TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to methods and transceivers for communication between a
main node and a destination node over long distances.
5 BACKGROUND
Communication involving airborne transceivers is subject to radio propagation which is often
well described by a radio propagation channel model with two propagation paths, herein
referred to as a two-path channel model. This two-path channel model has one direct path
from transmitter to receiver, and one in-direct path from transmitter to receiver, via at least
10 one reflector like a surface plane or similar.
Communication involving airborne transceivers also often take place over long distances.
Examples include communication between a surface based unit and an airborne unit beyond
the horizon, and also communication between two airborne units where the air-to-air
communication link can extend to distances such that the line of sight between
15 communicating nodes touches or almost touches the horizon.
This type of long distance radio link, characterized by the two-path channel model, is subject
to challenging multi-path fading conditions which complicate communication between
network nodes. To further complicate matters, strict requirements on, e.g., transmission
capacity in terms of information bits per second and tight delay communication deadlines
20 must often be met.
The challenges related to the type of long distance communication described above are mainly
related to the distance dependency of the multi-path fading as predicted by the two-path
channel model. A problem related to said distance dependency is that the fading condition,
i.e., the propagation path gain, varies slowly or very slowly as the propagation path distance
25 varies, i.e., the fading process is comparably slow compared to short distance communication
links. The effect is especially pronounced at lower frequency bands, and becomes somewhat
less pronounced at very high frequencies. This means that a large displacement of
communication transceivers is needed in order to achieve a significant difference in
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communication conditions, e.g., in received signal power. Hence, two communicating nodes
may experience poor propagation conditions during extended periods of time, even if the
relative velocity and direction of motion of the communicating nodes are such that the
propagation link distance changes by several kilometers during a transmission time interval of
5 interest. Note that the propagation path distance is determined by the relative coordinates of
the communication nodes and the at least one reflector, including latitude, longitude, and
altitude.
These propagation conditions are different compared to the propagation conditions
experienced during shorter distance communication, where fading is often much faster, i.e.,
10 where there is a much stronger distance dependency, and it is unlikely that two
communicating nodes comprising an airborne node will experience poor multi-path conditions
during extended periods of time, such as during an entire transmission time interval of
interest.
Another propagation phenomenon which can occur during long distance communication is so-
15 called ducting, where the propagation path of a transmitted signal is directed away from a
straight line of propagation by different layers in the transmission medium. The propagation
path then becomes bent, or curved.
Of course, more than two propagation paths can be included in the channel model to better
model certain propagation conditions. Such additional paths may for example arise due to
20 diffraction or ducting phenomena. However, the fundamental problems discussed herein
remain essentially the same. Thus only the two-path channel model will be discussed herein.
Previously proposed solutions to combat multi-path fading, ducting, and other related
propagation phenomena include equipping each individual node with more than one antenna,
or using spread spectrum techniques which utilize a wide bandwidth for communication in the
25 hope that some parts of the utilized spectrum will be free from adverse fading effects.
However, due to the slow fading process mentioned above, i.e., the slow changes in
propagation path gain with changing link distance in long distance communication links,
previously proposed solutions to combat multi-path fading are often ineffective.
WO 20141209179
SUMMARY
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method and a transceiver which seeks to
mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or more of the above-identified deficiencies in the art and
disadvantages singly or in any combination and to provide improved methods and transceivers
5 for communication.
This object is obtained by a method in a main node for communication with a destination
node over long distances. The method comprises the steps of synchronizing the use of at least
one communications resource with an auxiliary node, and also generating a main signal and
10 an auxiliary signal from an information quantity. The method further comprises the step of
transmitting the main signal to the destination node by the at least one synchronized
communications resource, and also transmitting the auxiliary signal to the auxiliary node by
the at least one synchronized communications resource.
According to an aspect, the at least one communications resource comprises at least one out
15 of a transmission time schedule, a transmission frequency allotment schedule, and a spread
spectrum spreading code assignment schedule.
According to an aspect, the method in a main node for communication with a destination
node over long distances further comprises the step of transmitting the auxiliary signal to the
destination node.
