6
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017]
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical
embodiments of the present subject matter and are theref
ore not to be considered for
limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective
embodiments. The detailed description is described with reference to the
5
accompanying figures. In the figures, the left
-
most digit(s) of a reference
number
identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The same numbers
are used throughout the figures to reference like features and components. Some
embodiments of system or methods in accordance with embodiments of the present
subjec
t matter are now described, by way of example, and with reference to the
10
accompanying figures, in which:
[0018]
Fig. 1:
Flow diagram showing synthesis of Polyaniline
-
Hybrid carbon array
composite, Electrochemical testing cells and
working module of asymmetric PAN
I
-
Hybrid Carbon Array
-
AC device
, in accordance with the present subject matter;
[0019]
Fig. 2
illustrates method of preparation
hybrid carbon assemblage assisted
15
conducting polymer composite as high performance electrode material
in reference to
figure 1, in accordance with the present subject matter
[0020]
Fig.
3
:
illustrates
(a)
FTIR spectra
(b) UV
-
Vis spectra
and (c) XRD pattern
of
Polyaniline, hybrid carbon array and Composite;
[0021]
Fig.
4
SEM micrographs of (a1) AMWCNTs (a2) Graphene
(a
3) PANI (a4)
20
025PANI
-
HC
(0.025M) (a5) 05PANI
-
HC (0.05M) (a6) 1PANI
-
HC (a7) 2PANI
-
HC
(0.2M) and
(b) Plot of Conductivities of various composites
[0022]
Fig.
5
CV
studies of 3
-
Electrode Cell (a1) PANI (a2) Hybrid Carbon Array
(HC) (a3)
025PANI
-
HC (a4) 05PANI
-
HC (a5) 1PANI
-
HC (a6) 2PANI
-
HC and (b)
Plot between
scan
rate and Specific Capacitanc
e
25
[0023]
Fig.
6
Charge
-
Discharge curves of 3
-
Electrode Cell (a1) Hybrid Carbon array
(HC) (a2)
PANI
(a3) 025PANI
-
HC (a4) 05PANI
-
HC (a5) 1PANI
-
HC and (a6)
2PANI
-
HC (b)
Plot
of specific capacitance v/s current density and (c) Cycle
Performance of 025PANI
-
HC
electrode
measured at current density 1A g
-
1
[0024]
Fig.
7
(a) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) o
f hybrid carbon
30
assemblage,
025PANI
-
HC and PANI electrodes with insets showing the high
-
frequency parts
and
equivalent circuit diagram used for fitting t
he EIS data (b)
Electrochemical
impedance spectra (EIS) of 025PANI
-
HC electrode after 500
Charge/Discha
rge
cycles
;
and
(c) Ragone
plots of all the electrodes
via 3
-
Electrode
cell study;
35
[0025]
Fig. 8
CV
studies of
A)
Symmetric cell via 2
-
Electrode (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC (d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e) 025PANI
-
HC
and
B)
CV
studies
of
7
Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC (d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e)
025PANI
-
HC
[0026]
Fig.
9
GCD
studies of
A)
Symmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c)
1PANI
-
HC
(d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e) 025PANI
-
HC
and B)
GCD
studies of
Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC (d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e)
5
025PANI
-
HC
[0027]
Fig.
10
Ragone
plot of all electrodes
via 2
-
Electrode Cell
study for (a)
Symmetric Cell
(b) Asymmetric
Cell
and (c)
EIS spectra of Symmetric and
Asymmetric ce
ll of PANI and 025PANI
-
HC and inset shows
equivalent electrical
circuit diagram via 2
-
Electrode Cell
10
[0028]
The figures depict embodiments of the present subject matter for the purposes
of illustration only. A person skilled in the art will easily recognize from
the
following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods
illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the
disclosure described herein.
15
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS:
[0029]
It should be noted that the description and figures merely illustrate the
principles of the present subject matter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in
the art that conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a
basis fo
r modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes
20
of the present subject matter. It should also be appreciated by those skilled in the art
that by devising various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or
shown her
ein, embody the principles of the present subject matter and are included
within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally
intended expressly to be for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding
25
the princip
les of the present subject matter and the concepts contributed by the
inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to
such specifically recited examples and conditions. The novel features which are
believed to be c
haracteristic of the present subject matter, both as to its organization
and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better
30
understood from the following description when considered in connection with the
accompanying figu
res.
[0030]
Figure 1
and figure 2 illustrate flow diagram showing synthesis of
Polyaniline
-
Hybrid carbon array composite, Electrochemical testing cells and
working module of asymmetric PANI
-
Hybrid Carbon Array
-
AC device. At the step
35
202, equally weighed amounts
of amine functionalized MWCNTs and graphene
8
(0.1gm) is ultrasonicated for 2h in 20% aqueous methanol solution for preparing
hybrid carbon array. At the step 204, the monomer solution of aniline in molar
amount of 0.025M, 0.05, 0.1M, 0.2M is added to disper
se hybrid carbon array. At the
step 204 different concentration of hybrid carbon array is prepared using aniline. At
step 206, oxidant solution of ammonium per sulphate (APS) is added drop wise to the
5
aniline
-
HC blend obtained at step 204. At the step 208.
the aniline
-
HC blend is left
for polymerization at 0
-
5°C for 6h with constant stirring. At the step 210, the
Polyaniline (PANI)
-
hybrid carbon (HC) array based composites
are
obtained by
filtering and rinsing of the reaction blend with de
-
ionized water and
methanol. After
filtering and rinsing, at step 212,
drying of the remaining powder under vacuum at
10
60°C for 24h
is done
. Methanol washing is desirable to remove all the oligomeric
impurities. Fig. 1 depicted flow diagram of synthesis of Polyaniline
-
Hybrid
carbon
(PANI
-
HC)
array composite. The prepared composites were designated as
.
025PANI
-
HC,
.
05PANI
-
HC,
0.
1PANI
-
HC and
0.
2PANI
-
HC.
Once the composite are ready, it
can be used for preparation of the electrode for supercapacitor. Further, process of
15
preparat
ion of electrode from the
synthesized
polymer composite is explained below.
[0031]
In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the electrode is prepared
by the
Polyaniline
-
Hybrid carbon (PANI
-
HC) array composite. In the present
process,
electrodes can be prepared by mixing the synthesized electrode materials,
activated charcoal (AC), and poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of
20
70:20:10. The synthesized electrode material is
Polyaniline
-
Hybrid carbon (PANI
-
HC) array composite
, w
here the different Molar concentratio
n, such as 0.025M,
0.05M, 0.1M and
0.2M can be used for making the electrode. Further, the best results
were obtained after using the 0.025M concentration.
A small amount of N,N
dimethylformamide is added to obtain a
homogenous slurry, which is subsequently
25
painted on a graphite sheet (for example, 3×3 cm
2
) by brush and allowed to dry at
65
◦
C in vacuum for 24 h.
[0032]
In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the
supercapacitor
comprises an outer cell body fabri
cated by poly(methyl methylacrylate) (PMMA) and
first electrode and a second electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the
30
first and the second electrode, and an ionic liquid electrolyte in physical contact with
the two electrodes, wherein the pol
ypropylene membrane used as the porous
separator is permeable by the ionic liquid electrolyte. Further, the first electrode and
