Description
INFORMATION RECORDING MEDIUM AND
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING INFORMATION RECORDING MEDIUM
Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to an information recording medium capable of
achieving high-density recording and a method for manufacturing the information recording
medium.
Background Art
[0002] In the field of information recording, researches on various optical information
recording have been promoted. As current optical disks, a CD, a DVD, a Blu-ray disk, and the
like are widely used. With further advancement of the information recording field,
higher-density optical memories are being in demand. In the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disks,
respective shortest mark lengths have been reduced to 0.83 fim, 0.40 urn, and 0.15 um to thereby
achieve higher densities. However, it is considered that, in current optical recording methods,
further significant size reductions in recording marks are difficult due to the diffraction limit of
light.
[0003] In recent years, an optical recording method using near-field light has drawn
significant attention as a technology which breaks through the diffraction limit. The near-field
light mentioned above indicates light which is generated, when light is incident on an aperture, a
fine particle, or the like of a size of not more than the wavelength of light, in a form localized in
closest proximity thereto. A spot diameter formed by the near-field light does not depend on
the wavelength of the incident light, but is determined by the size of the aperture, fine particle, or
the like on which the near-field light is incident.
[0004] Conventionally, a method which causes light to be incident on a sharpened fiber
probe or the like to generate near-field light in a minute aperture provided in the tip thereof has
been adopted in most cases. However, the method has the problem of a low use efficiency of
the light relative to the incident light. In recent years, as a technique which greatly increases
the light use efficiency, a near-field light generating element using surface plasmon resonance of
metal has been proposed (e.g., Patent Document 1).
[0005] The technique illuminates a minute metal film with light at an appropriate
wavelength to induce surface plasmon resonance and generate near-field light in the vicinity of
the metal film, thereby achieving recording/reproduction.
[0006] Besides, to improve a recording density, many a method has also been proposed

which forms a pattern on a substrate in advance to thereby achieve stable recording/reproduction
(e.g., Patent Documents 2 and 3).
[0007] By using these and recording more minute recording marks, it is possible to
implement a higher-density and higher-capacity optical memory.
[0008] In particular, in each of rewritable CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disks, a phase-change
recording material is widely used as a recording film (e.g., Patent Document 4). In this case,
the phase-change recording material is heated/rapidly cooled using an optical spot to be
amorphized or heated/gradually cooled to be crystallized and, through such a process, marks are
recorded. So far, active research and development has been conducted widely on the
phase-change recording material. The limit of a density increase in a current optical recording
medium is not attributable to a phase-change recording material, but is determined by the
diffraction limit (size of a formed optical spot) of a current optical recording method.
Accordingly, if a smaller optical spot can be formed, the phase-change recording material still
has a high latent potential as a material for high-density recording. Therefore, the phase-change
recording material can be considered to be a promising material in future higher-density optical
information recording.
[0009] However, when recording marks are to be written in a phase-change recording
material using the near-field light resulting from surface plasmon resonance described above and
using an optical spot of a size of not more than the diffraction limit, if the optical spot is reduced
to a size of not more than 30 nm, the following problem has occurred. That is, to crystallize the
phase-change recording material, the temperature thereof is increased with the optical spot and
thermal diffusion occurs therein so that a problem arises such as recording marks each having a
size of not less than 30 nm.
[0010] On the other hand, even when small marks can be written in an indiscrete and
continuous phase-change thin film, at a recording density of not less than several hundreds of
gigabits per square inch, the recording marks become unstable due to thermal fluctuation to
result in a problem such as extremely large noise.
[0011] Note that, as described previously, it has been proposed to provide a pattern on a
substrate in advance and thereby suppress thermal diffusion (e.g., Patent Documents 2 and 3).
However, in each of the methods described so far, it is extremely difficult to produce a stable
pattern.
[0012] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2003-114184
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent No. 2584122
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent No. 3793040
Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent No. 2574325

[0013] Non-Patent Document 1: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A., 318 231
Summary of the Invention
[0014] An object of the present invention is to provide an information recording medium
capable of achieving stable high-density recording free from thermal diffusion and a method for
manufacturing the information recording medium.
[0015] To attain the foregoing object, an information recording medium according to an
aspect of the present invention includes: a substrate; and particle portions arranged in isolated
relation on the substrate and each including an information recording material, wherein a width
of each of the particle portions in an information recording direction is not more than 30 nm.
[0016] In accordance with the arrangement described above, the particle portions are
arranged in isolated relation on the substrate. This allows localized heating of each of the
particle portions and allows stable recording free from thermal diffusion to be performed. In
addition, the width of each of the particle portions in an information recording direction is not
more than 30 nm, and high-density recording using the particle portions as minimum units can
be performed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a high-reliability and high-density information
recording medium.
[0017] A method for manufacturing an information recording medium according to an
aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an information recording medium
including a substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each
including an information recording material, a width of each of the particle portions in an
information recording direction being not more than 30 nm, the method including: a pillar
formation step of arranging, on the substrate, pillars each having a width of not more than 30 nm
in the information recording direction into isolated relation; and a deposition step of depositing
the information recording material over the substrate formed with the pillars to thereby form, on
each of the pillars, the information recording material in an isolated state.
[0018] In accordance with the arrangement described above, the pillars are formed first into
isolated relation on the substrate. Then, by forming the information recording material on each
of the pillars, the information recording material in the isolated state is formed. Here, since the
width of each of the pillars in the information recording direction is set not more than 30 nm, the
width of the information recording material (particle portion) on each of the pillars in the
information recording direction can be set not more than 30 nm. As a result, even when the
information recording material is uniformly deposited on the substrate by the deposition step
using, e.g., sputtering, vapor deposition, or the like, the isolated information recording materials
(particle portions) corresponding to the pattern of the pillars can be easily arranged, which results

in easy deposition. As a result, it is possible to easily manufacture a high-reliability
information recording medium capable of achieving high-density recording using the pillars as
minimum units.
[0019] Other objects, features, and excellent aspects of the present invention will be
sufficiently understood based on the following description. The advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from the following description taken with the accompanying
drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0020] [Fig. 1] Fig. 1 is an enlarged schematic main-portion perspective view showing an
example of an information recording medium according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 2] Fig. 2 is an enlarged schematic main-portion perspective view showing an
example of a method of recording/reproduction to/from the information recording medium
according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Fig. 3] Fig. 3 is an illustrative view showing an example of a method of
recording/reproduction to/from a conventional information recording medium.
[Fig. 4] Fig. 4A is an enlarged main-portion perspective view showing an example of a
substrate on which pillars are arranged in the information recording medium according to the
embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 4B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing
an example of a cross section of the information recording medium according to the embodiment
of the present invention.
[Fig. 5] Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 6] Fig. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 7] Fig. 7 A is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the cross
section of the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention, and Fig. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the cross
section of the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 8] Fig. 8 A is a schematic illustrative view showing an example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present