20 According to aspects, either of the main node, the destination node, and the auxiliary node is
an airborne node.
According to an aspect, the auxiliary signal transmitted to the auxiliary node is arranged to be
received, processed, and re-transmitted by the auxiliary node towards the destination node. It
is noted that the step of processing can constitute simply forwarding between a receive and a
25 transmit part of the auxiliary node.
The synchronizing of the at least one communications resource between a main node and an
auxiliary node, and the transmitting of the information quantity via both main and auxiliary
transmit signals to the destination node, using forwarding or re-transmission by the auxiliary
node of the auxiliary signal, involves a surprising effect on a system level. Previous solutions to
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mitigate challenging multi-path fading conditions have often failed due to the abovementioned
distance dependency of the multi-path fading. However, by utilizing an auxiliary
node which can be located far away from the main node, the distances between transmit
antennas of the main node and the auxiliary node can in fact be large enough to provide
5 diversity gains with respect to the destination node despite said slow fading and abovementioned
low variation effects of distance dependency, even at lower frequency bands.
Thus, surprisingly, diversity gains can be established even in communication systems
comprising airborne nodes, subject to long distance communication and two-path channel
models, by the clever use of main nodes and auxiliary nodes.
10 Throughout the present disclosure the phrase network diversity is used when referring to
beneficial effects in a network stemming from that an information quantity propagates along
different paths of a network from a source or main node to a destination node.
Consequently, by transmitting said information quantity via both main and auxiliary transmit
signals to the destination node, network diversity is established. The synchronizing of the at
15 least one communications resource between a main node and an auxiliary node improves the
efficiency of communication. Hence, by means of said network diversity and synchronization,
reliable and efficient long distance communication is facilitated.
Also, due to said synchronization, the communications link will have long range capability,
with no significant added processing delay as would be the case should, e.g., a powerful error
20 correction code have been applied to the communications link between main node and
destination node. Another benefit of the above technique is an increased capacity of the
communications link, stemming from the improved transmission conditions of the link.
According to an aspect, the method further comprises the step of determining a network
geometry and a network propagation condition of a network comprising the main node, the
25 destination node, and the auxiliary node in presence of at least one reflector.
According to an aspect, the method also comprises the step of positioning the auxiliary node
based on said determined network geometry and propagation conditions to optimize
transmission conditions for communication between the main node and the destination node.
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According to an aspect, the step of determining further comprises constructing a propagation
condition forecast based on changes in the network geometry and a network propagation
condition of the network, and the step of positioning also comprises optimizing transmission
conditions for communication between the main node and the destination node based on said
5 propagation condition forecast.
A further advantage of the proposed technique is an extended operational range of network
nodes.
Another advantage of the proposed technique is an improved capacity of the communications
link, as well as an improved availability of communications possibilities between the main
10 node and the destination node.
The object stated above is further obtained by a method in an auxiliary node for
communication between a main node and a destination node over long distances. The method
comprises the steps of synchronizing the use of at least one communications resource with
the main node. The method also comprises receiving an auxiliary signal from the main node by
15 the at least one synchronized communications resource, and transmitting a forwarded
auxiliary signal to the destination node by the at least one synchronized communications
resource.
The object stated above is also obtained by a method in a destination node for communication
between a main node and a destination node over long distances. The method comprises the
20 steps of receiving a forwarded auxiliary signal from an auxiliary node by a communications
resource and also receiving a main signal from a main node by a communications resource.
The method further comprises the step of detecting an information quantity comprised in the
main signal and in the forwarded auxiliary signal.
There is also disclosed a transceiver arranged for long distance communication in a main node.
25 The transceiver comprises a network communicator unit connected to an antenna unit, a
signal processor unit, a synchronization unit, and a transmission condition optimizer. The
synchronization unit is arranged to synchronize the use by the network communicator of at
least one communications resource with an auxiliary node. The signal processor unit is
arranged to generate a main signal and an auxiliary signal from an input information quantity
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arranged to be received on an input interface of the main node. The network communicator
unit is arranged to receive the main signal and the auxiliary signal and to transmit said main
and auxiliary signals via the antenna unit to a destination node and an auxiliary node,
respectively.