the second electrode are prepared by pasting the polyaniline (PANI)
-
Hybrid Carbon
Assemblage (HC) composite and activated charco
al
over graphite sheet current
35
collectors
.
9
[0033]
Fig. 3
illustrates (a) FTIR spectra and (b) UV
-
Vis spectra
and (c) XRD pattern
of Polyaniline, hybrid carbon array,
and
(PANI
-
HC) composite
.
[0034]
Fig.
4
illustrates SEM micrographs of (a1) AMWCNTs (a2) Graphene (a3)
PANI (a4) 025PANI
-
HC (0.025M) (a5) 05PANI
-
HC (0.05M) (a6) 1PANI
-
HC (a7)
2PANI
-
HC (0.2M) and (b) Plot of Conductivities of various composites.
5
[0035]
Fig. 5
illustrates
CV studies of 3
-
Electrode Cel
l (a1) PANI (a2) Hybrid
Carbon Array (HC) (a3) 025PANI
-
HC (a4) 05PANI
-
HC (a5) 1PANI
-
HC (a6)
2PANI
-
HC and (b) Plot between scan rate and Specific Capacitance
.
[0036]
Fig. 6
illustrates
Charge
-
Discharge curves of 3
-
Electrode Cell study (a1)
Hybrid Carbon array (H
C) (a2) PANI (a3) 025PANI
-
HC (a4) 05PANI
-
HC (a5)
10
1PANI
-
HC and (a6) 2PANI
-
HC (b) Plot of specific capacitance v/s current density
and (c) Cycle Performance of 025PANI
-
HC electrode
measured at current density
1A
g
-
1
[0037]
Table 1
Summary of Specific Capacitance of
HC, PANI and PANI
-
HC
composites via 3
-
Electrode Cell Study
15
Current
Density (A/g)
HC
PANI
2PANI
-
HC
1PANI
-
HC
05PANI
-
HC
025PANI
-
HC
1
217F/g
387F/g
716F/g
930F/g
1273F/g
1430F/g
1.5
135F/g
221F/g
461F/g
594F/g
900F/g
983F/g
2
85F/g
137F/g
377F/g
505F/g
582F/g
777F/g
[0038]
Table 2
Summary of Energy Density
and Power Density
of HC, PANI and
PANI
-
HC composites via 3
-
Electrode Cell Study
Samples
Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg) Density of HC, PANI and
PANI
-
HC composites via 3
-
Electrode Cell Study
1 A/g
1.5 A/g
2 A/g
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
HC
19.2
178
12
220
7.55
282
PANI
34.4
315
19.6
412
12.1
496
10
2PANI
-
HC
63.64
404
40.9
610
33.5
693
1PANI
-
HC
82.6
470
52.8
614
36
784
05PANI
-
HC
113.15
530
80
621
51.73
795
025PANI
-
HC
127.11
570
87.37
634
69.06
804
[0039]
Table
3
Summary of Symmetric
and Asymmetric
Cell Specific Capacitance
of PANI and PANI
-
HC Composites in two electrode system from CV curves
Samples
Specific capacitance (C
s
) from CV curves of
Symmetric and Asymmetric
cell studies in F/g at different Scan Rates (mV/sec)
5 (mV/sec)
10 (mV/sec)
25 (mV/sec)
50 (mV/sec)
100
(mV/sec)
SYM
(F/g)
ASY
M
(F/g)
SYM
(F/g)
ASY
M
(F/g)
SY
M
(F/g)
ASY
M
(F/g)
SY
M
(F/g)
ASY
M
(F/g)
SY
M
(F/g
)
ASY
M
(F/g)
PANI
90
119
66
87
48
58
34.4
47
24
39
2PANI
-
HC
135
178
99
130
72
88
51.6
71
36
59
1PANI
-
HC
202.5
267
148.5
195
108
132
77.4
106.
5
54
87.5
05PANI
-
HC
273
304
222.7
5
251
162
198
116
159
81
131
025PAN
I
-
HC
327
378
278
292
214
237
174
203
121.
5
196
[0040]
Fig
. 7
illustrates (a) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of hybrid
carbon assemblage, .025PANI
-
HC and PANI electrodes with insets showing the
5
high
-
frequency parts and equivalent circuit diagram used for fitting the EIS data (b)
Electrochemical impedance sp
ectra (EIS) of .025PANI
-
HC electrode after 500
Charge/Discharge cycles
and (c)
Ragone plots of all the electrodes via 3
-
Electrode
cell study.
11
[0041]
Fig. 8
illustrates CV studies of
A)
Symmetric cell via 2
-
Electrode (a) PANI
(b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC (d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e) 025PANI
-
HC and
B)
Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC (d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e)
025PANI
-
H
C
[0042]
Fig.
9
illustrates GCD studies of
A)
Symmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC
5
(c) 1PANI
-
HC
(d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e) 025PANI
-
HC
and
B)
Asymmetric
cell (a)
PANI (b) 2PANI
-
HC (c) 1PANI
-
HC
(d) 05PANI
-
HC and (e) 025PANI
-
HC
[0043]
Table
4
Summary of Specific capacitance (C
s
) from GCD curves of
Symmetric and Asymmetric cell studies in F/g at different Current Densities (A/g) via
2
-
Electrode Cell
10
Samples
Specif
ic capacitance (C
s
) from Symmetric and Asymmetric cell studies
in F/g
at different Current Densities
(A/g)
0.25 A/g
0.5 A/g
1 A/g
SYM
CELL
(F/g
)
ASYM
CELL
(F/
g)
SYM
CELL
(F/g
)
ASYM
CELL
(F/
g)
SYM
CELL
(F/g
)
ASYM
CELL
(F/
g)
PANI
174
197
110
137
77
98
2PANI
-
HC
253
281
184
202
130
152
1PANI
-
HC
273
302
207
227
167
197
05PANI
-
HC
303
355
237
267
182
202
025PANI
-
HC
322
371
253
304
194
257
[0044]
Fig.
10
illustrates
Ragone plot of all electrodes via 2
-
Electrode Cell study for
(a) Symmetric Cell and (b)
Asymmetric Cell
and (c)
EIS spectra of Symmetric and
Asymmetric cell of PANI and 025PANI
-
HC and inset shows equivalent electrical
circuit diagram
15
[0045]
Table
5
Summary of Energy Density and Power Density of Symmetric cell of
PANI and PANI
-
HC Composites via 2
-
Ele
ctrode Cell
Samples
Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg)
of S
ymmetric cell at
different Current Densities
(A/g)
0.25 A/g
0.5 A/g
1 A/g
12
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
PANI
96.6
201.5
61.1
274.66
42.2
317
2PANI
-
HC
140.5
261.3
102.2
356.2
72.2
471
1PANI
-
HC
151.6
339.69
115
463.06
92.77
577
05PANI
-
HC
168.33
441.59
131.6
601.97
101.11
719
025PANI
-
HC
178.8
574.07
140.5
782.57
107.7
873
[0046]
Table
6
Summary of Energy Density and Power Density of Asymmetric cell
of PANI and PANI
-
HC Composites at different Current Densities (A/g) via 2
-
Electrode Cell
Samples
Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg)
of As
ymmetric cell at
different Current Densit
ies
(A/g)
0.25 A/g
0.5 A/g
1 A/g
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
E.D.
(Wh/Kg)
P.D.
(W/Kg)
PANI
109.44
231.5
76.11
294.7
54.4
349
2PANI
-
HC
156.11
291.3
112.2
391.2
84.4
522
1PANI
-
HC
167.77
359.69
126.11
536.06
109.44
603
05PANI
-
HC
197.22
485.59
148.33
625.9
113
776
025PANI
-
HC
206.11
622.07
168.88
810.7
142.77
978
5
13
[0047]
Table
7
Summary of Impedimetric parameters via 2
-
Electrode Cell
Electrode
Impedimetric Parameters
R
s
(Ω)
R
ct
(Ω)
SYMPANICELL
1.9
2.3
ASYMPANICELL
1.6
2.1
SYM025PANI
-
HCCELL
0.8
1.8
ASYM025PANI
-
HCCELL
0.6
1.5
[0048]
In the
present
subject matter,
the
supercapacitor compri
sing
at least two
electrodes comprising conducting polymer
,
i.e.
,
polyaniline (PANI)
-
Hybrid Carbon
Assemblage (HC) composite and activated charcoal
(AC)
material
. The
monomer
5
chosen is aniline.
Further, the
oxidant chosen
is
A
m
m
o
n
i
u
m
pe
r s
u
l
ph
a
t
e
(
APS
,
(
NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
)
.
In present
subject matter
, the hybrid carbon assemblage
(AMWCNTs+graphene) act as substrates for deposition of conducting polymer.
[0049]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, the solvent of
polymerization choose is 1MHCl+20% Methanol Solution.
10
[0050]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
,
dopant to monomer and
oxidant to monomer ratio was kept 1:1 and 2:1.
[0051]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, the polymerisation
reaction time was kept between 6
-
8 hours.
[0052]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, the prepared composi
tes
15
were washed by deionized water and dried at 50 °C.
[0053]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, Electrochemical
workstation Metrohm AUT86472 (Netherland) was employed for the electrochemical
measurement of the samples at ambient temperature. Th
e electrochemical
performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge
–
20
discharge (GV) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) in a conventional
three
-
electrode electrolytic cell with a platinum wire, a silver/silver chloride
(A
g/AgCl) and the composite electrode as the counter electrode (CE), reference
electrode (RE) and working electrode (WE), respectively.
[0054]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, t
he working electrodes
25
were prepared by mixing the synthesized electr
ode materials, activated charcoal, and
poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 70:20:10.
[0055]
In another embodiment of the present
subject matter
, a
small amount of N,N
dimethylformamide was added to obtain a homogenous slurry, which wa

