FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure pertains generally to the technical field of insecticidal combinations. 5 Specifically, it pertains to insecticidal combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present 10 invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that primarily acts by influencing nervous system of the 15 insects. Its IUPAC name is ‘2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate’.
Chlorpyriphos is organophosphate insecticide, acaracide and miticide that acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Its IUPAC name is ‘O, O-Diethyl O-3, 5, 6-trichloropyridin-2-yl 20 phosphorothioate’.
Natural enemies play important role in pest management system as they limit pests by killing them, decrease their reproductive potential.
25
Stem borers and leaf folders are one of the most common pests affecting grains. A stemborer also known as stem borer can be described as any insect larva, or arthropod, that bores into plant stems. Banana stemborer weevil, Coffee white stem borer, and Sugarcane Longhorn Stemborer are some examples of stem borers.
30
3
Document CN101406189 relates to a water emulsion containing chlorfenapyr and a method for preparing the same. The pesticidal active ingredients of the water emulsion are formed by compounding chlorfenapyr or the chlorfenapyr and one of the pesticidal active ingredients such as bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, nitenpyram and the like; and other components of the water emulsion comprise a solvent, an emulsifier, a penetrating agent, a synergist, an antifreeze, a defoamer, 5 water and the like. The water emulsion uses a large amount of water to substitute organic solvents, and has low cost and good environmental compatibility.
Document EP1967068 tells about a method for controlling pests in genetically modified vegetables that contain and express a gene for an insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis, 10 involves applying to the plants, selected pesticides (A). (A) is any one or more of: (a) 39 organophosphorus compounds; (b) 21 pyrethroids; (c) 21 carbamate insecticides; (d) 9 biopesticides; (e) 12 insecticidal growth regulators or (f) 21 other compounds. Method for controlling pests in genetically modified vegetables that contain and express a gene for an insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis, involves applying to the plants (or their seeds, 15 reproductive material or growing surface), selected pesticides (A). (A) is any one or more of: (a) 39 organophosphorus compounds e.g. acephate, azinphos-(m)ethyl, cadusafos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinone, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, ethoprophos, etrimfos, fonofos, isazofos, isofenphos, mlathion, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, pmethoate, parathion, phenthoate, phorate, 20 phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphosmethyl, profenofos, prothiofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos or triazophos; (b) 21 pyrethroids e.g. acrinathrin, allethrin, bifenthrin, cycloprothrin, (beta) cyfluthrin, (lambda )-cyhalothrin, (alpha, beta or zeta) cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, (tau )- fluvalinate, permethrin, tefluthrin, tralomethrin, or ZXI-8901; (c) 21 carbamate 25 insecticides e.g. alanycarb, aldicarb, amitraz, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiocarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiofanox, thiodicarb or trimethacarb; (d) 9 biopesticides e.g. B. thuringiensis, B. firmus, granulosis or nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brogniartii or baculoviruses such as that from Autographa californica; (e) 12 30 insecticidal growth regulators e.g. chlorfluazuron, DBI-3204, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron,
4
flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novauron, methoxyfenozide, teflubenzuron, tebufenozide or triflumuron; or (f) 21 other compounds e.g. abamectin, bensultap, cartap, chlordane, chlorfenapyr, DNOC, endosulfan, fipronil, ethiprole, inidacoprid, thiacloprid, phosphines, oleic acid/fatty acids, pymetrozine, thiocyclam, IKI-220, tolfenpyrad, acetamiprid, spinosad, sialfluofen or thiamethoxam. 5