5 There is further disclosed a transceiver arranged to assist in long distance communication in
an auxiliary node. The transceiver comprises a network communicator unit connected to an
antenna unit, a signal processor, a synchronization unit, and a transmission condition
optimizer. The synchronization unit is arranged to synchronize the use, by the network
communicator, of at least one communications resource with a main node. The signal
10 processor unit is arranged to receive, by the network communicator unit, an auxiliary signal
and to retransmit said auxiliary signal as a forwarded auxiliary signal by the network
communicator unit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will appear from the
15 following detailed description, wherein some aspects of the disclosure will be described in
more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig l a shows a two-path propagation model according to prior art, and
Fig l b shows a diagram over signal attenuation, and
Fig 2 shows a schematic block diagram of a communications network, and
20 Figs 3-5 show flowcharts of various methods of the disclosure, and
Figs 6-7 show schematic block diagrams of network nodes of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Aspects of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to
the accompanying drawings. The methods and transceivers disclosed herein can, however, be
25 realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the aspects
set forth herein. Like numbers in the drawings refer to like elements throughout.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects of the
disclosure only, and is not intended to limit the invention. As used herein, the singular forms
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"a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly
indicates otherwise.
Fig l a shows a two-path channel model 100 according to prior art. A transmitter 110
comprised in a main node transmits a wireless signal 111 comprising an information quantity
5 towards a receiver 120 in a destination node. The wireless signal 111 propagates along at least
two principal paths to the receiver 120. A first path 130 is a direct path between transmitter
110 and receiver 120, while a second path 135 is an indirect path 135 via at least one reflector
140. The two paths combine at the receiver 120 to form a received signal which is used by the
receiver 120 for detection of the information quantity comprised in the received signal.
10 The information quantity mentioned above should be construed in a general sense to
represent information transmitted from the main node to the destination node.
It is noted that changes in altitude can have a profound effect on propagation conditions as a
change in altitude often affects relative propagation path distances significantly. Thus,
according to aspects, the relative altitude of the main node compared to the destination node
15 has an influence on the communication distances considered herein as long communication
distances.
It is also noted that either of the main node and the destination node can be an airborne
node.
Examples of this information quantity includes a data packet with binary encoded information,
20 an information signal such as an analog waveform representing, e.g., a speech signal, or a
continuous stream of digitally encoded data.
The combination of the first 130 and second 135 paths at the receiver can be either
constructive if the two paths arrive in phase at the receiver 120, or it can be destructive if the
two paths arrive out of phase, or anywhere in-between constructive and destructive
25 depending in the relative phase difference of arriving paths. A constructive combination of
paths lead to improved transmission conditions, while a destructive combination of paths
leads to deteriorated transmission conditions.
Due to the nature of the example two-path channel model shown in Fig la, the attenuation
between transmitter and receiver is a function of the relative distance of the first 130 and
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second 135 propagation paths, i.e., a function of transmitter 110, receiver 120 and the at least
one reflector 140 positions in three dimensions in relation to each other, as well as the
occupied frequency band of the transmitted wireless signal, and the overall propagation
conditions of the communications scenario, which overall propagation conditions comprise,
5 e.g. effects from reflection in a surface plane and also effects from diffraction phenomena.
It is thus understood that the most important parameters determining communication
conditions, e.g., received signal strength, according to the two-path model are relative
transceiver positions including longitude, latitude, and altitude, and the communication
frequency band.
10 Communication involving an airborne node often abides by the two-path channel, or
propagation, model 100 shown in Fig la, since two principal propagation paths are often
present. A direct propagation path following a line-of-sight between the airborne node and a
destination node, and a reflected path originating from a reflection in, e.g., ground.
Fig l b shows an example diagram 150 over attenuation (y-axis), measured in dB, of a wireless
15 signal at different carrier frequencies: a lower frequency f l MHz, a medium frequency f2 MHz,
and higher carrier frequency f3 MHz, as the carriers propagate over a varying distance (x-axis),
measured in kilometers, in a given two-path model such as the one shown in Fig la.
