This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Application
No. 15/166,411 filed on May 27, 2016. The entire disclosure of the above application
is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD
The present disclosure relates to the generation of a segmented
I 0 blockchain, specifically the inclusion and use of flags in block headers in a blockchain
for the segmentation of the blockchain into multiple segments to maintain trust while
enabling variance in the size and formatting of the blockchain segments.
BACKGROUND
Blockchains have been developed to provide a decentralized,
15 distributed database to record electronic transactions. In many cases, blockchains
have been used for transactions using a digitally-based, virtual, cryptographic
currency. In other cases, a blockchain may be used to simply record data at various
times, such as for the confirmation and timestamp of files. In any instance, a
blockchain is generally comprised of blocks, where each block includes a header and
20 a series of transaction records. Due to the decentralized nature ofblockchains, each
block in a blockchain is often formatted with a specific format and subject to a
specific file size, to ensure consistency throughout the blockchain.
However, there may be instances where the format of a blockchain
may need to be changed. For example, there may be a need to include new data in
25 block headers moving forward or allow for a larger file size for the block headers or
transaction records, such as to accommodate for an increase in volume or utility in the
blockchain. Traditionally, such a need would necessitate the generation of a brand
new blockchain. However, the start of a new blockchain would break the trust and
verifiable nature of the blockchain that is developed via the consensus mechanisms
30 and recursive references used therein. In such cases, the old blockchain would have
to be recreated in the new blockchain, with each block independently recreated and
verified, in order, until every block has been verified. Such a process would be
extremely time consuming and computationally intensive, with the blockchain being
3
entirely unavailable for the addition and confirmation of new transactions in the
process.
Thus, there is a need for a technological solution to enable the
segmentation of a blockchain into multiple segments, where each segment may be
5 subject to different formatting rules, without breaking the trust of the blockchain
across the segments. Such a solution may thus solve the problems of existing
blockchain networks by allowing for changes in format without necessitating
recreation of the entire blockchain.
10
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides a description of systems and methods
for generation of a segmented blockchain. The use of special terminal and starting
blocks may enable a new segment to be created for a blockchain that is subject to
different formatting rules, while maintaining the trust across both segments of the
blockchain. As a result, a blockchain may be continued indefinitely through multiple
15 formatting changes without interruption to the blockchain and without requiring the
recreation of any existing blocks. ,
A method for generating a segmented blockchain includes: storing, in a
memory of a processing server, a first blockchain, wherein the first blockchain is
comprised of a plurality of blocks including a recent block, the recent block including
20 a corresponding block header and one or more transaction values; receiving, by a
receiving device of the processing server, a request for segmentation, wherein the
request for segmentation specifies the first blockchain; generating, by a hashing
module of the processing server, a recent hash value via application of a predefined
hashing algorithm to the corresponding block header included in the recent block
25 included in the first blockchain; writing, by a querying module of the processing
server, a terminal block to the first blockchain, wherein the terminal block includes at
least a terminal block header comprised of at least the recent hash value, an activated
terminal flag, and a forward reference identifier; generating, by the hashing module of
the processing server, a terminal hash value via application of the predefined hashing
30 algorithm to the terminal block header; generating, by a generation module of the
processing server, a second blockchain, wherein the second blockchain is comprised
of a starting block, the starting blocking including at least a starting block header
comprised of at least the terminal hash value and an activated starting flag; and
4
electronically transmitting, by a transmitting device of the processing server, at least
the terminal block and the second blockchain to one or more computing devices
associated with the first blockchain.
A system for generating a segmented blockchain includes: a generation
5 · module of a processing server; a transmitting device of the processing server; a
memory of the processing server configured to store a first blockchain, wherein the
first blockchain is comprised of a plurality of blocks including a recent block, the
recent block including a corresponding block header and one or more transaction
values; a receiving device of the processing server configured to receive a request for
10 segmentation, wherein the request for segmentation specifies the first blockchain; a
hashing module of the processing server configured to generate a recent hash value
via application of a predefined hashing algorithm to the corresponding block header
included in the recent block included in the first blockchain; and a querying module of
the processing server configured to write a terminal block to the first blockchain,
15 wherein the terminal block includes at least a terminal block header comprised of at
least the recent hash value, an activated terminal flag, and a forward reference
identifier. The hashing module of the processing server is further configured to
generate a terminal hash value via application of the predefined hashing algorithm to
the terminal block header. The generation module of the processing server is
20 configured to generate a second blockchain, wherein the second blockchain is
comprised of a starting block, the starting blocking including at least a starting block
header comprised of at least the terminal hash value and an activated starting flag.
The transmitting device ofthe processing server is configured to electronically
transmit at least the terminal block and the second blockchain to one or more
25 computing devices associated with the first blockchain.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
The scope of the present disclosure is best understood from the
following detailed description of exemplary embodiments when read in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings. Included in the drawings are the following figures:
30 FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a high level system architecture
for generating a segmented blockchain in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
5
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the processing server of FIG. 1
for the generation of a segmented blockchain in accordance with exemplary
embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for the generation of a
5 segmented blockchain via termiqal and start blocks in accordance with exemplary
embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method for generation
of a segmented blockchain in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system architecture in
10 accordance with exemplary embodiments.