Document WO0002453 relates to a composition for the control of insects or representatives of the order Acarina, which is characterised in that it contains a quantitatively variable combination of emamectin in free form or in salt form, as well as inter alia one or more of the compound: Aldicarb; Azinphosmethyl; Benfuracarb; Bifenthrin; Buprofezin; Carbofuran; Carbosulfan; 10 Cartap; Chlorfluazuron; Chlorpyrifos; Cyfluthrin; Lambda-Cy-halothrin; Alpha cypermethrin; zeta-Cypermethrin; Deltamethrin; Diflubenzuron; Endosulfan; Ethiofencarb; Fenitrothion; Fenobucarb; Fenvalerate; Formothion; Methiocarb; Heptenophos; Imidacloprid; Isoprocarb; Methamidophos; Methomyl; Mevinphos; Parathion; Parathion-methyl; Phosalone; Pirimicarb; Propoxur; Teflubenzuron; Terbufos; Triazamate; Fenobucarb; Tebufenozide; Fipronil; beta-15 Cyfluthrin; Silafluofen; Fenpyroximate; Pyridaben; Fenazaquin; Pyriproxyfen; Pyrimidifen; Nitenpyram; NI-25, Acetamiprid; Avermectin; an insect-active extract from a plant; a preparation containing insect-active nematodes; a preparation obtainable from Bacillus subtilis; Azinphos A; Azinphos M; Azocyclotin; Bendiocarb; Bensultap; Betacyfluthrin; BPMC; Tebufenpyrad; Tebupirimphos; Tefluthrin; Temephos; Terbam; Tetrachlorvinphos; Thiafenox; 20 Thiodicarb; or Spinosad, in free form or in salt form, and at least one excipient; a process for the control of pests, a process for the preparation of the composition, the use thereof and the plant propagation material treated therewith, as well as the use of emamectin in the preparation of the composition.
25
Document JP9136805 describes a pesticide composition diafenthiuron as a pesticidally active compound with at least one kind of pesticidally active compound selected from the group consisting of phenoxycarb, aldicarb, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, benfuracarb, bifenthrin, buprofezin, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cartap, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin and other 55 compounds in various proportions and an auxiliary. In particular, it is 30 preferable that this composition comprises 4 pts.wt. of diafenthiuron and 1 pt.wt. of phenoxycarb
5
and an auxiliary. Pests to which this composition is to be applied are those belonging to e.g. Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Acarina, Coleoptera.
Majority of the currently available insecticide(s) and compositions thereof do not exhibit good bio-efficacy against pests and hence, do not help to a greater extent in increasing yield of grains. 5 While some other insecticides and compositions thereof exhibits good bio-efficacy and may help to increase yield of grains, they exhibit phytotoxicity to a considerable extent and reduce the number of natural enemies that are advantageous in pest management.
There is therefore a need in the art to develop new insecticidal composition(s) that exhibits 10 synergism and good bio-efficacy against wide varieties of pests and results in increase in the yield of grains. Need is also observed to develop insecticidal composition(s) that have lesser phytotoxicity and lesser adverse effect on natural enemies of pests.
All publications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual 15 publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.
20
In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties 25 sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely 30 as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may
6
contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as 5 used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated 10 herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the 15 scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in 20 any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims. 25
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present disclosure to provide an insecticidal formulation that exhibits good bio-efficacy against wide varieties of pests. 30
7
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an insecticidal formulation that exhibits lesser adverse effect on the natural enemies of pests.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an insecticidal formulation exhibiting lesser phytotoxicity. 5
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an insecticidal formulation including a combination of bifenthrin and chlorpyriphos.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an insecticidal formulation including a 10 combination of bifenthrin and chlorpyriphos in emulsifiable concentrate form (EC) that exhibits synergistic pest-controlling property.
