INHIBITORS OF PAI-1 FOR TREATMENT OF MUSCULAR CONDITIONS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/777,521, filed February 27, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD This invention describes novel methods of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rates of muscle repair associated with various conditions such as muscular dystrophy, through the use of small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitors. BACKGROUND There are currently few treatments for deleterious condition of the muscle, including, for example, muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rates of muscle repair. Such deleterious conditions of the muscle can result from normal conditions of use or trauma, or quite frequently, through chronic disease states. One such chronic disease state with very serious implications and of particular relevance to this invention is muscular dystrophy, a severe genetic disease associated with muscle wasting that has separate and diverse forms. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from mutations in the dystrophin protein, which ultimately leads to severe skeletal muscle wasting and death in early adulthood. Cardiomyopathy is also observed in DMD. The precise mechanisms for the progression of the disease are unknown, however, and treatment modalities have not been adequately developed. The outlook for any given muscular dystrophy sufferer is correlated with the degree of the severity of their disease. Some may live a normal lifespan and suffer from moderate symptoms while those afflicted with more severe forms of the disease can face a considerably bleaker outlook. Typical treatment modalities include rehabilitative exercises, physical therapy and the like. Corrective orthopedic surgery is employed in some instances and glucocorticoids may be used to prevent muscle wasting in DMD, but chronic administration of such agents are associated with a plethora of well-documented side effects. Clearly there is a current and urgent need for new treatments for this debilitating disease. This invention addresses this and other important ends. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides, inter alia, methods of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of a PAI-inhibitor, as provided herein, to a mammal in need thereof. The invention also provides, inter alia, pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair comprising a PAI-inhibitor, as provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. i The invention also provides, inter alia, uses of compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS The present invention provides, inter alia, methods of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair comprising administering a PAI-l inhibitor to a mammal in need thereof. In some embodiments, the PAI-l inhibitors useful for the methods of this invention have a molecular weight of less than 1,000. In some aspects, the PAI-l inhibitors useful in the methods of this invention are described in US20060014725, US20050215626, US20050119327, US20050119326, US20050119296, US20050113439, US20050113438, US20050113438, US20050113436, US20050113428, US20050096377, US20050070592, US20050070587, US20050070585, US20050070534, US20040266733, US20040138233, US20040122070, US20040U6504, US20040U6488, US20030125371, US20030045560, US20030032626, US20030018067, and US20030013732, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutical^ acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: (Formula Removed) wherein: X is a chemical bond, -CH2- or -C(O)- ; R1 is C1-C-8 alkyl, (-CH2)nC3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein n is an integer of from 0 to 3, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups being optionally substituted by, from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -CH2OH or CH2OAc; R3 is H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, -NH2, or -NO2; R4 is C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6; cycloalkyl, C3-C6; cycloalkenyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, with the rings of these groups being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, -NO2 or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl. , Compounds of formula (I) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formulas (11), (III) and (IV): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined previously for formula (I). Exemplary compounds of formulas I, II, III, and IV include those in which: Ri is C1-C8 alkyl, (-CH2)n-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein n is an integer of from 0 to 3, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups being optionally substituted by, from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -CH2OH or CH2OAc; R3 is H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C4-C6 cycloalkenyl, -CH2-C4-C6 cycloalkenyl, -NH2, or -NO2; and R4 is phenyl substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, -NO2 or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. In certain embodiments, R4 is at the 4, 5, or 6 position. Exemplary compounds of formulas I, II, III, and IV include those in which: R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, (-CH2)n-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein n is an integer of from 0 to 3, or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups being optionally substituted by, from 1 to 3 groups selected from, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, or C1-C3 alkoxy; R2 is H, -CH2OH or CH2OAc; R3 is H; R4 is phenyl optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl C1-C3 alkoxy or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester Form thereof. In certain embodiments, R4 is phenyl substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C=-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl C1-C3 alkoxy or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl. Exemplary compounds of formulas I, n, III, and IV include those in which: R1 is benzyl, the benzyl group being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, or C1-C3 alkoxy; R2 is H; R3 is H; and R4 is phenyl optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl C1-C3 alkoxy or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. In certain embodiments, R4 is phenyl substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C|-Cj perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl C1-C3 alkoxy or (CO)C1-C6 alkyl. Compounds of formula (I) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (V) or formula (VI): wherein:(Formula Removed) R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl and benzyl groups