Further areas of applicability ofthe present disclosure will become
apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood
that the detailed description of exemplary embodiments are intended for illustration
purposes only and are, therefore, not intended to necessarily limit the scope of the
15 disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Glossary of Terms
Blockchain-A public ledger of all transactions of a blockchain-based
currency. One or more computing devices may comprise a blockchain network,
20 which may be configured to process and record transactions as part of a block in the
blockchain. Once a block is completed, the block is added to the blockchain and the
transaction record thereby updated. In many instances, the blockchain may be a
ledger of transactions in chronological order, or may be presented in any other order
that may be suitable for use by the blockchain network. In some configurations,
25 transactions recorded in the blockchain may include a destination address and a
currency amount, such that the blockchain records how much currency is attributable
to a specific address. In some instances, the transactions are financial and others not
financial, or might include additional or different information, such as a source
address, timestamp, etc. In some embodiments, a blockchain may also or
30 alternatively include nearly any type of data as a form of transaction that is or needs to
be placed in a permissionless, distributed database that maintains a continuously
growing list of data records hardened against tampering and revision, even by its
operators, and may be confirmed and validated by the blockchain network through
6
proof of work and/or any other suitable verification techniques associated therewith.
In some cases~ data regarding a given transaction may further include additional data
that is not directly part of the transaction appended to transaction data. In some
instances, the inclusion of such data in a blockchain may constitute a transaction. In
5 such instances~ a blockchain may not be directly associated with a specific digital,
virtual, fiat, or other type of currency. In some cases, participation in a blockchain
(e.g., as a node submitting and/or confirming transactions) may be permissionless
(e.g., not moderated or restricted). In other cases, a blockchain may be a
permissioned blockchain where only authorized computing devices may operate as
10 nodes, where a level of participation may be based on permissions associated
therewith.
15
System for Generation of a Segmented Blockchain
FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 for the generation of a segmented
blockchain.
The system 100 may include a processing server 102. The processing
server 102, discussed in more detail below, may be configured to segment a
blockchain to create a segmented blockchain, which may be used to modify the
formatting of blocks in the blockchain or otherwise create two or more segmentations
in a blockchain. In some embodiments, the processing server 102 may be a node in
20 the blockchain network, such as may be configured to perform traditional functions of
nodes in the blockchain network, such as transaction and block consensus. In other
embodiments, the processing server 102 may be a computing device separately
associated with the blockchain network and configured to perform the functions
discussed herein. In some cases, the blockchain network may be a permissioned
25 blockchain. In some instances, the blockchain network may use digital signatures to
sign blocks and/or data included therein that is added to the blockchain, as discussed
in more detail below. In such instances, the processing server 102 may be a domain
authority in the blockchain network.
The system 100 may also include a plurality of computing devices 106,
30 such as the computing devices 106a, 106b, 106c, and 106d illustrated in FIG. 1. Each
computing device 106 may be a node in the blockchain network, and may be
configured to perform the traditional functions of a node, such as the addition and
confirmation of transactions, the generation and confirmation ofblocks, the writing of
7
blocks to the blockchain, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the computing
devices 106 in the blockchain network may also be configured to perform the
functions ofthe processing server 102 discussed herein for the segmentation of the
blockchain.
5 The blockchain associated with the blockchain network of the system
100 may be comprised of a plurality of blocks. Each block may include at least a
block header and one or more transaction values. The block header in a block may
include at least a reference to an earlier block in the blockchain, a reference to the
transaction values included in the block, a terminal flag, and a starting flag. The
1 0 block header may also include additional data, such as may be dependent on the
implementation and/or formatting of the blockchain, such as sequence pairs in a
partitioned blockchain, a network identifier, a version identifier, a nonce, a digital
signature, etc.
The reference to an earlier block may be a hash of the block header in
15 an earlier block, which may be used to indicate an ordering of the blocks in the
blockchain, which may be used in the tracking and verification of transactions and
other data. The hash value may be generated via the application of one or more
hashing algorithms to the block header of the earlier block, with the resulting value
being included in the new block header. As the new block header is subsequently
20 hashed for inclusion in a subsequent block header, and so on, the blocks in the
1 blockchain thus have a specific order. The reference to the one or more transaction
values included in the block may similarly be a hash value of the transaction values.
In exemplary embodiments, the hash value may be a merkle root of the one or more
transaction values, which may be the root node in a merkle tree generated for the
25 transaction values via one or more hashing algorithms. In some instances, the
transaction values may be ordered using a suitable ordering method prior to
generation of the merkle root.
The terminal flag may be a flag that indicates if the block is a terminal
block. A terminal block may be the last block in a blockchain segment, where the
30 terminal flag may be activated to indicate that the block signifies the end of the
blockchain segment. The starting flag may be a flag that indicates if the block is a
starting block. A starting block may be the first block in a blockchain segment, where
the starting flag may be activated to indicate that the block signifies the start of a
blockchain segment.