SUMMARY OF THE INVETION
15
Aspects of the present disclosure provides novel stabilized combination(s) of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyrifos in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form that exhibits synergism in activity and covers a large number of insects attacking the crops. Apart from the actual synergistic effect with respect to the pesticidal activity, the compositions in accordance with the present disclosure also exhibits further surprising advantages, which in a broadened sense can likewise be regarded as 20 synergistic; for example, by the use of composition, pests are controlled, which cannot be controlled at all or only with insufficient effect using the other known composition, and the compositions according to the present disclosure exhibit better plant tolerance along with other advantages. In addition to this, the insects are controlled at their different stages of development, which is not the case with many known pesticides. 25
An aspect of the present disclosure provides an Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) including a combination of an insecticidally effective amount of Bifenthrin; an insecticidally effective amount of Chlorpyrifos; and at least one agro chemically acceptable excipient. The Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) of the present invention exhibits synergistic pest-controlling activity. In an 30 embodiment, said Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) composition includes Bifenthrin in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight. In an embodiment, said Emulsifiable Concentrate
8
(EC) includes Chlorpyrifos in an amount ranging from about 25% to about 35% by weight. In an embodiment, said at least one agro chemically acceptable excipient includes an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as solvent CIX, aromax, solvesso 100/150 in an amount ranging from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the composition. In an embodiment, said Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) further includes surfactant in an amount ranging from about 5% to about 15% 5 by weight. In an embodiment, surfactant is selected from a combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates. In an embodiment, the formulation is stabilized by adding epoxidized vegetable oils in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight. In an embodiment, the Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) exhibits insecticidal activity against leaf folders and stem borers. In an 10 embodiment, the Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) exhibits insecticidal activity against leaf folders and stem borers in rice crops.
Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an insecticidal composition including a combination of Bifenthrin in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the 15 composition; Chlorpyrifos in an amount ranging from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the composition; hydrocarbon solvent selected from solvent CIX, aromax, solvesso 100/150 in an amount ranging from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the composition; and surfactant in an amount ranging from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition. In an embodiment, surfactant is selected from calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl 20 phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates. In an embodiment, said insecticidal composition further includes epoxidized vegetable oils in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5%. In an embodiment, the insecticidal composition exhibits insecticidal activity against leaf folders and stem borers. In an embodiment, the insecticidal composition exhibits insecticidal activity against leaf folders and stem borers in rice crops. 25
As set forth in the detailed description, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, insecticidal formulations comprising combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos are provided. In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, formulations can be liquid dosage form. Formulations provided by these embodiments reduce the effect of pests such as leaf 30
9
folder and stem borer on the crop, and result in increased yield of grains, show less phytotoxicity, and less detrimental effect on the natural enemies on the grains.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
5
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to.”
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a 10 thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a 15 particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 20
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 25
Each of the appended claims defines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes is recognized as including equivalents to the various elements or limitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, all references below to the "invention" may in some cases refer to certain specific embodiments only. In other cases it will be recognized that references to the 30 "invention" will refer to subject matter recited in one or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims.
10
Various terms as used herein are shown below. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.
Each of the appended claims defines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes is 5 recognized as including equivalents to the various elements or limitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, all references below to the "invention" may in some cases refer to certain specific embodiments only. In other cases it will be recognized that references to the "invention" will refer to subject matter recited in one or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims. 10
Various terms as used herein are shown below. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.
15
The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
20
The headings and abstract of the invention provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments. Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
Aspects of the present disclosure provides novel stabilized combination(s) of Bifenthrin and 25 Chlorpyrifos in Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) form that exhibits synergism in pest-controlling activity and covers a large number of insects attacking the crops. Apart from the actual synergistic effect with respect to the pesticidal activity, the compositions in accordance with the present disclosure also exhibits further surprising advantages, which in a broadened sense can likewise be regarded as synergistic; for example, by the use of composition, pests are controlled, 30 which cannot be controlled at all or only with insufficient effect using the other known
11
composition, and the compositions according to the present disclosure exhibit better plant tolerance along with other advantages. In addition to this, the insects are controlled at their different stages of development, which is not the case with many known pesticides.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide insecticidal formulations comprising 5 combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos. In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, formulations can be in a liquid dosage form. Formulations provided by these embodiments can reduce the effect of pests such as leaf folder and stem borer on the grains, and can result in increased yield of grains, exhibits less phytotoxicity, and less/no detrimental effects on the natural enemies on the grains. 10
An aspect of the present disclosure provides an Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) composition including a combination of an insecticidally effective amount of Bifenthrin; an insecticidally effective amount of Chlorpyrifos; and at least one agro chemically acceptable excipient; wherein said Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) composition exhibits synergistic pest-controlling activity. 15
In an embodiment, said Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) composition can include Bifenthrin in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the composition. In an embodiment, Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) can include Chlorpyrifos in an amount ranging from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the composition.
