Technical Field
The present invention relates to an impact absorbing component employed in a
means of transport such as an automobile.
Background Art
[0002] Transport related safety standards are increasing year after year, and protecting cabin
occupants in the event of a collision has become of utmost importance, even when detrimental
to the transport function. Therefore, application of high strength steel sheet to frames
surrounding cabins is progressing with the objective of absorbing energy during a collision
and alleviating the impact transmitted to inside the cabin, and improvements to collision
safety are being achieved.
[0003] Moreover, recently not only collision safety, but also repairability following a
collision is being considered, and an increasing number of vehicle types absorb impact using
replaceable impact absorbing components such as a crash box. Such impact absorbing
components are fitted to the front face and rear face of the cabin, and are fitted such that the
impact absorbing direction of the impact absorbing component is along the length direction of
the automobile. The impact absorbing component undergoes crushing deformation along the
impact absorbing direction during a collision, thereby absorbing the impact energy. Such
impact absorbing components are therefore required to have the following characteristics:
(1) to have a high impact energy absorbing capacity;
(2) to be capable of absorbing collision energy even when the impact load is exerted
from a direction intersecting with the impact absorbing direction (for example, an inclined
direction at an angle of 10° to the impact absorbing direction) due to automobile collisions not
necessarily being parallel to the impact absorbing direction of the impact absorbing
component; and
(3) to be light weight in order to secure fuel efficiency.
[0004] The profile of an impact absorbing component is generally a hollow profile such as a
box shape (see Fig. IE) having a closed cross-section in which a back plate is welded using
flanges provided to a component having a hat shaped cross-section profile, as described by
Journal of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, No. 7 (1974), p. 60.
[0005] The deformation behavior of impact absorbing components when absorbing impact
energy is explained with reference to Fig. 1A to Fig. 1H. Fig. 1A to Fig. ID are perspective
views from before deformation to completion of initial buckling deformation. In the present
specification, the impact absorbing direction is a direction orthogonal to an installation face 4
1
when an impact absorbing component 1 is installed such that a ridge line direction of the
impact absorbing component 1 is an up-down direction (arrow P2 in Fig. 1 A). Moreover,
Fig. IE to Fig. 1G illustrate profiles of horizontal cross-sections orthogonal to the impact
absorbing direction (the arrow P2) taken at respective deformation times. Note that the
dashed line in Fig. IB indicates deformation behavior of a central portion of a side face 2
immediately after an impact has been applied, and the dashed lines in Fig. IF and Fig. 1G
show the horizontal cross-section before deformation.
[0006] When an impact load PI is applied along the impact absorbing direction (the arrow
P2), first, periodic elastic deformation occurs (with period H) in which the central portion of
the side face 2, which has low rigidity, bulges (or indents) (shown by the dashed line in Fig.
IB and the solid line in Fig. IF) in an out-of-plane direction (a direction passing orthogonally
through the face). However, a ridge line 3 of high rigidity is compressively deformed in a
height direction. Herein, elastic deformation occurring in a side face is equivalent to elastic
buckling of a plate simply supported at its periphery as described in Buckling Theory by
Tymoshenko, Corona Publishing, 1971, p221-225 (referred to simply as "Tymoshenko"
hereafter). According to the principle of least action, the bucking wavelength H is
equivalent to the plate width (the width of the side face 2 (the separation between ridge
lines)). .
[0007] Moreover, when deformation progresses along the impact absorbing direction (the
arrow P2), the elastic deformation of the side face 2 spreads out from a central portion toward
the ridge line 3, and the out-of-plane deformation also increases. The amount of
compressive strain also increases at the ridge line 3. Stress concentrates at a location where
the amount of elastic deformation is greatest at the point in time when the out-of-plane
deformation of the side face 2 reaches the ridge line 3, and folding of the ridge line 3 occurs.
Localized plastic buckling (crease shaped deformation) then starts at both the side face 2 and
the ridge line 3 (the dashed line portion in Fig. 1C, and Fig. 1G). When deformation
progresses further, the ridge line 3 and the side face 2 completely fold so as to make contact,
completing the initial period of buckling deformation (Fig. ID). The crushing displacement
at this time matches the period H. Similar buckling deformation then begins at another
cross-section. It is known that repeated buckling deformation like that described above
causes crushing deformation of the impact absorbing component 1 into a bellows-shape
(accordion-shape) as illustrated in Fig. IH, absorbing, impact energy (the Journal of Society of
Automotive Engineers of Japan).
[0008] Hereafter in the present specification, H is defined as the buckling wavelength during
crushing deformation, crushing deformation into a bellows-shape as illustrated in Fig. 6 by
2
deformation in the impact absorbing direction is defined as axial crushing, and cross-sections
sectioned orthogonally to the impact absorbing direction are defined as the component
cross-sections.
[0009] Next, explanation follows regarding a relationship between the displacement at this
time in the impact absorption direction and the load, with reference to Fig 2. The load rises
(from O to A in Fig. 2) until a fold occurs in the ridge line 3 to which the impact load is
applied (corresponding to the deformation from Fig. IB to Fig. 1C), and the maximum load
Pmi is reached during the initial buckling deformation. The load then falls (from A to B in
Fig. 2) when plastic buckling of the ridge line 3 starts, due to the amount of energy that the
ridge line 3 is capable of absorbing decreasing as the plastic buckling progresses
(corresponding to deformation from Fig. 1C to Fig. ID). Then, when the initial buckling
deformation has finished due to the side face 2 completely folding and making contact with
itself, a second period of deformation starts in a similar manner, the load rises until the ridge
line 3 folds (from B to C in Fig. 2), and the load falls from the start until completion of
localized plastic buckling (from C to D in Fig. 2). From then on, the displacement-load
behavior repeats. As a result, the applied load also repeatedly rises and falls with a period H
as illustrated in Fig. 2, together with deformation into a bellows-shape (accordion-shape) of
period H. Here, the point C and the point E in Fig. 2 are, respectively, a maximum load Pm.2
during the second bucking deformation and a maximum load Pni3 during the third bucking
deformation. The reason that the maximum load is smaller than Pmi from the second time
onwards is that axial deviation occurs due to the initial buckling, and the load applied to the
ridge line 3 from the second period onwards becomes a biased load.
[0010] The impact absorbing component exhibits a displacement-load curve profile and
crushing deformation as illustrated in Fig. lAto Fig. 1H and Fig. 2, and as described above,
and the following measures must therefore be taken in order to satisfy (1) above.
[0011] The energy absorbed during a collision is equivalent to the area under the
displacement-load curve, namely, (W: average load) x (displacement). Accordingly, it is
important to make W high, and W is higher the higher Pmj (i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n) is and the higher
the buckling deformation count n is. It is therefore effective to increase Pmi by increasing
the tensile strength or buckling moment of the configuring sheet material, while making the
buckling wavelength shorter and increasing the buckling deformation count n.
[0012] Moreover, when the impact load is exerted from an angled direction, the load applied
to the impact absorbing component is a biased load. It is accordingly necessary to design the
component profile and the material strength such that the area under the displacement-load
curve is high even for biased loads.
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[0013] On the other hand, recently there have been strong demands for a vehicle body
weight reduction from the viewpoints of decreasing CO2 emissions and improving fuel
consumption. Moreover, although large scale decreases in CO2 are anticipated in next
generation automobiles such as electric automobiles, due to the overall vehicle weight
increasing by installing a battery, sufficient cruising distances have not been obtainable, and
have become a great barrier to the spread of next generation automobiles. Such viewpoints
have also given rise to strong demands for large scale weight reduction in materials and
components configuring automobiles.
[0014] In order to achieve the above weight reduction (3), not only does the weight of the
component itself need to be reduced, but it is also important to make the volume of the
component smaller, and to prevent an increase in the volume of the peripheral members.
There is accordingly a need for materials and a profile design that enable configuring material
to be omitted and enable an improvement in impact absorption energy per unit volume to be
achieved, at the same time as configuring the component with a reduced weight member.
[0015] The following technologies are already known for satisfying the above characteristics
(1) to (3). Countermeasures have been taken from the perspectives of both material and
component profile.
[0016] For example, there is a description in Japanese Patent No. 2783100 of a form of
retained austenite that contributes to impact absorption effect. By defining chemical
components and manufacturing processes capable of obtaining a form of retained austenite
steel exhibiting excellent collision performance, the described invention improves the
collision performance of steel sheet including retained austenite. The aim is to raise the
tensile strength of the steel sheet and to increase Pmi. However, there is no increase in the
number of times of buckling deformation due to there being no bucking wavelength H
reduction effect. As a result, even though the Pmi is increased, it is difficult to achieve a
large increase in the absorption energy. In particular, it is difficult to make the component
more compact and achieve a weight reduction due to difficulties in absorbing sufficient
impact when the impact absorbing component is made smaller along the impact absorption
direction.
[0017] Moreover, an impact absorbing component made from fiber reinforced resin is
described in JP-ANo. H07-224874. Successive failures occur due to employing a brittle
resin material, enabling the impact energy absorption efficiency to be increased. There is
also an aim of raising the buckling strength by reinforcement with high strength fibers. In
this invention, in contrast to deformation of plastic materials such as steel, the impact energy
can be absorbed by the whole of the buckling deformation section, giving high impact energy
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absorption efficiency. The Pmj is also increased by the reinforcing fibers. A weight
reduction is also easily obtained due to being configured by a light weight material.
However, there are still the problems of poor manufacturability and high cost. Moreover,
shards are scattered in the periphery due to the brittle failure, and so there is a conceivable
possibility that this will cause damage to people and objects in the periphery.
[0018] An impact absorbing component is described in Jidoushagijutsu, vol.47, no. 4.(1993),
p.57 with notches called crash beads machined into side faces. This is technology that aims
to make the bucking wavelength shorter and increase the number of times buckling
deformation occurs by machining notches at small intervals along side faces to act as buckling
deformation origins during a collision. However, there is a high probability that the true Pm,
of the material cannot be achieved due to the notch insertion, and W cannot be efficiently
increased. Moreover, sometimes the notches do not function as the buckling deformation
origin points to impact load from a direction intersecting with the impact absorption direction,
and the bucking wavelength cannot be made shorter.
[0019] Moreover, an impact absorbing component is described in JP-ANo. 2006-207724
configured with a polygonal closed cross-section with grooves indented toward the inside,
and provided with a difference in bending moment at a portion of the cross-sections. The
separation between ridge lines can be made small due to the polygonal cross-section, and the
bucking wavelength can be made short. Moreover, it is possible to suppress axial deviation
in ridge lines and prevent biased load by forming the grooves indented in opposite directions
toward the inside and outside. Stable crushing deformation is achieved as a result. By
providing a difference in bending moment, the axial direction of crushing deformation in
response to a collision from an angled direction can be corrected, enabling sufficient impact
energy absorption to be achieved. However, due to the ridge line separation being
determined by the bucking wavelength, the ridge line separation must be made quite small in
order to make the bucking wavelength sufficiently short and the W sufficiently large,
imposing limitations on the degrees of freedom in profile. Moreover, as well as the profile
limitations due the complicated profile, the impact absorbing component is configured by a
single steel member, and so it is difficult to achieve a large weight reduction in a vehicle body.
[0020] Moreover, a sandwich panel is described in JP-ANo. 2012-81826 in which a metal
core member including multiple openings is sandwiched between two metal skin members.
However, the peripheral edges of the sandwich panel are solid portions not formed with
multiple openings, resulting in a longer bucking wavelength and a smaller amount of impact
energy absorption due to higher rigidity than at the portions formed with openings. The
changes in rigidity are also large within a single panel, making it difficult to achieve stable
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crushing deformation.
[0021] As described above, although there are countermeasures in materials and structure of
impact absorbing components, an impact absorbing component capable of sufficiently
satisfying the characteristics has not yet been developed.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
[0022] An object of the present invention is to provide an impact absorbing component
capable of realizing the characteristics of:
(a) being able to achieve stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation;
(b) having a large maximum load Pmj during buckling deformation;
(c) having a short bucking wavelength H;
(d) being able to achieve (a) to (c) irrespective of the direction in which impact
load is exerted;
(e) being able to achieve (a) to (d) with comparatively few profile limitations;
and
(f) being able to raise the impact energy absorption efficiency with a simple
component profile and being able to achieve a large weight reduction.
Solution.to Problem
[0023] The present inventors have, as a result of stringent efforts to solve the above
problems, discovered the following. Namely, a laminated metal sheet, of uniform
cross-section configured by lamination bonding a core layer between a pair of surface layers
made from metal sheet, is applied to an impact absorbing component formed by working the
laminated metal sheet into a profile including at least two ridge lines. It has been discovered
that doing so raises the average load and enables stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation
when an impact load is exerted on one impact absorption direction end portion of the
component. The present invention has been completed based on this knowledge.
[0024] The present invention is summarized below.