invention, Fig. 8B is an illustrative view showing an example of a phase-change recording
material formed on the pillar of the information recording medium according to the embodiment
of the present invention, and Fig. 8C is an illustrative view showing another example of the
phase-change recording material formed on the pillar of the information recording medium
according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Fig. 9] Fig. 9 A is a schematic illustrative view showing an example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention, Fig. 9B is a schematic illustrative view showing the example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention, Fig. 9C is a schematic illustrative view showing the example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention, and Fig. 9D is a schematic illustrative view showing the example of the method for
manufacturing the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 10] Fig. 10 is an enlarged schematic main-portion perspective view showing an
example of the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present
invention.
[Fig. 11] Fig. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section
of a conventional information recording medium.
[Fig. 12] Fig. 12A is an illustrative view showing an example of a phase-change recording
material formed on the pillar of the information recording medium, Fig. 12B is an illustrative
view showing another example of the phase-change recording material formed on the pillar of
the information recording medium, and Fig. 12C is an illustrative view showing still another
example of the phase-change recording material formed on the pillar of the information
recording medium.
[Fig. 13] Fig. 13A is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section of the
pillar resulting from cutting along a plane parallel with the main surface of the substrate in the
information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present invention, and Fig.
13B is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the cross section of the pillar resulting
from cutting along the plane parallel with the main surface of the substrate in the information
recording medium according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Fig. 14] Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section of the
pillar resulting from cutting along a plane perpendicular to the main surface of the substrate in
the information recording medium according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Fig. 15] Fig. 15 A is an illustrative view for illustrating an angle of each of the pillars in

the information recording medium, Fig. 15B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an
example of a relationship between the angle of the pillar and the shape of a phase-change
recording material on the pillar in the information recording medium, and Fig. 15C is a
schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the relationship between the angle
of the pillar and the shape of the phase-change recording material on the pillar in the information
recording medium.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
[0021 ] The present invention will be described below more specifically using embodiments.
[0022] (Embodiment 1)
An information recording medium according to an embodiment of the present invention
will be described below with reference to the drawings. For the sake of convenience of the
description, each of the drawings shows a part of an information recording medium in enlarged
relation.
[0023] Fig. 1 shows a structural example of an information recording medium 100
according to the present embodiment. As shown in Fig. 1, the information recording medium
100 includes a substrate 102 made of glass, and phase-change fine particles (particle portions)
101 formed in independent relation on the substrate 102.
[0024] As will be described later, the information recording medium 100 may also have
protective layers which protect the phase-change fine particles 101.
[0025] The substrate 102 has a disk shape. As a material for forming the substrate 102, a
material having high flatness and high stability when the information recording medium 100 is
rotated for recording/reproduction is preferable. In the present embodiment, glass having
excellent flatness is used, but the material for forming the substrate 102 is not limited thereto.
A metal such as aluminum or a plastic material such as polycarbonate may also be used.
[0026] Each of the phase-change fine particles 101 on the substrate 102 is formed to have a
size of generally not more than 30 nm in an information recording direction. Here, the
information recording direction is a tracking direction for recording information in the
information recording medium 100. As a material (information recording material) for each of
the phase-change fine particles 101, to increase the speed of writing to the information recording
medium 100, a material which increases the speed of crystallization of the phase-change fine
particles 101 is preferable. In particular, as the material for the phase-change fine particles 101,
(Ge-Sn)Te, GeTe-Bi2Te3, (Ge-Sn)Te-Bi2Te3, or Sb-Ge is preferable. In the present embodiment,
a material containing GeTe and Sb2Te3 at a ratio of 22:1 is used as the material for the
phase-change fine particles 101, but the material for the phase-change fine particles 101 is not

limited thereto. For example, the material for the phase-change fine particles 101 may be a
material containing any of GeTe, (Ge-Sn)Te, GeTe-Sb2Te3, (Ge-Sn)Te-Sb2Te3, GeTe-Bi2Te3,
(Ge-Sn)Te-Bi2Te3, GeTe-(Sb-Bi)2Te3, (Ge-Sn)Te-(Sb-Bi)2Te3, GeTe-(Bi-In)2Te3, and
(Ge-Sn)Te-(Bi-In)2Te3 or, alternatively, a material containing any of Sb-Ga, (Sb-Te)-Ga, Sb-Ge,
(Sb-Te)-Ge, Sb-In, (Sb-Te)-In, Sb-Mn-Ge, Sb-Sn-Ge, Sb-Mn-Sn-Ge, and (Sb-Te)-Ag-In or the
like may also be used.
[0027] Protective layers 6 for the phase-change fine particles 101 may be formed over the
upper portions (on the side opposite to the substrate) of the phase-change fine particles 101 as
shown in Fig. 7 A, but may also be formed under the lower portions (on the substrate side) of the
phase-change fine particles 101. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 7B, the protective layers 6 may
also be formed over and under the phase-change fine particles 101 such that the phase-change
fine particles 101 are interposed between the protective layers 6. By thus protecting the
phase-change fine particles 101 with the protective layers 6, information can be recorded more
stably in the phase-change fine particles 101 or rewritten therein.
[0028] As a material for the protective layers 6, a dielectric material is desirable.
Examples of the material for the protective layers 6 that can be used include one or a plurality of
oxides selected from Ti02, Zr02, Hf02, ZnO, Nb2Os, Ta205, Si02, Sn02, A1203, Bi203, Cr203,
Ga203, ln203, Sc203, Y203, La203, Gd203, Dy203, Yb203, CaO, IvlgO, Ce02, Te02, and the like.
Examples of the material for the protective layers 6 that can be used may also include one or a
plurality of nitrides selected from C-N, Ti-N, Zr-N, Nb-N, Ta-N, Si-N, Ge-N, Cr-N, Al-N,
Ge-Si-N, Ge-Cr-N, and the like. Examples of the material for the protective layers 6 that can be
used may also include a sulfide such as ZnS, a carbide such as SiC, a fluoride such as LaF3, CeF3,
or MgF2, and C. It may also be possible to use one material or a mixture of a plurality of
materials each selected from the foregoing materials to form the protective layers.
[0029] The thickness of each of the protective layers 6 is preferably not more than 10 nm.
If the thickness of the protective layer 6 is set larger than 10 nm, near-field light which will be
described later is unlikely to be concentrated on the phase-change fine particles, and recording
may be unstable. By setting the thickness of the protective layer 6 to a value of not more than
10 nm, stable recording can be performed. More preferably, the thickness of the protective
layer 6 is not more than 5 nm. By setting the thickness of the protective layer 6 to a value of
not more than 5 nm, more stable recording can be performed.
[0030] Fig. 2 shows an example of a method for recording information in the information
recording medium 100 according to the present embodiment.
[0031] As shown in Fig. 2, an antenna 103 made of Au is irradiated with light 104 having a
polarization direction 106. In this manner, by plasmon enhancement, intense near-field light is