Note that the three different carrier frequencies shown in Fig l b are only to be construed as
examples, as the present disclosure is not limited to any specific frequency band or sets of
20 frequency bands.
It is observed in Fig lb, that the fading pattern becomes sparse as the link distance increases,
meaning that the distance between consecutive attenuation minima increases to become long
with increasing link distance such that attenuation minima are located far apart to the right in
the signal attenuation diagram 150. I.e., if the link distance is above approximately 100
25 kilometers in Fig lb, the link distance needs to be changed by approximately 20 kilometers in
order to impact the attenuation significantly, while, at shorter link distances a more dense
fading pattern, meaning that attenuation minima are located much closer together, is
observed where much smaller changes in link distance will have a significant impact on
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attenuation, or, alternatively, smaller changes in frequency will have a significant impact on
attenuation.
According to aspects, long distance communication is to be interpreted as communication
over distance, measured in meters, where the fading pattern has become sparse according to
5 the above discussion. This means that it is not possible to use multiple antennas attached to a
single node in order to improve communication conditions.
It is thus noted that the type of propagation conditions discussed herein may arise also under
other network geometries and communication frequencies, for which the disclosure is also
applicable. Consequently, whenever propagation conditions are such as to exhibit a sparse
10 region as indicated in Fig lb, the present technique is applicable with advantageous results
compared to traditional methods of obtaining diversity, e.g., equipping a single node with
multiple antennas.
When communicating over long distances, diversity is hard to achieve using a single pair of
communicating nodes, since it would not be practical to equip said nodes with such widely
15 separated antennas extending over several kilometers. Also, spread spectrum techniques
would need to operate using very wide bands extending, e.g., over hundreds of MHz or more
in order not to experience poor propagation conditions over the entire band at times.
Further, even if nodes travel at high radial velocity, poor fading conditions will persist over
extended periods of time due to the order of magnitude of involved distances.
20 Fig. 2 shows a schematic overview of a communications network 200 comprising three nodes,
a main node A 210, a destination node C 220, and an auxiliary node B 230. Communication in
the communications network 200 takes place via a communications resource 270, which
according to various aspects can be a frequency resource, a time resource, or a spreading code
resource, or any combination thereof.
25 According to various aspects, either of the main node A 210, the destination node C 220, and
the auxiliary node B 230 can be an airborne node.
The main node 210 communicates with the destination node 220 by transmitting an
information quantity carried by a main signal 240 to the destination node 220 using the
communications resource 270. As was discussed in connection to Fig l a and Fig l b above, this
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link may experience persistently poor fading conditions due at least in part to said long
distance as predicted by the two-path channel model.
However, since the network also comprises the auxiliary node 230, the main node 210 also
transmits an auxiliary signal 250 carrying said information quantity to the auxiliary node 230,
5 which then re-transmits the auxiliary signal 250 as a forwarded auxiliary signal 260 to the
destination node, by using the same communications resource 270.
The technique shown in Fig 2 improves on transmission conditions between the main node
210 and the destination node 220 since the auxiliary node 230 can be located a significant
distance away from the main node 210, and possibly also at a significantly different altitude,
10 and can therefore be expected to experience different propagation conditions with respect to
the destination node 220 than is experienced by the main node 210. Thus diversity is
established and transmission conditions improved.
As mentioned above, communication in the communications network 200 uses at least one
communications resource 270, shown in Fig 2 as a dashed block. The communications
15 resource comprises at least one out of a transmission time schedule, a transmission frequency
allotment schedule, and a spread spectrum spreading code assignment.
The main node 210 and the auxiliary node 230 are suitably synchronized, such that
interference in the system is limited. Various forms of synchronization are preferred
depending on method of channel access, e.g.:
Time synchronization to establish time slots wherein transmission occurs by a single
transceiver at any given time.
Frequency synchronization to establish frequency sub-bands or sets of frequency subbands
wherein transmission occurs by a single transceiver at any given time.
Joint frequency and time synchronization to establish sets of frequency sub-bands and
time slots wherein transmission occurs by a single transceiver in any given frequency
sub-band during any given time slot.