being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R3 is H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -NH2, or -NO2; and R5, R6 and R7 are independently H, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroallcyl, C=-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof.. In certain embodiments, at least one of R5, R6 and R7 is not H. Exemplary compounds of formulas V and VI include those in which: R1 is benzyl, the benzyl group being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, or C1-C3 alkoxy; R2 is H; R3 is H; and R5, R6 and R7 are independently H, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. In certain embodiments, at least one of R5, R6 and R7 is not H. Exemplary compounds of formula I include: {l-Methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Ethyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Ethyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1-Benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {6-[4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl]- 1-methyl-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-Acetylphenyl)-l-benzyl-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-5-(4-(trifiuoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pheny 1]- lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-5-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl}-1H-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [l-Benzyl-5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {l-Benzyl-5-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-7-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [l-Benzyl-7-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {I -(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [l-Benzyl-6-(3-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-(4-Methylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indoI-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{1 -(4-Fluorobenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Butyl-5-(4-ch!orophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-Butyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-tH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-Butyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-Butyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{l-Buryl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(3-methylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-ylJ(oxo)acetic acid; [ 1 -(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(3-methoxypheny 1)- lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-tert-Buty1benzy1>5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)aceticacid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;[l-(4-rert-Butylbenzyl)5-(2-methylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{l-(2-Ethylbutyl)-5-t4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; {2-[(Acetyloxy)methyl]-1 -(4-methylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {2-(Hydroxymethyl)-l-(4-methyIbcnryl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]- lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {2-[(Acetyloxy)methyl]-l -benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Benzyl-2-(hydroxymethyl}-5-[4-(trifluoroinethoxy)phenyl]-l H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; [5-{3-Chlorophenyl)-1 -cyclopentyl-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-aceticacid; [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-(cyclobutylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)aceticacid;[5-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-(3-methylcyclopropyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-{3-chlorophcnyl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclopentyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromediylphenyl)-l-{cyclobutylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1 -(3-methylcyclopenty 1) 1 H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l -(cyclohexylmethyl)- lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1 -(cyclopentylpropyl)-1 H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclopcntyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclobutylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;[5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(3-mcthylcyclopentyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclopentylpropyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;ort5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula I are provided in US Patent No. 7,074,817, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (VTI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: wherein: R1 is hydrogen, C2-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloaikyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted with halogen, -CN, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, CH2-furanyl, oxazoyl, CH2-oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH2-naphthyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R6, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -NH2, or -NO2; R4 is C3-Cg alkyl, C3-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl, benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl, naphthyl, wherein the alkyl groups and the rings of the cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from I to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -0-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1 C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR6, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R5 is C|-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, CH2-furanyl, oxazoyl, CH2-oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl,benzo[6]thien-2-yl, benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl, naphthyl, CH2-naphthyl, 9H-fluoren-1 -yl, 9H-fluoren-4-yl, 9H-fiuoren-9-yl, 9-fluorenone-l-yl, 9-fluorenone-2-yl, 9-fluorenone-4-yl, CH2-9H-fluoren-9-yl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, napthyl, fluorenyi, and fluorenone groups ar2 optionally substituted by from \ to 3 groups detected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl,C1-C3 alkoxy, phenoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, CO2R6. -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2, wherein the phenoxy group are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; and R6 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of formula VII include those in which R1-R3 and R5-R6 are as defined herein for formula VH, and R4 is thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl, benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl, or naphthyl, wherein the rings of the thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, - C(O)OR6, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2. Exemplary compounds of formula (VII) include: [3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol- l-yl]acetic acid; [3-(Benzo[6]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; [3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)- 5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula I are provided in US Publication No. 20040122070, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. (Formula Removed) In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (VIH), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: R1 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted by halogen, -CN, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl. -CH2-C1-C6 cycloalkyl, thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, CH2-furanyl, oxazoyt, CH2-oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, or CH2-naphthyl; wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, and naphthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2. or -NO2; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or -CH2-C1-C6 cycloalkyl; R4 is C3-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl,benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl, or naphthyl; wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; Rs is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridtnyl thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, CH2-furanyl, oxazoyl, CH2-oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzo[6]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl, benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl, naphthyl, CH2-naphyl, 9H-fluoren-1-yl, 9H-fluoren-4-yl, 9H-fluoren-9-yl, 9-fluorenone-l-yl, 9-fluorenone-2-yl, 9-fluorenone-4-yl, or CH2-9H-fluoren-9-yl; wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, napthyl, fluorenyl, and fluorenone groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH. -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, -NO2, or phenoxy, the phenoxy group being further optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R6 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridyl, thienyl, CH2-thienyl, furanyl, CH2-furanyl, oxazoyl, CH2-oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl, benzo[l,3]dioxot-5-yl, CH2-1-naphthyl, or CH2-2-naphyl; wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl. C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2 -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -N02; or R5 and R6 taken together are C3-C6 cycloalkyl, 3-indan-l-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, chroman-4-yl, 4H-chromen-4-yl,thiochroman-4-yl, 9//-fluoren-9-yl, 9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl, 9H-xanthen-9-yl, 9H-thioxanthen-9-yl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5//-benzocyclohepten-5-yl, or 10,ll-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-yl, wherein these groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, Ct-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CHzCO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; and R7 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of formula VIII include those in which R1-R3 and R5-R7 are as defined herein for formula VIII, and R4 is thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzo[b]furan-2-yl, benzo[b]thien-2-yl, benzo[l ,3]dioxol-5-yl, or naphthy; wherein the rings of the thienyl, furanyl, oxazoyl, phenyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and napthyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Compounds of formula (VIII) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (IX): wherein:(Formula Removed) R1 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 pcrfluoroalkyl, wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted by halogen, -CN, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1 C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl; C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl; R5 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, or CH2-naphyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, -NO2, or phenoxy; the phenoxy group being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R6 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or R5 and R6 taken together are a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R7 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl; and R8, R9, R10 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Compounds of formula (VIII) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (X): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen; R5 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, orthienyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl, phenyl, thienyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R7 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl; and R8, R9, R10 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of formula VUI, IX, and X include those in which Rs is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl group and the rings of the cycloalkyl group are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OR7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, -NO2, or phenoxy; the phenoxy group being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl. Exemplary compounds of formula (VIIT) include: {5-(3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-3-[l-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyl]-indol-l-yl}-acetic acid; {3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-l-yl}acetic) acid; [3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-lH-indol-l-yl]acetic acid; {3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-l-yl}acetic acid; (5-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-[l-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-lH-indol-l-yl}acetic acid; [3-(l-phenylethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-indol-l-yl]acetic acid; [3-(l-thiophen-2-yl-ethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-indol-l-yl]acetic acid; [3-(l-cyclohexyl-ethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)indol-1-yl]acetic acid; [3-(4-isopropyl-benzyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phcnyl)-indol-l-yl)acetic cid; [5-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-3-(l ,3-dimethyl-butyl)-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; [5-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-3-(l-phenyl-ethyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid; [3-(l-cyclohexyl-ethyl)5-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; or a phamnaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula VIII are