Claims:We claim:
1. A supercapacitor comprising:
an outer cell body fabricated by poly(methyl methylacrylate)(PMMA);
first electrode and a second electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an ionic liquid electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes, the polypropylene membrane used as the porous separator is permeable by the ionic liquid electrolyte;
characterized in that
wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are prepared by pasting the polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite and activated charcoal over graphite sheet current collectors.

2. The supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein asymmetric supercapacitor comprises one of the electrodes is made of polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite and other is made of activated charcoal (AC).

3. The supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein symmetric supercapacitor comprises both electrodes made of polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite.

4. The supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of a compound selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide.

5. The supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein electrode material of the first electrode and the second electrode is prepared by mixing the synthesized electrode materials, activated charcoal, and poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 70:20:10, wherein the synthesized electrode material is 0.025 polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite.

6. A process for synthesis of polyaniline-hybrid carbon assemblage based composites for use in electrode of supercapacitor, the process comprising steps of:
i. Ultra-sonication of equally weighed amounts of amine functionalized Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) and graphene (0.1gm) for 2 Hrs. in about 20% aqueous methanol solution for preparing Hybrid Carbon (HC) array;
ii. adding monomer solution of aniline to the HC array of the step (i) to form an aniline-HC blend;
iii. adding, drop-wise, ammonium per sulphate in resultant aniline-HC blend of step (ii);
iv. polymerizing the resultant blend of step (iii) at temperature range 0-5oC for 5-6 Hrs with continuous stirring;
v. filtering and rinsing the polymerized aniline(PANI)-HC blend obtained at step (iv) with de-ionized water and methanol to form polyaniline-hybrid carbon array based composites; and
vi. drying the polyaniline(PANI)-hybrid carbon (HC) array based composites obtained at step (v) under vacuum at temperature range 50-70oC, preferably at 60oC for 22-26 Hrs, preferably 24 Hrs.

7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the Molarity of the monomer solution of aniline is selected from 0.025M, .05M, .1M, and .2M, wherein the .025M PANI-HC composite material exhibit 1397F/g (CV studies) and 1430F/g (charge discharge Studies) results suggested that synthesized composites are a very promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

8. A process of making electrodes from polyaniline(PANI)-hybrid carbon (HC) assemblage based composites, wherein the process comprising steps of :-
(i) mixing synthesized electrode material (polyaniline-hybrid carbon assemblage or array based composites (PANI-HC composite), activated charcoal (AC) and poly(vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) in mass ratio of 70:20:10;
(ii) adding N,N dimethylformamide (HCON(CH3)2) in the mixture of step (i) to obtain a homogeneous slurry;
(iii) painting the homogeneous slurry obtained in step (ii) on graphite sheet; and
(iv) drying the resultant graphite sheet in temperature range 60-70o C, preferably 65oC in vacuum for 24 Hrs.

9. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the synthesized electrode material is 0.025M polyaniline-hybrid carbon assemblage or array based composites (PANI-HC composite).

10. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the synthesized electrode material is 0.05M polyaniline-hybrid carbon assemblage or array based composites (PANI-HC composite).
, Description:HYBRID CARBON ASSEMBLAGE ASSISTED CONDUCTING POLYMER AS HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR SUPERCAPACITOR
FIELD OF INVENTION:
[001] The present subject matter relates to an energy storage device, more particularly, to a supercapacitor or electrochemical capacitor utilizing electrode material comprising conducting polymer –hybrid carbon assemblage composite. The present subject matter relates super-capacitor having symmetric and asymmetric configuration with hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer. Further, the present subject matter relates to a process for preparation of polymer-hybrid carbon assemblage based composites. Further, more particularly to a process for preparation of working electrodes based on the polymer-hybrid carbon assemblage based composites.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION:
[002] Supercapacitors (SCs) are the promising energy storage source and have pulled in much consideration in perspective of a number of important elements including higher power density, speedier charging/releasing rate and more cycling stability contrasted with traditional capacitors or batteries, which make them promising in an extensive variety of utilizations from crossover vehicles and compact hardware to military gadgets. Carbon-based materials that store the charge electrostatically utilizing reversible adsorption of electrolytic particles onto dynamic materials on the anode are basically utilized as dynamic cathode materials for SC application. According to charge-discharge mechanisms, supercapacitors can be classified into electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors. EDLCs based on carbon materials are able to do an extended cycle life however get comparatively low specific capacitances. Compared with EDLCs, pseudocapacitors using metal oxides or conductive polymers have abundant higher specific capacitance owing to their chemical reaction properties. Also, the demands such as flexibility and thinner thickness have been growing for portable electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, and medical devices. In case of metal oxides, an extensive work on ruthenium oxide-based supercapacitors has been reported due to their high specific capacitance; however, the high cost and toxic nature limit their practical applications. Nanostructured conducting polymer, such as polyaniline (PANI) exhibit oxidation/reduction properties and also have high specific surface area, thus they can be suitably used as electrodes for secondary batteries and capacitors.
[003] The carbon materials have shown promising application as electrode materials in electrochemical energy storage. Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon nanostructure consisiting of single-layer of sp2 carbon atoms and CNTs, a one dimensional hollow cylindrical tubular structure with high aspect ratio have attracted great scientific and technological interests because of their unique properties, such as high theoretical surface area, excellent elelctronic conductivity, and strong mechanical strength. Further, the graphene layers usually encounters the irreversible agglomeration due to the strong van der Waals interaction between the adjacent layers, leading to substantially reduced surface area of graphene accessible by the electrolyte. To overcome this issue, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been used as the spacer to prevent the adjacent graphene sheets from aggregation. However, the specific capacitance of the carbon-based assemblage can be further enhanced by coating these with conducting polymers to introduce pseudocapacitance.
[004] US 20160012978 A1 (Supercapacitor):
[005] The present invention provides a supercapacitor or electrochemical capacitor with reduced ionic impedance of the electrodes which greatly increases the frequency of operation as compared with the previously known supercapacitors. This means that supercapacitors according to embodiments of the present invention enjoy faster discharge and charging time compared with other previously known supercapacitors. In brief, the supercapacitor comprises spaced apart electrodes which are separated from each other by a separator. The separator is made of an electrical insulating material, such as a porous polymer. Each of the electrodes is formed of carbonaceous material and capable of being impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Metal current collectors are provided on the sides of the electrodes opposite from the separator. The electrical energy storage is achieved by charge separation at the electrode carbonaceous material surfaces. Unlike the previously known supercapacitors, according to embodiments of the present invention, holes are formed through the electrodes. The holes extend generally from the metal current collector and towards the separator, and may be aligned, preferably in a grid pattern. These holes within the electrodes facilitate the rapid travel of electrolyte ions through the electrode thickness. Thus, since the electrolyte ions travel throughout the electrodes during charging and discharging, more rapid charging and discharging of the supercapacitor is achieved.
[006] US 7061749 B2 (Supercapacitor having electrode material comprising single-wall carbon nanotubes and process for making the same)
[007] The present invention relates to a supercapacitor device having an electrode material prepared from single-Wall carbon nanotubes and polymer, and method for making the same. In present invention, supercapacitor comprises with two electrodes, at least two current collectors, and an electrolyte in contact with and interposed between the electrodes. The electrodes comprise an activated carbonaceous polymer-nanotube material comprising single-Wall carbon nanotubes and polymer, wherein the polymer-nanotube material was pyrolyzed and activated. The current collectors comprise a conducting material and are each in contact with electrode. The supercapacitor of the present invention includes electrodes comprising single-Wall carbon nanotubes and polymer that has been carbonized, wherein the electrodes are in contact with an electrolyte between the electrodes, wherein the electrodes are in contact with and interposed between two conducting current collectors.
[008] US 2012/0026643 A1 (Supercapacitor with a meso-porous nano graphene electrode)
[009] The present invention demonstrates fabrication of supercapacitor comprising a two electrodes, a porous separator disposed between the two electrodes, and an ionic liquid electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes, Wherein at least one of the two electrodes comprises a mesoporous structure being formed of a plurality of nano graphene platelets and multiple pores having a pore size in the range of 2 nm and 25 nm and the graphene platelets are not spacer-modified or surface-modified platelets. Preferably, the graphene platelets are curved, not flat-shaped. The pores are accessible to ionic liquid molecules, enabling the formation of large amounts of electric double layer charges in a super capacitor, which exhibits an exceptionally high specific capacitance and high energy density.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION:
[0010] The main objective of the present invention is to provide a super capacitor device comprising hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer composite as high performance electrode material.
[0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for preparation of the hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer composite as high performance electrode material.
[0012] Another object of the present subject matter is provide symmetric supercapacitor configuration with the hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer composite as high performance electrode material as anode and cathode.
[0013] Another object of the present subject matter is provide asymmetric supercapacitor configuration with the hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer composite as anode and activated charcoal as cathode.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
[0014] The present invention relates to a fabricate Supercapacitor device comprising hybrid Carbon Assemblage assisted Conducting Polymer composite as high performance electrode Material. The Nanocomposites with thin layers of polyanilne (PANI) wrapped on the surface of hybrid carbon array or assemblage (HC) has been prepared by oxidative polymerization route. The carbon array or assemblage substrate is unified network architecture of Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNTs) and graphene, having advantage of high conductivity and surface area of the carbon components. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances of PANI-deposited hybrid carbon array electrodes has been due to the synergy in the pseudo-capacitance of PANI and the electric double layer capacitance of carbon array. The prepared composites exhibit excellent electrocapacitive properties which can be ascribed to the unique properties of carbon nanotubes, graphene and conducting polymer. This is concluded that hybrid carbon assemblage provides large accessible surface area for charge separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface and PANI contributes pseudocapacitance to the overall energy storage.