20
In an embodiment, the agro chemically acceptable excipient can include a solvent. The solvent can include any or combination of solvents known to a person skilled in the art to serve its intended purpose. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent can include any or combination of hydrocarbon solvents known to a person skilled in the art. In a still preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon solvent can include any or combination of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as 25 solvent CIX, aromax, solvesso100/150, etc. known to a person skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the solvent can be present in an amount ranging from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the composition. Generally, the composition(s) of the present disclosure is substantially free of water. By the term "substantially free of water" is meant that the composition has less than about 7% by weight of water, preferably less than about 0.5% by 30 water.
12
In an embodiment, Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) can further include a surfactant. The surfactant can include any or a combination of anionic and nonionic surfactants known to a person skilled in the art to serve its intended purpose. Examples of nonionic emulsifiers which may be mentioned include polyoxyethylenealkylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylenealkyl ether, polyethyleneglycol fatty ester, sorbitan fatty ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty ester, 5 polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylenealkyl ether, polyoxyethylene castor oil. Examples of anionic emulsifying agents which may be mentioned include alkyl sulfates, polyoxyethylenealkyl ether sulfates, sulfosuccinates, taurine derivatives, sarcosine derivatives, phosphoric esters, alkylbenzenesulfonates and the like. In a preferred embodiment, surfactant can be selected from any or a combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, tri 10 styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates. In a still preferred embodiment, combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates can be utilized as a surfactant. In an embodiment, the surfactant (or a combination of surfactants) can be present in an amount ranging from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition. 15
In an embodiment, Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) can further include epoxidized vegetable oils in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the composition.
The EC composition of the present disclosure can most commonly be used by diluting it in 20 water. That is, the composition can be added to a tank of water and diluted to provide a creamy emulsion that does not substantially break.
In an embodiment, the EC composition can be prepared by dissolving bifenthrin (1-5% by weight), preferably 3% by mass in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (45-65% by weight) 25 ,preferably 53% by mass and chlorpyriphos (25-35% by weight) preferably 30% by mass to form a homogenous and clear solution. The said solution can be blended with 5-15% of surfactant(s) , preferably 10% by mass selected from any of the combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates. The resultant formulation can then be stabilized with 1-5% of epoxidized vegetable 30 oils, preferably 4% by mass. However, a person skilled in the art should appreciate that
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process(es) for preparation of Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) is not limited to the above mentioned method and the same can be prepared by following any other process(es) known to a person skilled in the art.
The compositions realized in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure exhibits 5 synergistic pest-controlling (insecticidal) activity in variety of crops. For example, the compositions of the present disclosure exhibits advantageous insecticidal activity against stem borers, leaf folders, boll worms, white fly, termites, fruit borers, green leaf hoppers and the like. In particular, the compositions of the present disclosure exhibit synergistic bio efficacy against leaf folders and stem borers in variety of crops, especially in rice crops. 10
EXAMPLES
In an experiment conducted according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the formulation of Bifenthrin 3% + Chlorpyriphos 30% m/m were studied for their bio-efficacy against leaf folder and stem borer, their phytotoxicity, effects on grain yield and effects on the population. 15 Details of the experimental conditions, treatment details, methodology adopted are discussed herein below:
Location chosen for study was Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kanakagiri Road, Gangavati. Experiment was conducted in year 2015-16 and the season was Kharif. Soil type was black and irrigation 20 was used. Highest dose of test sample was used for studying phytotoxicity. Observations on percent leaf folder damage, dead heart and white ear percent due to stem borer was taken at regular intervals.