provided in US20060178412, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (XT), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: wherein:(Formula Removed) R1 is the moiety: (Formula Removed) R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, benzo[l,3]dioxo-5yl-methyl, cycloalkylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, heteroarylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, arylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, preferably selected from benzyl, CH2-l-naphthyl, CH2-2-naphyl, CH2CH2-phenyl, or CH2CH2-napthyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R4 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2 or -NO2, X is O, S, or NH; R5 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloallcyl, heteroaryl, -CH2-heteroaryl, phenyl, or arylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C8, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, phenyl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 5 groups selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy,C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, heteroaryl, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH,, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3. -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted by halogen, -CN, C1-C6 alkoxy, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and phenyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or R3 is the moiety X-R6; R6 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, phenyl, aryl-alkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C8. CH2CH2-phenyl, or CH2CH2-napthyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; and R7 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl. or C1-C8 aryl-alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. In certain aspects R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, benzo[l,3]dioxo-5yl-methyl, cycloalkylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, heteroaryl alkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, benzyl, CH2-l-naphthyl, CH2-2-naphyl, CH2CH2-phenyl, or CH2CH2-napthyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, benzyl, phenyl, and naphthyl groups are optionally substituted by from I to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2 -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or-NO2. Compounds of formula (XI) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (XII) or (XIII): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, benzo[l,3]dioxo-5yl-methyl, cycloalkylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, heteroarylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, arylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C3, preferably selected from benzyl, OH2-l-naphthyl, CH2-2-naphyl, CH2CH2-phenyl, or CH2CH2-napthyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy,, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R4 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -S(O)-2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R5 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-heteroaryl, or arylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C8 wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 5 groups selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, heteroaryl, S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2. or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, wherein the alkyl group is optionally substituted by halogen, -CN, C1-C6 alkoxy, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and phenyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -S(O)2CH3, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2 R6 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, phenyl, aryl-alkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C8, CH2CH2-phenyl, or CH2CH2-napthyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, preferably -OCF3, -S-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OCHF2, -CN, -C(O)CH,, -CO2R7, -SCOTCH,, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; and R7 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or aryl-alkyl where the alkyl chain is Ci-Cg; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of the formula (XI), (XII), and (XIII) include those in which R5 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl. heteroaryl, -CH2-heteroaryl, phenyl, or arylalkyl where the alkyl chain is C1-C8, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, phenyl, and aryl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 5 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 perfluoroalkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, C1-C3 perfluoroalkylthio, -OCHF2, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CO2H, -C(O)CH3, -CO2R7, -C(O)NH2, -S(O)2CH3, OH, -NH2, or -NO2; Exemplary compounds of formula (XT) include: (l-{4-[(4-cyanobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-1H-indol-3-ylXoxo)acetic acid; (l-[4-(3-methoxy-benzyloxy)-phenyl]lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {1 -[4-(3-chloro-benzyloxy)-phenyl}lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)-phcnyl]-5-fluoro-1H-iiidol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-aceticacid; {1 -[4-(3-chloro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-phenyl]lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(3,5-dimethoxy benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-y!}-oxo-acetic acid; [1 -(4- {[5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-furyl]methoxy}phenyl)-S-fluoro-lH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; [5-chloro-l-(3-{[5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-furyl]methoxy}phenyl)-lH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; 5-Chloro-l-[3-(2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; [1,5-bis-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid; [l,5-bis-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid;{l -(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-1H-mdol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid, [l-benzyl-5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; (l-bertzyl-5- benzyloxy-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid;(5-allyloxy-l-cyclobutylmethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-phenethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-ylrnethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid;(5-allyloxy-l-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid;(5-allyloxy-l-[2-naphthalene-l-yl-ethyl]-IH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l -[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyl}-1 