(1) An impact absorbing component that absorbs impact energy when impact load
is exerted on one impact absorbing direction end portion of the component, the impact
absorbing component including a member that is formed, by working a laminated metal sheet
of uniform cross-section configured by lamination bonding surface layers of sheet metal
having a higher Young's modulus and density than a Young's modulus and a density of a core
layer onto both faces of the core layer, into a profile including at least two ridge lines, and that
configures 50% or more of the maximum peripheral length of component cross-section,
wherein a sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to the sheet
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thickness of the surface layers (tf) is 10.0 or less.
(2) The impact absorbing component of (1), wherein the profiles of component
cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are all open cross-section profiles.
(3) The impact absorbing component of (1), wherein a portion of the profiles of
component cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are open cross-section profiles.
(4) The impact absorbing component of (1), wherein the profiles of component
cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are all closed cross-section profiles.
(5) The impact absorbing component of any one of (1) to (4), wherein the
laminated metal sheet has a Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer Young's modulus
(Ec) to the surface layer Young's modulus (Ef) of from 1/10 to 1/100000.
(6) The impact absorbing component of any one of (1) to (5), wherein the Young's
modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) is from 1/10 to 1/1000.
(7) The impact absorbing component of any one of (1) to (6), wherein a separation
between the ridge lines is at least 10 mm.
(8) The impact absorbing component of any one of (1) to (7), wherein a shear bond
strength between the surface layers and the core layer is 25 MPa or greater.
(9) The impact absorbing component of any one of (1) to (8), wherein bonding
lamination between the surface layers and the core layer is bonding by brazing filler metal or
electro conductive adhesive.
(10) An impact absorbing component that absorbs impact energy when impact load
is exerted on one impact absorbing direction end portion of the component, the impact
absorbing component including a member formed by working a laminated metal sheet of
uniform cross-section configured by laminating surface layers of sheet metal having a higher
Young's modulus than a Young's modulus of a core layer onto both faces of the core layer,
with a sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to the sheet
thickness of the surface layers (tf) of from 2.0 to 7.0.
(11) The impact absorbing component of (10), wherein the sheet thickness ratio
(tc/tf) is from 3.5 to 5.0.
(12) The impact absorbing component of (10) or (11), wherein the Young's
modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) is from 1/10 to 1/1000.
(13) The impact absorbing component of any one of (10) to (12), wherein the
laminated metal sheet is worked into a profile including at least four ridge lines, and
respective spacings between the ridge lines are from 50 mm to 80 mm.
(14) The impact absorbing component of any one of (10) to (13), wherein the
laminated metal sheet forther includes a bonding layer between the surface layers and the core
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layer, and the shear modulus of the bonding layer is from 30 MPa to 500 MPa.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
[0025] According to the present invention, an impact absorbing component can be provided
that satisfies the above (a) to (e). As a result, use of the impact absorbing component of the
present invention enables an occupant in a cabin to be protected not only from a face-on
collision, but also from a collision from an angled direction. Moreover, due to absorbing
impact energy without damaging a bonding member, maintenance is also easy and efficient.
Moreover, the impact absorbing component of the present invention is capable of sufficiently
absorbing impact energy for a collision as described above with comparatively few limitations
to profile, enabling compact housing and not leading to an increase in the weight of peripheral
members. A weight reduction can also be achieved in the component itself due to
configuring from a light weight material. This is accordingly also advantageous in raising
fuel efficiency.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0026] Fig. 1 to Fig. 17 relate to a first exemplary embodiment.
Fig. 1A is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. IB is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. 1C is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. ID is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. IE is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. IF is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. 1G is a perspective view illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. 1H is a photograph illustrating typical deformation behavior when load is
exerted in an impact absorption direction.
Fig. 2 is a graph of a typical load-displacement curve when load is exerted in an
impact absorption direction.
Fig. 3 is a cross-section illustrating a configuration of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating deformation behavior of surface layers
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and a core layer during buckling deformation of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 4B is a schematic diagram illustrating deformation behavior of surface layers
and a core layer during buckling deformation of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 4C is a schematic diagram illustrating deformation behavior of surface layers
and a core layer during buckling deformation of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 4D is a schematic diagram illustrating deformation behavior of surface layers
and a core layer during buckling deformation of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 4E is a schematic diagram illustrating deformation behavior of surface layers
and a core layer during buckling deformation of a laminated metal sheet.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view illustrating deformation behavior when load is exerted in
an impact absorption direction on a member formed with only one ridge line.
Fig. 6 is a photograph illustrating typical axial deviation when load is exerted in an
impact absorption direction.
Fig. 7A is a perspective view illustrating an impact absorbing component having a
portion of open cross-section profiles employed in examples.
Fig. 7B is a cross-section, at A in Fig. 7A, illustrating an impact absorbing
component with a portion of open cross-section profiles employed in examples.
Fig. 7C is a cross-section, at B in Fig. 7A, illustrating an impact absorbing
component with a portion of open cross-section profiles employed in examples.
Fig. 8 is a photograph illustrating "V-shaped" deformation.
Fig. 9 A is a schematic diagram illustrating buckling deformation in a case in which
the thickness configuration of a laminated metal sheet has changed.
Fig. 9B is a schematic diagram illustrating buckling deformation in a case in which
the thickness configuration of a laminated metal sheet has changed.
Fig. 10 is a perspective view illustrating an example of an application of the present
invention to an impact absorbing component.
Fig. 11A is a cross-section illustrating an impact absorbing component of open
cross-section profile employed in examples.
Fig. 11B is a perspective view illustrating an impact absorbing component of open
cross-section profile employed in examples.
Fig. 12A is a cross-section illustrating an impact absorbing component of closed
cross-section profile employed in examples.
Fig. 12B is a perspective view illustrating an impact absorbing component of closed
cross-section profile employed in examples.
Fig. 13 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a member including a polygonal
9
component cross-section profile including plural ridge lines employed in examples.
Fig. 14 is a perspective view illustrating an impact absorbing component with a
portion of open cross-section profiles employed in examples.
Fig. 15 A is a cross-section illustrating a circular cylinder shaped impact absorbing
component employed in comparative examples.
Fig. 15B is a cross-section, at C in Fig. 15 A, illustrating a circular cylinder shaped
impact absorbing component employed in comparative examples.
Fig. 16Ais a perspective view illustrating a member configured with only one ridge
line employed in comparative examples.
Fig. 16B is a cross-section, at D in Fig. 16A, illustrating a member configured with
only one ridge line employed in comparative examples.
Fig. 17 is a cross-section illustrating a laminated metal sheet including a wire mesh
in a core layer.
Fig. 18 A to Fig. 20 related to a second exemplary embodiment.
Fig. 18Ais a perspective view illustrating an example of a shape of an impact
absorbing component.
Fig. 18B is a perspective view illustrating another example of a shape of an impact
absorbing component.
Fig. 19 is a graph illustrating average bucking wavelengths against Ec/Ef for an
Example 103, and Comparative Examples 101 and 102.
Fig. 20 is a graph illustrating average bucking wavelengths for profiles of impact
absorbing components.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0027] Explanation follows regarding an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,
with reference to the drawings. Elements having essentially the same functional
configuration are allocated the same reference numerals in the present specification and
drawings, and duplicate explanation thereof is omitted.
[0028] First Exemplary Embodiment
The present exemplary embodiment is an impact absorbing component that absorbs
impact energy when impact load is exerted onto the component at one end portion in the
impact absorption direction. The impact absorbing component is configured including a
member formed into a profile including at least two ridge lines, by working a laminated metal
sheet of uniform cross-section configured by lamination bonding sheet metal onto both faces
of a core layer having appropriate Young's modulus and density. In the present specification,
in cases in which an impact absorbing component has straight line portions in the profiles of
10
cross-sections orthogonal to an impact absorption direction of the impact absorbing
component, a ridge line is a line connecting the angled portions (having an angle of over 0°
but less than 180°) formed between the straight line portions along the impact absorption
direction (see the ridge line 3 in Fig. 1).
[0029] As illustrated in Fig. 3, a laminated metal sheet 9 for configuring the impact
absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment has a structure in which metal
sheets (surface layers 5 A, 5B) are respectively laminated onto both faces of a core layer 10,
namely has a structure in which the core layer 10 is laminated onto the surface layer 5 A, and
then the surface layer 5B is further laminated thereon. In the present exemplary embodiment,
the core layer 10 is a plate shaped layer having a Young's modulus (Ec) and a density less than
a Young's modulus (Ef) and a density of the surface layers 5A, 5B. The core layer 10 is
preferably uniformly present across the entire cross-section of the laminated metal sheet 9.
The Young's modulus (Ec) of the core layer 10 may be evaluated by tensile testing according
to JIS Z2241 (metal materials) and JIS K7113. When the core layer 10 is a structural body
combined from plural substances, the Young's modulus (Ec) is the coaxial stress-strain
proportionality constant (modulus of longitudinal elasticity) of the structural body.
[0030] A uniform cross-section indicates that the surface layers and the core layer are
present uniformly across the entire cross-section of the laminated metal sheet. Uniform
includes periodic (ordered) configurations such as wire mesh. The periodicity is not limited
to being constant, and may vary slightly. Configurations that, across the entire cross-section,
combine a periodic portion with a non-periodic portion are not encompassed by the term
uniform.
[0031] The impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment is capable of
efficiently absorbing impact energy by utilizing axial crushing deformation (Fig. 1H) of the
laminated metal sheet 9 worked into a profile including at least two ridge lines. It is
accordingly envisaged that during impact energy absorption, 50% or more of the deformation
mode of the impact absorbing component is by application of impact load from a direction
within a range in which deformation is by an axial crushing mode. The input direction of the
impact load to satisfy such a condition differs according to the magnitude of the impact load
and the speed, however, the input direction intersects the impact absorption direction at an
angle that is roughly 0° or greater, but less than 60°. When 60° or greater, the deformation
mode of the component under impact load is often predominantly a bending crushing
deformation mode under lateral load (load at right angles to the impact absorbing component)
rather than axial crushing. The input direction of the impact load is preferably set so as to be
45° or less, and more preferably 30° or less. The proportion occupied by the axial crushing
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deformation mode is thereby larger, enabling even more efficient impact energy absorption.
Application to impact absorbing components in transportation is also envisaged, and so the
speed at which impact load is applied is envisaged to be from 1 m/h to 500 km/h.
[0032] The core layer 10 of the laminated metal sheet 9 is a plate shaped layer with a lower
Young's modulus and density than the metal sheets configuring the surface layers 5A, 5B. It
is sufficient for the plate shaped layer to have a Young's modulus and density lower than those
of the surface layers 5 A, 5B, and the substance and structure thereof is not particularly limited,
as described below. Thus working is into an "L-shaped profile" when there is a single ridge
line 3, or into a "U-shaped profile or S-shaped profile" when there are two or more of the
ridge line 3 present at one or more location. There are four of the ridge lines 3 present in the
hat shaped profile of Fig. IE.
[0033] Detailed explanation next follows regarding the reason the impact absorbing
component of the present exemplary embodiment is able to efficiently absorb energy.
[0034] The impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment is
configured by the laminate-bonded body of the low density core layer 10 and metal sheets 5,
and therefore has a low density compared to that of a single metal sheet. As a result, an
increase in the mass of the laminated metal sheet 9 can be greatly suppressed, even when the
thickness of the core layer 10 is increased. This thereby enables a high bending rigidity to
be achieved in comparison to a single metal sheet of equivalent weight. As described by
Tymoshenko, the maximum load Pmi during buckling deformation is a function of the
bending rigidity of the configuring sheet (see Equation (1)), and the Pmj is higher the higher
the bending rigidity. Thus the Pm, can be raised by using an effect of increasing the rigidity
of the laminated metal sheet 9.
Pmj = k 7i2D/b2 Equation (1)
Wherein k is a proportionality constant, D is the bending rigidity, b is the width of a side face
of the impact absorbing component.
[0035] Shortening the wavelength of buckling deformation is achieved by the following
mechanism.
[0036] In the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the impact absorbing component of the
present exemplary embodiment, the core layer 10 of low Young's modulus is bonded to and
constrains the metal sheets 5 at both faces, enabling modeling as two sheets of surface layer
member 21 constraining each other through elastic springs 20 (Fig. 4A). Although there is a
difference in the degrees of freedom for deformation of the surface layer members 21, an
axial crushing deformation mode of these two sheets is equivalent to a crushing deformation
mode of a sheet on an elastic floor (Fig. 4B). An elastic floor 22 is equivalent to the elastic
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springs 20. In the two sheets of the surface layer member 21 constrained by the elastic
springs 20 (Fig. 4 A), both of the two sheets (the surface layer member 21) are unfixed, and in
the surface layer member 21 on the elastic floor 22 (Fig. 4B) only one of the sheets (the
surface layer members 21) is unfixed. However, in both cases, axial crushing energy is
absorbed by elongation deformation of the elastic springs 20 and by deformation of the
surface layer member 21. Moreover, from the principle of least action, deformation is that
having the minimum total deformation energy. As described by Tymoshenko, the energy er
is at a minimum when the surface layer sheet metal is deformed with a wavelength HI (Fig.
