FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention discloses high strength hot rolled steel product with tensile strength
of at least 1100MPa and elongation not less than 21%. The steel further has uniform
elongation not less than 10-12% and yield and tensile ratio 0.6-0.7. The developed steel
further has tensile toughness in the range 19-23.5GPa%., highly suitable for automotive
structural and load bearing application, automotive bumper, defence equipment making,
miningetc. applications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
In automotive sector reduction in fuel consumption, therefore, lowering emission and
maintaining high standard of safety demands use of stronger steel. Both the needs could
be fulfilled through use of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with high elongation.
Ultra high strength (UHSS) or AHSS are not new until now. However, major issue with
the UHSS is poor forming capability and weak load bearing capability due to limited
elongation. As strength and elongation behaves opposite way in metals and alloys,
therefore, with the development of stronger or UHSS steel, quite naturally the elongation
also reduces or decreases significantly. As a result the application scope of UHSS for
various parts in motor vehicle gets limited as forming become increasingly difficult.
Therefore, UHSS steel development equally demands high elongation and formability.
The situation / scenario mentioned has necessitated development of a hot rolled ultra-
high strength (UHSS) thin steel sheet with combination of high tensile strength and
extraordinary uniform elongation and total elongation for various automotive component
such as lower suspension, long and cross member and bumpers as well.
Strong and tough steel is one of the major contributors to control air pollution. Light-weight
environmental friendly vehicle design is essential now-a-days to address the problems of
environmental pollution. Effective light-weight motor vehicles require utilization of
advanced high strength and ultra-high strength steel(UHSS) sheets. However, because
of its poor formability, the UHSS sheet cannot be applied easily to a wide variety of motor
vehicle components. Hence, the ductility and formability required

for UHSS sheet becomes increasingly demanding. Therefore addressing the present
scenario has necessitated development of a hot rolled steel strip with high tensile strength
coupled with excellent elongation for various automotive components such as lower
suspension, long and cross member and bumpers as well.
In the recent past many researchers have attempted to develop UHSS steels. First
such steel sheet with very high strength was reported by Bhadeshia, MSE-A, Volume 481
– 482, pp. 36 – 39, 2008; F. G. Caballero, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, K. J. A. Mawella, D. G.
Jones and P. Brown, MST, Volume 18, pp. 279 – 284, 2002; C. Garcia-Mateo, F. G.
Caballero and H. K. D. Bhadeshia, ISIJ International, Volume 43, pp. 1238 – 1243, 2003
). The source of very high strength was attributed to presence of nanostructured bainite
or nano bainite. Although, the steel developed by Bhadeshia et.al. has very high strength,
however, the application scope in automotive and many other is very limited specially due
to high alloy content, long production time (3-4 days) , limited elongation (<10%). The first
two factors makes difficulty in real production line whereas the last one is not favourable
in end user side. The higher carbon content (>0.7wt%) makes the steel difficult for
welding. Overall the steel is expansive and has inadequate formability.
Another group of researcher [(F. G. Caballero, M. J. Santofima, C. Capdevila, C.
G. Mateo and C. G. De Andres, ISIJ International, Volume 46, pp. 1479 – 1488, 2006; F.
G. Caballero, M. J. Santofima, C. Garcia Mateo, J. Chao and C. Garcia de Andres,
Materials and Design, Volume 30, pp. 2077 – 2083, 2009]came with slightly different
thought and tried to address the issues mentioned in last paragraph. These researchers
attempted to improve the overall elongation, lower the cost and accelerate the production
in real line and easily weldable by adjusting the composition through lowering of carbon
content. However, the steel has not been considered for continuous production line for
various reasons and also the steels contain high amount of expensive alloying additions
like Ni and Mo in their production.
In an effort to meet the demand of present day motor vehicle manufacturers, recent
work (Ref. US 2014/0102600 A1) attempted to obtain high strength and ductility