[0015] The advantage of the preparation of composites by one-step chemical method is procedural simplicity. The symmetric and asymmetric configurations of 025PANI-HC unit cell exhibited specific capacitance, energy density and power density of 194F/g, 107 Wh/Kg, 873 W/Kg and 257 F/g, 142 Wh/kg, 978 W/kg at 1A/g current density in 1mol/L H2SO4, respectively, indicate promising electrode material for supercapacitor application. Figure 1 shows the CV, GCD curves of asymmetric unit cell and ragone plot of both configurations. The higher capacitive behaviour of the asymmetric supercapacitor in comparison to its symmetric counterpart can be attributed to the relatively more porous nature of the former which will allow easier diffusion of electrolyte ions through the electrode material pores. Asymmetric configurations involving 025PANI-HC anode and Activated Charcoal (AC) cathode exhibits higher Csp, Energy and Power density when compared with literature and have been attributed to the formation of thinnest polymer layer which results in lower contact resistance among the components of the active material array strips and between the active material and current collector surfaces.
[0016] In order to further understand the characteristics and technical contents of the present subject matter, a description relating thereto will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the drawings are illustrative only but not used to limit scope of the present subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the present subject matter and are therefore not to be considered for limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The same numbers are used throughout the figures to reference like features and components. Some embodiments of system or methods in accordance with embodiments of the present subject matter are now described, by way of example, and with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
[0018] Fig. 1: Flow diagram showing synthesis of Polyaniline-Hybrid carbon array composite, Electrochemical testing cells and working module of asymmetric PANI-Hybrid Carbon Array-AC device, in accordance with the present subject matter;
[0019] Fig. 2 illustrates method of preparation hybrid carbon assemblage assisted conducting polymer composite as high performance electrode material in reference to figure 1, in accordance with the present subject matter
[0020] Fig. 3: illustrates (a) FTIR spectra (b) UV-Vis spectra and (c) XRD pattern of Polyaniline, hybrid carbon array and Composite;
[0021] Fig. 4 SEM micrographs of (a1) AMWCNTs (a2) Graphene (a3) PANI (a4) 025PANI-HC (0.025M) (a5) 05PANI-HC (0.05M) (a6) 1PANI-HC (a7) 2PANI-HC (0.2M) and (b) Plot of Conductivities of various composites
[0022] Fig. 5 CV studies of 3-Electrode Cell (a1) PANI (a2) Hybrid Carbon Array (HC) (a3) 025PANI-HC (a4) 05PANI-HC (a5) 1PANI-HC (a6) 2PANI- HC and (b) Plot between scan rate and Specific Capacitance
[0023] Fig. 6 Charge-Discharge curves of 3-Electrode Cell (a1) Hybrid Carbon array (HC) (a2) PANI (a3) 025PANI-HC (a4) 05PANI-HC (a5) 1PANI-HC and (a6) 2PANI- HC (b) Plot of specific capacitance v/s current density and (c) Cycle Performance of 025PANI- HC electrode measured at current density 1A g-1
[0024] Fig. 7 (a) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of hybrid carbon assemblage, 025PANI-HC and PANI electrodes with insets showing the high-frequency parts and equivalent circuit diagram used for fitting the EIS data (b) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of 025PANI-HC electrode after 500 Charge/Discharge cycles; and (c) Ragone plots of all the electrodes via 3-Electrode cell study;
[0025] Fig. 8 CV studies of A) Symmetric cell via 2-Electrode (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC and B) CV studies of Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC
[0026] Fig. 9 GCD studies of A) Symmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC and B) GCD studies of Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC
[0027] Fig. 10 Ragone plot of all electrodes via 2-Electrode Cell study for (a) Symmetric Cell (b) Asymmetric Cell and (c) EIS spectra of Symmetric and Asymmetric cell of PANI and 025PANI-HC and inset shows equivalent electrical circuit diagram via 2-Electrode Cell
[0028] The figures depict embodiments of the present subject matter for the purposes of illustration only. A person skilled in the art will easily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosure described herein.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS:
[0029] It should be noted that the description and figures merely illustrate the principles of the present subject matter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present subject matter. It should also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that by devising various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the present subject matter and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally intended expressly to be for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the present subject matter and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present subject matter, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures.
[0030] Figure 1 and figure 2 illustrate flow diagram showing synthesis of Polyaniline-Hybrid carbon array composite, Electrochemical testing cells and working module of asymmetric PANI-Hybrid Carbon Array-AC device. At the step 202, equally weighed amounts of amine functionalized MWCNTs and graphene (0.1gm) is ultrasonicated for 2h in 20% aqueous methanol solution for preparing hybrid carbon array. At the step 204, the monomer solution of aniline in molar amount of 0.025M, 0.05, 0.1M, 0.2M is added to disperse hybrid carbon array. At the step 204 different concentration of hybrid carbon array is prepared using aniline. At step 206, oxidant solution of ammonium per sulphate (APS) is added drop wise to the aniline-HC blend obtained at step 204. At the step 208. the aniline-HC blend is left for polymerization at 0-5°C for 6h with constant stirring. At the step 210, the Polyaniline (PANI)-hybrid carbon (HC) array based composites are obtained by filtering and rinsing of the reaction blend with de-ionized water and methanol. After filtering and rinsing, at step 212, drying of the remaining powder under vacuum at 60°C for 24h is done. Methanol washing is desirable to remove all the oligomeric impurities. Fig. 1 depicted flow diagram of synthesis of Polyaniline-Hybrid carbon (PANI-HC) array composite. The prepared composites were designated as .025PANI-HC, .05PANI-HC, 0.1PANI-HC and 0.2PANI-HC. Once the composite are ready, it can be used for preparation of the electrode for supercapacitor. Further, process of preparation of electrode from the synthesized polymer composite is explained below.
[0031] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the electrode is prepared by the Polyaniline-Hybrid carbon (PANI-HC) array composite. In the present process, electrodes can be prepared by mixing the synthesized electrode materials, activated charcoal (AC), and poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 70:20:10. The synthesized electrode material is Polyaniline-Hybrid carbon (PANI-HC) array composite, where the different Molar concentration, such as 0.025M, 0.05M, 0.1M and 0.2M can be used for making the electrode. Further, the best results were obtained after using the 0.025M concentration. A small amount of N,N dimethylformamide is added to obtain a homogenous slurry, which is subsequently painted on a graphite sheet (for example, 3×3 cm2) by brush and allowed to dry at 65?C in vacuum for 24 h.
[0032] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the supercapacitor comprises an outer cell body fabricated by poly(methyl methylacrylate) (PMMA) and first electrode and a second electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an ionic liquid electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes, wherein the polypropylene membrane used as the porous separator is permeable by the ionic liquid electrolyte. Further, the first electrode and the second electrode are prepared by pasting the polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite and activated charcoal over graphite sheet current collectors.
[0033] Fig. 3 illustrates (a) FTIR spectra and (b) UV-Vis spectra and (c) XRD pattern of Polyaniline, hybrid carbon array, and (PANI-HC) composite.
[0034] Fig. 4 illustrates SEM micrographs of (a1) AMWCNTs (a2) Graphene (a3) PANI (a4) 025PANI- HC (0.025M) (a5) 05PANI-HC (0.05M) (a6) 1PANI-HC (a7) 2PANI-HC (0.2M) and (b) Plot of Conductivities of various composites.
[0035] Fig. 5 illustrates CV studies of 3-Electrode Cell (a1) PANI (a2) Hybrid Carbon Array (HC) (a3) 025PANI-HC (a4) 05PANI-HC (a5) 1PANI-HC (a6) 2PANI- HC and (b) Plot between scan rate and Specific Capacitance.
[0036] Fig. 6 illustrates Charge-Discharge curves of 3-Electrode Cell study (a1) Hybrid Carbon array (HC) (a2) PANI (a3) 025PANI-HC (a4) 05PANI-HC (a5) 1PANI-HC and (a6) 2PANI- HC (b) Plot of specific capacitance v/s current density and (c) Cycle Performance of 025PANI-HC electrode measured at current density 1Ag-1
[0037] Table 1 Summary of Specific Capacitance of HC, PANI and PANI-HC composites via 3-Electrode Cell Study
Current Density (A/g) HC PANI 2PANI-HC 1PANI-HC 05PANI-HC 025PANI-HC
1 217F/g 387F/g 716F/g 930F/g 1273F/g 1430F/g
1.5 135F/g 221F/g 461F/g 594F/g 900F/g 983F/g
2 85F/g 137F/g 377F/g 505F/g 582F/g 777F/g
[0038] Table 2 Summary of Energy Density and Power Density of HC, PANI and PANI-HC composites via 3-Electrode Cell Study