generated on a top 107 of the antenna 103 located in the polarization direction. By the
enhanced near-field light, the temperature of each of the phase-change fine particles 101 is
increased so that information is recorded in the phase-change fine particles 101. Specifically,
the phase-change fine particles 101 are each heated to a temperature of not less than a melting
temperature and then rapidly cooled to be amorphized, while being heated to the temperature of
not less than the melting temperature and then gradually cooled to be crystallized. By thus
using the fact that the phase-change fine particles 101 have different physical properties when
they are in an amorphous state and when they are crystallized, information is recorded.
[0032] Note that a tracking direction in which the antenna 103 relatively moves with
respect to the information recording medium 100 is the information recording direction. In the
present embodiment, Au is used as a material for the antenna 103, but the material for the
antenna 103 is not limited thereto. It is preferable to select a material which exhibits plasmon
resonance with the wavelength of a laser in use in accordance therewith.
[0033] Here, a comparison is made between the case where information was recorded in the
isolated phase-change fine particles 101 as shown in Fig. 2 according to the present embodiment
and the case where information was recorded in an indiscrete and continuous phase-change thin
film 105 as shown in Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 2, in the case where information was recorded in
the phase-change fine particles 101 arranged in mutually isolated relation on the substrate 102,
excellent recording using the sizes thereof as minimum units could be performed. On the other
hand, in the case where information was recorded in the continuous phase-change thin film 105
as shown in Fig. 3, when the phase-change thin film 105 was heated by near-field light in the
crystallization of the phase-change thin film 105, heat was diffused into the phase-change thin
film 105. As a result, even when the spot of the near-field light was not more than 30 nrn, only
large recording marks of not less than 30 nm could be recorded.
[0034] Note that, due to the heat diffusion, a size difference begins to appear between the
recording marks in the continuous phase-change thin film 105 (Fig. 3) and the recording marks
in the phase-change particles 101 (Fig. 2) when the size of the recording mark is not more than
30 nm. Therefore, when information is recorded in a minute region of a size of not more than
30 nm, it is preferable to use the mutually isolated phase-change fine particles 101 each having a
size of not more than 30 nm.
[0035] It is also known that, by using the phase-change fine particles 101 each having a
small size (which is a major radius in the case of an ellipsoid) of not more than 30 nm in the
recording direction, the melting temperature of a material used for the phase-change fine
particles 101 decreases (see, e.g., Non-Patent Document 1). As a result, recording energy can
be reduced.

[0036] The size of each of the phase-change fine particles 101 in the recording direction is
more preferably set not more than 20 nm. In this case, the surface of each of the phase-change
fine particles 101 tends to have a smooth shape so that, when recording is performed using
near-field light, the near-field light is likely to be concentrated on the phase-change fine particles
101 to result in easy recording.
[0037] However, when each of the phase-change fine particles 101 is reduced to a size of
about 3 nm, the number of atoms contained in the phase-change fine particle 101 decreases to
excessively reduce the melting temperature. As a result, due to thermal fluctuation, it becomes
difficult to stably retain the information recorded in the phase-change fine particle 101. In
addition, when the melting temperature of each of the phase-change fine particles 101 is thus low,
even if the phase-change fine particle 101 is intended to be crystallized, the phase-change fine
particle 101 cannot be gradually cooled any longer so that the very crystallization thereof
becomes difficult to result in unstable recording. Therefore, the size of each of the
phase-change fine particles 101 is preferably not less than 3 nm.
[0038] It could be verified that, as in the present embodiment, even when information was
recorded in the phase-change fine particles 101 arranged in mutually isolated relation on the
substrate 102, performance achieved by repeated recording which was substantially equal to
performance provided by a continuous phase-change thin film such as that of a DVD or Blu-ray
disk could be maintained.
[0039] While the embodiment of the present invention has been described so far showing
examples, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, but is applicable to
another embodiment based on the technical idea of the present invention.
[0040] (Embodiment 2)
Another embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to
the drawings. Note that the same components as in Embodiment 1 are designated by the same
member numbers, and a description thereof is omitted as necessary.
[0041] Here, an example of a method for manufacturing an information recording medium
according to the present embodiment will be described.
[0042] In the present embodiment, in the same manner as in Embodiment 1 described
above, the phase-change fine particles 101 are arranged in mutually isolated relation on the
substrate 102. As shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, the phase-change fine particles 101 of the present
embodiment are formed in mutually isolated relation by forming in advance a pattern 307
formed of a plurality of pillars 206 on the substrate 102, and forming a phase-change recording
material (information recording material) 208 on each of the pillars 206 forming the pattern 307.
[0043] First, as shown in Fig. 4A, the plurality of cylindrical pillars 206 were formed on the

substrate 102. Here, each of the pillars 206 was formed to have a size of about 20 nm in width
and about 20 nm in height. At this time, the individual pillars 206 were formed in isolated
relation to be kept from contact with each other. After the pattern 307 formed of the plurality of
pillars 206 was thus formed on the substrate 102, the phase-change recording material 208 was
deposited. In this manner, as shown in Fig. 4B, the phase-change recording materials 208 could
be arranged in mutually isolated relation on the substrate 102. The phase-change recording
materials 208 thus formed in mutually isolated relation form the phase-change fine particles 101
for recording therein information.
[0044] In the present embodiment, the pillars 206 were formed by etching the substrate 102
based on the pattern formed by electron beam lithography. However, a method for forming the
pillars 206 is not limited thereto, and the pillars 206 may also be formed by another method.
As for recording characteristics, even when they were compared with those obtained with a
pattern as shown in Embodiment 1, the recording characteristics were substantially equal.
[0045] The shape of each of the pillars 206 formed on the substrate 102 is not limited to a
cylindrical shape as shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, either, and may also be a triangular prism shape,
a quadrangular prism shape, a spherical shape, a substantially inverted pyramidal shape, or the
like.
[0046] As described above, it is preferable that the deposited phase-change recording
material 208 is in an isolated state. In addition, in terms of increasing the density of recording,
it is more preferable that the phase-change recording material 208 (i.e., the phase-change fine
particle 101) deposited on each of the pillars 206 is minimized in size to reduce the size of each
of the phase-change fine particles 101 and the phase-change fine particles 101 isolated from each
other are provided in maximally proximate relation.
[0047] In the deposition of the phase-change recording material 208, the phase-change
recording material 208 is preferably kept from being formed on each of the side surfaces of the
pillars 206. Therefore, it is preferable to apply a deposition method having directionality in the
direction of film deposition to increase the likeliness of the deposition of the phase-change
recording material 208 on the upper surface of each of the pillars 206 and reduce the likeliness of
the deposition of the phase-change recording material 208 on each of the side surfaces of the
pillars 206. This allows easy isolation of the phase-change fine particles 101 from each other.
Examples of a film deposition method having directionality in the direction of film deposition
include sputtering.
[0048] When the phase-change recording material 208 is deposited by sputtering on the
upper surface of each of the pillars 206 formed on the substrate 102, as shown in Fig. 8 A, a
target 30 made of the phase-change recording material 208 is disposed to oppose the substrate