4C) equivalent to the spacing between ridge lines. However, in deformation of an elastic
floor, the energy can be decreased by making the elongation as small as possible. As a result,
the energy ec is minimized when deformed at a wavelength H2 that is shorter than the spacing
between ridge lines as illustrated in Fig. 4D. Thus the bucking wavelength of a sheet on the
elastic floor 22 is determined by a balance in the magnitudes of ec and ef, and is a value
shorter than Hi but longer than H2 (Fig. 4C, Fig. 4D).
[0037] Shortening of the wavelength of the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the present
exemplary embodiment can also be explained under similar principles. Namely, the
deformation energy is smaller in the surface layers 5A, 5B when buckled at longer
wavelength. The deformation energy is smaller in the core layer 10 when buckled at shorter
wavelength. The laminated metal sheet 9 undergoes buckling deformation at a wavelength
such that there is a balance in the magnitude relationship between the deformation energies of
the surface layers 5A, 5B and of the core layer 10, and such that the sum of the two
deformation energies is minimized. The contribution of the deformation of the core layer 10,
which tends to have a shorter wavelength, enables crushing deformation with a shorter
wavelength to be achieved in the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary
embodiment than in an impact absorbing component configured from a single material.
[0038] Deformation in which the Young's modulus of the core layer 10 of the laminated
metal sheet 9 is that of the surface layers 5 A, 5B or higher can be modeled as two sheets of
sheet metal constrained by a rigid body. In such cases, the core layer does not undergo
elongation deformation (such as that of Fig. 4C, Fig. 4D) and so a constant distance is
maintained between the two sheets of surface layer member 21 serving as rigid bodies 23.
The deformation energy is minimized for deformation that maintains a flat plane (a
cross-section orthogonal to the material axis before deformation is also a cross-section
orthogonal to the material axis after deformation) (Fig. 4E). The buckling wavelength
cannot be made shorter as a result. The Young's modulus of the core layer 10 of the
laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the present exemplary embodiment should accordingly
13
be less than the Young's modulus of the surface layers 5 A, 5B.
[0039] Moreover, the laminated metal sheet 9 of the present exemplary embodiment should
be worked into a profile including at least two ridge lines 3. Corners can be made by
configuring the ridge lines 3. Corner portions have greater rigidity than the side face 2, and
so are capable of greatly increasing the maximum load Pm; during buckling deformation.
Moreover, there should be two or more of the ridge lines 3. In cases in which there is only
one of the ridge lines 3, there is a free end face present at one peripheral end face of each of
the side faces on either side of the ridge line 3. As a result, a deformation mode occurs in
which the angle formed by the side faces widens under crushing load, as illustrated in Fig. 5.
The boundary conditions accordingly change, twisting deformation occurs so that buckling
deformation is not stable, and the advantages of the laminated metal sheet described above
cannot be sufficiently exhibited.
[0040] Due to the above reasons, the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary
embodiment is able to achieve buckling deformation that maintains a high maximum load Pm;
during buckling deformation, and is able to increase the number of times of bucking due to
the short wavelength, such that a high average load W is achieved. As a result, the impact
energy absorption can be increased. Moreover, the boundary conditions do not change
during deformation, enabling buckling to be stabilized. As a result impact energy can be
efficiently absorbed.
[0041] Another effect of buckling deformation with short wavelength is being able to
suppress the occurrences of phenomena such as axial deviation during buckling deformation
of a single metal sheet (Fig. 6). As a result buckling can be stabilized, and impact energy
can be absorbed with good reproducibility. Even when load is simultaneously imparted
along a direction intersecting the impact absorption direction at an angle (imparted to the
impact absorbing component as a biased load), impact energy can still be stably absorbed.
[0042] It is sufficient for the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary
embodiment to be configured including a member that is formed into a profile including at
least two ridge lines by working the appropriate laminated metal sheet 9 with Young's
modulus and density that satisfy the above conditions, and there are no particular limitations
to the form of the ridge lines 3. Hence it is sufficient that there are two or more of the ridge
lines 3, and these maybe parallel to the impact absorption direction, may be disposed so as to
fan out on progression along the impact load exertion direction, or the reverse thereof. The
number of the ridge lines 3 is preferably 25 of less. Shaping becomes difficult when the
number exceeds 25.
[0043] There is also no particular limitation to the profile of the impact absorbing
14
component of the present exemplary embodiment, as long as the above conditions are
satisfied. The profile may be that of an impact absorbing component worked into a specific
form by applying crush beads to side faces as described in JP-A No. 2006-207724, however
this is not an essential condition of the present exemplary embodiment. The profile
limitations are accordingly less than those of conventional technology, and a form may be
selected according to purpose. For example, when the impact absorbing component is
formed by working in a simple process, a rectangular shape such as a simple U-shape or
S-shape, or hat shape, may be selected. In order to also use the form to further stabilize the
energy absorption for load along an angled direction, the cross-section profile orthogonal to
the impact load direction may be formed with a polygonal shape including a large number of
ridge lines (exceeding a quadrangle shape), enabling a more isotropic form to be achieved.
A hexagonal to octagonal cross-section is more preferable from the perspective of achieving a
balance between shaping properties and energy absorption performance to angled load. A
profile including at least two ridge lines disposed so as to fan out on progression along the
impact load exertion direction is also possible, in a form having different cross-section
profiles at end faces. In such profiles, making the cross-section on the side that first receives
impact load smaller, decreases Pmi (whereas normally Pmi > Pmj (j > 1)), and is useful in
more certainly suppressing propagation of impact load to other members. Conversely, a
profile including at least two ridge lines disposed so as to taper along the impact load exertion
direction is also possible. In such cases, the cross-section on the side initially receiving the
impact load can be made larger, enabling Pmi to be increased. As a result, suitable
application may be made to applications in which an initial impact withstanding force is
needed in the component (such as applications in which the component is made difficult to
break).
[0044] There are, moreover, no particular limitations to the height h of the impact absorbing
component of the present exemplary embodiment. The height h of the impact absorbing
component refers to the height of the impact absorbing component projected onto the impact
absorption direction axis, and where there are many such axes, refers to the effective impact
absorbing component height. The impact energy absorption performance per each wave of
bucking is determined by the component cross-section and by the configuring material,
enabling a preferable component height to be determined according to the component
cross-section and the configuring material. For example, the impact energy absorption
performance per each wave of bucking is a function of the product of the plastic buckling
moment Mp of the configuring laminated sheet, and the maximum peripheral length Lm of the
component cross-section. Thus for a target energy absorption amount Uo, when the
15
component height h is < (Uo/Mo) Lm, sometimes impact energy cannot be completely
absorbed by the impact absorbing component alone. Thus preferably h > (Uo/Mo) Lm, and
more preferably h > 2 x (Uo/Mo) Lm. On the other hand, preferably h < (100 x U0/M0) Lm.
When h > (100 x Uo/Mo) Lm, sometimes there are many undamaged locations unaffected by
the impact energy, resulting in a lowering of impact absorption performance by mass.
[0045] Moreover, the form of the component cross-section of the impact absorbing
component of the present exemplary embodiment may be an open cross-section (see Fig. 11 A,
Fig. 11B), may be a closed cross-section (see Fig. 12A, Fig. 12B), or may be a closed
cross-section provided with an open portion in part of the cross-section (see Fig. 14). A
form with beads formed to a side face, a form with an open cross-section at a portion where a
hole is provided in a side face (Fig. 7A to Fig. 7C), or a form in which a cutout portion is
inserted at a collision initiation location, may also be adopted.
[0046] When emphasis is given to low weight properties, after securing two ridge lines,
preferably at least one side face (a side face that forms a rear plate in an example described
below) is omitted to give a component cross-section that has an open cross-section. The
impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment buckles stably with a
short wavelength due to configuring with the member that is the appropriate laminated metal
sheet 9 formed into a profile including two ridge lines. As a result, although the rear plate is
omitted to give an open cross-section as in the example described below, the impact absorbing
component does not deform in a "V-shape", but deforms instead in a bellows-shape.
However, in cases in which a single metal sheet is formed into a profile including two or more
ridge lines, the impact absorbing component buckles with a wavelength Hi equivalent to the
spacing between ridge lines. As a result, in cases in which there is an open cross-section,
deformation occurs in which free end portions fold in greatly toward the inside as
demonstrated by a comparative example described below, "V-shaped" deformation occurs,
and the creases of a bellows-shape cannot be formed stably (Fig. 8). As a result, it is
difficult to efficiently absorb the impact energy with an open cross-section in cases in which
configuration is made using a single metal sheet. Accordingly, one of the features of the
present exemplary embodiment is the ability to stably absorb impact energy even with an
open cross-section. Another effect from making the component cross-section an open
cross-section is that welding is omitted, and the degrees of freedom for joining the component
and the vehicle body together are increased (due to adopting an open cross-section, it is
possible to fasten with bolts through L-shaped plates or the like).
[0047] Moreover, in cases in which emphasis is given to low weight properties and twisting
rigidity of the impact absorbing component, the impact absorbing component is preferably
16
configured with a closed cross-section provided with an opening portion in a portion of the
component cross-sections, and a partially open cross-section provided with holes in the side
face. The twisting rigidity is increased by employing a closed cross-section. The impact
absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment possesses an underlying potential
to stably deform in a bellows-shape and absorb energy even with an open cross-section, such
that there is no need to give side faces provided with holes the strength needed to suppress
"V-shaped deformation". As a result the degrees of freedom for design are greater than in
impact absorbing components made from single metal sheets.
[0048] When even greater emphasis is given to twisting rigidity and bending rigidity of the
impact absorbing component, preferably the entire impact absorbing component has a closed
cross-section profile.
[0049] Moreover, in the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment,
it is sufficient for the member formed by working the appropriate laminated metal sheet 9 into
a profile including at least two ridge lines to configure 50% or more of the peripheral length
of the component cross-section having the maximum peripheral length, and there is no need
for the configuring material to be entirely the laminated metal sheet 9. It is possible to
substitute part thereof with a single metal sheet, according to purpose. For example, in cases
in which the impact absorbing component has the hat profile of Fig. 1E, it is possible to
substitute a rear plate 13 with a single metal sheet. When laminated metal sheets 9 are
welded together, sometimes bonding is lost between the core layer and the surface layer metal
sheets due to heat input during welding. As a result, welding conditions must be set such
that re-bonding of the metal sheets to the core layer is achieved, and sometimes welding is
difficult. Making the rear plate 13 from a single metal sheet eliminates the need for such
conditions in the rear plate 13, and enables welding conditions to be set more easily.
However, the laminated metal sheet 9 should not be less than 50%> of the maximum peripheral
length of the component cross-section of the impact absorbing component. When
configuring with a combination of the laminated metal sheet 9 with a single metal sheet,
buckling creases propagating from the laminated metal sheet 9 to the single metal sheet makes
the composite overall wavelength longer. In cases in which the single metal sheet exceeds
50%, deformation with the composite buckling wavelength becomes the predominant
deformation during buckling, leading to a reduction in the energy absorption efficiency It is
preferable to make the influence from the composite budding wavelength small, and so the
proportion of the peripheral cross-section length that is occupied by the laminated metal sheet
9 is preferably 70%, and is more preferably 85% or greater.
[0050] The Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer 10 to the surface layers 5A, 5B of
17
the laminated metal sheet 9 is preferably from 1/10 to 1/100000, and the Young's modulus
ratio (Ec/Ef) is more preferably from 1/10 to 1/1000. The reason for this is explained below.
[0051] If the Ec/Ef exceeds 1/10, it can be presumed that the Young's modulus (Ec) of the
core layer 10 is too large, the core layer 10 does not readily undergo shear deformation, and
buckling deformation occurs with a wavelength slightly shorter than that with a single
material. There is accordingly a possibility that the impact energy absorption efficiency is
not greatly raised in an impact absorbing component configured from a material formed by
working the laminated metal sheet 9 with the Young's modulus ratio described above.
[0052] Moreover, when the Ec/Ef is less than 1/100000, the Young's modulus Ec of the core
layer 10 is extremely small, and so the core layer 10 is readily deformed. The deformation
energy of the core layer 10 when this occurs is accordingly a small deformation energy even
when the deformation amount is large, due to the Ec being small. As a result, the
deformation energy of the core layer 10 can be substantially negligible within the total of the
deformation energies of the surface layers 5 A, 5B and the core layer 10, and so deformation is
liable to occur that makes the deformation energy of the surface layers 5 A, 5B small.
Namely, can be presumed that in cases in which the Ec/Ef is less than 1/100000, the laminated
metal sheet 9 undergoes buckling deformation with a wavelength slightly shorter than that of
a single material. There is accordingly a possibility that the impact energy absorption
efficiency is not greatly raised in an impact absorbing component configured from a material
formed by working the laminated metal sheet 9 with the Young's modulus ratio described
above.
[0053] Moreover, in cases in which the Ec/Ef is less than 1/1000, sometimes the impact
absorbing component 1 configured from the member formed by working the laminated metal
sheet 9 has a maximum load Pm; during bucking that is smaller due to a decrease in the Ec
even when the bucking wavelength is short. As a result, sometimes the average load W is
reduced.