Because of said synchronization, the shared communications resource 270 is more efficiently
utilized, which is a key feature of the present technique.
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In addition, the transceivers of the network 200 may use traditional diversity methods in order
to achieve a further improvement of transmission conditions. Such traditional diversity
methods include antenna space diversity, i.e., exploiting multiple antennas carried by a single
node, and polarization diversity, i.e., exploiting both horizontally and vertically polarized
5 transmission waveforms.
The main node 210, auxiliary node 230, as well as the destination node 220 may according to
embodiments of the network 200 be ground-based nodes such as land-based or sea-based
nodes, or airborne nodes.
According to some aspects of the disclosure, either of the main node 210 and the auxiliary
10 node 230 is an airborne node, while the destination node is disposed in connection to a ship
or other sea-based vessel, thus forming an air-to-sea communications network.
According to some other aspects of the disclosure, the main node 210 is a sea-based vessel
and the auxiliary node 230 is an airborne node, while the destination node is disposed in
connection to a ship or other sea-based vessel, thus forming a sea-air-sea communications
15 network.
According to further aspects of the disclosure, the main node 210 is a ground-based node,
while the destination node is disposed in connection to a ship or other sea-based vessel, thus
forming a ground-to-sea communications network.
Fig 3 shows a flowchart of a method in a main node 210 for communication with a destination
20 node 220 over long distances. The method comprises the step of synchronizing S11 the use of
at least one communications resource with an auxiliary node 230, and also the step of
generating S13 a main signal 240 and an auxiliary signal 250 from an information quantity. The
method further comprises the step of transmitting S14 the main signal 240 to the destination
node 220 by the at least one synchronized communications resource, and also transmitting
25 S15 the auxiliary signal 250 to the auxiliary node 230 by the at least one synchronized
communications resource.
Thus, by synchronizing the at least one communications resource between a main node and
an auxiliary node, and transmitting the information quantity via both main and auxiliary
transmit signals to the destination node, network diversity is established. By means of said
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network diversity and synchronization, efficient and reliable long distance communication is
facilitated.
Also, due to said synchronization, the communications link will have long range capability,
with no significant added processing delay as would be the case should, e.g., a powerful error
5 correction code have been applied to the communications link between main node and
destination node. Another benefit of the above technique is an increased capacity of the
communications link, stemming from the improved transmission conditions of the link, in
particular at places of poor transmission conditions.
It is noted that re-transmission techniques based on, e.g., automatic repeat request, ARQ, will
10 most likely not be effective in the type of fading conditions discussed herein, due to that the
fading is slow as discussed above. Thus, re-transmissions have an equal low probability of
successful reception given that a previous attempt of transmission has failed.
According to an aspect, the method further comprises the step of determining S10 a network
geometry and a network propagation condition of a network 200 comprising the main node
15 210, the destination node 220, and the auxiliary node 230.
According to an aspect, the method also comprises the step of positioning S12 the auxiliary
node 230 based on said determined network geometry and propagation conditions to
optimize transmission conditions for communication between the main node 210 and the
destination node 220.
20 The step of determining S10 together with the step of positioning S12 together brings an
additional benefit of the disclosed method: By analyzing current network conditions, i.e., the
geometry and other propagation conditions such as weather conditions, a propagation
condition forecast can be constructed as a function of node positions and their current and
future movement. Thus, propagation conditions can be improved beyond the statistical
25 improvement due to diversity in a network where nodes have random positions to provide a
more deterministic improvement due to said determining S10 followed by said positioning
S12.
According to an aspect, the propagation condition forecast is constructed by using the current
main node, auxiliary node, and destination node positions in relation to each other and to at
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least one reflector in the environment, to calculate propagation path distances according to
the two-path or multi-path channel model. Based on said path distances, i.e., based on direct
and reflected path distances, and the frequency of the transmitted signals, propagation
attenuation is determined for the different paths by using the two-path channel model.
5 Changes in propagation attenuation for the different paths can then be predicted by taking
the relative motion patterns of the nodes into account. Thus, by extrapolating relative motion
patterns of the main node, the auxiliary node, and the destination node a propagation
forecast can be constructed which shows the current and expected future attenuation on the
different propagation paths in the network.