102. At this time, it is desirable to maximize the distance between the target 30 and the
substrate 102. With regard to a gas pressure condition in a sputtering device also, it is desirable
to minimize a gas pressure. By increasing the distance between the target 30 and the substrate
102 and reducing the gas pressure, sputtered particles fly from the target 30 with excellent
directionality (linearity) and reach the upper surface of each of the pillars 206 formed on the
substrate 102. As a result, the phase-change recording material 208 is unlikely to be deposited
by sputtering on each of the side surfaces of the pillars 206.
[0049] As described above, to increase the recording density, it is desirable to provide the
individual phase-change fine particles 101 isolated from each other in closest proximity.
Accordingly, to increase the recording density, the spacing between the pillars 206 is preferably
smaller. However, if the spacing between the pillars 206 is excessively small, the phase-change
recording materials 208 formed on the upper surfaces of the individual pillars 206 may come in
contact with each other, and the independency of (isolated relation between) the phase-change
fine particles 101 may not be able to be ensured. Therefore, in view of these points, it is
desirable to design the spacing between the individual pillars 206.
[0050] For example, when the phase-change recording material 208 is deposited by
sputtering on the upper surface of each of the pillars 206 formed on the substrate 102, it is
desirable to properly design the spacing between the pillars 206 in accordance with the linearity
of the sputtered particles of the phase-change recording material 208 and the thickness (sputter
thickness) of the phase-change recording material 208 formed on each of the pillars 206. The
spacing between the individual pillars 206 will be described below by showing the case of Fig.
8A as an example.
[0051] As shown in Fig. 8A, when the target 30 made of the phase-change recording
material 208 is disposed to oppose the substrate 102 and when the diameter of the target 30 is set
to 50.8 mm, the diameter of the substrate 102 is set to 100 mm, and the distance between the
target 30 and the substrate 102 is set to 150 mm, sputtered particles that have flown from the end
portion of the target 30 reach the substrate 102 at an angle 01 of about 9 degrees at the middle
portion of the substrate 102. On the other hand, sputtered particles that have flown from the
end portion of the target 30 reach the substrate 102 at an angle 02 of about 27 degrees at the end
portion of the substrate 102. Note that the foregoing angles 01 and 02 are angles formed
between directions perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 102 and the directions in which
the sputtered particles have flown. In this case, under the assumption that sputter deposition is
achieved by the sputtered particles that have flown from the end portion of the target 30, the
following deduction can be reached.
[0052] That is, with regard to each of the pillars 206 located at the middle portion of the

substrate 102, if the sputter thickness is T and an amount (length) of protrusion of the
phase-change recording material 208 from the pillar 206 is L,
L = Txtan01
is satisfied. Consequently, as shown in Fig. 8B, of the phase-change recording material 208
formed on each of the pillars 206 located at the middle portion of the substrate 102, the portion
corresponding to about 15% of the sputter thickness laterally protrudes from the pillar 206. An
amount (length) of protrusion from the pillar 206 adjacent thereto is also the same so that, by
providing a spacing of a size larger than about 30% of the sputter thickness between the
individual pillars 206, it is possible to prevent the phase-change recording materials 208 formed
on the upper surfaces of the individual pillars 206 from contact with each other.
[0053] On the other hand, with regard to each of the pillars 206 located at the end portion of
the substrate 102, if the sputter thickness is T, an amount of protrusion of the phase-change
recording material 208 from the pillar 206 is LI, and an amount of recession of the phase-change
recording material 208 toward the middle of the pillar 206 is L2,
LI =T x sin92
L2 = Txsin9.4°
are satisfied. Consequently, as shown in Fig. 8C, of the phase-change recording material 208
formed on each of the pillars 206 located on the end portion of the substrate 102, the portion
corresponding to about 45% of the sputter thickness laterally protrudes from the pillar 206 on
one side thereof and the portion corresponding to about 16% of the sputter thickness is recessed
toward the middle of the pillar 206 on the other side thereof. The same holds true for the pillar
206 adjacent thereto so that, by providing a spacing of a size larger than about 29% of the sputter
thickness, it is possible to prevent the individual phase-change recording materials 208 formed
on the upper surfaces of the pillars 206 from contact with each other on the end portion of the
substrate 102. When Figs. 8B and 8C are viewed collectively, the spacing between the
individual pillars 206 is preferably set larger than about 30% of the sputter thickness.
[0054] Note that, the foregoing description has been given under the assumption that the
sputter deposition is achieved by the sputtered particles that have flown from the end portion of
the target 30. However, if consideration is given to the fact that the number of the sputtered
particles that fly from the end portion of the target 30 is small and the number of the sputtered
particles that fly from the middle portion of the target 30 is larger, it is also possible to perform
design such that the spacing between the individual pillars 206 is smaller than about 30% of the
sputter thickness.
[0055] Note that a method for depositing the phase-change recording material 208 is not
limited to the sputtering described above, and it is also possible to use, e.g., vapor deposition.

[0056] While the embodiment of the present invention has been described so far by
showing examples, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, but is
applicable to another embodiment based on the technical idea of the present invention.
[0057] (Embodiment 3)
Still another embodiment of the present embodiment will be described below with
reference to the drawings. The same components as in Embodiment 1 are designated by the
same member numbers and a description thereof is omitted as necessary.
[0058] In the present embodiment, a description will be given mainly to the difference
between still another method for manufacturing an information recording medium in which
isolated phase-change recording materials are arranged and the manufacturing method of
Embodiment 2.
[0059] In the present embodiment also, in the same manner as in Embodiment 1 described
above, the phase-change fine particles 101 are arranged in mutually isolated relation on the
substrate 102. However, in the present embodiment, the phase-change fine particles 101 are
formed directly on the flat substrate 102 without using the pillars 206 to manufacture the
information recording medium 100.
[0060] In the method for manufacturing the information recording medium 100 according
to the present embodiment, as shown in Fig. 5, the phase-change recording material 208 was
uniformly deposited first on the flat substrate 102 by sputtering, vapor deposition, or the like.
Then, on the phase-change recording material 208, the desired pattern 307 (mask) is formed.
[0061] Specifically, a material for the pattern 307 (mask) was uniformly formed on the
phase-change recording material 208, and subjected to pattern lithography using an electron
beam and to development. Then, using the pattern 307 as a mask, the phase-change recording
material 208 was etched. As a material for forming the mask, there can be used a resist (e.g.,
ZEP520™ available from Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.) made of an inorganic material such as, e.g., an
oxide of Te, ZnS, or an oxide of a transition metal or a typical organic material for an electron
beam. Note that the material for the mask (pattern 307) is selected preferably in consideration
of an etching rate ratio to the phase-change material.
[0062] Then, after the pattern 307 (mask) was formed, as shown in Fig. 6, the phase-change
recording material 208 was etched. Thereafter, by removing the mask, the medium having a
desired pattern could be produced in which the isolated phase-change recording materials 208
(phase-change fine particles 101) were arranged. The phase-change recording materials 208
thus formed in mutually isolated relation serve as the phase-change fine particles 101 for
recording therein information.
[0063] In the present embodiment also, in the same manner as in Embodiment 2, by etching