8
In some embodiments, the terminal block may include additional data
in its block header. Such additional data may include, for example, a forward
reference identifier. The forward reference identifier may be a reference to the
starting block that is to start the next blockchain segment in the blockchain. In some
5 instances, the forward reference identifier may be a hash value of a portion of the
header of the start block, such as a hash value of the data in the header of the start
block aside from the reference to the prior block (e.g., the terminal block), since the
reference would be not be available until the terminal block header is completed. In
other instances, the forward reference identifier may be a random or pseudo-random
10 number or other value that may be used as a reference. In some embodiments, the
starting block may also, or alternatively, include additional data in its block header.
Such additional data may include, for instance, the forward reference identifier.
In some cases, the terminal block and starting block may not include
any transaction values. In such a case, the forward reference identifier may be
15 included in the block header in place of the reference to transaction values. In other
cases, the terminal block may include transaction values, whereas the starting block
may not include any transaction values. In yet other cases, both the terminal block
and the starting block may include transaction values.
To initiate the segmentation of the blockchain, the processing server
20 I 02 may receive a request for segmentation. In some instances, the request for
segmentation may be received from a computing device 106 in the blockchain
network, from another system associated with the blockchain network, from an input
device of the processing server 102, or from another suitable requesting entity or
source. The request for segmentation may indicate the blockchain for which
25 segmentation is requested. In some instances, the request for segmentation may also
include one or more formatting rules for formatting of the new segment of the
blockchain, such as the types and formatting of data included in block headers,
formatting of transaction values, maximum file size for the transaction values, overall
size for blocks, etc.
30 The processing server 102 may receive the request for segmentation
and may initiate the segmenting of the indicated blockchain. The processing server
1 02 may generate the reference of the block header in the block most recently added
to the blockchain via the application of one or more predetermined hashing algorithms
to the block header. The processing server 102 may also generate, if applicable, a
9
forward reference identifier. The processing server 102 may generate the block
header for the terminal block, which may include the reference to the earlier block,
the forward reference identifier, and an activated terminal flag. In some
embodiments, the processing server 102 may also generate a merkle root for
5 unconfirmed transactions, which may also be included in the block header for the
terminal block. The processing server 102 may generate the terminal block, which
includes the block header, and, if unconfirmed transactions are to be included, the
transaction values for the unconfirmed transactions. The terminal block may be
written to the blockchain, which may indicate the end of a blockchain segment.
10 The processing server 102 may then start generation of a block header
for the starting block of the new blockchain segment. The starting block may include
at least a reference to the header of the terminal block, the forward reference
identifier, if applicable, and an activated starting flag. The reference to the header of
the terminal block may be a hash value of the header generated via application of the
15 one or more predetermined hashing algorithms to the header of the terminal block. In
some instances, the processing server 102 may also generate a merkle root for any
unconfirmed transactions not included in the terminal block, which may be included
in the new block header. The processing server 102 may generate the starting block
for the new blockchain segment, which may include the new block header, and, if
20 applicable, transaction values for any unconfirmed transactions. In embodiments
where the request for segmentation includes formatting rules for the new blockchain
segment, the processing server 102 may format the block header and/or starting block
and/or data included therein based on the formatting rules.
The processing server 102 may then electronically transmit the
25 terminal block and the starting block to each of the computing devices 106 connected
thereto for propagation throughout the blockchain network. The flags in the headers
for each of the respective blocks may indicate to each of the computing devices 106
that the terminal block ends a blockchain segment for the blockchain and that the
starting block is used as the first block in a new blockchain segment. In some
30 instances, the processing server 102 may electronically transmit the formatting rules
used in generation of the starting block. In other instances, each computing device
106 may identify the formatting rules based on the formatting of the starting block.
In some embodiments, the blockchain may be a permissioned
blockchain, such as may utilize a domain authority or signing authority to digitally
10
sign blocks added to the blockchain. Additional infonnation regarding permissioned
blockchains that utilize digital signatures for blocks is discussed in U.S. Patent
Application No. 14/976,331, entitled "Method and System Blockchain Variant Using
Digital Signatures," filed December 21, 2015, by David J. King, which is herein
5 incorporated by reference in its entirety. In such embodiments, a domain authority
may be configured to digitally sign the terminal block and starting block using a
private key. In such cases, the processing server 102 may be a domain authority for
the blockchain network, or may electronically transmit the generated terminal block
and starting block to a domain authority for signing. In latter cases, the processing
10 server I 02 may sign the terminal block and starting block using its own private key,
which may be verified by the domain authority and re-signed and/or written to the
blockchain and propagated to nodes in the blockchain network.
In embodiments where the processing server 102 may be configured to
digitally sign terminal and starting blocks, the processing server 102 may use a private
15 key. The private key may be part of a key pair where the corresponding public key
may be electronically transmitted to the computing devices 106 for use in verification
of the digital signatures, such as to ensure authenticity of the tenninal and starting
blocks. The private key may be stored loqally in the processing server 102 and used
thereby in the digital signing of the terminal and starting blocks. In some instances,
20 the processing server 102 may be configured to generate the key pair.