[0054] In consideration of the above, the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer 10
to the surface layers 5 A, 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 is preferably from 1/10 to
1/100000, and the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) is more preferably from 1/10 to 1/1000.
[0055] The separation between the ridge lines 3 of the member formed from the laminated
metal sheet 9 is preferably 10 mm or greater. When the Young's modulus of the core layer
10 is within the above range, there is a possibility that the bucking wavelength is particularly
short due to the above reasons, and is often 10 mm or less. Thus even if the separation
between the ridge lines 3 is 10 mm or above, the bucking wavelength of the impact absorbing
component 1 can still be made 10 mm or smaller. This is more readily implemented when
18
the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer 10 to the surface layers 5A, 5B of the
laminated metal sheet 9 is from 1/10 to 1/100000. Working during manufacture of the
impact absorbing component is easier if the separation between the two ridge lines can be
made large. However, when configured from a single metal sheet, the bucking wavelength is
equivalent to the separation between the two ridge lines. Thus in order to make the bucking
wavelength less than 10 mm, the separation between the two ridge lines needs to be made less
than 10 mm. Another feature of the present exemplary embodiment is the ability to reduce
the limitations to the profile by configuring with the appropriate laminated metal sheet 9.
[0056] The sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness (tc) of the core layer 10 to the
sheet thickness (tf) of the surface layers 5 A, 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the
impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment is preferably 10.0 or less.
Although it is slightly different depending from the specific weights of the surface layers 5 A,
5B and the core layer 10 configuring the laminated metal sheet 9, in consideration of low
weight properties of the laminated metal sheet 9, the tc/tf is preferably 2.0 or greater, and is
more preferably 3.5 or greater.
[0057] In cases in which the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) exceeds 10.0, a large divergence
arises between the rigidity of the laminated metal sheet 9 and the rigidity of the surface layers
5 A, 5B due to the core layer 10 becoming extremely thick compared to the surface layers 5 A,
5B. As a result, there is a tendency for symmetrical deformation to occur between the
surface layers 5A, 5B during buckling deformation.
[0058] More specifically, when the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is less than 10.0, the relative
difference between the rigidity of the laminated metal sheet 9 and the rigidity of the surface
layers 5A, 5B is comparatively small. Thus the laminated metal sheet 9 deforms by bending
in a similar manner to a sheet of a single material. Namely, the surface layers 5A, 5B
undergo asymmetric bending deformation due to surface layer 5 A deforming by bending
toward the outside, while the surface layer 5B deforms by bending toward the core layer 10.
[0059] When the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) exceeds 10.0, as illustrated in Fig. 9B, the
surface layer 5A deforms by bending toward the outside, while the surface layer 5B also
deforms by bending toward the outside. As a result, deformation occurs such that the
laminated metal sheet 9 bulges in the sheet thickness direction (opens out like a paper lantern),
and a delaminated portion 9a arises between the surface layers 5A, 5B and the core layer 10.
Thus there is a possibility that a stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation is not obtained in
cases in which impact load is exerted in the height direction on the impact absorbing
component configured by working the laminated metal sheet 9.
[0060] When the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is less than 2.0, the proportion occupied by the
19
thickness of the surface layers 5A, 5B to the thickness of the laminated metal sheet 9 is 50%
or greater. Due to the surface layers 5A, 5B having a large specific weight compared to the
core layer 10, the mass of the laminated metal sheet 9 is greatly increased. As a result there
is a possibility that sufficient weight reduction is not achieved in the impact absorbing
component configured from the laminated metal sheet 9.
[0061] In consideration of the above, the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the core layer 10 to
the surface layers 5A, 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the impact absorbing
component of the present exemplary embodiment is preferably 10.0 or less, more preferably
7.0 or less, and even more preferably 5.0 or less.
[0062] The surface layers 5A, 5B according to the present exemplary embodiment are not
particulariy limited, and metal sheets of carbon steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, magnesium,
alloys thereof, and the like may be employed therefor. Specific examples of steel sheets that
may be employed include: steel sheet used for cans, such as tin plate, thin tin-plated steel
sheet, chromate electroplated steel sheet (tin-free steel), nickel-plated steel sheet; hot-dip
galvamzed steel sheet, such as hot-dip zinc galvanized steel sheet, hot-dip zinc-iron alloy steel
sheet, hot-dip zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy plated steel sheet, hot-dip aluminum-silicon
alloy plated steel sheet, and hot-dip lead-tin alloy plated steel sheet; a surface treated steel
sheet such as an electroplated steel sheet, such as zinc electroplated steel sheet, zinc-nickel
electroplated steel sheet, zinc-iron alloy electroplated steel sheet, or zinc-chrome alloy
electroplated steel sheet; cold rolled steel sheet; hot rolled steel sheet; and stainless steel
sheet.
[0063] Moreover, the core layer 10 may be laminated between surface layers 5A, 5B formed
from metal sheets that are metal sheets of a similar type, but are different substances having
similar Young's moduli to each other. More specifically, in applications where, for example,
bending or drawing is required, it is possible to, for example, laminate the core layer 10
between steel sheets of different strength, using the softer steel on the face where the radius of
curvature is small and severe working occurs, and using high strength steel on the other face
to secure strength. In cases in which the surface layers 5A, 5B are two metal sheets having
different Young's moduli from each other, the value of the surface layer having the smaller
Young's modulus is employed as Ef of the Young's modulus ratio (E(/Ef) as defined in the
present specification.
[0064] A known surface treatment may be applied to the surfaces of the surface layers 5 A,
5B according to the present exemplary embodiment in order to raise adhesiveness and
corrosion resistance. Examples of such surface treatment include chromate treatment
(reaction-type, coating-type, or electrolytic) and non-chromium treatment, phosphate
20
treatment, and organic resin treatment, however, there is no limitation thereto.
[0065] The thickness of the surface layers 5 A, 5B is preferably 0.2 mm or greater. In cases
in which the thickness of the surface layers 5A, 5B is less than 0.2 mm, the surface layers 5 A,
5B are liable to fracture during bend-working when manufacturing the impact absorbing
component, and sometimes the desired cross-section profile is not obtainable. However, the
weight reduction effect is liable to be insufficient in cases in which the thickness of the
surface layers 5 A, 5B exceeds 2.0 mm. The thickness of the surface layers 5 A, 5B is
preferably 2.0 mm or less from the perspective of weight reduction.
[0066] The thickness of the surface layers 5 A, 5B that is lamination bonded above and
below the core layer 10 may be different above and below. For example, it is possible to
malce the surface layer in which tensile deformation occurs thicker in order to prevent fracture
of the surface layers 5A, 5B during the bending referred to above. However, in cases in
which the thicknesses of the surface layers 5 A, 5B are modified, the thickness ratio (Ti/Ts) of
the thickness (Tj.) of the thicker surface layer to the thickness (Ts) of the other surface layer is
preferably from 1 to 1.5. This is because in cases in which the thickness ratio (TL/TS) of the
thickness (TL) of the thicker surface layer to the thickness (Ts) of the other surface layer
exceeds 1.5, not only does this tend to increase the weight of the laminated metal sheet 9 by a
large amount, but there is also a possibility that the impact absorbing component configured
by working the laminated metal sheet 9 is unable to obtain stable bellows-shaped crushing
deformation.
[0067] In cases in which the thicknesses of the surface layers 5A, 5B placed above and
below the core layer 10 are different above and below, preferably the thickness (TjJ of the
thicker surface layer is employed as the thickness (tf) referred to above in the sheet thickness
ratio (tc/tf) of the core layer 10 to the surface layers 5A, 5B.
[0068] Explanation next follows regarding the core layer 10 of the laminated metal sheet 9
according to the present exemplary embodiment. There are no particular limitations to the
core layer 10 as long as it is a sheet shaped layer having a Young's modulus of less than the
Young's modulus (Ef) of the surface layers 5A, 5B, and appropriate selection can be made
from known materials. More specifically, examples of substances which may be employed
as the material of the core layer 10 include metals such as an Al alloy, titanium, or copper, and
non-metallic materials such as a ceramic, resin, fiber reinforced resin, or paper.
[0069] Further examples of the core layer 10 include the above materials and Fe alloys,
stainless steel and the like that have been imparted with a known structure, for example a
structure including holes such as a mesh structure, a honeycomb structure, or an expanded
structure, a wavy structure, a corrugated structure, a roll structure, and a foamed body.
21
[0070] Examples of the core layer 10 also include a composite core layer of a combination
of two or more of the above materials, for example a composite material in which the holes of
a honeycomb structure are filled with a foamed resin, or a composite material in which a resin
sheet and a net structure are laminated together in sequence. Tn cases in which the core layer
10 is a composite material from a combination of two or more of the above materials, the
Young's modulus of the composite body is employed as the Young's modulus (Ec) of the core
layer 10.
[0071] When an insulating material such as a resin is employed as the core layer 10, it is
possible to secure the electrical conductively required to secure weldability by including in
the resin an aluminum powder, an aluminum alloy powder, a nickel powder, a zinc powder, or
an Fe-based metal power (such as Fe-Si alloy, Fe-Cr alloy, Fe-Co alloy, Fe-Mn, or the like),
and non-oxide ceramic particles such as boride, carbide, nitride, and silicide particles having
an electrical resistivity of from 1.0 x 10"7to 1.9 x 10~4Qcm.
[0072] Explanation next follows regarding bonding between the surface layers 5A, 5B and
the core layer 10 in the present exemplary embodiment. There are no particular limitations
to the bonding material and the bonding method, and a known bonding material and bonding
method may be employed. For example, adhesive, electro conductive adhesive, or brazing
filler metal may be employed as the bonding material, described in detail later, and adhesive
bonding, brazing, or welding may be employed as the bonding method.
[0073] In the laminated metal sheet 9, a wire mesh 30 may be disposed between metal sheets
(the surface layers 5A, 5B), with the gaps filled with an adhesive 37 (see Fig. 17). In other
words, the core layer 10 may be configured by the wire mesh 30 and the adhesive 37.
Examples of the adhesive 37 include a polyester resin and an electro conductive adhesive.
The wire mesh 30 is configured with a periodicity, and so the laminated metal sheet 9 may be
considered as having a uniform cross-section. There is no limitation to the periodicity being
constant, and it may vary.
[0074] The surface layers 5 A, 5B and the core layer 10 of the laminated metal sheet 9
configuring the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment preferably
are bonded with a shear bond strength of 5 MPa or greater, and more preferably of 25 MPa or
greater. Reference here to shear bond strength indicates a value of the maximum load when
the surface layers 5A, 5B and the core layer 10 are separated, divided by the bonded surface
area.
[0075] In cases in which the shear bond strength between the surface layers 5A, 5B and the
core layer 10 of the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the impact absorbing component of
the present exemplary embodiment is less than 5 MPa, delamination of the surface layers 5 A,
22
5B on the two faces of the core layer 10 occurs when an impact load is exerted, with a
concern that the laminated metal sheet 9 cannot be deformed as a unit. There is, as a result,
the possibility that the impact absorbing component is not able to obtain a stable
bellows-shaped crushing deformation.
[0076] Moreover, the shear bond strength is preferably 25 MPa or greater in order to prevent
delamination between the surface layers 5A, 5B and the two faces of the core layer 10
occurign due to shear forces arising in the laminated metal sheet 9 during crushing
deformation of the impact absorbing component. The shear bond strength may be evaluated
by tensile shear testing according to JIS-K6850.
[0077] The bonding layers of the core layer 10 to the surface layers 5 A, 5B of the laminated
metal sheet 9 configuring the impact absorbing component of the present exemplary
embodiment are, for example, preferably bonding through bonding layers 7A, 7B. The
bonding layers 7A, 7B may be formed by a known bonding material, and may, for example,
be formed from an adhesive, brazing filler metal, or electro conductive adhesive.
[0078] Examples of brazing filler metals include soft braze (solder) made from an alloy of
lead, tin, antimony, cadmium, zinc, or the like, or a hard braze such as Ni-Cr based brazing
filler metals, copper brazing, gold brazing, palladium brazing, silver brazing, and aluminum
brazing..
[0079] Examples of the electro conductive adhesive include a metal powder such as an
aluminum powder, a nickel powder, or an iron power added at a specific amount to an
adhesive, as described below. Moreover, electrical resistivity of the electro conductive
adhesive is preferably from 1.0 x 10"3 to 1.0 x 10~4 Clem in order to be able to give stable
welding.
[0080] The bonding layers between the surface layers 5A, 5B and the core layer 10 in the
laminated metal sheet 9 may be achieved by brazing filler metal or electro conductive
adhesive, thereby enabling weldabilty of the laminated metal sheet 9 to be secured when the
core layer 10 is an electro conductive material, and enabling the impact absorbing component
to be manufactured by a method such a welding.
[0081] Moreover, the shear strength as the bonding portion between the surface layers 5A,
5B and the core layer 10 of the laminated metal sheet 9 is preferably 5 MPa or greater, and is
more preferably 25 MPa or greater. Failure (pseudo delamination) occurs at the bonding
portion due to shear force when the shear strength of the bonding portion is less than 5 MPa.