H-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-[2-(4-bromophenyl)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(4-tert-butyl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(4-[1,2,3]thiadia2ol-4-yl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(4-[l,2,3]thiadiazol-4-yl-benzyloxyyphenylj1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula (XI) are provided in US20040138283 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (XTV) or (XV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: (Formula Removed) wherein: X is hydrogen, an alkali metal or a basic amine moiety; R1 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C=cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2 pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen. C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2. R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2, or -NO2; R.3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2, -NO2, phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, wherein the rings of these groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from phenyl, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6; perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Compounds of formula (XTV) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (XVI) and (XVII): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -GH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C= alkyl, C1 C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6s perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH,-NH2, or-NO2, R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyi, -NH2, or -NO2; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2, -NO2, phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, wherein the rings of these groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Compounds of formula (XTV) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formula (XVIII) and (XIX): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, preferably C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, Ci-C$ alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or-NO2; R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, preferably -CF3, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2 or -NO2, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, phenyl, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of the formula (XTV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVffl), and (XIX) include those in which R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NOi-Exemplary compounds formula (XV) include those wherein the alkali metal is for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, or the like and the basic amine moiety is, for example, amonia, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, pyridine, aromatic amines, benzyl amines, and the like. Exemplary compounds of formulas (XTV) and (XV) include: 9-(4-Meuhylbenzyl)-6-[4-(frifluoromemoxy)phenyl]-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 9-Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-6]indole-3,4-dione;9-(4-Methylbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,3-dione; 9-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-l ,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b] indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-methylbenzyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-tertbutylbenzyl)-l,9- dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione;9-(4-tertbutybenzyl)-6-hydroxy-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 9-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; [ 1 -benzyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [1 -benzyl-5-(l,l-biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; 9-benzyl-6-{3-Methylphenyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 9-benzyl-6-(l-1-bi-phenyl-4-yl)-l»9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula (XI) are provided in US20050113436 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. In some aspects, this invention describes a method of treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula (XX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, to a mammal in need thereof: (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, and -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -NH2, or -NCV, R4 is phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, wherein the rings of these groups are optionally substituted by 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, and -NO2 (Formula Removed) R8 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl-aryl, or substituted alkyl-aryl; and R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 branched alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-indolylymethylene, 4-imidazolylmethylene, HSCH2-, CH3SCH2CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2CH2-, HO2CCH2, HO2CCH2CH2-, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2-, H2NC(=NH)NHCH2CH2CH2-, or taken together with R8. -CH2CH2CH2-; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of formula (XX) include those in which R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 branched alkyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-indolylymethylene, 4-imidazolylmethylene, -CH3SCH2CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2CH2-, HO2CCH2-, HO2CCH2CH2-, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2-, H2NC(=NH)NHCH2CH2CH2-, or taken together with R8. -CH2CH2CH2-. Compounds of formula (XX) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formulas (XXI) and (XXII): (Formula Removed) wherein R1 R2, R3, R4, R8 and R9 are as defined herein for a compound of formula (XX), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. Compounds of formula (XX) include the following compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester forms thereof, of formulas (XXIII) and (XXIV): (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, preferably -O-CF3, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C2 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -NH2, or -NO2; R5, R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2, R8 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl-aryl, or substituted alkyl-aryl; R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 branched alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-indolylymethylene, 4-imidazolylmethylene, HSCH2-, CH3SCH2CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2CH2-, HO2CCH2-, HO2CCH2CH2-, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2-, H2NC(=NH)NHCH2CH2CH2-, or taken together with Rg. -CH2CH2CH2-; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof. Exemplary compounds of