tflS phase-change recording material 208 using the pattern formed by electron beam lithography
as the mask, the phase-change fine particles 101 formed of the independent phase-change
recording materials 208 are formed. Note that, in the present embodiment, for the etching of
the phase-change recording material 208, Ar and 02 have been used. However, the present
embodiment is not limited thereto, and another gas may also be used.
[0064] The phase-change recording materials 208 include one which is not large in the
etching rate difference with the pattern 307 of the mask, and a case may be considered where the
step of directly etching the phase-change recording material 208 is difficult. Therefore, another
method for manufacturing the information recording medium 100 by directly forming the
phase-change fine particles 101 on the flat substrate 102 without using the pillars 206 will be
described below with reference to Figs. 9A to 9D.
[0065] As shown in Fig. 9A, first, on the flat substrate 102, an underlying layer 20 made of
an easy-to-etch material (such as, e.g., an acrylic resin) was uniformly deposited. Then, over
the underlying layer 20, a desired pattern 307 (mask) was formed. Specifically, a material for
the pattern 307 (mask) was uniformly formed on the underlying layer 20, and subjected to
pattern lithography using an electron beam and to development.
[0066] Thereafter, as shown in Fig. 9B, using the pattern 307 as a mask, the underlying
layer 20 was etched using oxygen or the like. Thereafter, by removing the mask, the underlying
layer 20 having a desired pattern was formed. As a material for forming the mask, there can be
used a resist (e.g., ZEP520™ available from Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.) made of an inorganic
material such as, e.g., an oxide of Te, ZnS, or an oxide of a transition metal or a typical organic
material for an electron beam. For the underlying layer 20, any easy-to-etch material having a
large etching rate difference with the pattern 307 of the mask can be selected, and the etching
process can be performed easily.
[0067] Thereafter, as shown in Fig. 9C, on the substrate 102 formed with the pattern of the
underlying layer 20, the phase-change recording material 208 is deposited by sputtering, vapor
deposition, or the like.
[0068] Thereafter, as shown in Fig. 9D, by removing the underlying layer 20 together with
the phase-change recording material 208 formed on the upper portion of the underlying layer 20,
a medium having a desired pattern could be produced in which the isolated phase-change
recording materials 208 (phase-change fine particles 101) were arranged. The phase-change
recording materials 208 thus formed in mutually isolated relation serve as the phase-change fine
particles 101 for recording therein information. Specifically, the substrate 102 in the state of
Fig. 9C may be wetted appropriately with a solvent (organic solvent or the like) in which only
the underlying layer 20 is dissolved. For example, in the case of using an acrylic resin for the

underlying layer 20, the acrylic resin is easily dissolved in an organic solvent and the underlying
layer 20 can be removed from the substrate 102.
[0069] Note that, in the state of Fig. 9C, the film thickness (height) of the underlying layer
20 is preferably set larger than the film thickness of the phase-change recording material 208.
This is because, by doing so, the underlying layer 20 is kept from being completely covered with
the phase-change recording material 208, and therefore the solvent comes in contact with the
underlying layer 20 when the substrate 102 is immersed in the solvent to allow the underlying
layer 20 to be removed with no difficulty.
[0070] In accordance with the method for manufacturing the information recording medium
described above, the phase-change fine particles 101 each having a size of generally not more
than 30 nm in the recording direction can be formed in isolated relation on the substrate 102.
[0071] (Embodiment 4)
Yet another embodiment of the present embodiment will be described below with
reference to the drawings. The same components as in Embodiment 1 are designated by the
same member numbers and a description thereof is omitted as necessary.
[0072] An example of an information recording medium according to the present
embodiment is shown in Fig. 10. In the present embodiment also, in the same manner as in
Embodiment 2 shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, the pillars 206 are formed on the substrate 102. Then,
the phase-change recording material 208 was formed on a pillar formation surface of the
substrate 102 by sputtering to manufacture the information recording medium. In the present
embodiment, as shown in Fig. 4B, each of the pillars 206 is formed such that the height 108
(length in a direction direct to the surface of the substrate formed with the pillars) thereof is
larger than the thickness of the formed phase-change recording material 208. This provides a
state where the phase-change recording materials 208 formed on the pillars 206 are isolated into
sizes based on the widths (in a cross section in a direction parallel with the surface of the
substrate formed with the pillars) of the pillars 206 serving as units, and allows microscopic
recording free from thermal diffusion during recording to be performed.
[0073] The information recording medium of the present embodiment may also include the
protective layers 6 (see Figs. 7A and 7B) for protecting the phase-change fine particles 101 in the
same manner as in each of the embodiments described above. However, in this case also, the
height of each of the pillars 206 is determined preferably such that the phase-change recording
materials 208 are isolated on the pillars 206.
[0074] As shown in Fig. 7A, when the protective layers 6 are formed on the side opposite to
the substrate 102, the thickness of each of the protective layers 6 is preferably not more than 10
nm. If the thickness of the protective layer 6 is set not less than 10 nm, the near-field light may

be unlikely to be concentrated on the phase-change fine particles 101, as described above, to
result in unstable recording. Additionally, by setting the thickness of the protective layer 6 to a
value of not more than 5 run, more stable recording can be performed.
[0075] As for a method for recording information in the information recording medium
according to the present embodiment, it is the same as in Embodiment 1 described above so that
a description thereof is omitted here.
[0076] Here, a comparison is made between recording to an information recording medium
in which the height 108 of each of the pillars 206 was larger than the thickness of the
phase-change recording material 208 and the phase-change recording materials 208 on the pillars
206 were isolated, as shown in Fig. 4B, and recording to an information recording medium in
which the height of each of the pillars 206 was smaller than the thickness of the phase-change
recording material 208 and the phase-change recording material 208 was not discrete but was
continuous, as shown in Fig. 11. In the case of the information recording medium in which the
phase-change recording materials 208 were isolated as shown in Fig. 4B, excellent recording
using the widths 109 (lengths in the recording direction) of the pillars 206 as minimum units
could be performed. However, in die case of the recording medium in which the phase-change
recording material 208 was indiscrete and continuous as shown in Fig. 11, during heating using
near-field light required upon crystallization of the phase-change recording material 208, heat
was diffused in the phase-change recording material 208. As a result, even when the spot of the
near-field light was not more than 30 nm, only large recording marks each having a size of more
than 30 nm could be recorded. Due to such heat diffusion, a size difference begins to appear
between the recording marks when the size of each of the recording marks is not more than 30
nm. In the case of recording in which the size of each of the recording marks is not more than
30 nm, it is preferable to set the width of each of the pillars to a value of not more than 30 nm,
set the height of the pillar larger than the thickness of the phase-change recording material, and
isolate the phase-change recording materials.
[0077] In addition, the width of each of the pillars 206 is preferably not more than 20 nm.
As a result, the surface of the phase-change recording material 208 on each of the pillars 206
tends to have a smooth shape and, when information is recorded using near-field light, the
near-field light is likely to be concentrated on the phase-change recording material 208 to result
in easy recording.
[0078] However, when the phase-change recording material 208 is reduced to fine particles
each having a size of about 3 nm, the number of atoms contained in each of the particles
decreases to excessively reduce the melting temperature, and the retention of recording to the
phase-change recording material 208 becomes unstable due to thermal fluctuation. In addition,