combination. This work has successfully achieved minimum 1200 MPa tensile strength
with 20 % total elongation. However, it has high Carbon (> 0.3 wt.%) and Silicon ( > 1.5
wt.%). High amount of Carbon decreases the weldability and high Silicon causes surface
scales during the process of hot rolled steel sheets. These problems yet to be addressed
Very recently, another team of researcher [Rao et.al.TSL Application no: 201631011120]
has developed a high strength steel with tensile strength greater than 1000MPa with
elongation 15-16% with yield strength 615MPa. Although the steel has good combination
of strength and ductility but it has quite high amount of silicon which is not desirable from
surface and coating point of view. Steel with such high silicon content also offer greater
difficulty during rolling process in terms of product quality.
Under the current invention the aim was to identify suitable processing route /
parameters for the development UHSS steel that has super high elongation, good
weldability, commercial viability and also to produce through the existing hot rolling mill
facilities. The amount of carbon and manganese is restricted below certain level for better
weldability, silicon was also kept lower to address the scale problem during hot rolling
process. The optimum cooling and coiling was identified to ensure the steel could be
produced under conventional mill operating parameters in the same run out table to obtain
thicker sheet with high strength and elongation. The high strength and elongation was
achieved through formation of low temperature phases mixture of bainte and
martensitewith small amount of retained austenitein final microstructure. The above
mentioned phase constituent ensured the steel invented has ultra high strength with
tensile strength at least 1100 MPa and elongation not less than 21%.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to propose a hot rolled advanced high
strength bainitic steel thick strip product which eliminates the disadvantages of prior art.
Further object of the present invention is to propose development of hot rolled
product thickness minimum 10 with tensile strength at least 1100MPa and total elongation
minimum 21%.

A still another object of the present invention is to propose development of hot
rolled product thickness minimum 10 with YS: TS ratio above 0.6
A still another object of the present invention is to propose development of hot
rolled product thickness minimum 10% with tensile toughness in the range 19 GPa-23.5
GPa.
Another object of the present invention is to propose hot rolled very high strength
thick steel strip comprising product comprising of microstructural constituents10-14%
martensite, 85-80% bainite and 5-6% austenite
A further objective of the present invention is to propose that the steel was made using
convention existing hot rolling mill comprising of soaking, austenite hot rolling and
subsequent coiling above Ms temperature (martensitic start) but below Bs (bainitic start)
temperature but followed by air cooling to ambient temperature to achieve above
mentioned combination of properties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Figure 1 Strength –Elongation plot of the newly developed steel
Figure 2 Optical microstructure of the developed steel
Figure 3Scanning Electron Microscope microstructure of the newly developed steel
Figure 4EBSD micrograph of the developed steel
Figure 5X-ray diffraction profile of the newly developed steel
Table 1Tensile properties of thenewly developed steel
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of development of advanced high strength steel
strip that comprises preparation of liquid steel to achieve following alloy composition:
C: 0.15-0.25, Mn: 0.8-2.1, Si: 0.4 – 1.1, Cr: 0.8-1.5, Al:0.05-0.3,Mo: 0.05 – 0.25, Nb:
0.018 – 0.035, Ti-0.01-0.1 S- 0.008 max, P - 0.025 max, N- 0.005 max.

The tensile properties of steel developed as per the current invention has the property
as described in the table 1 below:

Table 1: Tensile Properties of the developed steel
Description of the primary components constitutes (in weight percentage) the newly
developed hot rolled steel sheet are described below.
C: 0.15 - 0.25 wt.%. Amount of carbon content must be adjusted to achieve desired
strengthening, proportion of phase fractions so that proper strength level can be obtained.
Amount of carbon also determine stability of retained austenite which is key to obtained
enhanced elongation. Carbon level must also be controlled to ensure good weldability.
Preferable carbon content should be kept below 0.20% to achieve desired strength and
elongation and also weldability, therefore, should be restricted below 0.21%.
Mn: 0.8- 2.1 wt.% Manganese addition ensured presence of stable retained austenite.
However, its amount should be 0.8 or more, preferably 1.2 or more, more preferably 1.5%
or more. The amount of Mn needs to be 1.0% or more, preferably 1.3% or more, more
preferably 1.5% or more. Manganese amount should preferably be less than 2.1% to
avoid welding and casting crack Al: 0.05 – 2.0 wt.% Al is a stronger ferrite stabilizer. It
does not allow the carbon to come out easily from retained austenite, thereby, allow more
amount of retained austenite to be formed during bainite reaction. Al addition is favourable
over Silicon addition from galvanizing point of view. However, the amount should not be
excessive, which might further create problem during casting. Excess Al might allow
formation of hard oxides in the weld area, thereby, deteriorate weldability. Hence, Al
content in the newly developed steel should be maintained 0.6 % or preferably above

0.1wt% or more preferably below 0.3. To ensure beneficial effect of Al the addition must
be above 0.08 wt%. Preferably, Al varies in the range of 0.1 to 0.29.
Si: 0.4– 1.0 wt.% Silicon is also a ferrite stabiliser. Silicon suppress carbide precipitation
during bainite transformation during constant temperature holding / coiling and alloy
formation of greater amount of retained austenite in the microstructure. Excess amount
of silicon addition in steel is detrimental due to varieties of scale formation during hot
rolling and cooling. Scale formation leads to surface deterioration and reduce coatability
/ gavanizibility. Hence, Si should be restricted within certain range as mentioned and more
preferably below 0.7wt%. Preferably, Si varies in the range of 0.4 to 0.8.
P: 0.028% maximum: Phosphorus is considered detrimental in steel. Therefore, should
be amount be restricted to 0.028% maximum or preferably 0.02% or less.
S: 0.014% maximum: Like Phosphrous Sulphur is also considered detrimental. So
sulphur content to be kept as low as possible, preferably below 0.014 wt%. More
preferably sulphurs contenr should be below 0.01 wt% to minimize the amount of
inclusions which is potential sites for premature failure during forming operations.
N: 0.005 % maximum: Excess nitrogen in steels is also detrimental. Excess nitrogen may
lead to hard inclusions such as TiN and AlN which deteriorate formability. Therefore,
nitrogen content has to be restricted below 0.005wt%.
Nb: 0.1% maximum: Niobium is added to increase the strength of the steel by various
mechanism such as grain refinement, precipitation. Nb addition also useful to have larger
amount of retained austenite in the microstructure.Nb should be added carefully and
optimized to take advantage of economic advantage as Nb is costly. Therefore, Nb level
should be below 0.09% or more preferably, below 0.055%.
Mo: 0.25 wt.% maximum: Molybdenum is added to enhance the hardenability in steel,
thereby, favors easy formation of bainite. Due to excess hardenability softer ferrite and
relatively harder pearlite phase formation could be suppressed during bainitic reaction.
As Mo is costly, therefore, its amount should be restricted below 0.25 wt% to make the

steel economical and taking processing advantage during hot rolling. Preferably, Mo
varies in the range of 0.08 to 0.12 weight percentage.
Cr: 1.55 wt.% maximum: Function of Chromium very much similar to Mo, avoids formation
of polygonal ferrite and pearlite. Cr addition is more economical in advanced high strength
steel. However, Cr could be harmful if added excessive amount as Cr form various kind
of carbides. Preferably, Cr varies in the range (weight percentage) of 0.85 to 1.1.
Ti: 0.1 wt% maximum: Ti is beneficial to restrict austenite grain growth. In addition, Ti also
form very fine carbonitride in the presence of Nb, V and increase strength. Excess amount
of Ti could be harmful as Ti has tendency to form hard TiN inclusions. Therefore, amount
of Ti should be restricted below 0.1wt% and more preferably, below 0.05 wt%. Preferably,
Ti varies in the range of 0.02 to 0.04.
The developed ultra high strength hot rolled steel comprising mainly banitic ferrite phase
80-85% and remaining retained austenite phase (5-6%). Small amount of hard martensite
phase (10-14%) is also present in the steel at ambient temperature. Preferably 5-6%
austenite phase is present in the range of 5-6%.
Bainite: The bainite present (80 -85%) in the microstructure is essentially carbide free
with high dislocation density. The bainite is typically lath in nature. Higher dislocation
density, therefore, results in higher strength and good ductility.
Retained Austenite: Retained austenite (5-6%) is one of the important constituents of the
microstructure of the steel developed. Retained austenite helps to enhance the ductility.
To get beneficial effect microstructure should have at least 10% and preferably 12% or
higher austenite. Small amount of retained austenite present in the developed steel is
good for enhancing ductility.
Martensite: The hot rolled steel strip produced according to the present invention has also
some amount of martensite, preferably, not exceed 10-14%.
According to the present invention the method adapted to develop the steel product with
the specified composition consists of following steps: alloy melting or heat making,