10 According to an aspect, the determining of a propagation forecast is also based on the relative
motion patterns of the main node 210, the auxiliary node 230, and the destination node 220
in relation to the environment, i.e., in relation to at least one reflector in the environment.
Given such a propagation condition forecast, it is then possible to determine a suitable
position or suitable track over time of the auxiliary node 230 in relation to the main node 210
15 and the destination node 220 to achieve deterministic improvements in transmission
conditions.
According to an aspect, the method also comprises manoeuvring either or a combination of
the nodes of the network to achieve and also maintain optimum or required transmission
conditions.
20 Manoeuvring here comprises navigating, i.e., determining a path from the current location of
the auxiliary node to a new location, followed by moving the auxiliary node to the new
location.
According to an aspect, the manoeuvring comprises manoeuvring by means of an automatic
piloting system said nodes based on the propagation forecast in order to achieve and maintain
25 improved transmission conditions.
According to an embodiment, transmission conditions are not fully optimized, i.e., nodes are
deliberatively not manoeuvered to an optimal relative position. Instead transmission
conditions are only improved up to a pre-determined level, whereupon the main node 210
and auxiliary node 230 and destination node 220 are free to manoeuver at will. Consequently,
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as long as transmission conditions from the main node to the destination node fulfils a set of
requirements on e.g. error free transmission at a given rate, then no manoeuvring is required
from network nodes.
According to an aspect, as soon as, e.g., transmission conditions drop below a pre-determined
5 requirement, then manoeuvring is requested, or demanded, from network nodes.
It should be noted that although transmission from the main node to the destination node is
discussed above, similar beneficial effects will be obtained if the communication direction is
reversed such that the destination node instead transmits signals to the main node via the
auxiliary node. Hence, an aspect4 of the present disclosure comprises a method in a
10 destination node 220 for communication with a main node 210 over long distances, the
method comprising the steps of;
synchronizing the use of at least one communications resource 270 with an auxiliary
node 230,
generating a main signal 240 and an auxiliary signal 250 from an information signal,
transmitting the main signal 240 to the main node 210 by the at least one synchronized
communications resource 270,
transmitting the auxiliary signal 250 to the auxiliary node 230 by the at least one
synchronized communications resource 270.
Fig 4 shows a flowchart of a method in an auxiliary node 230 for communication between a
20 main node 210 and a destination node 220 over long distances. The method comprising the
steps of synchronizing S21 the use of at least one communications resource with the main
node 210. The method also comprises receiving S23 an auxiliary signal 250 from the main
node 210 by the at least one synchronized communications resource, and transmitting S24 a
forwarded auxiliary signal 260 to the destination node 220 by the at least one synchronized
25 communications resource.
It should be noted that the forwarded auxiliary signal 260 comprises the information quantity,
and possibly also redundant information used for, e.g., error correction.
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According to an aspect, the step of transmitting S24 further comprises detecting the
information quantity and re-modulating said information quantity to obtain the forwarded
auxiliary signal.
According to an aspect, the method further comprises the step of determining S20 a network
5 geometry and a network propagation condition of a network 200 comprising the main node
210, the destination node 220, and the auxiliary node 230.
According to an aspect, the method also comprises the step of changing S22 the position of
the auxiliary node 230 based on the determined network geometry and the determined
network propagation condition to optimize transmission conditions for communication
10 between the main node 210 and the destination node 220.
Fig 5 shows a flowchart of a method in a destination node 220 for communication between a
main node 210 and the destination node 220 over long distances, the method comprising the
steps of;
receiving S31 a forwarded auxiliary signal 260 from an auxiliary node 230 by a
communications resource 270;
receiving S32 a main signal 240 from a main node 210 by a communications resource
270;
detecting S34 an information quantity comprised in the main signal 240 and in the
forwarded auxiliary signal 250.
20 According to an aspect, the method shown in Fig 5 further comprises the step of receiving S33
an auxiliary signal 250 from the main node 210 by the communications resource, and the step
of detecting S34 an information quantity further comprises detecting an information quantity
comprised in the auxiliary signal 250.