Randomized block design was used for the experimentation. Number of treatments was seven, 25 replications were three. Plot size was 25 m2, spacing was 20 X 10 cm, seed rate was 65 kg /ha, date of sowing was July 12, 2015, date of transplant was August 07, 2015 and Date of harvest was December 16, 2015. The details on treatment are as provided in the Table-1 below.
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Table-1 Experimental details
Sr. No.
Treatments
Dosage
g or ml/ha
Treatment 1 (T1)
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600 ml
Treatment 2 (T2)
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800 ml
Treatment 3 (T3)
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
1000 ml
Treatment 4 (T4)
Chlorphyriphos 20 % EC
1875 ml
Treatment 5 (T5)
Thiomethoxam 25%WG
100 g
Treatment 6 (T6)
Bifenthrin 10% EC
500 ml
Treatment 7 (T7)
UTC (water only)
-
Treatment 8 (T8)
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos (For phytotoxicity evaluation only)
2000 ml
For assessing leaf folder damage, the leaf was considered to be damaged by the leaf folder if, at least one-third of its area was showing leaf damage symptoms. Leaf damage was recorded from 10 hills, selected at random in a replication from each plot. For this, total number of leaves per 5 hill and damaged leaves were recorded and percent damage was worked out. The yield was also recorded on whole plot basis.
The observations on the yellow stem borer damage in terms of percent dead hearts and white ears were recorded at different dates of applying spray. Twenty five (25) hills in each replication were 10 taken for recording observations of dead hearts (7 and 14 days after each spray) and white ears (at harvest). Percent dead hearts and white ears was calculated based on average number of dead hearts (DH), panicle bearing tillers (PBT) and number of white ears (WE) per hill in each treatment using following formula:
No. of DH 15
% Dead heart (DH) = ------------------------ x 100
Total no. of tillers
No. of WE
Percent white ears (WE) = ------------------- x 100 20
No. of PBT
15
The observations on the natural enemies like spiders and mirid bugs which were considered to be the major natural enemies’ complex of rice ecosystem were recorded before spray, 7 and 14 days after each spray based on numbers in 10 hills selected randomly in each replication.
The observations on phytotoxicity symptoms viz., leaf injury on tips and leaf surface, wilting, 5 necrosis, vein clearing, epinasty, hyponasty etc. were recorded 3, 7 and 10 days after first and second spray following 0-10 visual rating score as mentioned below in Table-2.
Table-2 Score assignment method based on phytotoxicity symptoms
Score
Percent leaves /plants with phytotoxicity symptom
Score
Percent leaves /plants with phytotoxicity symptom
0
0
6
51-60
1
1-10
7
61-70
2
11-20
8
71-80
3
21-30
9
81-90
4
31-40
10
91-100
5
41-50
10
Bioefficacy of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos against leaf folder
Percent leaf folder damage was found considerably reduced with the spray of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at dosage of 1000 ml/ha (0.85%) followed by combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at dosage of 800 ml/ha (1.12%) after 14 days after first spray. All the standard check treatments were found on par with each other and found to be inferior 15 compared to combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos even at lower dosage. Untreated control recorded highest percent leaf damage of 14.72 as against 5.62 in the lower dose of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at 600 ml/ha at 14 days after first spray. Same trend was observed after second spray also. Results of the Bioefficacy of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos against leaf folder are as provided in the Table-3 below. 20
Table-3 Effect of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos against rice leaf folder
Sr No.