The methods and systems discussed herein provide for the generation
of a segmented blockchain. The processing server 102, via the activation and
deactivation of flags in block headers and the use of reference values that refer to
earlier and/or later blocks in the blockchain segments, may generate a tenninal block
25 to signifY the end of a blockchain segment and a starting block to signifY the start of a
new blockchain segment, to segment a blockchain into at least two segments. The
separation of the blockchain may enable the use of different formatting rules, such as
the inclusion of new or alternative data types, formats, and sizes, as well as
modifications to file sizes, transaction values, etc., without modifYing the existing
30 blockchain. As such, a blockchain may be segmented to accommodate for an
increased file size, such as due to an increase in transaction activity, without having to
recreate, replace, or modifY the existing, confinned blocks. As a result, the new
formatting rules may be implemented and, due to the references, trust of the existing
blockchain maintained as new blocks are added. Such a process may be used to
11
repeatedly segment a blockchain perpetually, maintaining trust throughout the life of
the blockchain and any new segment.
Processing Server
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a processing server 102 in the
5 system 100. It will be apparent to persons having skill in the relevant art that the
embodiment of the processing server 102 illustrated in FIG. 2 is provided as
illustration only and may not be exhaustive to all possible configurations of the
processing system 102 suitable for performing the functions as discussed herein. For
example, the computer system 500 illustrated in FIG. 5 and discussed in more detail
10 below may be a suitable configuration of the processing server 102.
The processing server 102 may include a receiving device 202. The
receiving device 202 may be configured to receive data over one or more networks
via one or more network protocols. The receivmg device 202 may be configured to
receive data from computing devices 104 and other devices and systems via suitable
15 communication networks and corresponding network protocols. In some
embodiments, the receiving device 202 may be comprised of multiple devices, such as
different receiving devices for receiving data over different networks, such as a first
receiving device for receiving data over a local area network and a second receiving
device for receiving data via a blockchain network. The receiving device 202 may
20 receive electronically transmitted data signals, where data may be superimposed or
otherwise encoded on the data signal and decoded, parsed, read, or otherwise obtained
via receipt of the data signal by the receiving device 202. In some instances, the
receiving device 202 may include a parsing module for parsing the received data
signal to obtain the data superimposed thereon. For example, the receiving device
25 202 may include a parser program configured to receive and transform the received
data signal into usable input for the functions performed by the processing device to
carry out the methods and systems described herein.
The receiving device 202 may be configured to receive data signals
electronically transmitted by computing devices 106, which may be superimposed or
30 otherwise encoded with data associated with the blockchain network, such as
transactions or new blocks for addition to the blockchain. The receiving device 202
may also be configured to receive data signals electronically transmitted by
computmg devices 106 or other nodes in the blockchain network, or by input devices
12
interfaced with the processing server 102, that are superimposed or otherwise encoded
with requests for segmentation. Requests for segmentation may include at least an
indication of the blockchain to be segmented, and may also include additional data for
the segmentation, such as formatting rules for formatting of the blocks, block headers,
5 or data included therein in the new segment.
The processing server 102 may also include a communication module
204. The communication module 204 may be configured to transmit data between
modules, engines, databases, memories, and other components of the processing
server 102 for use in performing the functions discussed herein. The communication
10 module 204 may be comprised of one or more communication types and utilize
various communication methods for communications within a computing device. For
example, the communication module 204 may be comprised of a bus, contact pin
connectors, wires, etc. In some embodiments, the communication module 204 may
also be configured to communicate between internal components of the processing
15 server 102 and external components of the processing server 102, such as externally
connected databases, display devices, input devices, etc. The processing server 102
may also include a processing device. The processing device may be configured to
perform the functions of the processing server 102 discussed herein as will be
apparent to persons having skill in the relevant art. In some embodiments, the
20 processing device may include and/or be comprised of a plurality of engines and/or
modules specially configured to perform one or more functions of the processing
device, such as a querying module 210, hashing module 212, generation module 214,
signing module 218, etc. As used herein, the term "module" may be software or
hardware particularly programmed to receive an input, perform one or more processes
25 using the input, and provide an output. The input, output, and processes performed by
various modules will be apparent to one skilled in the art based upon the present
disclosure.
The processing server 102 may include a querying module 210. The
querying module 210 may be configured to execute queries on databases to identify
3 0 information. The querying module 210 may receive one or more data values or query
strings, and may execute a query string based thereon on an indicated database, such
as the subnet database 206, to identify information stored therein. The querying
module 210 may then output the identified information to an appropriate engine or
module of the processing server 102 as necessary. The querying module 210 may, for
13
5
example, execute a query on a memory 220 of the processing server 1 02 to identify a
blockchain for segmentation or to identify the most recently added block in a
blockchain for use in generating a reference value for a new block header to be
generated.
The processing server 102 may also include a hashing module 212.
The hashing module 212 may be configured to generate hash values via the
application of one or more hashing algorithms to data supplied to the hashing module
212. The hashing module 212 may receive data to be hashed as input, may apply one
or more hashing algorithms to the data, and may output the generated hash value to
10 another module or engine of the processing server 102. In some cases, the hashing
module 212 may be supplied with the hashing algorithm( s) to be used in generation a
hash value. In other cases, the hashing module 212 may identify the hashing
algorithm(s) to be used, such as via the generation of queries for execution by the
querying module 210 on the memory 220. The hashing module 212 may be
15 configured, for example, to generate hash values of block headers to be used as a
reference to a prior block, to generate merkle roots of transaction values for inclusion
in a block header of a block, and for the generation of hash values for use as forward
reference identifiers.
The processing server 102 may also include a generation module 214.