There is, as a result, the possibility that stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation may not
be achieved in the impact absorbing component. Moreover, the shear strength of the
bonding portion is more preferably 25 MPa or higher in order to prevent pseudo delamination
23
of the bonding portion from occurring due to shear force in the laminated metal sheet 9 during
crushing deformation of the impact absorbing component.
[0082] An adhesive is employed as the bonding material in cases in which adhesive bonding
is performed to bond the surface layers 5 A, 5B and the core layer 10 together, however, in
order to maintain heat resistant profile stability even after working, the storage modulus G' of
the adhesive at from 100°C to 160°C is preferably from 0.05 MPa to 100 GPa. At less than
0.05 MPa, sometimes creep deformation at the bonding portion, failure of tbe bonding portion,
or delamination originating at the bonding portion occurs when the component formed from
the laminated metal sheet 9 is heated to the given temperature (from 100°C to 160°C) due to
residual stress at the surface layer/adhesive boundary generated when the laminated metal
sheet 9 forms the impact absorbing component. G' is more preferably 1.0 MPa or greater,
and is even more preferably 5 MPa or greater in order to prevent creep deformation occurring
at the bonding portion with certainty. However, when 100 GPa is exceeded, the G' at normal
temperature is greater, and so there is a concern regarding a drop in following ability during
working, failure during working, and the ease with which delamination originating at the
bonding portion occurs. The storage modulus G' of the adhesive may be evaluated as the
maximum value of the storage modulus of the adhesive measured at a frequency of from 0.1
to 10 Hz. When a thermoset adhesive is employed, a cross-linked adhesive film may be
employed that has been imparted with a thermal history matching the lamination conditions,
and when a thermoplastic adhesive is employed, an adhesive film may be formed, and then
measurements may be made using a known dynamic viscosity measurement device.
[0083] Moreover, as the tan 8 ratio of the loss modulus G" to the storage modulus G' of the
adhesive at from 100°C to 160°C (= G7G'), it is preferable that tan 8 < 1, and more preferable
that tan 8 < 0.8, more preferable that tan 8 < 0.5, and still more preferable that tan 8 < 0.1.
The smaller tan 5, the better creep deformation of the bonding portion due to residual stress
being suppressed even when heated, enabling the profile to be stabilized. When tan 5 > 1,
viscous flow occurs at the bonding portion when the work piece is heated to from 100°C to
160°C, with the profile becoming unstable, and the possibility arising of creep deformation
failure and delamination.
[0084] For example, an epoxy-based adhesive, an acrylic-based adhesive, a urethane-based
adhesive, or the like may be employed as the adhesive. A structural adhesive having an
epoxy resin as a basic member is preferably employed from the perspective of securing both
heat resistance and durability of the adhesive, and out of such adhesives a single liquid
thermoset adhesive premixed with a setting agent is more preferable from the perspective of
ease of handling.
24
[0085] Bonding between the surface layers 5A, 5B and the core layer 10 may be performed
by welding in cases in which the core layer 10 is an electro conductive material. A known
welding method may be employed, however, specific examples of the welding method
include resistance welding such as spot welding or seam welding, electron beam welding,
laser welding, and arc welding.
[0086] Moreover, as the method of bonding the surface layers 5A, 5B and the core layer 10
together, from the perspectives of securing productivity and weldabilty of the laminated metal
sheet 9, bonding with a brazing filler metal with a melting point of 400°C or less (for example,
solder), or bonding by using a heat resistant electro conductive adhesive, are particularly
preferable.
[0087] Explanation next follows regarding a method of manufacturing the impact absorbing
component according to the present exemplary embodiment. The impact absorbing
component may be manufactured using a known method, and there is no limitation to a
specific manufacturing method. For example, the impact absorbing component may be
manufactured by performing one or plural processes on the laminated metal sheet 9 of
working by press bending, drawing, or roll forming.
[0088] Moreover, there is no limitation to a specific bonding method for bonding sheets
together when manufacturing the impact absorbing component using two or more sheets, and
the manufacture may employ a known bonding method. For example, the sheets may be
bonded together using resistance welding such as spot welding or seam welding, welding such
as electron beam welding, laser welding, or arc welding, mechanical bonding using bolts or
the like, bonding using an adhesive, or brazing using brazing filler metal, to bond the impact
absorbing component.
[0089] A detailed explanation has been given above regarding configurations of the
laminated metal sheet 9 according to the present exemplary embodiment, and detailed
explanation next follows regarding a manufacturing method of the laminated metal sheet 9
configured as described above.
[0090] The laminated metal sheet 9 according to the present exemplary embodiment may be
manufactured by application of a known laminating method. More specifically, manufacture
can be performed using the following processes and the like.
[0091] Both faces of the core layer 10 are coated in a bonding material (adhesive, brazing
filler metal, or the like) if required, the surface layer 5 A, the core layer 10, and the surface
layer 5B are stacked together in sequence, and then pressed at room temperature or while
heating. It is also possible to manufacture by coating one face of each of the surface layers
5 A, 5B with adhesive, inserting the core layer 10 in a stack between the two coated faces, and
25
then pressing at room temperature or while heating.
[0092] Specific examples of the bonding material and bonding method have been given
above, and so detailed explanation thereof will be omitted here.
[0093] In the present exemplary embodiment there are at least two of the ridge lines 3, and
so the side face 2 (without a free end) is supported at both ends by the ridge lines 3, enabling
stable buckling to be achieved under impact load. Moreover, the impact absorbing
component is configured from a member that is formed from the laminated metal sheet 9 in
which the core layer 10 having suitable Young's modulus and density is laminated between
the surface layers 5A, 5B. This thereby enables the sheet to be made thick while
maintaining low weight properties. This thereby enables the bending rigidity to be increased.
Moreover, due to working so as to include the ridge lines, a corner portion of high rigidity can
be obtained. As a result, a high maximum load Pmi during buckling deformation can be
achieved. Moreover, the laminated metal sheet 9 described above undergoes buckling
deformation equivalent to that of two metal sheets constrained by elastic springs. This
thereby enables buckling deformation with a shorter wavelength than with a single metal
sheet as hitherto, enabling the number of bucking deformation times n to be increased.
Moreover, due to being able to achieve bucking with a short wavelength, axial deviation is
small during deformation, enabling efficient energy absorption even for an impact load input
at an angle with respect to the impact absorption direction.
[0094] The impact absorbing component of the present exemplary embodiment has the
features described above, and so there are comparatively few profile limitations in order to
exhibit the functionality. An appropriate form may be selected according to purpose.
Specific examples include achieving a weight reduction with an open cross-section as the
component cross-section, securing weight reduction and twisting rigidity by providing
openings in a side face, and securing bending and twisting rigidity by employing a closed
cross-section.
[0095] An example of an application of the impact absorbing component of the present
exemplary embodiment is to a hollow, elongated framework member (for example a front side
member in a vehicle). For example, as illustrated in Fig. 10, an elongated framework
member is formed by welding or adhesive bonding impact absorbing components 31 made
from sheet metal to the impact absorbing component 1 of the present exemplary embodiment,
and by disposing the impact absorbing component 1 of the present exemplary embodiment
between plural bucking inducing portions (beads 17) (the region demarcated by dashed lines
in Fig. 10). In the elongated framework member, the impact absorbing component of the
present exemplary embodiment undergoes stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation when
26
impact load is exerted along the length direction of the framework member, enabling a
sufficient impact absorbing effect to be obtained.
[0096] Due to such characteristics, the impact absorbing component of the present
exemplary embodiment is not only useable in ordinary vehicles, but can also be suitably
employed as an impact absorbing component for transport vehicles such as general vehicles
ranging from light vehicles to heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses, and trains.
[0097] Although explanation has been given above regarding suitable exemplary
embodiments of the present invention, while referring to the appended drawings, the present
invention is obviously not limited to these examples. It would be clear to a person of
ordinary skill in the art that various modifications and improvements are obtainable within the
range recited in the scope of the claims, and obviously it should be understood that such
modifications and improvements fall within the technical scope of the present invention.
First Examples
[0098] Explanation regarding the invention follows, based on specific examples and
comparative examples.
[0099] Configuration of Employed Laminated Metal Sheet and Manufacturing Method
Laminated metal sheets configured with the surface layers and the core layers listed
in Table .1 were manufactured as examples and comparative examples of the present invention.
Bonding between the surface layers and the core layer was achieved using a structural
adhesive (base: epoxy resin, coating amount 200 g/m ), an instant adhesive (base:
cyanoacrylate, coating amount 200 g/m2), brazing filler metal (Sn-Pb based low temperature
braze, melting point 183°C, usage amount 15 g/m2).
27
[0100] Table 1
Laminated
Metal Sheet
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Surface Layers
Substance
AI Killed
Steel
Al Sheet
A! Killed
Steel
A! Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Thickness
(mm)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Core Layer
Substance
Wire Mesh
Polyester
Polypropylene
Wire Mesh
Wire Mesh
Wire Mesh
Foamed Poly-
Urethane
Cold Rolled
Steel Sheet
Wire Mesh
50 Times
Expanded
Polystyrene
Foam
Polyester with
Ai Powder
Additive
Thickness
(mm)
1.4
1.4
1.4
3.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Configuration of Laminated
Metal Sheet
Ec/Ef
5.5 x 10''
5.5 x 10"2
3.2 x 10"3
5.5 x 10"2
5.5 x 10~2
5.5 x 10"2
5.5 x ]0~4
1.0
5.5 x 10"2
4.3 x 10"5
4.0 x 10~2
tc/tf
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
[0101] The laminated metal sheets A to D, G, H, J employed a structural adhesive as the
bonding material. The bonding material, a core layer, the bonding material, and a surface
layer were stacked in sequence onto a surface layer, and then heated to 180°C under a vacuum.
The stacked surface layers, bonding material, and core layer were then heated and pressed at a
press force of from 10 to 40 kgf/cm (from 0.98 to 3.92 MPa) for 20 minutes, and then cooled
to room temperature and opened to the atmosphere so as to obtain each of the laminated metal
sheets listed in Table 1.
[0102] The laminated metal sheet E employed an instant adhesive as the bonding material,
and the stacked surface layers, the bonding material, and core layer were pressed at a press
28
force of from 10 to 40 kgf/cm without heating so as to obtain the laminated metal sheet E.
[0103] The laminated metal sheet F employed brazing filler metal as the bonding material.
The stacked surface layers, bonding material, and core layer were heated to 300°C,
heat-pressing was performed at a press force of from 10 to 40 kgf/cm for 20 minutes,
followed by cooling to room temperature, and opening to the atmosphere so as to obtain the
laminated metal sheet F.
[0104] The laminated metal sheet 1 employed an adhesive in which Al powder was added to
a structural adhesive such that the electrical resistivity was 0.5xl0~3n •cm as the bonding
material. The bonding material, core layer, the bonding material, and a surface layer were
stacked in sequence onto the other surface layer, and heated to 180°C under a vacuum. The
stacked surface layers, bonding material, and core layer were then heated and pressed at a
press force of from 10 to 40 kgf/cm2 (from 0.98 MPato 3.92 MPa) for 20 minutes, then
cooled to room temperature, and opened to the atmosphere so as to obtain the laminated metal
sheet.
[0105] The laminated metal sheet K employed a polyester resin in which Al powder was
added such that the electrical resistivity was 0.5xl0"3H •cm in the core layer, and employed an
adhesive in which Al powder was added to a structural adhesive such that the electrical
resistivity was 0.5xlO"3 Hem as the bonding material. The bonding material, core layer,
bonding material, and a surface layer were stacked in sequence on the other surface layer, and
heated to 180°C under a vacuum. The stacked surface layers, bonding material, and core
layer were then heated and pressed at a press force of from 10 to 40 kgf/cm (from 0.98 MPa
to 3.92 MPa) for 20 minutes, then cooled to room temperature, and opened to the atmosphere
so as to obtain the laminated metal sheet.
[0106] A 980 MPa grade high strength steel sheet (sheet thickness: 1.0 mm) was employed
as the comparative example.
[0107] The wire mesh employed in the core layer had 0.6 mm diameter steel wire as the
base wire, with a mesh spacing (inter-wire spacing) of 1.6 mm. The Young's modulus of the
resin employed was measured using tensile testing according to ASTM-D638. The shear
bond strength of each of the laminated metal sheets was evaluated by tensile shear testing
according to JIS-K6850.
[0108] Collision Performance Evaluation Testing
The flowing drop test was performed order to demonstrate the effect of the impact
absorbing component according to the present invention. The laminated metal sheets
configured as per Table 1 were employed, formed by bending using a press brake, so as to
produce an impact absorbing component with a hat shaped profile (open cross-section) of
29
length 200 mm, as illustrated in Fig. 11 A, Fig. 11B.
