The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing a rolling device.
Background technology
[0002]
　Rolling devices such as bearings are used in a wide range of industrial fields such as automobiles and various industrial machines. Understanding the lubrication state inside the rolling device is extremely important from the viewpoint of smooth operation of the machine and ensuring the life of the rolling device, and by properly grasping it, various lubricants (oil). , Grease, etc.) and maintenance such as replacement of rolling elements can be performed at the optimum time without excess or deficiency. However, since it is difficult to directly visually observe the lubrication state, a method of monitoring vibration, sound, and oil film state has been proposed as a diagnostic method of the rolling element.
[0003]
　In Patent Document 1, an AC voltage is applied to the rotating wheel of the rolling element in a non-contact state, and the oil film state of the bearing can be estimated using the measured capacitance. That is, the oil film is regarded as a capacitor, an electrical equivalent circuit is modeled, an AC voltage is applied in a non-contact state to the rotating wheel of the rolling element, and the capacitance of the oil film is measured. Since there is a correlation between the capacitance and the oil film thickness (lubrication film thickness), the state of the oil film is estimated from this correlation.
Prior art literature
Patent documents
[0004]
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 4942496 Gazette
Outline of the invention
Problems to be solved by the invention
[0005]
　According to the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1, it is possible to measure the oil film thickness. However, with this method, it is possible to calculate only the oil film thickness, and it is difficult to grasp other factors that affect the lubrication state.
[0006]
　The present invention provides a method for diagnosing a rolling apparatus that makes it possible to grasp the lubrication state of the rolling apparatus in consideration of not only the lubrication film thickness but also the metal contact ratio.
Means to solve problems
[0007]
　The method for diagnosing a rolling device of the present invention is a method for diagnosing a rolling device including an outer member, an inner member, and a rolling element, wherein the outer member, the rolling element, and the inner side are provided. An AC voltage is applied to the electric circuit composed of the member, the impedance and the phase angle of the electric circuit at the time of applying the AC voltage are measured, and the outer member and the outer member are measured based on the measured impedance and the phase angle. The specific dielectric constant of the lubricant between the rolling elements or at least one between the inner member and the rolling elements is measured, and the wear debris concentration of the lubricant is calculated.
The invention's effect
[0008]
　According to the present invention, it is possible to grasp not only the lubrication film thickness in the rolling device but also the metal contact ratio, and it is possible to diagnose the lubrication state of the rolling device in more detail and more accurately. Become. In particular, in the present invention, since the amount of wear of the rolling element is also calculated, it is possible to more accurately diagnose the lubrication state of the rolling element.
A brief description of the drawing
[0009]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing a physical model under mixed lubrication conditions when a ball test piece is pressed against a disc test piece.
2A and 2B show a diagram of an electric circuit in the diagnosis of a rolling apparatus, FIG. 2A is an electric circuit corresponding to one ball test piece (rolling element) shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 2B is an electric circuit. The electric circuit of the whole rolling element is shown.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of wear debris in the lubricant and the relative permittivity of the lubricant.
[Fig. 4] Fig. 4 shows a conceptual diagram of a rolling device and a test device thereof.
FIG. 5 shows a graph of the results of measuring the average oil film thickness and the breaking rate of the oil film while changing the rotation speed of the rotating shaft.
[FIG. 6] FIG. 6 shows a graph in which the corrected average oil film thickness is superimposed on the graph of FIG.
FIG. 7 shows a graph of wear debris concentration and relative permittivity according to the rotation speed of the rotating shaft.
Embodiment for carrying out the invention
[0010]
　Hereinafter, embodiments of the diagnostic method for the rolling apparatus (bearing apparatus) according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
[0011]
　As an oil film diagnostic technique in a conventional rolling apparatus, there is an inspection apparatus shown in Patent Document 1. In the configuration of this inspection device, the oil film is modeled as a capacitor, an AC voltage is applied in a non-contact state to the rotating wheel of the rolling device, and the capacitance of the oil film is measured. Since there is a predetermined correlation between the capacitance and the oil film thickness, it is possible to estimate the oil film state of the rolling element. However, in the method of Patent Document 1, it is difficult to measure only the oil film thickness and grasp the metal contact ratio. Moreover, since the capacitance outside the Hertz contact area is not taken into consideration, the estimation accuracy of the oil film thickness value itself is not high.
[0012]
　In the present invention, an AC voltage is applied to the EHD (Elastohydrodynamic) (elastic fluid) contact region, and a method (impedance method) capable of measuring the oil film thickness and the oil film breakage rate in the EHD contact region from the measured complex impedance Z is established. bottom. By using this method, the oil film thickness can be measured with high accuracy. Here, the process of deriving the oil film thickness and the fracture rate (metal contact ratio) of the oil film will be described.
[0013]
　FIG. 1 is a graph showing a physical model under mixed lubrication conditions when a ball test piece is pressed against a disc test piece. The disc test piece in this model corresponds to the outer ring or inner ring of the rolling device, and the ball test piece corresponds to the rolling element of the rolling device. The y-axis represents the oil film thickness direction, and the x-axis represents the axis orthogonal to the oil film film direction. Further, h 1 is the oil film thickness at the portion forming the oil film in the EHD contact area, a is the radius of the Hertzian contact circle, r is the radius of the ball test piece, S is the Hertzian contact area, and α is the breaking rate of the oil film. .. Therefore, the area where the oil film breaks in the EHD contact area is represented by αS as shown in FIG. Further, f (x) in FIG. 1 is a function representing the y coordinate of the surface of the ball test piece in a range (a ≦ x ≦ r) other than the EHD contact area, and is represented by the following equation (1).
[0014]
[Number 1]