20 The generation module 214 may be configured to generate new block headers and
new blocks for use in performing the functions of the processing server 102 as
discussed herein. The generation module 214 may receive a request, may generate
data based on that request, and may output the generated data to another module or
engine of the processing server 102. For example, the generation module 212 may be
25 instructed to generate a terminal block and starting block for the segmentation of a
blockchain. The generation module 212 may generate the block headers for the new
blocks and generate the new blocks themselves for writing to the blockchain for the
segmentation thereof. In some embodiments, the generation module 212 may also be
configured to generate forward reference identifiers. The generation module 212 may
30 also be configured to generate blocks and/or data included therein based on formatting
rules, such as may be stored in the memory 220 ofthe processing server 102, included
in a request for segmentation, etc.
The processing server 102 may also include a transmitting device 216.
The transmitting device 216 may be configured to transmit data over one or more
14
networks via one or more network protocols. The transmitting device 216 may be
configured to transmit data computing devices 104, and other entities via suitable
communication networks and corresponding network protocols. In some
embodiments, the transmitting device 216 may be comprised of multiple devices,
5 such as different transmitting devices for transmitting data over different networks,
such as a first transmitting device for transmitting data over a local area network and a
second transmitting device for transmitting data via a blockchain network. The
transmitting device 216 may electronically transmit data signals that have data
superimposed that may be parsed by a receiving computing device. In some
10 instances, the transmitting device 216 may include one or more modules for
superimposing, encoding, or otherwise formatting data into data signals suitable for
transmission.
The transmitting device 216 may be configured to electronically
transmit data signals to computing devices 106 and other nodes in the blockchain
15 · network that are superimposed or otherwise encoded with terminal and starting blocks
for addition to a blockchain for segmentation thereof. In some instances, the
transmitting device 216 may also be configured to electronically transmit data signals
superimposed with formatting rules for use by computing devices 106 and other nodes
for formatting ofblocks and data included therein for a new segment of the
20 blockchain. In some embodiments, the transmitting device 216 may be configured to
electronically transmit data signals superimposed or otherwise encoded with a public
key used for verification of digital signatures generated by the processing server 102.
In some embodiments, the processing server 102 may also include a
signing module 218. The signing module 218 may receive data to be signed as input,
25 may digitally sign the data, and may output the signed data to another module or
engine ofthe processing server 102. In some instances, the signing module 218 may
digitally sign data using a private key associated with the processing server 1 02. In
such instances, the signing module 218 may receive the private key as input, or may
identify the private key, such as by instructing the query module 210 to identify the
3 0 private key in the memory 220 of the processing server 102. The signing module 218
may be configured to digitally sign terminal blocks and starting blocks generated by
the generation module 214 of the processing server 102 prior to being written to the
blockchain. In some embodiments, the signing module 218 may also be configured to
verify digital signatures of blocks or other data for inclusion in the b1ockchain, such
15
as those may be generated by computing devices 1 06 or other nodes in the blockchain
network, using public keys associated with the respective node.
The processing server 102 may also include a memory 220. The
memory 220 may be configured to store data for use by the processing server 102 in
5 performing the functions discussed herein, such as a private key, key pair, formatting
rules, a blockchain, etc. The memory 220 may be configured to store data using
suitable data formatting methods and schema and may be any suitable type of
memory, such as read-only memory, random access memory, etc. The memory 220
may include, for example, encryption keys and algorithms, communication protocols
10 and standards, data formatting standards and protocols, program code for modules and
application programs of the processing device, and other data that may be suitable for
use by the processing server 102 in the performance of the functions disclosed herein
as will be apparent to persons having skill in the relevant art. In some embodiments,
the memory 220 may be comprised of or may otherwise include a relational database
15 that utilizes structured query language for the storage, identification, modifYing,
updating, accessing, etc. of structured data sets stored therein.
Process for Segmentation of a Blockchain
FIG. 3 illustrates a process 300 for the segmentation of a blockchain
for the generation of a segmented blockchain where segments may utilize different
20 formatting rules while transferring trust generated by the blockchain across segments.
In the process 300, the processing server 102 may be requested to
generate a new segment for a first blockchain segment 302. Th~ first blockchain
segment 302 may comprise an entire blockchain, or may be a segment of a
blockchain, such as previously generated using the process 300. The first blockchain
25 segment 302 may be comprised of a plurality of blocks 304. The plurality of blocks
304 may include a most recent block 306. The most recent block 306 may include at
least a block header 308 and a plurality of transactions 310. The most recent block
306 may be the block most recently added to the first blockchain segment 302, as may
be identified by a timestamp included in the header 308 or by the lack of inclusion of
30 a reference to the most recent block 306 or its block header 308.
The hashing module 212 ofthe processing server 102 may generate a
hash 312 of the header 308 of the most recent block 306. The hash 312 may be
generated via the application of one or more hashing algorithms to the header 308.
16
The generation module 214 of the processing server 102 may generate a terminal
block header 318 that includes the hash 312. The terminal block header 318 may also
include an activated terminal flag 314. The activated terminal flag 314, illustrated in
FIG. 3 as the flag BTERM, may be activated to indicate that the block that includes
5 the terminal block header 318 is a terminal block. The terminal block header 318 may
also include a reference identifier 316. The reference identifier 316 may be a value
generated by the generation module 214 or hashing module 212 of the processing
server 102.