casting, hot rolling, accelerated cooling and coiling and cooling to ambient temperature.
Each and every processing steps involved are derailed below:
According to the present invention the alloy was melted in induction furnace and
subsequently cast in the form of 70-80 mm thick bar or ingot. The ingot was homogenized
by keeping the steel in the austenite for sufficient time and subsequently reducing the
temperature to deform in the austenite and forged to break the cast structure and reduce
the thickness suitable for rolling process and subsequently air cooled to ambient
temperature. The homogenized steel was prepared for hot rolling. Prior to hot rolling the
steel was soaked at high temperature above 1130°Cfor 2-4 hours and subsequently hot
rolled to thickness minimum 10mm with finish rolling temperature keeping in the austenite
region and subsequently coiling was done into salt bath or similar kind of arrangement at
predetermined temperature above Ms bit below Bs and hold for few hours. Coiled steel
samples were then transferred to air and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
Specimens for microstructure and mechanical properties were taken from the hot rolled
sheet. Microstructural characterization was carried out using optical, scanning electron
microscope and orientation imaging microscopy. Mechanical properties were evaluated
by Vickers hardness method and tensile tests were performed as per ASTM standard. X-
Ray diffraction was employed to confirm the microstructural constituents.
Mechanical properties of the new developed steel are evaluated by tensile testing. Tensile
stress-strain curve of the invented steel is depicted in Figure 1. Figure shows the steel
has very high tensile strength and tensile ductility. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and
elongation of the steel is at least 1100MPa and 21% respectively. The strain hardening
exponent value is in the range 0.15 to 0.19. The uniform elongation is in the range 10-
12%. The optical micrograph of the newly developed steel is presented in Figure 2.The
micrograph confirms that the developed steel has predominantly banitic ferrite with small
amount of retained austenite and some martensite. The scanning electron micrographs
presented in Figure 3 further confirmed that the invented steel contains mainly bainite
with small amount of other phases such as retained austenite and martensite. EBSD
micrograph further ensured the observation made in figure 1 and 2. Thickness of banitie
sheaves determines the strength and toughness of the steel. The thickness of sheaves

was found below submicron level. X-ray diffraction carried is out on the developed steel
showed presence diffraction peaks from body centre cubic (BCC) indicated by αbcc and
face centre cubic (FCC)austenite indicated by γfcc peak in the plot shown in figure 4.The
intensity of the BCC phase peak is several times higher than the intensity of the FCC
peak clearly confirmed the amount of BCC bainite phase is the major phase in the
developed steel. This confirms that the newly steel developed has mainly the bainite
structure and some amount of martensite along with little amount of retained austenite.
The amount of retained austenite determined at least 5-5%. Electron back scatter
diffraction (EBSD) presence of small amount of retained austenite.
Examples: The following examples are specified to illustrate the invention as described
above and in no way restricts the scope of invention.