Treatments
Dosage
(g or ml/ha)
Leaf folder damage (%)
yield
(q/ha)
1st spray
2nd spray
DBS
3 DAS
7 DAS
10 DAS
14 DAS
3 DAS
7 DAS
10 DAS
14 DAS
16
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600
10.82
(19.11)
9.65
(17.84)
7.92
(16.15)
3.80
(11.18)
5.62
(13.57)
7.21
(15.35)
5.97
(14.01)
3.52
(11.12)
5.50
(13.57)
62.46
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800
11.44
(19.77)
8.78
(16.93)
3.94
(11.39)
1.15
(6.15)
1.12
(6.07)
3.51
(11.13)
2.25
(8.74)
1.21
(6.11)
0.69
(4.55)
65.73
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
1000
11.52
(19.84)
8.32
(16.69)
4.98
(12.72)
0.90
(5.39)
0.85
(5.28)
1.33
(6.11)
1.22
(6.11))
0.62
(4.52)
0.55
(4.49)
67.13
T4
Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
1875
12.56
(20.76)
10.30
(18.72)
9.21
(17.67)
7.11
(15.23)
7.52
(15.7)
8.15
(16.61)
4.35
(11.82)
3.82
(11.27)
5.65
(13.58)
59.15
T5
Thiamethoxam 25% WG
100
10.65
(19.05)
9.32
(17.78)
8.21
(16.65)
6.21
(14.31)
8.58
(17.03)
7.88
(16.3)
7.13
(15.50)
6.62
(14.80)
8.19
(16.63)
58.85
T6
Bifenthrin 10% EC
500
12.10
(20.35)
9.98
(18.42)
9.76
(18.2)
7.15
(15.51)
9.38
(17.83)
8.10
(16.54)
5.00
(12.92)
5.30
(13.31)
6.78
(15.09)
60.32
T7
UTC
0
10.82
(19.11)
11.72
(20.02)
12.82
(20.98)
14.42
(22.32)
14.72
(22.56)
15.10
(22.87)
15.58
(23.31)
15.80
(23.42)
16.07
(23.63)
42.12
SEm±
NS
0.72
1.24
0.80
0.87
1.67
1.08
0.98
0.81
0.47
CD @ 0.5 %
NS
2.16
3.81
2.46
2.68
5.05
3.34
3.02
2.50
1.42
** Figures in the parentheses are angular transformed values.
17
Bioefficacy of combination formulation of Bifenthrin3%+ Chlorpyriphos 30% EC against stemborer
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at the dosage of 1000 ml/ha found significantly superior to other treatments against rice stemborer recording minimum percent dead heart (1.58 & 1.53 %) at 7 and 14 days after 1st spray in comparison with its lower dose 800 ml/ha (2.48 & 5 2.28 %) followed by 600 ml/ha (4.47 & 4.13 %) as against standard check Chlorpyrifos 50% Emulsion Concentrate at the dose of 1875 ml /ha (6.27 & 7.25%) and Thiamethoxam 25% Wet Granulation at the dose 100 ml /ha (5.75 & 6.28%) and Bifenthrin 10% Emulsion Concentrate at the dose of 500 ml/ha (4.64 & 3.52 %). Untreated control recorded 9.92 & 10.82% dead heart respectively. Similar trend was observed after second spray also. Similarly, combination of 10 Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at the dosage of 1000 ml/ha found effective and significantly superior to other treatments against rice stem borer recording lowest minimum per cent white ear (0.78%) at harvest in comparison with its lower dose 800ml/ha (0.98%), and 600 ml/ha (2.28 %). Untreated control recorded 6.12% white ears. Results of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos against stemborer are as provided in the Table-4 below. 15
Table-4 Bioefficacy of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos against stemborer
Sr No
Treatments
Dosage
(g or ml/ha)
Stem borer damage
Deadheart (%)
White Ear Head (%)
1st spray
2nd spray
DBS
7 DAS
14 DAS
7 DAS
14 DAS
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600
8.32
(16.69)
4.47
(11.99)
4.13
(11.67)
5.25
(13.09)
3.83
(11.22)
2.28
(8.68)
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800
7.82
(16.24)
2.48
(8.93)
2.28
(8.54)
2.63
(9.22)
1.13
(6.10)
0.98
(5.26)
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
1000
8.61
(17.06)
1.58
(7.13)
1.53
(7.11)
2.13
(8.23)
0.53
(4.17)
0.78
(4.97)
T4
Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
1875
7.89
(16.31)
6.27
(14.5)
7.25
(15.62)
3.23
(9.99)
3.13
(10.19)
4.35
(11.99)
T5
Thiamethoxam 25% WG
100
8.31
(16.75)
5.75
(13.87)
6.28
(14.51)
3.63
(10.98)
3.53
(10.83)
5.78
(13.91)
18
T6
Bifenthrin 10% EC
500
8.12
(16.56)
4.64
(12.44)
3.52
(11.12)
3.23
(10.35)
2.73
(9.51)
5.28
(13.28)
T7
UTC
-
8.23
(16.67)
9.92
(18.36)
10.82
(19.11)
11.34
(19.68)
12.82
(20.98)
6.12
(14.32)