formulas (XXHT) and (XXIV) include those in which R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 branched alkyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-indolylymethylene, 4-imidazolylmethylene, CH3SCH2CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2CH2-, HO2CCH2-, HO2CCH2CH2-, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2-, H2NC(=NH)NHCH2CH2CH2-, or taken together with Rg. -CH2CH2CH2-. Exemplary compounds of formula (XX) include: {[[1 -(4-rerr-butylbenzyl)-5-(3-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetyl]amino}acetic acid; 2-[(2-{l-Benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-2-oxoacetyl)amino]acetic acid; 2-[(2-{l-Benzyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-2-oxoacetylXmethyl)amino]acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof. Methods of synthesizing compounds of formula XX are provided in US Publication Number 20040116504 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, and are thus not described herein. The present invention provides, inter alia, pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said pharmaceutical compositions comprise a PAl-1 inhibitor. In certain aspects the PAI-1 inhibitors useful for the methods of this invention have a molecular weight of less than 1,000. Exemplary PAI-1 inhibitors include those compounds described herein, for example, the compounds of formulas (I) - (XXIV) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester forms thereof. The present invention provides, inter alia, methods for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PAI-1 inhibitor to a mammal in need thereof. In certain aspects the PAI-1 inhibitors useful for the methods of this invention have a molecular weight of less than 1,000. In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are used to increase muscle weight, i.e., skeletal muscle weight, in mammals in need thereof, i.e.. in mammals having a condition characterized by muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. In some aspects, the PAI-1 inhibitors useful in compositions for the methods of this invention are described in US20060014725, US20O50215626, US20050119327, US20050119326, US20050119296, US20050113439, US20O5O113438, US2005O113438, US20050113436, US20050113428, US20050096377, US20O50070592, US20050070587, US20O50O70585, US20O5OO70584, US20040266733, US20040138283, US20040122070, US20040116504, US20040116488, US20030125371, US20030045560, US20030032626, US20030018067, and US2OO30013732, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention provides, inter alia, pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of the compounds of the present invention including the compounds of formulas (I) — (XXTV), and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, this invention describes a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of formula: {l-Methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1-Methyl-6-[4-(triftuoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1-Ethyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yI} (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Ethyl-6-[4-(tri fluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluorornsthoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Benzyl-6-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-indoI-3-yl }(oxo)acetic acid; {1 -[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl) (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyI]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{6-[4-(fer/-Butyl)phenyl)-t-methyl -1H-indol-3-yl)(oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-Acetylphenyl)-l-benzyl-tH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Benzyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indoJ-3-yl}(oxo)aceticacid;{l-Benzyl-5-[4-(tert-butyl)phcnyl]-lH-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; [ 1 -Benzyl-5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-l H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{1 -Benzyl-5-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-7-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [ 1 -Benzyl-7-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{l-(4-rerr-Butylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-y1}(oxo)acetic acid;{ l-Benzyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; [ 1 -Benzyl-6-(3-chlorophenyl)- 1H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid;{l-Benzyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1 -(4-Methylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {1 -(4-Fluorobenzyl)-5-[4-(tiifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)aceticacid;[l-Butyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)aceticacid;[l-Butyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-Butyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-Butyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {1 -Butyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)5-(3-methylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [ 1 -(4-/err-Butylbenzyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-{4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)aceticacid; [l-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-5-(4-ch!orophenyI)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [l-(4-rer/-Butylbenzyl)-5-(2-methylphenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; {1 -(2-Ethylbutyl)-5-[4-(tri f!uoromethoxy)phenyl]-l H-indol-3-. yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{2-[(Acetyloxy)methyl]-l-(4-methylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {2-(Hydroxymethyl)-l-(4-m5thylbenzyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromcthoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid;{2-[(Acetyloxy)methyl]-l-benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; {l-Benzyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-l-cyclopentyl-1 H-indol-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid; [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1 H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-chlorophenyl)- l-(3-methylcyclopropyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l -(cyctopentyl)- lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclobutylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-(3-methylcyclopentyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(4~ trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclopentylpropyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-triftuoromethylphenyI)-l-(cyclopenryl)-l H-indo1-3~yI](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethyIphenyl)-l-(cyclobutylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(3-methylcyclopentyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [5-(3-tri