The generation module 214 may generate the terminal block header
10 318 with the hash 312, activated terminal flag 314, and reference identifier 316, and
may generate a terminal block 320 that includes the terminal block header 318. The
generation module 214, or another suitable module or engine of the processing server
102, may write the terminal block 320 to the first blockchain segment 302. The
terminal block 320, with the terminal block header 318 having the activated terminal
15 flag 314, may indicate to any node in the blockchain network that the first blockchain
segment 302 ends at the terminal block 320.
For generation of the corresponding starting block, the hashing module
212 of the processing server 102 may generate a hash 322 ofthe terminal block
header 318. The hash 322 may be generated via the application of one or more
20 hashing algorithms to the terminal block header 318. In some instances, the hash 322
may be generated using the same one or more hashing algorithms used to generate the
hash 312. The generation module 214 may generate the starting block header 326 for
use in the starting block, which may include the hash 322, the reference identifier 316,
and an activated starting flag 324. The activated starting flag 324, illustrated in FIG.
25 3 as the flag BST ART, may indicate that the block that includes the starting block
header 326 is the starting block for a new blockchain segment.
The generation module 214 may then generate a starting block 328.
The starting block 328 may include the starting block header 326. The starting block
328 may be the first block that comprises a second blockchain segment 330, where
30 the second blockchain segment 330 is a continuation of the blockchain. In
embodiments where the first blockchain segment 302 and second blockchain segment
330 may use different formatting rules, the starting block 328 and terminal block 320
and/or starting block header 326 and terminal block header 318 may each be
17
formatted according to the respective formatting rules. In some instances, the blocks
328 and 330 or headers 326 and 318 may each include different data.
Exemplary Method for Generating a Segmented Blockchain
FIG. 4 illustrates a method 400 for the generation of a segmented
5 blockchain that enables for the transfer of trust across blockchain segments while
enabling the use of different formatting rules in the formatting of the respective
blockchain segments.
In step 402, a first blockchain may be stored in a memory (e.g., the
memory 220) of a processing server (e.g., the processing server 102), wherein the first
10 blockchain is comprised of a plurality ofblocks including a recent block, the recent
block including a corresponding block header and one or more transaction values. In
step 404, a request for segmentation may be received by a receiving device (e.g., the
receiving device 202) of the processing server, wherein the request for segmentation
specifies the first blockchain.
15 In step 406, a recent hash value may be generated by a hashing module
(e.g., the hashing module 212) ofthe processing server via application of a predefined
hashing algorithm to the corresponding block header included in the recent block
included in the first blockchain. In step 408, a terminal block may be written to the
first blockchain by a querying module (e.g., the querying module 210) of the
20 processing server, wherein the terminal block includes at least a terminal block header
comprised of at least the recent hash value, an activated terminal flag, and a forward
reference identifier. In step 410, a terminal hash value may be generated by the
hashing module of the processing server via application of the predefined hashing
algorithm to the terminal block header.
25 In step 412, a second blockchain may be generated by a generation
module (e.g., the generation module 214) of the processing server, wherein the second
blockchain is comprised of a starting block, the starting blocking including at least a
starting block header comprised of at least the terminal hash value and an activated
starting flag. In step 414, at least the terminal block and the second blockchain may
30 be electronically transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., the transmitting device
216) of the processing server to one or more computing devices (e.g., computing
devices 1 06) associated with the first blockchain.
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In one embodiment, the starting block header may further include the
forward reference identifier. In some embodiments, the terminal block header may
further include a deactivated starting flag, and the starting block header may further
include a deactivated terminal flag. In a further embodiment, the recent block header
5 may further include a deactivated starting flag and a deactivated terminal flag. In one
embodiment, the first blockchain may be associated with a first block size, and the
second blockchain may be associated with a second block size different from the first
block size. In a further embodiment, the request for segmentation may further include
the second block size.
10 In some embodiments, the terminal block may further include one or
more transaction values, the terminal block header may further include a merkle root
of the one or more transaction values included in the terminal block, the starting block
may further include one or more transaction values, and the starting block header may
further include a merkle root of the one or more transaction values included in the
15 starting block. In a further embodiment, the method 400 may also include:
generating, by the hashing module of the processing server, the merkle root included
in terminal block header via application of a predetermined hashing algorithm to the
one or more transaction values included in the terminal block; and generating, by the
hashing module of the processing server, the merkle root included in the starting
20 block header via application of the predetermined hashing algorithm to the one or
more transaction values included in the starting block.
In one embodiment, the method 400 may further include: storing, in
the memory of the processing server, a private key of a key pair; signing, by a signing
module (e.g., the signing module 218) ofthe processing server, the terminal block
25 using the private key prior to writing to the first blockchain; and signing, by the
signing module of the processing server, the starting block using the private key
during generation of the second blockchain. In a further embodiment, the method 400
may even further include generating, by the generation module of the processing
server, the key pair comprising the private key and a corresponding public key.
30 Computer System Architecture
FIG. 5 illustrates a computer system 500 in which embodiments of the
present disclosure, or portions thereof, may be implemented as computer-readable
code. For example, the processing server 102 of FIG. 1 may be implemented in the
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computer system 500 using hardware, software, fmnware, non-transitory computer
readable media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may
be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems.