Samples Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg) Density of HC, PANI and PANI-HC composites via 3-Electrode Cell Study
1 A/g 1.5 A/g 2 A/g
E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg)
HC 19.2 178 12 220 7.55 282
PANI 34.4 315 19.6 412 12.1 496
2PANI-HC 63.64 404 40.9 610 33.5 693
1PANI-HC 82.6 470 52.8 614 36 784
05PANI-HC 113.15 530 80 621 51.73 795
025PANI-HC 127.11 570 87.37 634 69.06 804
[0039] Table 3 Summary of Symmetric and Asymmetric Cell Specific Capacitance of PANI and PANI-HC Composites in two electrode system from CV curves
Samples Specific capacitance (Cs) from CV curves of Symmetric and Asymmetric cell studies in F/g at different Scan Rates (mV/sec)
5 (mV/sec) 10 (mV/sec) 25 (mV/sec) 50 (mV/sec) 100 (mV/sec)
SYM (F/g) ASYM (F/g) SYM (F/g) ASYM (F/g) SYM (F/g) ASYM (F/g) SYM (F/g) ASYM (F/g) SYM (F/g) ASYM (F/g)
PANI 90 119 66 87 48 58 34.4 47 24 39
2PANI-HC 135 178 99 130 72 88 51.6 71 36 59
1PANI-HC 202.5 267 148.5 195 108 132 77.4 106.5 54 87.5
05PANI-HC 273 304 222.75 251 162 198 116 159 81 131
025PANI-HC 327 378 278 292 214 237 174 203 121.5 196