fluoromethylphenyl)-1 -(cyclopentylpropyl)-1 H-indol-3-y!](oxo)acetic acid; or [5-{4-methoxyphenyl)-1 -(cyclohexylmethyl)-l H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; [3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-1 -yl]acetic acid; [3-(Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; [3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)- 5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-1 -yl]-acetic acid; {5-(3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-3-[l-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyl]-indol-l-yl}-acetic acid; {3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-lH-indol-l-yl}acetic) acid; [3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromcthyl)benzyl]-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-lH-indoH-yl]acetic acid; {3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)beiizyl]-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-lH-indol-1 -yl}acetic acid; {5-(3-chIorophenyl)-3-[l-{2-thienyl)ethyl]-lH-indoH-yl}acetic acid; [3-(l-phenylethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-indol-l-yl]acetic acid; [3-(l-thiophen-2-yl-ethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-indol-1-yl]acetic acid; [3-(l-cyclohexyl-ethyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-indol-l-yl]aceticacid; [3-(4-isopropyl-benzyl)-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-indol-l-yljacetic acid; [5-(2,4-dichIoro-phenyl)-3-(l,3-dimethyl-butyl)-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; [5-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-3-( 1 -phenyl-ethyl)-indol-1 -yl]-acetic acid; [3-( 1 -cyclohexyl-ethyl)-5-{2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-indol-l-yl]-acetic acid; (1- {4-[(4-cyanobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)(oxo)acetic acid; {l-[4-(3-methoxy-benzyloxy)-phenylJ1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(3-chloro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {1-[4-(4-cyanobenzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxc-acetic acid; {1 -[4-(3-chloro-benzy1oxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-lH-indo1-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(3,5-dimethoxy benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyIoxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl] 1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; [l-(4-{[5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-furyl]methoxy}phenyl)-5-fluoro-lH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; {1-[4-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-ac3tic acid; {5-Chloro-l- [3-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; [5-ch1oro-l-(3-{[5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-mryl]niethoxy}phenyl)-lH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; 5-Ch]oro-l-[3-(2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]1H-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acctic acid; [1,5-bis-(4-trinuoromethoxy-phenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-aceticacid;[l,5-bis-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid;{l-(4-nuoroben2y1)-5-[2-(4-nuorophenyl)ethoxy]-1Hr-indol-3-yl}(oxo)acetic acid, [1 -benzyl-5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromcthyl-phenoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl] (oxo)acetic acid; (l-benzyl-5-benzyloxy-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-cyclobutylmethyl-1 H-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l -phcnethyl- lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid;(5-allyloxy-l-[2-naphthalene-1 -yl-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-l-[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (5-allyloxy-1 -[2-(4-bromophenyl)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(4-tert-butyl-benzyloxy)-phcnyl]-5-methyl-lH-indol-3-yl}~oxo-acetic acid; {l-[4-(4-[l,2,3]ttoadiazol-4-yl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; {5-Chloro-l-[3-(4-[l^2,3]thiadiazol-4-yl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]1H-iiKlol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; 9-(4-Methylbcnzyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromcthoxy)phenyl]-l>9-dihydropyrano[3,4-fr]indole-3,4-dione; 9-Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-l,9-dihydropyranol3,4-&]indole-3,4-dione;9-(4-Methylbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3^-dione; 9-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-l,9-dihydropyraiK)[3,4-b] indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-inethylbcnzyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-tertbutylbenzyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 9-(4-tertbutyben2yI)-6-hydroxy-l,9-dihydkopyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 9-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole>-3,4-6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromcthyl-ben2yloxy)-phenyl]1H- indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; (n) [5-chloro-l-(3-{[S-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-furyl]methoxy}phenyl)-lH-indol-3- yl](oxo)acetic acid; (o) 5-ChIoro-l-[3-(2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl] lH-indol-3-yl) -oxo- acetic acid; (p) [ 1,5-bis-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)- lH-indoI-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid; (q) [l,5-bis-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-lH-indol-3-yl]-oxo-acetic acid; (r) {1 -(4-fluoroberizyl)-5-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-1H-indol-3-yl} (oxo)acetic acid; (s) [ 1 -benzyl-5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phcnoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl] (oxo)acetic acid; (t) (l-benzyl-5-bcnzyloxy-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (u) (5-allyloxy-l-cyclobutylmethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (v) (5-alIyloxy-l-phenethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (w) (5-allyloxy-l-benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (x) (5-al!yloxy-l-[2-(4-methoxyphenyI)-ethyl]-lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (y) (5-allyloxy-1 -[2-naphthalene-1 -yl-ethyl]- lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (z) (5-allyloxy-1 -[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyl]- lH-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (aa) (5-allyloxy-1 -[2-(4-bromophenyl)-ethyl]-1 H-indol-3-yl)-oxo-acetic acid; (bb) {l-[4-(4-terty-butyl-benzyloxy)-phcnyl]-5-mcthyl-lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; (cc) {l-[4-(4-[l,2,3]thiadiazol-4-yl-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-lH-tndol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; or (dd) ' {5-Chloro-l-[3-(4-[l,2,3]thiadiazol-4-yl-bcnzyloxy)-phenyl]lH-indol-3-yl}-oxo-acetic acid; or a pbarmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. 