since the melting temperature is low, even when the particles are intended to be crystallized, the
phase-change recording material 208 is unlikely to be gradually cooled so that the crystallization
thereof becomes difficult to result in unstable recording. Therefore, the size of the
phase-change recording material 208, i.e., the width (length in the recording direction) of each of
the pillars 206 is preferably not less than 3 nm.
[0079] While the embodiment of the present invention has been described so far by using
examples, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, and is applicable to
another embodiment based on the technical idea of the present invention.
[0080] (Embodiment 5)
Still another embodiment of the present embodiment will be described below with
reference to the drawings. The same components as in Embodiment 1 are designated by the
same member numbers and a description thereof is omitted as necessary.
[0081] In the present embodiment, a description will be given mainly to the difference
between still another method for manufacturing an information recording medium in which
isolated phase-change recording materials are arranged and the manufacturing method of each of
the embodiments described above.
[0082] In Embodiment 1, on the pillars 206 formed on the substrate 102, the phase-change
recording materials 208 are formed and, by setting the height 108 (depth) of each of the pillars
206 larger than the thickness of each of the phase-change recording materials 208, the
phase-change recording materials 208 are isolated. In the present embodiment, an example is
shown in which the width of the pillar 206 and the thickness of the phase-change recording
material 208 are optimized.
[0083] In Figs. 12Ato 12C are shown cross-sectional views in which the width (length in
the information recording direction) of the pillar 206 is held constant, while the thickness of the
phase-change recording material 208 (phase-change fine particle 101) is varied. Each of Figs.
12A to 12C is a conceptual view of the phase-change recording material 208 not immediately
after the formation thereof, but after the phase-change recording material 208 is brought into a
molten state by an initialization process step and crystallized or after the phase-change recording
material 208 is brought into a molten state by recording light. As shown in Fig. 12A, when the
thickness of the phase-change recording material 208 is small compared with the width of the
pillar 206, even if the phase-change recording material 208 has gone through the molten state,
the surface thereof proximate to the antenna 103 for recording (see Fig. 10) is nearly a plan
surface. Also, as shown in Fig. 12B, when the width of the pillar 206 is substantially equal to
the thickness of the phase-change recording material 208, the phase-change recording material
208 that has gone through the molten state has a nearly spherical shape due to surface tension.

Also, as shown in Fig. 12C, when the thickness of the phase-change recording material 208 is
larger than the width of the pillar 206, it can be considered that, due to surface tension, the
molten phase-change recording material 208 has a shape resulting from its excessive spreading
in a lateral direction or its flowing over to the side surface of the pillar 206.
[0084] As shown in Fig. 10, when recording is performed using near-field light generated
by means of plasmon resonance between the antenna 103 and the recording light, if the
phase-change recording materials 208 (phase-change fine particles) have pointed portions or
undulations, the near-field light is consequently concentrated on a localized area and recording
cannot be performed successfully. Therefore, to uniformly increase the temperature of the
entire phase-change recording material 208 and perform recording, as shown in Fig. 12B, the
phase-change recording material 208 preferably has a nearly spherical shape. Note that, as
shown in Fig. 12C, if the phase-change recording material 208 significantly protrudes from the
pillar 206 to excessively spread in the lateral direction, a case may be assumed in which the
phase-change recording material 208 clings to the phase-change recording material 208 on the
adjacent pillar 206 and an isolated state is not achieved or the phase-change recording material
208 adheres to the side surface of the pillar 206 so that heat is diffused.
[0085] From the foregoing, in terms of the relationship between the width (width in the
information recording direction) of the pillar 206 and the thickness of the phase-change
recording material 208, it is preferred to form, on the pillar 206, the phase-change recording
material 208 having a thickness of not less than 1/2 of the width of the pillar 206 and not more
than double the width of the pillar 206. More preferred is the case shown in Fig. 12B in which
the thickness of the phase-change recording material 208 is generally equal to the width of the
pillar 206.
[0086] Also, as shown in Fig. 12B, when the thickness of the phase-change recording
material 208 is generally equal to the width of the pillar 206, by setting the height of the pillar
206 larger than the width of the pillar 206, the phase-change recording material 208 formed on
the pillar 206 is brought into an isolated state on the pillar 206. This reduces the isolated
phase-change recording material 208 to substantially the same size as the width of the pillar 206
and allows individual and localized heating of the phase-change recording material 208 on the
pillar 206. Therefore, it is possible to perform stable information recording free from thermal
diffusion to the phase-change recording material 208 and perform high-density recording using
the pillars 206 as minimum units.
[0087] As described above, it is preferable to prevent a pointed portion or undulation from
being formed in the phase-change recording material 208. Accordingly, a cross-sectional shape
of the pillar 206 along a plane parallel with the substrate 102 is preferably a non-angular circle as

shown in Fig. 13A or a non-angular ellipsoid or oval as shown in Fig. 13B. As shown in Fig.
13A or 13B, by using the pillar 206 having a non-angular shape in a cross section in a plane
parallel with the substrate 102, when the phase-change recording material 208 is formed over an
upper portion of the pillar 206, the non-angular phase-change recording material (having no
pointed portion or undulation) 208 can be formed.
[0088] In addition, as shown in Fig. 14, it is desirable to use the pillar 206 having a
non-angular shape at a portion thereof where the phase-change recording material 208 is formed.
Fig. 14A shows a cross section of the pillar 206 obtained by cutting the pillar 206 along a plane
perpendicular to the substrate 102. On the other hand, Fig. 14B shows a cross section of the
pillar 206 obtained by cutting the pillar 206 along a plane parallel with the substrate 102. As a
result, when the phase-change recording material 208 is formed on the upper portion of the pillar
206, the phase-change recording material 208 tends to have a nearly spherical non-angular shape,
and stable information recording can be performed.
[0089] While the embodiment of the present invention has been described so far by using
examples, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, and is applicable to
another embodiment based on the technical idea of the present invention.
[0090] (Embodiment 6)
Yet another embodiment of the present embodiment will be described below with
reference to the drawings. The same components as in Embodiment 1 are designated by the
same member numbers and a description thereof is omitted as necessary.
[0091 ] In the present embodiment, an example is shown in which, in association with the
shape of the pillar 206 described above in the foregoing embodiments, stable recording can be
achieved.
[0092] In the embodiments described above, the description has been given to a
configuration in which, by forming the phase-change recording materials 208 on the pillars 206
and isolating the phase-change recording materials 208 on the pillars 206, when the small
recording marks each having a size of not more than 30 nm are recorded, stable recording free
from thermal diffusion can be performed.
[0093] In Embodiments 3 and 4, the depth (height 108), the width 109, and the shape of the
pillar 206 have been mainly described but, to isolate the phase-change recording materials 208,
the angle 9p at which each of the pillars 206 is formed is also important. Here, the angle 6p of
the pillar 206 indicates an angle formed between the sidewall portion of the pillar 206 and the
main surface of the substrate 102, as shown in Fig. 15 A. Examples of the angle 9P are shown in
Figs. 15B and 15C. As shown in Fig. 15B, when the angle 0P of the pillar 206 is small, the
phase-change recording materials 208 formed on the pillars 206 are undesirably integrated with