Fig 6 shows a schematic block diagram of a transceiver 500 in a main node arranged for long
25 distance communication. The transceiver 500 comprises a network communicator unit 501
connected to an antenna unit 505, a signal processor unit 502, a synchronization unit 503, and
a transmission condition optimizer 504. The synchronization unit 503 is arranged to
synchronize the use, by the network communicator 501, of at least one communications
resource 270 with an auxiliary node. The signal processor unit 502 is arranged to generate a
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main signal and an auxiliary signal from an input information quantity arranged to be received
on an input interface 506 of the main node. The network communicator unit 501 is arranged
to receive the main signal and the auxiliary signal and to transmit said main and auxiliary
signals via the antenna unit 505 to a destination node and an auxiliary node, respectively.
5 The network communicator unit 501 is arranged to exploit the communications resource 270
used by the main node, i.e., either of a transmission time schedule, a transmission frequency
allotment schedule, or a spread spectrum spreading code assignment.
Fig 7 shows a schematic block diagram of a transceiver 600 arranged to assist in long distance
communication in an auxiliary node. The transceiver 600 comprises a network communicator
10 unit 601 connected to an antenna unit 605, a signal processor 602, a synchronization unit 603,
and a transmission condition optimizer 604. The synchronization unit 603 is arranged to
synchronize the use by the network communicator 601 of at least one communications
resource 270 with a main node. The signal processor unit 602 is arranged to receive, by the
network communicator unit 601, an auxiliary signal and to retransmit said auxiliary signal as a
15 forwarded auxiliary signal by the network communicator unit 601.
According to an aspect, the network communicator unit 501, 601 of either of the transceivers
500, 600 mentioned above is arranged to apply a forward error correction, FEC, channel code
prior to transmitting signals via the antenna unit 505.
According to an aspect, the network communicator unit 501, 601 of either of the transceivers
20 500, 600 mentioned above is arranged to access a shared transmission medium of the
network by means of either of a time division multiple access, TDMA, method, a frequency
division multiple access, FDMA, method, a code division multiple access, CDMA, method, or an
orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA, method.
According to an aspect, the network communicator unit 501, 601 of either of the transceivers
25 500, 600 mentioned above is arranged to simultaneously transmit and receive signals via the
antenna unit 505.
Aspects of the disclosure are described with reference to the drawings, e.g., block diagrams
and/or flowcharts. It is understood that several entities in the drawings, e.g., blocks of the
block diagrams, and also combinations of entities in the drawings, can be implemented by
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computer program instructions, which instructions can be stored in a computer-readable
memory, and also loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus.
Such computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general purpose
computer, a special purpose computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus
5 to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the
computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for
implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or
blocks.
In some implementations and according to some aspects of the disclosure, the functions or
10 steps noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the operational illustrations. For
example, two blocks shown in succession can in fact be executed substantially concurrently or
the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the
functionality/acts involved. Also, the functions or steps noted in the blocks can according to
some aspects of the disclosure be executed continuously in a loop.
15 In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplary aspects of the
disclosure. However, many variations and modifications can be made to these aspects without
substantially departing from the principles of the present disclosure. Thus, the disclosure
should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and not as being limited to the
particular aspects discussed above. Accordingly, although specific terms are employed, they
20 are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

CLAIMS
1. A method in a main node (210) for communication with a destination node (220) over long
distances, the method comprising the steps of;
synchronizing (S11) the use of at least one communications resource (270) with an
auxiliary node (230),
generating (S13) a main signal (240) and an auxiliary signal (250) from an information
quantity,
transmitting (S14) the main signal (240) to the destination node (220) by the at least
one synchronized communications resource (270),
transmitting (S15) the auxiliary signal (250) to the auxiliary node (230) by the at least
one synchronized communications resource (270).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one communications resource (270) comprises
at least one out of a transmission time schedule, a transmission frequency allotment schedule,
and a spread spectrum spreading code assignment.
15 3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, further comprising the step of determining (S10) a
network geometry and a network propagation condition of a network (200) comprising the
main node (210), the destination node (220), and the auxiliary node (230).