[0109] Impact absorbing components of Examples 2, 13 and Comparative Example 4 were
produced with a closed cross-section structure by spot welding a rear plate 13 made from a
laminated metal sheet so as to close off the opening of a hat member 11 of open cross-section
structure, through flanges 12 provided to the hat member 11 of open cross-section structure as
illustrated in Fig. 12A, Fig. 12B.
[0110] In an impact absorbing component of Example 10, the laminated metal sheet F of
Table 1 was worked into members so as to have six ridge lines 3 as illustrated in Fig. 13, and
the members were bonded together by spot welding, so as to form a polygonal closed
cross-section profile.
[0111] To produce the impact absorbing component of Example 11 as illustrated in Fig. 14,
first a hat shaped profile component was produced with a length of 200 mm as illustrated in
Fig. 11 A, Fig. 1 IB. Then the impact absorbing component was produced by attaching rear
plates 13 of width 22 mm made from laminated metal sheet by, locally at intervals of 22 mm,
spot welding through flanges 12 provided to the hat member 11 such that a portion of
transverse cross-section profiles were open cross-section profiles.
[0112] In the impact absorbing component of Example 12, the laminated metal sheet I was
worked into the hat cross-section profile illustrated in Fig. 11 A, Fig. 11B, 590 MPa grade high
strength steel (1.0 mm) was spot welded as a rear plate 13 thereto using spot welding, so as to
produce the impact absorbing component having a closed cross-section structure as illustrated
in Fig. 12A,Fig. 12B.
[0113] In the impact absorbing component of Comparative Example 2, the laminated metal
sheet F of Table 1 was formed into a 70 mm diameter circular tube as illustrated in Fig. 15 A,
Fig. 15B, and end portions 15 thereof were bonded together by laser welding so as to give a
circular cylinder shape.
[0114] In the impact absorbing component of Comparative Example 3, the laminated metal
sheet A of Table 1 was bent to form an L-shaped profile as illustrated in Fig. 16A, Fig. 16B.
[0115] The end portion at the opposite side of the impact absorbing components to the end
portion a cone collides with were fixed to a jig. The collision end side of the impact
absorbing component was then collided with at a speed of 30 km/h along the axial direction
by letting the cone of mass 120 kg fall freely thereon from a height of 3.5 m.
[0116] For exertion of an angled load, the impact absorbing components were fixed to a
base inclined at an angle of 10°, and drop testing performed with a procedure similar to the
above.
[0117] Evaluation
30
Collision Performance Evaluation
The impact absorption energy was computed up to crushing of 100 mm from the
load-displacement curve during drop testing. In order to evaluate the low weight properties
of the components, the mass of the components were divided by the impact absorption energy
to give an impact absorption energy per unit mass, and comparative evaluation performed
thereon.
[0118] The impact absorption energy when angled load was exerted was computed from an
angle-corrected load-displacement curve due to the load being exerted at a 10° angle to the
axial direction.
[0119] Bucking Wavelength and Deformation Form Evaluation
The bucking wavelength was computed from a displacement (amount of penetration
of the cone into the impact absorbing component) -load curve during drop testing.
[0120] More specifically, measurements are taken of displacement when load starts to rise
up to displacement when the load is at a minimum, for each period in which the load rises and
falls. The bucking wavelength is then computed for each period by subtracting the
displacement when load starts to rise from the displacement when the load is at a minimum.
The bucking wavelength is computed similarly for each period, and finally averaged to
compute, an average bucking wavelength. The average bucking wavelengths were evaluated
as the bucking wavelength for the examples of the present invention. The test results are
listed in Table 2 and Table 3.
31
[0121] Tabel2
Bx ample 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 11
Example 12
Example 13
Comparative
Example 1
Comparative
Example 2
Comparative
Example 3
Materia!
Laminated Metal
Sheet A
Laminated Metal
Sheet I
Laminated Metal
Sheet B
Laminated Metal
Sheet C
Laminated Metal
Sheet D
Laminated Metal
Sheet E
Laminated Metal
Sheet F
Laminated Metal
Sheet G
Laminated Metal
Sheet J
Laminated Metal
Sheet F
Laminated Metal
Sheet I
Laminated Metal
Sheet I
+ High Strength
Steel
Laminated Metal
Sheet K
Laminated Metal
Sheet H
Laminated Metai
Sheet F
Laminated Metal
Sheet A
Impact Absorbing
Component Profile
Open Cross-Section
Closed
Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Polygonal Profile
Closed
Cross-Section
Partially Open
Cross-Section
Closed
Cross-Section
Closed
Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
Circular Cylinder
L-Shapcd Profile
Impact
Absorption
Energy Per Unit
Mass (J/g)
10.4
8.8
8.5
7.7
7.3
7.2
10.1
7.0
6.8
9.5
9.1
6.8
8.9
6.3
Average
Bucking
Wavelength
(mm)
8.3
9.2
8.2
7.1
8.9
8.8
8.2
6.6
9.8
8.0
9.0
8.5
9
46.2
8.2
Deformation
Form
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
C
32
Table 2 - continued
Comparative
Example 4
Comparative
Example 5
High Strength
Steel
High Strength
Steel
Ciosed
Cross-Section
Open Cross-Section
6.6
-
45.5
47
A
C
[0122] Table 3
Example 1
Example 3
Example 4
Comparative
Example 4
Axial Load
Impact
Absorption
Energy Per Unit
Mass (J/g)
10.4
8.5
7.7
6.6
Average
Bucking
Wavelength
(mm)
8.3
8.2
7.1
45.5
Angled Load
Impact
Absorption
Energy Per Unit
Mass (J/g)
10.1
6.9
7.3
5.4
Average
Bucking
Wavelength
(mm)
9.8
8.4
8.2
52.3 .
[0123] "A" in the deformation form column of Table 2 indicates that stable bellows-shaped
crushing deformation occurred, and "B" indicates that long bucking wavelength occurred at a
portion of locations out of the overall crushing deformation of the component. "C" indicates
that the component deformed overall by folding into a "V-shape" about the first buckling
position where deformation started.
[0124] As is apparent from Table 2, the impact absorbing components of Examples 1 to 13
had an impact absorption energy per unit mass of > 6.6, and exhibited high impact energy
absorption performance in comparison to the impact absorbing component made from high
strength steel of the Comparative Example 4, and excellent low weight properties.
Specifically, in a comparison of the Example 1 with the Comparative Example 4, to obtain the
same impact absorption energy, a weight reduction in the impact absorbing component of
Example 1 of slightly under 40% is possible compared to the Comparative Example 4.
[0125] Moreover, it is apparent that the average bucking wavelengths of the impact
absorbing components of Examples 1 to 13 ranged from 7.1 mm to 9.8 mm, i.e. all were 10
33
mm or less, and that these are extremely short average bucking wavelengths compared to
those of the impact absorbing components formed from high strength steel of Comparative
Examples 4 to 5.
[0126] Moreover, as listed in Fig. 3, the amount of impact absorption energy per unit mass
and the bucking wavelength when impact load was imparted along the axial direction, and
when impact load was imparted along an angled direction, were substantially equivalent to
each other. On the other hand, it is apparent that the amount of impact absorption energy
and the bucking wavelength differ in the impact absorbing component of the Comparative
Example 4 similarly compared as described above. Thus it is apparent that even when the
direction of load input is varied somewhat in the exemplary embodiment of the present
invention, a high impact absorption performance is realizable due to stable bellows-shaped
crushing deformation being achieved with a short bucking wavelength.
[0127] Moreover, the impact absorbing components of the Example 2 and the Comparative
Example 4 have the same profile as each other but different bucking wavelengths. It is
apparent that bucking wavelength of the impact absorbing component of the Comparative
Example 4 substantially matches the separation of the ridge lines of the component, and the
buckling wavelength depends on the separation of the ridge lines. However, it is apparent
that the buckling wavelength of the impact absorbing component of the Example 2 does not
match the separation of the ridge lines of the component, and the impact absorbing
component configured from the laminated metal sheet has a wavelength that does not depend
on the separation of the ridge lines, enabling a shorter bucking wavelength to be achieved.
[0128] The impact absorbing components of Examples 1, 3 to 8 all have open cross-section
profiles as illustrated in Fig. 11 A, Fig. 1 IB. The impact absorbing component of the
Examples 2, 10, 13 all have closed cross-sections as illustrated in Fig. 12A, Fig. 12B and Fig.
13. The impact absorbing component of Example 11 has a partially open cross-section as
illustrated in Fig. 14. Stable bellows-shaped crushing deformation was obtained in all of
these impact absorbing components. Namely, it is apparent that stable bellows-shaped
crushing deformation can be obtained for the impact absorbing components configured from
the laminated metal sheets, irrespective of component profile.
[0129] It is apparent from a comparing Example 1 and Example 2 with Example 11 that with
regards to the amount of impact absorption energy per unit mass, Example 1 (all open
cross-section profiles) > Example 11 (a portion of open cross-section profiles) > Example 2
(all closed cross-section profiles). This is thought to be due to the rear plate 13 spot welded
through the flanges 12 only having a small contribution to the amount of impact absorption
energy, and an effect comparable to the increase in weight being unobtainable as a result of
34
these examples having a partially or completely closed cross-section structure.
[0130] The Example 8 has the shortest bucking wavelength in the exemplary embodiment of
the present invention, but also has comparatively small impact absorption energy per unit
mass. This is thought to be because this example has a small maximum load during the first
buckling deformation, and so the average load is also small, such that the amount of impact
absorption energy could not be effectively increased.
[0131] In the Example 9, the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface
layers in the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact absorbing component is less than
1/10000. It hypothesized that this is the reason the bucking wavelength is longer than those
of the Examples 1 to 8, 10, 11.
[0132] In the Example 5, the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the core layer to the surface layers
in the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact absorbing component exceeds 10. Thus
although excellent energy absorption performance is exhibited, partially unstable crushing
deformation occurred due to the surface layers separating as crushing deformation progressed.
It is, however, apparent that a favorable deformation mode is exhibited overall for the
component.
[0133] It is apparent from the measurement results of shear bond strength for the bonding
portions that the shear bond strength of the laminated metal sheets configuring the impact
absorbing components of Examples 1 to 5, and 7 to 11 exceeded 25 MPa, and that the shear
bond strength of the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact absorbing component of
Example 6 was 15 MPa. Thus although excellent energy absorption performance was
exhibited, unstable crushing deformation occurred over a portion of the component due to the
surface layers separating as crushing deformation progressed. It is, however, presumed that
a favorable deformation mode is exhibited overall for the component.
[0134] The impact absorbing components of Examples 2, 10, 11, 12, 13 were manufactured
by bonding the laminated metal sheets together by spot welding. The bonding layers
between the surface layers and the core layer of the laminated metal sheet configuring the
above impact absorbing components were bonded by brazing filler metal or electro
conductive adhesive so excellent conductivity could be secured, enabling the bonding to be
performed by spot welding.
[0135] In the impact absorbing component of the Example 12, only the rear plate is replaced
with a single metal sheet, however it is thought that stable bellows-shaped crushing
deformation occurred with a short wavelength similar to other examples due to the laminated
metal sheet occupying 60% of the peripheral length of the component cross-section having
the maximum peripheral length.
35
[0136] The core layer of the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact absorbing
component of Comparative Example 1 has the same Young's modulus as the surface layers.
Thus the bucking wavelength is long, similar to that of the impact absorbing component
formed from high strength steel in Comparative Example 5, and folding deformation occurs in
the component overall originating from the first buckling location where the initial
deformation occurs.
[0137] The impact absorbing component of the Comparative Example 2 has a smaller .
impact absorption energy per unit mass than that of the examples. This is thought to be
because although the bucking wavelength is short due to the profile of the impact absorbing
component being a circular cylinder shape without the presence of ridge lines, since the
maximum load is small, the amount of impact energy absorption could not be effectively
increased compared to the examples.
[0138] In the impact absorbing component of the Comparative Example 3, stable buckling
deformation does not occur due to having an L-shaped profile with only one ridge line, and
deformation occurs such that the impact absorbing component is twisted by deformation in
which the corner spreads out (Fig. 5).
[0139] Thus the impact absorbing components formed from the laminated metal sheet
configured to satisfy the present invention have excellent low weight performance.
Moreover, high impact energy absorption is possible and excellent collision performance is
exhibited due to having a high maximum load and stable bellows-shaped crushing
deformation at short bucking wavelength, irrespective of the input direction of the impact
load.
[0140] Second Exemplary Embodiment
Summary
The impact absorbing components according to the present exemplary embodiment
are configured from a member formed by working a laminated metal sheet of uniform
cross-section configured by lamination bonding surface layers made from a metal sheet
having a higher Young's modulus than that of a core layer onto both faces of the core layer,
with a sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to the sheet
thickness of the surface layers (tf) of the laminated metal sheet of from 2.0 to 7.0. Such an
impact absorbing component has high impact energy absorption efficiency and is able to
achieve a large weight reduction even though it has a simple profile.
[0141] Specifically, the bucking wavelength can be made shorter by making the sheet
thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to the sheet thickness of the
surface layers (tf) of the laminated metal sheet from 2.0 to 7.0. Thus the impact absorbing
36
component formed from a laminated metal sheet is able to improve impact energy absorption
efficiency.