SEm±
NS
0.78
0.88
0.54
0.86
0.68
CD @ 0.05%
NS
2.41
2.7
1.56
2.66
2.10
** Figures in the parentheses are angular transformed values.
Effect of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on natural enemies of rice ecosystem
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos was found relatively safer to the natural enemies 5 of rice ecosystem after 14 days after spraying. Natural enemy populations were not found affected even at 7 DAS and recorded no significant difference when compared to untreated control. Results of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on natural enemies of rice ecosystem are as provided in the Table-5 below.
10
Table-5 Effect of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on natural enemies of rice ecosystem
Sl. No.
Treatments
Dosage
(g or ml/ha)
Spiders
Mirid Bugs
DBS
7 DAS
14 DAS
DBS
7 DAS
14 DAS
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600
3.65
(2.03)
4.22
(2.17)
3.76
(2.05)
17.62
(4.25)
14.32
(3.83)
16.65
(4.12)
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800
3.99
(2.13)
4.35
(2.20)
4.26
(2.18)
15.76
(4.03)
12.68
(3.63)
18.12
(4.32)
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
1000
5.31
(2.41)
3.75
(2.06)
4.35
(2.20)
16.54
(4.13)
10.63
(3.28)
17.12
(4.20)
T4
Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
1875
4.65
(2.27)
4.12
(2.15)
3.89
(2.10)
15.45
(3.99)
13.36
(3.72)
18.12
(4.32)
T5
Thiamethoxam 25% WG
100
4.35
(2.20)
5.12
(2.36)
4.12
(2.15)
16.12
(4.08)
14.26
(3.84)
16.45
(4.12)
19
T6
Bifenthrin 10% EC
500
4.12
(2.15)
3.89
(2.10)
3.98
(2.12)
14.45
(3.87)
10.15
(3.26)
15.12
(3.95)
T7
UTC
-
3.78
(2.07)
4.19
(2.16)
3.89
(2.10)
15.12
(3.95)
16.12
(4.08)
17.13
(4.20)
SEm±
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
CD @ 0.05%
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
** √x+1 transformed values.
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at the dosage of 1000 ml/ha recorded the maximum grain yield of 67.13 quintals/ha and lower dose of Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at the dosage of 800 ml/ha (65.73 q/ha) was found to be the next best treatment. 5 Standard check Chlorpyrifos 50 % EC (59.15 q/ha), Thiamethoxam 25% WG (58.85 q/ha) and Bifenthrin 10% EC (60.32 q/ha) were found significantly superior over untreated control (42.12 q/ha) in recording good yield. (see Table 3)
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos at all the doses tested did not show any of the 10 phytotoxicity symptoms. Details on results of the studies are as provided in the Tables 6 through 9 below.