[0040] Fig. 7 illustrates (a) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of hybrid carbon assemblage, .025PANI-HC and PANI electrodes with insets showing the high-frequency parts and equivalent circuit diagram used for fitting the EIS data (b) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of .025PANI-HC electrode after 500 Charge/Discharge cycles and (c) Ragone plots of all the electrodes via 3-Electrode cell study.
[0041] Fig. 8 illustrates CV studies of A) Symmetric cell via 2-Electrode (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC and B) Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC
[0042] Fig. 9 illustrates GCD studies of A) Symmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC and B) Asymmetric cell (a) PANI (b) 2PANI- HC (c) 1PANI-HC (d) 05PANI-HC and (e) 025PANI-HC
[0043] Table 4 Summary of Specific capacitance (Cs) from GCD curves of Symmetric and Asymmetric cell studies in F/g at different Current Densities (A/g) via 2-Electrode Cell

Samples Specific capacitance (Cs) from Symmetric and Asymmetric cell studies in F/g at different Current Densities (A/g)
0.25 A/g 0.5 A/g 1 A/g
SYM CELL (F/g) ASYM CELL (F/g) SYM CELL (F/g) ASYM CELL (F/g) SYM CELL (F/g) ASYM CELL (F/g)
PANI 174 197 110 137 77 98
2PANI-HC 253 281 184 202 130 152
1PANI-HC 273 302 207 227 167 197
05PANI-HC 303 355 237 267 182 202
025PANI-HC 322 371 253 304 194 257

[0044] Fig. 10 illustrates Ragone plot of all electrodes via 2-Electrode Cell study for (a) Symmetric Cell and (b) Asymmetric Cell and (c) EIS spectra of Symmetric and Asymmetric cell of PANI and 025PANI-HC and inset shows equivalent electrical circuit diagram
[0045] Table 5 Summary of Energy Density and Power Density of Symmetric cell of PANI and PANI-HC Composites via 2-Electrode Cell

Samples Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg) of Symmetric cell at different Current Densities (A/g)
0.25 A/g 0.5 A/g 1 A/g
E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg)
PANI 96.6 201.5 61.1 274.66 42.2 317
2PANI-HC 140.5 261.3 102.2 356.2 72.2 471
1PANI-HC 151.6 339.69 115 463.06 92.77 577
05PANI-HC 168.33 441.59 131.6 601.97 101.11 719
025PANI-HC 178.8 574.07 140.5 782.57 107.7 873

[0046] Table 6 Summary of Energy Density and Power Density of Asymmetric cell of PANI and PANI-HC Composites at different Current Densities (A/g) via 2-Electrode Cell

Samples Energy Density (Wh/Kg) and Power Density (W/Kg) of Asymmetric cell at different Current Densities (A/g)
0.25 A/g 0.5 A/g 1 A/g
E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg) E.D. (Wh/Kg) P.D. (W/Kg)
PANI 109.44 231.5 76.11 294.7 54.4 349
2PANI-HC 156.11 291.3 112.2 391.2 84.4 522
1PANI-HC 167.77 359.69 126.11 536.06 109.44 603
05PANI-HC 197.22 485.59 148.33 625.9 113 776
025PANI-HC 206.11 622.07 168.88 810.7 142.77 978