[0142] In the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary embodiment,
the impact energy absorption efficiency can be improved simply by the sheet thickness ratio
(tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to the sheet thickness of the surface layers (tf)
of the laminated metal sheet. There is accordingly no need for complicated working of the
profile of the impact absorbing component, and the profile can be simplified. Moreover, the
impact energy absorption efficiency can be improved without changing the strength of the
impact absorbing component since there is no need to change the Young's modulus of the
surface layers and the core layer of the laminated metal sheet in order to make the bucking
wavelength shorter.
[0143] Explanation follows regarding the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact
absorbing component, from the perspective of the mechanism that enables the bucking
wavelength to be short.
[0144] In the laminated metal sheet in which the surface layers are bonded by laminating to
both faces of the core layer, the bucking wavelength during buckling deformation is
determined so as to minimize the sum of the deformation energy Uc of the core layer and the
deformation energy Ufof the surface layers as described above. The deformation energy Uc
of the core layer and the deformation energy Uf of the surface layers are expressed by the
flowing Equations (2) and (3).
[0145]
Uc - Ec/ 2.6 x Vc x y Equation (2)
Uf = Ef x VF x e Equation (3)
[0146] In the Equations (1) and (2) above, Ec represents the Young's modulus of the core
layer, Vc represents the volume of the core layer that deforms, and y represents the amount of
deformation of the core layer. Ep represents the Young's modulus of the surface layers, Vp
represents the volume of the surface layers that deforms, and s represents the amount of
deformation of the surface layers. Since deformation of the surface layers is bending
deformation, and deformation of the core layer is shear deformation, the Young's modulus is
divided by 2.6 to give an elasticity modulus for shear deformation.
[0147] In cases in which the core layer undergoes shear deformation, as explained with
reference to Figs. 4Ato 4E in the first exemplary embodiment, basically the deformation
energy Uc of the core layer is smaller the shorter the bucking wavelength, and the deformation
energy Uf of the surface layers is smaller the longer the bucking wavelength. Thus
preferably U c » Uf in order to make the bucking wavelength shorter, and the sum of the
37
deformation energy is dominated by the deformation energy Uc of the core layer.
[0148] For example, in cases in which the proportions of the surface layers and the core
layer are the same in the laminated metal sheet, the Young's moduli Ec and Ef of the core layer
and the surface layer are controlled, and Ec and Ef need to approach each other in order to
realize U c » Uf. However, since the smaller the difference between Ec and Ef, the nearer
the deformation behavior during axial crushing deformation of the laminated metal sheet is to
that of a metal sheet of a single material, there is the problem that this deviates from the
principles described above, and there is a smaller reduction in bucking wavelength.
Moreover, often the density of the core layer is raised when Ec is made larger, increasing the
mass of the laminated metal sheet. On the other hand, the impact absorbing component is
for installation to vehicles or the like in which weight reduction is demanded in order to
secure fuel efficiency. Thus such laminated metal sheets are not suitable for configuring the
impact absorbing component.
[0149] To address this, the laminated metal sheet configuring the impact absorbing
component according to the present exemplary embodiment is one that realizes U c » Uf by
controlling parameters Vc and V>, which are other parameters that control Uc and Uf in
Equations (2) and (3). More specifically, Vc is made large and Vf is made small by
increasing the proportion (namely, the sheet thickness) of the core layer in the laminated metal
sheet. As a result, in the laminated metal sheet the deformation energy Uc of the core layer
can be made larger than the deformation energy Uf of the surface layers. Thus the impact
absorbing component according to the present exemplary embodiment is able to make the
bucking wavelength shorter during axial crushing.
[0150] Configuration of the Impact Absorbing Component
Explanation follows regarding configuration of the impact absorbing component,
with reference to Fig. 3 and Figs. 18 A and 18B. Fig. 3 is a cross-section illustrating a
configuration of the laminated metal sheet 9. The laminated metal sheet 9 is similar to that
of the first exemplary embodiment, and so duplicate explanation thereof will be omitted. Fig.
18 A is a perspective view illustrating an example of a shape of an impact absorbing
component. Fig. 18B is a perspective view illustrating another example of a shape of an
impact absorbing component.
[0151] The sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness (tc) of the core layer 10 to the
sheet thickness (tf) of the surface layers 5A and 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 is from 2.0
to 7.0. As verified in the second exemplary embodiment described below, when the value of
the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is a value within such a range, the impact absorbing component
according to the present exemplary embodiment is able to achieve a short bucking
38
wavelength.
[0152] More specifically, when the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is less than 2.0, a short
bucking wavelength cannot be achieved due to there being only a small contribution from the
deformation energy of the core layer 10 to the deformation energy during axial crushing
deformation. Moreover, when the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tr) exceeds 7.0, a large divergence
in rigidity occurs between the surface layers 5 A, 5B and the core layer 10 due to the core
layer 10 being extremely thick compared to the surface layers 5A, 5B. There is accordingly
the possibility that the bonding layers 7A, 7B fail in the impact absorbing component, and
that stable bellows-shaped axial crushing deformation cannot be achieved.
[0153] Moreover, the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness (tc) of the core layer
10 to the sheet thickness (t£) of the surface layers surface layers 5A, 5B is preferably from 3.5
to 5.0 in the laminated metal sheet 9. When the value of the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is
within such a range, the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary
embodiment has a shorter bucking wavelength, enabling the stable bellows-shaped axial
crushing deformation to occur. More specifically, when the sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) is
from 3.5 to 5.0, the bucking wavelength can be made even shorter due to excellent balance
between the deformation energy of the core layer 10 and the deformation energy of the
surface layers 5A, 5B during axial crushing deformation.
[0154] Moreover, the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the Young's modulus Ec of the core
layer 10 to the Young's modulus Ef of the surface layers 5A, 5B may be from 1/10 to 1/1000
in the laminated metal sheet 9. When the Young's modulus ratio (EJEf) is a value within this
range, the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary embodiment is
able to improve the impact energy absorption efficiency.
[0155] More specifically, although the laminated metal sheet 9 is able to make the bucking
wavelength of the impact absorbing component smaller when the Young's modulus ratio
(Ec/Ef) is less than 1/1000, this is unfavorable due to the average load W falling during
buckling deformation due to the fall in Ec, causing a fall in the impact energy absorption
efficiency. Moreover, the Young's modulus Ec of the core layer 10 is larger when the
Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) exceeds 1/10, and shear deformation does not readily occur.
Thus the behavior during axial crushing deformation approaches that of a metal sheet of a
single material, and is unfavorable since the bucking wavelength cannot be made shorter.
The Young's modulus may be measured by tensile testing according to ASTM-D638 or the
like.
[0156] The bonding layers 7A, 7B control shear deformation of the layers formed from the
core layer 10 and the bonding layers 7A, 7B, and so preferably have a shear modulus of from
39
30 MPa to 500 MPa. There is a possibility of the surface layers 5A, 5B deforming
independently to each other due to excessive shear deformation of the bonding layers 7A, 7B
when the shear modulus is less than 30 MPa, and so this is unfavorable due to stable buckling
deformation occurring less readily. When the shear modulus exceeds 500 MPa, shear
deformation occurs less readily in the layer formed from the core layer 10 and the bonding
layers 7A, 7B, with the possibility that the bucking wavelength becomes longer, and so is
unfavorable. The shear modulus referred to above may be measured by tensile shear testing
according to JIS-K6850.
[0157] Impact Absorbing Component Profile
Explanation next follows regarding the profile of the impact absorbing component
according to the present exemplary embodiment. As illustrated in Fig. 18 A and Fig. 18B,
the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B are, for example, worked into a profile
including at least four ridge lines.
[0158] More specifically, as illustrated in Fig. 18A, the impact absorbing component 20A
may have a hat shaped profile with an open cross-section structure formed by folding a
laminated metal sheet from one end in sequence with a valley fold, a mountain fold, a
mountain fold, and a valley fold.
[0159] As illustrated in Fig. 18B, the impact absorbing component 20B may have a tube
shaped profile with a closed cross-section structure formed by folding a laminated metal sheet
from one end in sequence with a mountain fold, a mountain fold, a mountain fold, and a
mountain fold, and then bonding the end portions together by welding or the like.
[0160] In the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B, the ridge line direction is the
impact absorption direction.
[0161] In the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B, the separation between the ridge
lines may be from 50 mm to 80 mm. The separation between the ridge lines is, for example,
the separation L illustrated in Fig. 18A and Fig. 18B. When the separation between the ridge
lines is within this range, the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B are able to undergo
stable bellows-shaped axial crushing deformation with a short bucking wavelength.
[0162] More specifically, the profile becomes complicated when the separation between
each of the ridge lines is less than 50 mm, and this is unfavorable due to the profile becoming
complicated, and due to the profile limitations imposed. The rigidity becomes smaller and
there is more of the side face, which undergoes elastic deformation, when the separation
between each of the ridge lines exceeds 80 mm, and this is unfavorable due to the bucking
wavelength being longer and stable bellows-shaped axial crushing deformation not readily
occurring.
40
[0163] The profile of the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary
embodiment is similar to that of the first exemplary embodiment in not being limited to the
profiles of the examples given.
[0164] As explained above, in the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B according to
the present exemplary embodiment, the bucking wavelength is made shorter by making the
sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness (tc) of the core layer 10 to the sheet thickness
(tf) of surface layers 5A, 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 configuring the impact absorbing
components 20A and 20B from 2.0 to 7.0, enabling the bending wavelength to be made
shorter, and the impact energy absorption efficiency to be improved.
[0165] In the impact absorbing components 20A and 20B according to the present
exemplary embodiment there is no need for a complicated profile, and the impact energy
absorption efficiency can be improved with a simpler profile. Moreover, in the impact
absorbing components 20A and 20B there is no need to further lower the Young's modulus
ratio between the core layer 10 and the surface layers 5 A, 5B of the laminated metal sheet 9 in
order to make the bucking wavelength shorter. This thereby enables the impact energy
absorption efficiency to be improved without changing the strength of the impact absorbing
components 20A and 20B.
[0166] Second Examples
Explanation follows regarding second examples of the impact absorbing component
according to the present exemplary embodiment.
[0167] Manufacture of Laminated Metal Sheet
First laminated metal sheets were manufactured by lamination bonding together the
surface layers and the core layers as listed in Table 3. The bonding materials listed in Table
4 were employed to bond the surface layers and the core layer together. The bonding
material, core layer, bonding material, and one surface layer were stacked in sequence on the
other surface layer and then heated to from 80°C to 180°C, and heated and pressed at a press
force of 40 kgf/cm (3.92 MPa) for from 20 to 30 minutes, and then cooled to room
temperature and opened to the atmosphere so as to manufacture the laminated metal sheets
according to each of the examples and each of the comparative examples.
41
[0168] Table 4
Example
101
Example
102
Example
103
Example
104
Example
105
Example
106
Example
107
Example
108
Example
109
Comparali
ve
Example
101
Comparati
ve
Example
102
Comparati
ve
Example
103
Surface Layer
Substance
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Al Killed
Steel
Sheet
Thickness
(mm)
0.5
0.36
0.32
0.29
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.58
0.32
Core Layer
Type
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Wire Mesh
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Wire Mesh
Foamed
Poly-
Ethyiene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Cold Rolled
Steel Sheet
Sheet
Thickness
(mm)
1
1.28
1.36
1.56
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
0.36
0.64
1.36
Bonding Material
Type
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 2
Adhesive 3
Brazing
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Adhesive 1
Shear
modulus
(MPa)
300
300
300
300
300
135
30
650
300
300
300
300
Configuration of
Laminated Metal
Sheet
Ec/Ef
3.2 x 10"3
3.2 x l(r3
3.2 x l(T3
3.2 * 10"3
5.5 x I0"2
3.2 x j(T3
3.2 x l(T3
5.5 x 10"2
4.3 x lO""
3.2 x J0'3
3.2 x 1(T3
1
tA
2
3.5
4.3
5.37931
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
1.1
1.1
4.3
42
[0169] Tn Table 4, the adhesive 1 was an adhesive with an epoxy resin base, employed in
bonding at a coating amount of 200 g/m , a temperature of 180°C, a press force of 40 kgf/cm
(3.92 MPa), and a press time of 20 minutes. The adhesive 2 was an adhesive with a urethane
resin base, employed in bonding at a coating amount of 200 g/m , a temperature of 80°C, a
press force of 40 kgf/cm (3.92 MPa), and a press time of 30 minutes. The adhesive 3 was
an adhesive with elastic rubber dispersed in the adhesive 2, employed in bonding at a coating
amount of 200 g/m , a temperature of 80°C, a press force of 40 kgf/cm (3.92 MPa), and a
press time of 20 minutes. The brazing employed brazing filler metal (Sn-Pb based low
temperature braze, melting point 183°C) at a usage amount of 15 g/m . The shear modulus
of the bonding material was measured by tensile shear testing according to JIS-K6850.