the phase-change recording material 208 directly formed on the substrate 102 irrespective of the
depth of each of the pillars 206 and, for the reason described above, small marks cannot be
recorded any longer. On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 15C, if the angle 6p of the pillar 206
is large, the isolated phase-change recording materials 208 can be formed on the pillars 206. To
form the isolated phase-change recording materials 208 on the pillars 206, the angle 0p of the
pillar 206 is preferably not less than 75 degrees. It has been found that, when the angle 9p of
the pillar 206 is not less than 75 degrees, if the depth of each of the pillars 206 is larger than the
thickness of each of the phase-change recording materials 208, the phase-change recording
materials 208 are isolated on the pillars 206. Note that, more preferably, the angle 9p of the
pillar 206 is not less than 80 degrees. In this case, the phase-change recording materials 208
can be more reliably isolated on the pillars 206.
[0094] In each of Embodiments 1 to 6 described above, the example has been shown which
uses, as a material capable of recording therein information, the phase-change recording material
208. However, the material capable of recording therein information is not limited thereto.
As the material capable of recording therein information, another material capable of thermal
recording in which heat causes a change such as the opening of a hole or a composition change,
e.g., a pigment may also be used.
[0095] Thus, the information recording medium according to an aspect of the present
invention includes a substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate
and each including an information recording material, wherein a width of each of the particle
portions in an information recording direction is not more than 30 nm.
[0096] In accordance with the arrangement described above, the particle portions are
arranged in isolated relation on the substrate. This allows localized heating of each of the
particle portions and allows stable recording free from thermal diffusion. In addition, the width
of each of the particle portions in the information recording direction is not more than 30 nm,
and high-density recording using the particle portions as minimum units can be performed.
Therefore, it is possible to obtain a high-reliability and high-density information recording
medium.
[0097] Note that the length of each of the particle portions in the information recording
direction is more preferably not more than 20 nm. In the arrangement, the surface of each of
the particle portions tends to have a smooth shape so that, when information is recorded using
near-field light or the like, the near-field light is likely to be concentrated on the particle portion
to result in easy recording.
[0098] It is also desirable that the length of each of the particle portions in the information
recording direction is not less than 3 nm. This is because, if the particle portion is reduced to a

size of less than 3 nm, the number of atoms contained in the particle portion decreases to reduce
the melting temperature of the particle portion so that the crystallization thereof becomes
difficult.
[0099] The information recording medium according to the aspect of the present invention
further includes pillars arranged in isolated relation on the substrate, wherein each of the particle
portions is formed of the information recording material formed on each of the pillars, a width of
each of the pillars in the information recording direction is not more than 30 nm, and a height of
each of the pillars is larger than a thickness of the information recording material.
[0100] In accordance with the foregoing arrangement, the height of each of the pillars is
larger than the thickness of the information recording material so that the information recording
material formed on each of the pillars is reliably brought into an isolated state on the pillar.
This allows stable recording free from thermal diffusion, and also allows high-density recording
using the pillars as minimum units to be performed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a
high-reliability and high-density information recording medium.
[0101] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, the thickness of the information recording material is not less than 1/2 of the width of
the pillar in the information recording direction and not more than double the width. This
provides the information recording material formed on the pillar with a non-angular shape due to
surface tension and allows stable information recording. This also prevents the information
recording material formed on the pillar from greatly protruding from the pillar and excessively
spreading in a lateral direction and allows the information recording material formed on the
pillar to easily retain an isolated state on the pillar. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a
higher-reliability and higher-density information recording medium.
[0102] In an information recording medium according to another aspect of the present
invention, the thickness of the information recording material is generally equal to the width of
the pillar in the information recording direction. As a result, the information recording material
formed on the pillar is reduced to substantially the same size as that of a cross section of the
pillar and has a nearly spherical shape on the pillar due to surface tension to allow more stable
recording. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a higher-reliability and higher-density information
recording medium.
[0103] In the information recording medium according to the other aspect of the present
invention, the height of the pillar is larger than the width of the pillar in the information
recording direction. When the thickness of the information recording material is generally
equal to the width of the pillar in the information recording direction, by setting the height of the
pillar larger than the width of the pillar in the information recording direction, the information

recording material formed on the pillar can be reliably brought into an isolated state on the pillar.
Therefore, it is possible to obtain a high-reliability and high-density information recording
medium.
[0104] The information recording medium according to the other aspect of the present
invention is the information recording medium according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein an
angle formed between a sidewall portion of each of the pillars and a main surface of the substrate
is not less than 75 degrees. As a result, the information recording material formed on the pillar
can be reliably brought into an isolated state on the pillar. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a
high-reliability and high-density information recording medium.
[0105] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, the width of the pillar in the information recording direction is not more than 20 nm.
As a result, the surface of the information recording material formed on the pillar tends to have a
smooth shape. Therefore, when information is recorded using near-field light or the like, the
near-field light is likely to be concentrated on the particle portion to result in easy recording.
[0106] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, the width of the pillar in the information recording direction is not less than 3 nm.
When the particle portion is reduced to a size of less than 3 nm, the number of atoms contained
in the information recording material formed on the pillar decreases to reduce the melting
temperature of the particle portion including the information recording material so that the
crystallization thereof is difficult. However, the foregoing arrangement can avoid the foregoing
situation and allow high-reliability and high-density information recording.
[0107] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, a cross section of each of the pillars parallel with the main surface of the substrate has
a shape enclosed by a non-angular curved surface. This also provides the information recording
material formed on the pillar with the shape enclosed by the non-angular curved surface and
allows stable information recording with less thermal bias to be performed to the particle portion
including the information recording material.
[0108] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, at least one of an upper portion and a lower portion of each of the particle portions is
formed with a protective layer. This achieves the effect of stabilizing the recorded state in the
particle portion or improving the recording sensitivity.
[0109] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, the protective layer is formed of a dielectric material. By thus using the dielectric
material for the protective layer, it is possible to easily and reliably perform the protection of the
particle portion.

[0110] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, a thickness of the protective layer is not more than 10 nm. By thus setting the
thickness of the protective layer 6 to a value of not more than 10 nm, it is possible to perform
stable recording. That is, if the thickness of the protective layer 6 is set larger than 10 nm,
during recording, near-field light is unlikely to be concentrated on the particle portion and
recording may be unstable. However, the foregoing situation can be avoided and stable
recording can be performed.
[0111] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, the thickness of the protective layer is not more than 5 nm. By thus setting the
thickness of the protective layer 6 to a value of not more than 5 nm, during recording, near-field
light is likely to be concentrated on the particle portion and more stable recording can be
performed.
[0112] In the information recording medium according to the aspect of the present
invention, each of the particle portions records therein information using near-field light
generated by means of plasmon resonance. This allows the high-density information recording
medium in which information is recorded using the near-field light generated by means of
plasmon resonance to be implemented as a high-reliability structure.
[0113] A method for manufacturing the information recording medium according to the
aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an information recording medium
including a substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each
including an information recording material, a width of each of the particle portions in an
information recording direction being not more than 30 nm, the method including: a pillar
formation step of arranging, on the substrate, pillars each having a width of not more than 30 nm
in the information recording direction into isolated relation; and a deposition step of depositing
the information recording material over the substrate formed with the pillars to thereby form, on
each of the pillars, the information recording material in an isolated state.
[0114] In accordance with the foregoing arrangement, the pillars are formed first in isolated
relation on the substrate, and then the information recording material is formed on each of the
pillars, whereby the information recording material in the isolated state is formed. Here, since
the width of each of the pillars in the information recording direction is set not more than 30 nm,
the width of the information recording material (particle portion) on the pillar in the information
recording direction can be set not more than 30 nm. As a result, even when the information
recording material is uniformly deposited on the substrate by the deposition step using, e.g.,
sputtering, vapor deposition, or the like, it is possible to easily arrange the isolated information
recording materials (particle portions) corresponding to the pattern of the pillars, resulting in