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of positioning (S12) the auxiliary node
(230) based on said determined network geometry and propagation conditions to optimize
20 transmission conditions for communication between the main node (210) and the destination
node (220).
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of determining (S10) further comprises
constructing a propagation condition forecast based on changes in the network geometry and
a network propagation condition of the network (200), and wherein the step of positioning
25 (S12) comprises optimizing transmission conditions for communication between the main
node (210) and the destination node (220) based on said propagation condition forecast.
6. A method in an auxiliary node (230) for communication between a main node (210) and a
destination node (220) over long distances, the method comprising the steps of;
WO 20141209179 PCTlSE20131050795
19
synchronizing (S21) the use of at least one communications resource (270) with the
main node (210),
receiving (S23) an auxiliary signal (250) from the main node (210) by the at least one
synchronized communications resource (270),
transmitting (S24) a forwarded auxiliary signal (260) to the destination node (220) by
the at least one synchronized communications resource (270).
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of determining (S20) a network
geometry and a network propagation condition of a network (200) comprising the main node
(210), the destination node (220), and the auxiliary node (230).
10 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of manoeuvring (S22) the auxiliary node
(230) based on the determined network geometry and the determined network propagation
condition in order to optimize transmission conditions for communication between the main
node (210) and the destination node (220).
9. A method in a destination node (220) for communication between a main node (210) and
15 the destination node (220) over long distances, the method comprising the steps of;
receiving (S31) a forwarded auxiliary signal (260) from an auxiliary node (230) by a
communications resource (270);
receiving (S32) a main signal (240) from a main node (210) by the communications
resource (270);
detecting (S34) an information quantity comprised in the main signal (240) and in the
forwarded auxiliary signal (250).
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of receiving (S33) an auxiliary signal
(250) from the main node (210) by the communications resource, and wherein the step of
detecting (S34) an information quantity further comprises detecting an information quantity
25 comprised in the auxiliary signal (250).
11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein either of the main node
(210), the destination node (220) and the auxiliary node (230) is an airborne node.
12. A transceiver (500) arranged for long distance communication in a main node, the
transceiver (500) comprising a network communicator unit (501) connected to an antenna
unit (505), a signal processor unit (502), a synchronization unit (503), and a transmission
condition optimizer (504), the synchronization unit (503) being arranged to synchronize the
5 use by the network communicator (501) of at least one communications resource (270) with
an auxiliary node, the signal processor unit (502) being arranged to generate a main signal and
an auxiliary signal from an input information quantity arranged to received on an input
interface (506) of the main node, the network communicator unit (501) being arranged to
receive the main signal and the auxiliary signal and to transmit said main and auxiliary signals
10 via the antenna unit (505) to a destination node and an auxiliary node, respectively.
13. A transceiver (600) arranged to assist in long distance communication in an auxiliary node,
the transceiver (600) comprising a network communicator unit (601) connected to an antenna
unit (605), a signal processor (602), a synchronization unit (603), and a transmission condition
optimizer (604), the synchronization unit (603) being arranged to synchronize the use by the
15 network communicator (601) of at least one communications resource (270) with a main
node, the signal processor unit (602) being arranged to be received, by the network
communicator unit (601) an auxiliary signal and to retransmit said auxiliary signal as a
forwarded auxiliary signal by the network communicator unit (601).
14. The transceiver (500, 600) of any of claims 12-13, wherein the network communicator unit
20 (501, 601) is arranged to apply a forward error correction, FEC, channel code prior to
transmitting signals via the antenna unit 505.
15. The transceiver (500, 600) of any of claims 12-14, wherein the network communicator unit
(501, 601) is arranged to access a shared transmission medium by means of either of a time
division multiple access, TDMA, method, a frequency division multiple access, FDMA, method,
25 a code division multiple access, CDMA, method, or an orthogonal frequency division multiple
access, OFDMA, method.
16. The transceiver (500, 600) of any of claims 12-15, wherein the network communicator unit
(501) is arranged to simultaneously transmit and receive signals via the antenna unit (505).