Hardware, software, or any combination thereof may embody modules and
5 components used to implement the methods of FIGS. 3 and 4.
If programmable logic is used, such logic may execute on a
commercially available processing platform configured by executable software code
to become a specific purpose computer or a special purpose device (e.g.,
programmable logic array, application-specific integrated circuit, etc.). A person
10 having ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that embodiments of the disclosed
subject matter can be practiced with various computer system configurations,
including multi-core multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers,
computers linked or clustered with distributed functions, as well as pervasive or
miniature computers that may be embedded into virtually any device. For instance, at
15 least one processor device and a memory may be used to implement the above
described embodiments.
A processor unit or device as discussed herein may be a single
processor, a plurality of processors, or combinations thereof. Processor devices may
have one or more processor "cores." The terms "computer program medium," "non-
20 transitory computer readable medium," and "computer usable medium" as discussed
herein are used to generally refer to tangible media such as a removable storage unit
518, a removable storage unit 522, and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 512.
Various embodiments ofthe present disclosure are described in terms
of this example computer system 500. After reading this description, it will become
25 apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the present
disclosure using other computer systems and/or computer architectures. Although
operations may be described as a sequential process, some of the operations may in
fact be performed in parallel, concurrently, and/or in a distributed environment, and
with program code stored locally or remotely for access by single or multi-processor
30 machines. In addition, in some embodiments the order of operations may be
rearranged without departing from the spirit of the disclosed subject matter.
Processor device 504 may be a special purpose or a general purpose
processor device specifically configured to perform the functions discussed herein.
The processor device 504 may be connected to a communications infrastructure 506,
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such as a bus, message queue, network, multi-core message-passing scheme, etc. The
network may be any network suitable for performing the functions as disclosed herein
and may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless
network (e.g., WiFi), a mobile communication network, a satellite network, the
5 Internet, fiber optic, coaxial cable, infrared, radio frequency (RF), or any combination
thereof. Other suitable network types and configurations will be apparent to persons
having skill in the relevant art. The computer system 500 may also include a main
memory 508 (e.g., random access memory, read-only memory, etc.), and may also
include a secondary memory 510. The secondary memory 510 may include the hard
10 disk drive 512 and a removable storage drive 514, such as a floppy disk drive, a
magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, etc.
The removable storage drive 514 may read from and/or write to the
removable storage unit 518 in a well-known manner. The removable storage unit 518
may include a removable storage media that may be read by and written to by the
15 removable storage drive 514. For example, if the removable storage drive 514 is a
floppy disk drive or universal serial bus port, the removable storage unit 518 may be a
floppy disk or portable flash drive, respectively. In one embodiment, the removable
storage unit 518 may be non-transitory computer readable recording media.
In some embodiments, the secondary memory 510 may include
20 alternative means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded
into the computer system 500, for example, the removable storage unit 522 and an
interface 520. Examples of such means may include a program cartridge and
cartridge interface (e.g., as found in video game systems), a removable memory chip
(e.g., EEPROM, PROM, etc.) and associated socket, and other removable storage
25 units 522 and interfaces 520 as will be apparent to persons having skill in the relevant
art.
Data stored in the computer system 500 (e.g., in the main memory 508
and/or the secondary memory 51 0) may be stored on any type of suitable computer
readable media, such as optical storage (e.g., a compact disc, digital versatile disc,
30 Blu-ray disc, etc.) or magnetic tape storage (e.g., a hard disk drive). The data may be
configured in any type of suitable database configuration, such as a relational
database, a structured query language (SQL) database, a distributed database, an
object database, etc. Suitable configurations and storage types will be apparent to
persons having skill in the relevant art.
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The computer system 500 may also include a communications
interface 524. The communications interface 524 may be configured to allow software
and data to be transferred between the computer system 500 and external devices.
Exemplary communications interfaces 524 may include a modem, a network interface
5 (e.g., an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, .etc.
Software and data transferred via the communications interface 524 may be in the
form of signals, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals as
will be apparent to persons having skill in the relevant art. The signals may travel via
a communications path 526, which may be configured to carry the signals and may be 1
10 implemented using wire, cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, a
radio frequency link, etc.
The computer system 500 may further include a display interface 502.
The display interface 502 may be configured to allow data to be transferred between
the computer system 500 and external display 530. Exemplary display interfaces 502
15 may include high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface
(DVI), video graphics array (VGA), etc. The display .530 may be any suitable type of
display for displaying data transmitted via the display interface 502 of the computer
system 500, including a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, liquid crystal display (LCD),
light-emitting diode (LED) display, capacitive touch display, thin-film transistor
20 (TFT) display, etc.
Computer program medium and computer usable medium may refer to
memories, such as the main memory 508 and secondary memory 510, which may be
memory semiconductors (e.g., DRAMs, etc.). These computer program products may
be means for providing software to the computer system 500. Computer programs
25 (e.g., computer control logic) may be stored in the main memory 508 and/or the
secondary memory 510. Computer programs may also be received via the
communications interface 524. Such computer programs, when executed, may enable
computer system 500 to implement the present methods as discussed herein. In
particular, the computer programs, when executed, may enable processor device 504
30 to implement the methods illustrated by FIGS. 3 and 4, as discussed herein.