easy deposition. Therefore, it is possible to easily manufacture a high-reliability information
recording medium capable of achieving high-density recording using the pillars as minimum
units.
[0115] In the method for manufacturing the information recording medium according to the
aspect of the present invention, a height of each of the pillars formed in the pillar formation step
is larger than a thickness of the information recording material deposited in the deposition step.
By thus forming each of the pillars such that the height thereof is larger than the thickness of the
information recording material, the information recording material formed on the pillar can be
easily and reliably brought into the isolated state on the pillar.
[0116] The method for manufacturing the information recording medium according to the
aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an information recording medium
including a substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each
including an information recording material, a width of each of the particle portions in an
information recording direction being not more than 30 nm, the method including the steps of:
depositing the information recording material on the substrate; and forming, on the information
recording material, a mask having a pattern having a width of not more than 30 nm in the
information recording direction, and etching the information recording material from over the
mask to thereby form, on the substrate, the particle portions each having the width of not more
than 30 nm in the information recording direction and including the information recording
material.
[0117] In accordance with the arrangement, first, the information recording material is
directly deposited on the substrate. Then, the mask is formed on the information recording
material and etching is performed to form the information recording materials in isolated relation
on the substrate. Here, since the width of the pattern of the mask in the information recording
direction is set not more than 30 nm, it is possible to set the width of each of the information
recording materials (particle portions) in the information recording direction to a value of not
more than 30 nm. The manufacturing method allows the isolated information recording
materials in an arbitrary pattern to be directly arranged on the substrate. Therefore, it is
possible to manufacture a high-reliability information recording medium capable of achieving
high-density recording.
[0118] The method for manufacturing the information recording medium according to the
aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an information recording medium
including a substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each
including an information recording material, a width of each of the particle portions in an
information recording direction being not more than 30 nm, the method including the steps of:

depositing an underlying layer on the substrate; forming, on the underlying layer, a mask having
a pattern having a width of not more than 30 nm in the information recording direction, and
etching the underlying layer from over the mask to thereby form, on the substrate, a pattern of
the underlying layer having a width of not more than 30 nm in the information recording
direction; depositing the information recording material over the substrate formed with the
pattern of the underlying layer; and removing the underlying layer together with the information
recording material formed on the underlying layer to thereby form, on the substrate, the particle
portions each having the width of not more than 30 nm in the information recording direction
and including the information recording material.
[0119] In accordance with the foregoing arrangement, the underlying layer is deposited first
on the substrate. Then, the mask is formed on the underlying layer and etching is performed to
form, on the substrate, the pattern of the underlying layer having the width of not more than 30
nm in the information recording direction. Here, for the underlying layer, any easy-to-etch
material having a large etching rate difference with the mask can be selected, and the etching
process can be performed easily. Thereafter, the information recording material is deposited on
the substrate formed with the pattern of the underlying layer and, by subsequently removing the
underlying layer, the information recording materials are formed in isolated relation. In
accordance with the manufacturing method, since the information recording material need not be
etched, even an information recording medium using a hard-to-etch information recording
material can be easily manufactured. Therefore, it is possible to easily manufacture a
high-reliability information recording medium capable of achieving high-density recording.
[0120] Note that the specific embodiments or examples given in Best Mode for Carrying
Out the Invention are intended only to clarify the technical contents of the present invention.
The present invention should not be construed in a narrow sense as being limited to these
specific examples, but can be implemented with various modifications within the spirit of the
present invention and the scope of the claims.
Industrial Applicability
[0121] The information recording medium according to the present invention is useful in
implementing an information recording medium using a phase-change recording material and
having a significantly improved recording density or the like.

Claims
1. (Amended) An information recording medium, comprising:
a substrate; and
particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each including an
information recording material, wherein
a width of each of the particle portions in an information recording direction is not more
than 30 nm, and
the information recording material is a phase-change recording material.
2. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 1, wherein each of the
particle portions records therein information using near-field light generated by means of
plasmon resonance.
3. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 2, wherein each of the
particle portions records therein information by being heated by the near-field light and
undergoing a phase change.
4. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 3, further comprising:
pillars arranged in isolated relation on the substrate, wherein
each of the particle portions is formed of the information recording material formed on
each of the pillars,
a width of each of the pillars in the information recording direction and the width of the
particle portion in the information recording direction are not more than 30 nm, and
a cross section of each of the pillars parallel with a main surface of the substrate has a
shape enclosed by a non-angular curved surface.
5. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a height of
each of the pillars is larger than a thickness of the information recording material.
6. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 4, wherein the
thickness of the information recording material is not less than 1/2 of the width of the pillar in
the information recording direction and not more than double the width.
7. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 6, wherein the
thickness of the information recording material is generally equal to the width of the pillar in the

information recording direction.
8. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 7, wherein a height of
each of the pillars is larger than the width of the pillar in the information recording direction.
9. (Amended) The information recording medium according to any one of claims 4 to 8,
wherein an angle formed between a sidewall portion of each of the pillars and the main surface
of the substrate is not less than 75 degrees.
10. (Amended) The information recording medium according to any one of claims 4 to 9,
wherein the width of the pillar in the information recording direction is not more than 20 nm.

11. (Amended) The information recording medium according to any one of claims 4 to 10,
wherein the width of the pillar in the information recording direction is not less than 3 nm.
12. (Amended) The information recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 11,
wherein at least one of an upper portion and a lower portion of each of the particle portions is
formed with a protective layer.
13. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 12, wherein the
protective layer is formed of a dielectric material.
14. (Amended) The information recording medium according to claim 12 or 13, wherein a
thickness of the protective layer is not more than 10 nm.
15. (Amended) The information recording medium according to any one of claims 12 to 14,
wherein the thickness of the protective layer is not more than 5 nm.
16. (Amended) A method for manufacturing an information recording medium including a
substrate, and particle portions arranged in isolated relation on the substrate and each including
an information recording material, a width of each of the particle portions in an information
recording direction being not more than 30 nm, the method comprising:
a pillar formation step of arranging, on the substrate, pillars each having a width of not
more than 30 nm in the information recording direction into isolated relation; and
a deposition step of depositing the information recording material over the substrate

formed with the pillars to thereby form, on each of the pillars, the information recording material
in an isolated state, wherein
the information recording material is a phase-change recording material.
17. (Amended) The method for manufacturing an information recording medium according to
claim 16, wherein each of the particle portions records therein information using near-field light
generated by means of plasmon resonance.
18. (Amended) The method for manufacturing an information recording medium according to
claim 17, wherein each of the particle portions records therein information by being heated by
the near-field light and undergoing a phase change.
19. (Added) The method for manufacturing an information recording medium according to
claim 18, wherein the pillar formation step is a step of arranging, on the substrate, the pillars
each having the width of not more than 30 nm in the information recording direction into
isolated relation, a cross section of each of the pillars parallel with amain surface of the substrate
being formed into a shape enclosed by a non-angular curved surface.
20. (Added) The method for manufacturing an information recording medium according to
any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein a height of each of the pillars formed in the pillar formation
step is larger than a thickness of the information recording material deposited in the deposition
step.
An information recording medium includes a substrate, and particle portions arranged in
isolated relation on the substrate and each including an information recording material. A width
of each of the particle portions in an information recording direction is not more than 30 nm.
The information recording medium further includes pillars arranged in isolated relation on the
substrate. Each of the particle portions is formed of the information recording material formed
on each of the pillars. A width of each of the pillars in the information recording direction is
not more than 30 nm, and a height of each of the pillars is larger than a thickness of the
information recording material.