[0170] In Table 4, the polypropylene employed as the core layer had a density of 0.94 g/cm .
The wire diameter of the wire mesh employed as the core layer had a diameter of 0.6 mm, and
an inter-wire spacing of 1.6 mm. Moreover, Ec is the Young's modulus of the core layer, Ef
is the Young's modulus of the surface layers, tc is the sheet thickness of the core layer, and tf is
the sheet thickness of the surface layers, as described above.
[0171] Collision Performance Evaluation Testing
Collision performance evaluation was then performed for the impact absorbing
components configured by the laminated metal sheets according to each of the examples and
each of the comparative examples manufactured as described above. More specifically,
laminated metal sheets according to each of the examples and each of the comparative
examples configured as listed in Table 4 were employed for forming by bending using a press
brake, and the impact absorbing components with the hat shaped profile of length 200 mm as
illustrated in Fig. HAandFig. 1 IB were manufactured. Fig. 11A is a cross-section of an
impact absorbing component according to the present example, sectioned in a cross-section
orthogonal to the ridge line direction that is the impact absorption direction. Fig. 1 IB is a
perspective view of the same.
[0172] The collision performance evaluation of the manufactured impact absorbing
components was performed by drop testing. More specifically, the impact absorbing
components were each disposed such that the ridge line direction was aligned with the impact
absorption direction, and the end portion at the opposite side of the impact absorbing
component to the end portion a cone collides with was fixed to a jig. The collision end side
of the impact absorbing component was then collided with at a speed of 30 km/h by letting
the cone of mass 120 kg fall freely thereon from a height of 3.5 m.
[0173] The amount of impact absorption energy was computed up to crushing of 100 mm
from the load-displacement curve during the drop testing as described above. In order to
43
evaluate weight reduction of the components, the amount of impact absorption energy was
divided by the mass of the component to give an amount of impact absorption energy per unit
mass.
[0174] Moreover, the average bucking wavelength was computed from the
load-displacement curve of the drop test. More specifically, displacement was measured
when the load was at a minimum for each period of rising and falling load. The bucking
wavelength was then computed for each period by subtracting from the displacement when
the load is at the previous minimum, the displacement when the load is at the next minimum.
The bucking wavelength is computed by a similar method for each period, and then the
average bucking wavelength computed by taking the arithmetic mean. The amount of
impact energy absorption per unit mass computed as described above and the evaluation
results of the average bucking wavelengths are listed in Table 5. In Table 5, the meaning of
"A", "B", and "C" in the column for bucking performance is the same as the meanings of "A",
"B", and "C" in the deformation forms of Table 2.
[0175] Table 5
Example 101
Example 102
Example 103
Example 104
Example 105
Example 106
Example 107
Example 108
Example 109
Comparative
Example 101
Comparative
Example 102
Comparative
Example 103
Total Thickness
(mm)
2
2
2
2.14
2
2
2
2
2
1
1.8
2
Impact
Absorption
Energy Per Unit
Mass (J/g)
6.3
7.0
7.7
7.9
10.4
7.4
7.2
9.2
7.0
4.3
4.6
3.2
Average
Bucking
Wavelength
(mm)
15.6
9.3
7.1
6.9
8.3
7.0
6.8
10.3
6.6
25.2
23.6
46.2
Deformation
Form
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
C
44
[0176] It is apparent from reference to Table 5 that the impact absorbing components
according to the Examples 101 to 109 of the present invention have a shorter average bucking
wavelength, and an increased amount of impact energy absorption per unit mass, than the
impact absorbing components of the Comparative Examples 101 to 103. More specifically,
due to tj/tf being less than 2.0 in the Comparative Examples 101 and 102, the average bucking
wavelength is longer, and there is a decreased amount of impact energy absorption.
Moreover, although tc/tf is within the range of the present invention in the Comparative
Example 103, due to the Young's modulus of the core layer and the Young's modulus of the
surface layers being the same as each other, the buckling deformation behavior exhibited is
essentially the same as that of an impact absorbing component configured from a single
material, and it is apparent that the average bucking wavelength is longer, and there is
effectively a reduction in the amount of impact energy absorption.
[0177] Moreover, due to tc/tf lying within a preferable range for the present exemplary
embodiment in the Examples 102, 103, and 105 to 109, it is apparent that the average bucking
wavelength is shorter, and the amount of impact energy absorption per unit mass is further
increased. On the other hand, due to tc/tf being less than 3.5 in the Example 101, the average
bucking wavelength is greater than that of the Examples 102, 103, and 105 to 109.
Moreover, due to t^tf exceeding 5.0 in the Example 104, the bucking form is "B".
[0178] Moreover, due to the shear modulus of the bonding layers lying within a preferable
range of the present exemplary embodiment in Examples 101 to 107, and 109, it is apparent
that the average bucking wavelength is shorter. However, due to the shear modulus of the
bonding layers exceeding 500 MPa in the Example 108, the average bucking wavelength is
longer and the amount of impact energy absorption is reduced compared to the Example 105
that has other conditions the same.
[0179] Due to the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers lying
within a preferable range of the present exemplary embodiment in Examples 101 to 108, it is
apparent that the amount of impact energy absorption per unit mass is further increased.
However, due to the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers being
less than 1 x 10"3 in Example 109, the amount of impact energy absorption is reduced
compared to the Example 105 that has other conditions the same.
[0180] Moreover, simulations were performed on the laminated metal sheets according to
the Comparative Examples 101 and 102, and the change in average bucking wavelength with
respect to the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers evaluated
while varying the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers.
buckling Eigenvalue analysis was performed in the simulation using a non-linear analysis
45
program Marc. The results of this evaluation are illustrated in Fig. 19. Fig. 19 is a graph
illustrating the average bucking wavelength with respect to Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) in
the impact absorbing components according to the Example 103, and the Comparative
Examples 101 and 102. The vertical axis in Fig. 19 is the average bucking wavelength, and
the horizontal axis is the common logarithm of the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef).
[0181] As illustrated in Fig. 19, it is apparent that even with such a Young's modulus ratio
(Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers, the Example 103 (total thickness 2.0 mm, tc/tf =
4.3) has a shorter average bucking wavelength than that of the Comparative Example 101
(total thickness 1.0 mm, tc/tf = 1.1). Namely, in the Example 103, due to the tc/tf lying within
a preferable range of the present exemplary embodiment, it is apparent that the average
bucking wavelength can be made shorter than that of the Comparative Examples 101 and 102
irrespective of the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers.
[0182] Moreover, the bending rigidity of the Example 103 and the Comparative Example
102 is 9.6 x 104N •cm2, and the bending rigidity of the Comparative Example 101 is 1.7 x 104
Ncm . Namely, the average bucking wavelength of Example 103 can be made shorter than
that of Comparative Example 102 without lowering the strength of the laminated metal sheet
(specifically the bending rigidity).
[0183] Moreover, with reference to Fig. 19, the Example 103 has, in particular, a Young's
modulus ratio (E(/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers lying within the range of from 1 x
10"3 to 1 x 10"1, enabling the average bucking wavelength to be made shorter than those of the
Comparative Example 102 and 103. More specifically, the amount of reduction in average
bucking wavelength is smaller in cases in which the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core
layer to the surface layers exceeds 1 x 10"1, and so is unfavorable. Moreover, the average
load W during buckling deformation falls due to the lower Ec of the core layer in cases in
which the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to the surface layers is less than 1 x
10"3, and so is unfavorable due to the lower impact energy absorption efficiency.
[0184] Next, in a simulation using Marc similar to that described above, the change in
average bucking wavelength with respect to Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer to
the surface layers was evaluated in hat shaped profile members with respective ridge line
separations L of 50 mm, 65 mm, and 80 mm. The evaluation results are illustrated in Fig. 20.
Fig. 20 is a graph illustrating the average bucking wavelength with respect to profiles of the
impact absorbing component. The vertical axis in Fig. 20 is the average bucking wavelength,
and the horizontal axis is the common logarithm of the Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef).
[0185] It is apparent, with reference to Fig. 20, that in cases in which the ridge line
separation L is from 50 mm to 80 mm in the impact absorbing component, there is a more
46
significant reduction in the average bucking wavelength at from 1 x 10" to 1 x 10" that is the
preferable Young's modulus ratio (EJEf) range of the present exemplary embodiment.
However, cases in which the ridge line separation L exceeds 80 mm are unfavorable due to
the average bucking wavelength becoming longer, and stable bellows-shaped axial crushing
not readily occurring. Cases in which the ridge line separation L is less than 50 mm are
unfavorable due to the profile of the impact absorbing component becoming complicated, and
imposed profile limitations.
[0186] As is apparent from the above results, the impact absorbing component according to
the present exemplary embodiment is configured by a laminated metal sheet in which surface
layers made from sheet metal having a higher Young's modulus than that of a core layer are
bonding laminated onto both faces of the core layer, with a sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the
sheet thickness ofthe core layer tc to the sheet thickness of the surface layers tr of from 2.0 to
7.0, thereby enabling a shorter bucking wavelength and enabling the impact energy absorption
efficiency to be improved.
[0187] Moreover the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary
embodiment is able make the bucking wavelength shorter even without complicated working
ofthe profile ofthe impact absorbing component, enabling simplification ofthe profile ofthe
impact absorbing component. Moreover, in the impact absorbing component according to
the present exemplary embodiment there is no need to further lower the Young's modulus
ratio ofthe core layer to the surface layers in the laminated metal sheet in order to make the
bucking wavelength shorter, enabling the impact energy absorption efficiency to be improved
without lowering the strength ofthe impact absorbing component.
[0188] Moreover, in the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary
embodiment, configuration is made with a laminated metal sheet having a large proportion of
core layer having a low Young's modulus and comparatively low density, enabling better
weight reduction to be achieved than in a conventional impact absorbing component. Thus
the impact absorbing component according to the present exemplary embodiment enables a
greater weight reduction to be achieved.
[0189] Detailed explanation has been given above regarding the second exemplary
embodiment ofthe present invention with reference to the appended drawings, however the
present invention is not limited to these examples. It would be clear to a person of ordinary
skill in the art that various modifications and improvements are obtainable within the range
recited in the scope ofthe claims, and obviously it should be understood that such
modifications and improvements fall within the technical scope ofthe present invention.
[0190] All publications, patent applications and technical standards mentioned in the present
47
specification are incorporated by reference in the present specification to the same extent as if
the individual publication, patent application, or technical standard was specifically and
individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
[0191] The present invention may be suitably applied not only in ordinary vehicles, but is
also suitably employed as an impact absorbing component for transport vehicles such as
general vehicles ranging from light vehicles to heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses, and
trains.
[0192] Explanation of the Reference Numerals
1 impact absorbing component
2 side face
3 ridge line
5A, 5B surface layer
7A, 7B bonding layer
9 laminated metal sheet
10 core layer
11 hat member of open cross-section structure
12 flange
13 rear plate
14 hole
15 end portion
16 side face end portion
25 core layer
48

CLAIMS
1. (Amended) An impact absorbing component that absorbs impact energy by buckling
deformation when impact load is exerted on one impact absorbing direction end portion of the
component, the impact absorbing component comprising:
a member that is formed, by working a laminated metal sheet of uniform
cross-section configured by a core layer and lamination bonding surface layers of sheet metal
onto both faces of the core layer,
wherein a Young's modulus and density of the surface layers of sheet metal are
higher than a Young's modulus and a density of the core layer,
wherein the member includes at least two ridge lines, and the member configures
50% or more of the maximum peripheral length of a cross-section of the impact absorbing
component, and
wherein a sheet thickness ratio (tc/tf) of the sheet thickness of the core layer (tc) to
the sheet thickness of the surface layers (tf) is 10.0 or less.
2. The impact absorbing component of claim 1, wherein the profiles of component
cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are all open cross-section profiles.
3. The impact absorbing component of claim 1, wherein a portion of the profiles of
component cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are open cross-section profiles.
4. The impact absorbing component of claim 1, wherein the profiles of component
cross-sections of the impact absorbing component are all closed cross-section profiles.
5. The impact absorbing component of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the laminated
metal sheet has a Young's modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) of the core layer Young's modulus (Ec) to the
surface layer Young's modulus (Ef) of from 1/10 to 1/100000.
6. The impact absorbing component of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the Young's
modulus ratio (Ec/Ef) is from 1/10 to 1/1000.
7. The impact absorbing component of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a separation
between the ridge lines is at least 10 mm.
8. The impact absorbmg component of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a shear bond
strength between the surface layers and the core layer is 25 MPa or greater.
9. The impact absorbing component of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein bonding
lamination between the surface layers and the core layer is bonding by brazing filler metal or
electro conductive adhesive.
10. (Amended) An impact absorbing component that absorbs impact energy by buckling
deformation when impact load is exerted on one impact absorbing direction end portion of the
component, the impact absorbing component comprising a member formed by working a
laminated metal sheet of uniform cross-section configured by laminating surface layers of
sheet metal having a higher Young's modulus than a Young's modulus of a core layer onto
both faces of the core layer, with a sheet thickness ratio' (t