Accordingly, such computer programs may represent controllers of the computer
system 500. Where the present disclosure is implemented using software, the
software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into the computer
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system 500 using the removable storage drive 514, interface 520, and hard disk drive
512, or communications interface 524.
The processor device 504 may comprise one or more modules or
engines configured to perform the functions ofthe computer system 500. Each of the
5 modules or engines may be implemented using hardware and, in some instances, may
also utilize software, such as corresponding to program code and/or programs stored
in the main memory 508 or secondary memory 510. In such instances, program code
may be compiled by the processor device 504 (e.g., by a compiling module or engine)
prior to execution by the hardware of the computer system 500. For example, the
1 0 program code may be source code written in a programming language that is
translated into a lower level language, such as assembly language or machine code,
for execution by the processor device 504 and/or any additional hardware components
of the computer system 500. The process of compiling may include the use of lexical
analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis, syntax-directed translation, code
15 generation, code optimization, and any other techniques that may be suitable for
translation of program code into a lower level language suitable for controlling the
computer system 500 to perform the functions disclosed herein. It will be apparent to
persons having skill in the relevant art that such processes result in the computer
system 500 being a specially configured computer system 500 uniquely programmed
20 to perform the functions discussed above.
Techniques consistent with the present disclosure provide, among
other features, systems and methods for generation of segmented blockchains. While
various exemplary embodiments of the disclosed system and method have been
described above it should be understood that they have been presented for purposes of
25 example only, not limitations. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the disclosure to
the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the
above teachings or may be acquired from practicing of the disclosure, without
departing from the breadth or scope.
We claim:
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4. The method of claim 3, wherein the recent block header further
includes a deactivated starting flag and a deactivated terminal flag.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein
the terminal block further includes one or more transaction values,
the terminal block header further includes a merkle root of the one or more
transaction values included in the terminal block,
the starting block further includes one or more transaction values, and
the starting block header further includes a merkle root ofthe one or more
10 transaction values included in the starting block.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating, by the hashing module of the processing server, the merkle root
included in terminal block header via application of a predetermined hashing
15 algorithm to the one or more transaction values included in the terminal block; and
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generating, by the hashing module of the processing server, the merkle root
included in the starting block header via application of the predetermined hashing
algorithm to the one or more transaction values included in the starting block.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein
the first blockchain is associated with a first block size, and
the second blockchain is associated with a second block size different from the
first block size.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the request for segmentation further
includes the second block size.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
storing, in the memory of the processing server, a private key of a key pair;
signing, by a signing module of the processing server, the terminal block using
the private key prior to writing to the first blockchain; and
signing, by the signing module of the processing server, the starting block
using the private key during generation of the second blockchain.
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5
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
generating, by the generation module of the processing server, the key pair
comprising the private key and a corresponding public key.
11. A system for generating a segmented blockchain, comprising:
a generation module of a processing server;
a transmitting device of the processing server;
a memory ofthe processing server configured to store a first blockchain,
wherein the first blockchain is comprised of a plurality of blocks including a recent
10 block, the recent block including a corresponding block header and one or more
transaction values;
a receiving device of the processing server configured to receive a request for
segmentation, wherein the request for segmentation specifies the first blockchain;
a hashing module of the processing server configured to generate a recent hash
15 value via application of a predefined hashing algorithm to the corresponding block
header included in the recent block included in the first blockchain; and
a querying module of the processing server configured to write a terminal
block to the first blockchain, wherein the terminal block includes at least a terminal
block header comprised of at least the recent hash value, an activated terminal flag,
20 and a forward reference identifier, wherein
the hashing module of the processing server is further configured to generate a
terminal hash value via application of the predefined hashing algorithm to the
terminal block header;
the generation module of the processing server is configured to generate a
25 second blockchain, wherein the second blockchain is comprised of a starting block,
the starting blocking including at least a starting block header comprised of at least
the terminal hash value and an activated starting flag, and
the transmitting device of the processing server is configured to electronically
transmit at least the terminal block and the second blockchain to one or more
30 computing devices associated with the first blockchain.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the starting block header further
includes the forward reference identifier.
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15
13. The system of claim 11, wherein
the terminal block header further includes a deactivated starting flag, and
the starting block header further includes a deactivated terminal flag.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the recent block header further
includes a deactivated starting flag and a deactivated terminal flag.
15. The system of claim 11, wherein
the terminal block further includes one or more transaction values,
the terminal block header further includes a merkle root of the one or more
transaction values included in the terminal block,
the starting block further includes one or more transaction values, and
the starting block header further includes a merkle root of the one or more
transaction values included in the starting block.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the hashing module of the processing
server is further configured to generate
the merkle root included in terminal block header via application of a
predetermined hashing algorithm to the one or more transaction values included in the
20 terminal block, and
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the merkle root included in the starting block header via application of the
predetermined hashing algorithm to the one or more transaction values included in the
starting block.
17. The system of claim 11, wherein
the first blockchain is associated with a first block size, and
the second blockchain is associated with a second block size different from the
first block size.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the request for segmentation further
includes the second block size.
19. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
a signing module of the processing server, wherein