/ha showed the good weed control at 30 DAA ,however, at 60 DAA the weed control under paraquat dichloride 22.4% +oxyfluorfen 1.99% + Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane 2.30% at 2500 ml/ha EW was best weed control .
The foregoing discussion of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the present disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description, for example, various features of the present disclosure are grouped together in one or more aspects, configurations, or aspects for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, configurations, or aspects may be combined in alternate aspects, configurations, or aspects other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention the present disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed aspect, configuration, or aspect. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate aspect of the present disclosure.
Moreover, though the description of the present disclosure has included description of one or more aspects, configurations, or aspects and certain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications are within the scope of the present disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative aspects, configurations, or aspects to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.
,CLAIMS:
1. A herbicidal composition comprising:
a. a paraquat dichloride in a range of 1-25% w/w;
b. an oxyfluorfen in a range of 0.1-45 % w/w;
c. a polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane in a range of 1-30% w/w ; and
d. an agriculturally accepted excipient.
2. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agriculturally accepted excipient is selected from a group comprising a vitamin, salts, thickeners, emulsifiers, dispersion agents, suspension agents, wetting agents, adjuvants carriers, diluents, fillers, anti-foaming agents, anti-freezing agents, dispersing agents, biocides or a mixture thereof.
3. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the vitamins are selected from a group comprising a nitrogen, phosphorus, cobalt,chromium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, iron, boron, sulfur or a mixture thereof.
4. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is selected from a group of comprising an ethoxylated alcohols, polyalkoxylated butyl ethers, calcium alkyl benzene stilphonates, polyalkylene glycol, polyoxyethylenesorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate or a mixture thereof.
5. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 2, the anti-foaming agent is selected from a group a comprising a polyalkyne oxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane, 4-(5-dodecyl)benzenesulfonate, docusate (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), benzalkaonium chloride, perfluorooctan esulfonate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, formaldehyde condensate, sodium, polypropylene polyoxyethylene or a mixture thereof.
6. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the thickener is selected from a group comprising xantham gum, lignosulphate, gums, molasses or a mixture thereof.
7. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the suspension agent is selected from a group comprising a sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharides, clays or a mixture thereof.
8. The herbicidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the herbicidal composition is in form an emulsion, microemulsion, granules, powder, suspension, capsule, liquid, or a spray.
9. A method for preparation of a herbicidal composition, the method comprising:
a. Blending N,N-dimethyldecanamideandN,Ndimethylformamide,oxyfluorfen,naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, sodium, and polypropylenepolyoxyethylenecopolymer to obtain an aqueous phase;
b. mixing demineralized water, surfactant and antifoaming agent ,propylene glycol and paraquat dichloride to obtain an organic phase;
c. dropping the obtained aqueous phase into the organic phase followed by stirring to obtain a homogenized mass;
d. adding 20% aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one,polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane in the obtained homogenized mass;
e. Filtering the obtained homogenized mass by way of a 5-micron hole filter to obtain a herbicidal composition.