The steels developed according to present invention is shown in table 1 and designated
as example 1, example 2 and example 3. The processing conditions involved for these
examples are described below:
The developed steel given in example 1 was soaked in the temperature 1220-1230°C
using heating rate 5-10°C/. The steel was cooled and subjected to rough rolling in the
temperature range 1080-1100°C applying deformation in the range 55-80%. The rough
rolled steel was further cooled and subjected to hot rolling with finishing rolling
temperature in the range 1000-1010°C applying deformation 55-70%. The steel finished

rolled steel was cooled using cooling rate not less than 5°C/s and coiled in the
temperature range 415-450°C followed by air cooling to room temperature.
The steel given in example 2 was processed by soaking in the temperature 1245-1260°C.
The heating rate employed during soaking was 5-10°C/s. The soaked steel was cooled
and subjected to roughening deformation by compression in the temperature range 1080-
1100°C applying deformation in the range 62-85%. The rough rolled steel was further
cooled and subjected to hot rolling with finishing rolling temperature in the range 1000-
1010°C applying deformation 55-70%. The steel finished rolled steel was cooled using
rate at least 5-7°C/s and coiled in temperature range 415-450°C followed by air cooling
to room temperature.
The steel given in example 3 was reheated in the temperature 1200-1215°C. The heating
rate employed during soaking was 5-10°C/s. The soaked steel was cooled and subjected
to rough deformation around 60-85% in the temperature range. The rough rolled steel
was cooled and subjected to hot rolling deformation 50-65% using several passes and
the steel was finish rolledin the temperature 1015-1030°C. The steel finished rolled steel
was cooled using rate not less than 3-5°C/s and coiled in temperature range 415-450°C
followed by air cooling to room temperature
The steel produced as per the current invention has excellent combination of tensile
strength and ductility to make it useful for automotive structural application and several
other areas where good combination of tensile strength and elongation properties is
needed. Also, the presence of low silicon in the developed product allows the steel to be
rolled in conventional hot strip mill. Further, low silicon in the steel reduces scale formation
issues during hot rolling. The product developed with relatively low silicon is expected to
improve coat abilityand surface texture. Also, low carbon equivalent of the steel will allow
easily weldable and presence of Aluminium in the developed product increases the
castability.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those
having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular

to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural
permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like that has been
included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the
disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a
part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the
disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the particular features of this
disclosure, it will be appreciated that various modifications can be made, and that many
changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principles
of the invention. These and other modifications in the nature of the invention or the
preferred embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure
herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to
be interpreted merely as illustrative of the invention and not as a limitation. It is further
understood that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments
that may become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of the present
invention is accordingly limited by nothing other than the appended claims.

1. An ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet with tensile strength of at least
1100 MPa and total elongation not less than 21%, comprising in weight percentage:
C: 0.12 to 0.24;
Mn: 0.8 to 2.1;
Si: 0.4 to 1.1;
Cr: 0.8 to 1.5;
Al- 0.05 to 0.3;
Mo: 0.05 to 0.25;
Nb: 0.018 to 0.035;
Ti-0.01 to 0.1;
S- 0.008 max’
P - 0.025 max; and
N- 0.005 max.
2. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
Mo, Si, Al, Ti, Cr varies preferably in the range of 0.08 to 0.12, 0.4 to 0.8, 0.1 to
0.29, 0.02 to 0.04 and 0.85 to 1.1 respectively.
3. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel has YS to TS greater than 0.6.
4. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel possess tensile strength in the range 1100 to 1150 MPa.
5. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel possessestotal elongation in the range of 20 to 23 %.
6. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel possesses minimum uniform elongation in the range of 10 to12 %.
7. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel possesses tensile toughness in the range 19-23.5GPa%.
8. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the strain hardening exponent (“n”) of the steel is in the range of 0.15 – 0.19.

9. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the steel has by volume 10-14% martensite, 85-80% bainite and 5-6% austenite.
10. The ultra-high-strength hot-rolled steel strip or sheet as claimed in claim 1, wherein
bainite plate thickness is below 500nm and martensitic grain size is less than 5 -
6micron.