14. A pharmaceutical composition, useful for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of a compound of formula (XTV) or (XV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient: (Formula Removed) wherein: X is hydrogen, an alkali metal or a basic amine moiety; R1 is hydrogen, l//8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, wherein the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1 C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2, or -NCh; and R3 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, -NH2, -NO2, phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, wherein the rings of these groups are optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from phenyl, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, or -NO2. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 wherein the compound of formula (XTV) or (XV) is (a) 9-(4-Methylbenzyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-l ,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-6]indole-3,4-dione; (b) 9-Benzyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-6]indole-3,4-dione; (c) 9-(4-MethyIbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,3-dione; (d) 9-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b] indole-3,4-dione; (e) 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-mcthylbenzyl)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; (i) 6-(Benzyloxy)-l,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indoIe-3,4-dione; (g) 6-(Benzyloxy)-9-(4-tertburylbenzyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; (h) 9-(4-tertbutybenzyl)-6-hydroxy-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; (i) 9-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; 0) [l-benzyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; (k) [ 1 -benzyl-5-( 1,1 -bipheny l-4-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid; (1) 9-benzyl-6-(3-Methylphenyl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; or (m) 9-benzyl-6-(l-l-bi-phcnyl-4-yl)-1,9-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-3,4-dione; or a phannaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester form thereof. 16. A pharmaceutical composition, useful for the treatment of muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair, wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of a compound of formula (XX), or a phannaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient: (Formula Removed) wherein: R1 is C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, -CH2-pyridinyl, phenyl or benzyl, the rings of the cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, phenyl and benzyl groups are_optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, d-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, and -NO2; R2 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alley], C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl; R= is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -NH2, or -NO2; R4 is phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, or -CH2-pyridinyl, wherein the rings of these groups are optionally substituted by 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, -O-C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, -OH, -NH2, and -NO2; Rg is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2-C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl-aryl, or substituted alkyl-aryl; and R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 branched alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-indolylymcthylcne, 4-imidazolylmethylene, HSCH2-, CH3SCH2CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2-, H2NC(=O)CH2CH2-. HO2CCH2-, HO2CCH2CH2-, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2-, H2NC(=NH)NHCH2CH2CH2-, or taken together with R«.-CH2CH2CH2-. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16. wherein the compound of formula (XX)is (a) {[[l-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-5-(3-methylphenyl>1H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetyl] amino} acetic acid; (b) 2-[(2- {1 -Benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-indol-3-yl} -2-oxoacetyl)amino]acetic acid; or (c) 2-[(2-{l-Benzyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-li/-indol-3-yl}-2-oxoacetyl)(methyl)amino]acetic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof. 18. The pharmacuetical composition of any one of claim 1 to 17, wherein said composition is in the form of a tablet or capsule. 19 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claim 1 to 17, wherein said muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscular atrophy, or reduced rate of muscle repair is caused by or associated with muscular dystrophy. 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein said muscular dystrophy is Duchenne's, Becker's, distal, ocular, Emery-Dreifuss, facioscapulohumeral, Fukuyama congenital, limb-girdle, myotonic, oculopharyngeal or severe childhood autosomal recessive. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 45, wherein said muscular dystrophy is Duchenne's. 22 Use of a compound of formula (I) as shown and defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. 23 Use of a compound of formula (VII) as shown and defined in claim 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. 24. Use of a compound of formula (XT) as shown and defined in claim 12 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. 25. Use of a compound of formula (XIV) or (XV) as shown and defined in claim,14 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. 26. Use of a compound of formula (XX) as shown and defined in claim 16 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating muscle damage, muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscle atrophy or reduced rate of muscle repair. 27. The use of any one of claim 22 to 26 wherein said muscle wasting, muscle degeneration, muscular atrophy, or reduced rate of muscle repair is caused by or associated with muscular dystrophy. 28. The use of claim 27, wherein said muscular dystrophy is Duchenne's, Becker's, distal, ocular, Emery-Dreifuss, facioscapulohumeral, Fukuyama congenital, limb-girdle, myotonic, oculopharyngeal or severe childhood autosomal recessive. 29. The use of claim 27, wherein said muscular dystrophy is Duchenne's. 30. The Invention substantially such as herein before described.