[0047] Table 7 Summary of Impedimetric parameters via 2-Electrode Cell

Electrode Impedimetric Parameters
Rs (O) Rct (O)
SYMPANICELL 1.9 2.3
ASYMPANICELL 1.6 2.1
SYM025PANI-HCCELL 0.8 1.8
ASYM025PANI-HCCELL 0.6 1.5
[0048] In the present subject matter, the supercapacitor comprising at least two electrodes comprising conducting polymer, i.e., polyaniline (PANI)-Hybrid Carbon Assemblage (HC) composite and activated charcoal (AC) material. The monomer chosen is aniline. Further, the oxidant chosen is Ammonium per sulphate (APS, (NH4)2S2O8). In present subject matter, the hybrid carbon assemblage (AMWCNTs+graphene) act as substrates for deposition of conducting polymer.
[0049] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the solvent of polymerization choose is 1MHCl+20% Methanol Solution.
[0050] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, dopant to monomer and oxidant to monomer ratio was kept 1:1 and 2:1.
[0051] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the polymerisation reaction time was kept between 6-8 hours.
[0052] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the prepared composites were washed by deionized water and dried at 50 °C.
[0053] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, Electrochemical workstation Metrohm AUT86472 (Netherland) was employed for the electrochemical measurement of the samples at ambient temperature. The electrochemical performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GV) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) in a conventional three-electrode electrolytic cell with a platinum wire, a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and the composite electrode as the counter electrode (CE), reference electrode (RE) and working electrode (WE), respectively.
[0054] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the working electrodes were prepared by mixing the synthesized electrode materials, activated charcoal, and poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 70:20:10.
[0055] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, a small amount of N,N dimethylformamide was added to obtain a homogenous slurry, which was subsequently painted on a graphite sheet (1×1 cm2) by brush and allowed to dry at 65?C in vacuum for 24 h for 3-Electrode Cell study.
[0056] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the electrolyte used was 1M H2SO4 solutions and the geometric surface area of the working electrode was 1×1 cm2. The mass loading in the working electrode was about 1.5 mg/cm2.
[0057] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, Cyclic voltammograms were recorded in the voltage windows ranged from -0.2-0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at different scan rates of 5 to 100mV/s. Galvanostatic charge–discharge test was recorded at current densities ranging from 1 A g-1 to 2 A g-1 with the same potential range. EIS measurements were performed around open circuit potential in the frequency range of 105–10-2 Hz with ac amplitude of 5 mV.
[0058] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the current collectors in the two-electrode system used were graphite sheets with dimensions of 3×3 cm2.
[0059] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, CV and GCD behaviours were also measured in a 1mol/L H2SO4 electrolyte in the two-electrode system.
[0060] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) was recorded in the range from 0.01 Hz to 0.1 MHz with a signal amplitude of 5 mV at the open circuit potential in the two-electrode system. The working electrodes were prepared by mixing the synthesized electrode materials, activated charcoal, and poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 70:20:10. A small amount of N, N dimethylformamide was added to obtain homogenous slurry, which was subsequently painted on a graphite sheet (3×3 cm2) by brush and allowed to dry at 65?C in vacuum for 24 h. The electrolyte used was 1M H2SO4 solutions and the geometric surface area of the working electrode in two electrode study was.
[0061] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, Cyclic Voltammetric (CV) measurements for Asymmetric and symmetric full-cells made of polyaniline and different polyaniline-hybrid carbon array composites were carried out in a potential range of -1V-1V (net potential window=2V) in 1M sulphuric acid, to examine the electrochemical characteristics. For symmetric cell studies, the similar PANI and composite electrode material use as the positive electrode as well as negative electrode. In asymmetric assembly the negative electrode was replaced by activated charcoal (AC).
[0062] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, .025PANI-HC electrode material exhibit 1397F/g (CV studies) and 1430F/g (charge discharge Studies) results suggested that synthesized composites are a very promising electrode material for supercapacitors. Such a high energy density (127.11 W h kg-1) and power density (570 W kg-1) values in three electrode cell study make the 025PANI-HC hybrid composite the promising electrode for electrochemical energy storage.
[0063] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, the symmetric and asymmetric configurations of .025PANI-HC unit cell exhibited specific capacitance, energy density and power density of 194F/g, 107 Wh/Kg, 873 W/Kg and 257 F/g, 142 Wh/kg, 978 W/kg at 1A/g current density in 1mol/L H2SO4, respectively, indicate promising electrode material for supercapacitor application.
[0064] In another embodiment of the present subject matter, asymmetric configurations involving .025PANI-HC anode and Activated Charcoal (AC) cathode exhibits higher specific capacitance Csp (257 F/g), Energy and Power density (142 Wh/kg, 978 W/kg at 1A/g) when compared with literature and have been attributed to the formation of thinnest polymer layer which results in lower contact resistance among the components of the active material array strips and between the active material and current collector surfaces.
[0065] Materials Used:
[0066] Aniline (99%), and Ammonium per sulphate (APS, (NH4)2S2O8, 98%), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Amine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Nanocyl, Belgium) and Graphene (XG Sciences, United States) were used as such without further purification. All other chemicals like N, N dimethylformamide, activated charcoal, poly (vinyldieneflouride) (PVDF), sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and methanol were used as received and all were of analytical grade. Solutions were prepared in deionized water. Aniline was vacuum distilled before use.
[0067] Although embodiments for the present subject matter have been described in language specific to structural features, it is to be understood that the present subject matter is not necessarily limited to the specific features described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as embodiments for the present subject matter. Numerous modifications and adaptations of the system/component of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and thus it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications and adaptations which fall within the scope of the present subject matter.