Table-6 Phytotoxicity of combination formulation of Bifenthrin3% + Chlorpyriphos 30% EC on rice 15
(before spray)
Sr No
Treatments
Phytotoxicity particulars
Dosage (g or ml/ha)
Leaf tip injury
Wilting
Vein clearing
Necrosis
Epinasty
Hyponasty
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
100 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T7
UTC
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
T8
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos (For phytotoxicity evaluation only)
2000 ml
Table-7 Phytotoxicity of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on rice
(3 days after spray)
Sr No
Treatments
Phytotoxicity particulars
Dosage (g or ml/ha)
Leaf tip injury
Wilting
Vein clearing
Necrosis
Epinasty
Hyponasty
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
100 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T7
UTC
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
T8
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos (For phytotoxicity evaluation only)
2000 ml
Table-8 Phytotoxicity of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on rice 5
(5 days after spray)
Sl. No
Treatments
Phytotoxicity particulars
Dosage (g or ml/ha)
Leaf tip injury
Wilting
Vein clearing
Necrosis
Epinasty
Hyponasty
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin
800 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
and Chlorpyriphos
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
100 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T7
UTC
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
T8
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos (For phytotoxicity evaluation only)
2000 ml
Table-9 Phytotoxicity of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos on rice
(7 days after spray)
Sr No
Treatments
Phytotoxicity particulars
Dosage (g or ml/ha)
Leaf tip injury
Wilting
Vein clearing
Necrosis
Epinasty
Hyponasty
T1
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
600 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
800 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T3
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
100 ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
T7
UTC
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
T8
Combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos
(For phytotoxicity evaluation only)
2000 ml
Treatment was imposed between September 10, 2015 and September 25, 2015. Knapsack 5 sprayer with hollow cone nozzle was used with spray volume of 500 litre /ha.
22
Studies on bio-efficacy of combination of Bifenthrin and Chlorpyriphos during kharif 2014 revealed that, combination formulationf Bifenthrin 3% + Chlorpyriphos 30% EC at the dose of 800 ml/ha was sufficient to manage leaf folder and stem borer damage effectively up to 14 days after spraying and was found economical dosage when compared to its higher dose of 1000 5 ml/ha and relatively safer to spiders, the major natural enemies of rice ecosystem and expressed non phytotoxic to rice crop.
Any embodiments which could be reached by the motivation or teachings of the specification of this invention, but not be explained by this specification will fall within the scope of this 10 invention.
ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure provides an insecticidal formulation that exhibits good bio-efficacy against wide varieties of pests. 15
The present disclosure provides an insecticidal formulation that exhibits lesser adverse effect on the natural enemies of pests.
The present disclosure provides an insecticidal formulation exhibiting lesser phytotoxicity. 20
The present disclosure provides an insecticidal formulation including a combination of bifenthrin and chlorpyriphos.
The present disclosure provides an insecticidal formulation including a combination of bifenthrin 25 and chlorpyriphos that exhibits synergistic pest-controlling property.
23

We claim:
1. An insecticidal composition in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form comprising:
(a) Bifenthrin in an amount ranging from 1% to 5% by weight of the composition;
(b) Chlorpyrifos in an amount ranging from 25% to 35% by weight of the 5 composition;
(c) an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent in an amount ranging from 45% to 65% by weight of the composition;
(d) surfactants in an amount ranging from 5% to 15% by weight of the composition; and 10
(e) epoxidized vegetable oil(s) in an amount from 1% to 5%;
2. The insecticidal composition of claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon solvent is selected from solvent CIX, Aromax, Solvesso 100/150.
3. The insecticidal composition of claim 1, wherein said surfactant is selected from any or a combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl 15 phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates.
4. The process of preparing the insecticidal composition in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form comprising the steps of:
- dissolving bifenthrin (1-5% by weight) in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (45-65% by weight) and chlorpyriphos (25-35% by weight) to form a 20 homogenous and clear solution;
- blending the said solution with 5-15% of surfactant;
- stabilizing the resultant formulation with 1-5% of epoxidized vegetable oils.
5. The process of preparing the insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 4, 25 wherein said hydrocarbon solvent is selected from any or a combination of solvent CIX, aromax, solvesso 100/150.
24
6. The process of preparing the insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein said surfactant is selected from any or a combination of calcium alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, tri styrenated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and castor oil ethoxylates.
7. An insecticidal composition in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form as claimed in 5 any of the preceeding claims as and when used in the controlling pests such as stem borer and leaf folder in paddy crop.