[0015]
　The actual ball test piece is not strictly a sphere except in the EHD contact area because elastic deformation occurs when it receives a load, but in the present invention, it is assumed that it is a sphere even after deformation as shown in the equation (1). ..
[0016]
　Usually, the EHD contact region there is a region with a small oil film called horseshoe, average oil film thickness of the EHD contact region in the present invention (average oil film thickness) h a was determined. Therefore, if the breakage of the oil film in some EHD contact region is occurring, the average oil film thickness h obtaining a is breakage rate α and the oil film thickness h of the oil film 1 using, by the following equation (2) expressed.
[0017]
[Number 2]

[0018]
　(A) in FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an electric circuit (equivalent electric circuit) E1 obtained by converting the physical model of FIG. 1 into an electrically equivalent electric circuit. However, R 1 is the resistance in the region where the oil film is broken, C 1 is the capacitance due to the oil film in the Hertzian contact region, and C 2 is x = r in FIG. 1 between the two surfaces of the disc test piece and the ball test piece. It is the capacitance generated outside the Hertzian contact area when it is assumed that the position is filled with a lubricant (lubricating oil or grease). That is, in the present invention, the region outside the EHD contact region is also taken into consideration as a capacitor. The oil film in the Hertzian contact area forms a parallel circuit of the capacitor C 1 (capacitance C 1 ) and the resistor R 1 (resistance value R 1 ), and the parallel circuit and the capacitor C 2 (capacitance) outside the Hertzian contact area. C 2 ) are connected in parallel.
[0019]
　(B) in FIG. 2 shows an electric circuit E4 when the physical model of FIG. 1 is applied to a rolling element 10 (see FIG. 4) having an outer ring 1 and an inner ring 3. Since each rolling element 5 is in contact with both the outer ring 1 and the inner ring 3, as shown in (b) in FIG. 2, for each rolling element 5, two electric circuits E1 (outer ring 1-rolling element 5) are used. An electric circuit E2 is formed in which the space and the space between the inner ring 3 and the rolling element 5) are connected in series.
[0020]
　Further, when the rolling element 10 is provided with n rolling elements 5, n electric circuits E2 are connected in parallel. Therefore, as shown in (b) in FIG. 2, the rolling element 10 including all n rolling elements 5 forms the electric circuit E3. In diagnosing the rolling apparatus 10 of the present embodiment, an AC voltage is applied from the power source between the outer ring 1 and the inner ring 3 of the rolling apparatus 10, so that the entire electric circuit E4 shown in FIG. 2B is shown in FIG. Is formed.
[0021]
　Here, the AC voltage V applied to the electric circuit (a) in FIG. 2 is expressed by the following equation (3).
[0022]
[Number 3]

[0023]
　The current I flowing through the entire electric circuit of (a) in FIG. 2 is represented by the following equation (4).
[0024]
[Number 4]

[0025]
　Therefore, the overall complex impedance Z of the electric circuit of (a) in FIG. 2 is expressed by the following equation (5).
[0026]
[Number 5]

[0027]
　Here, j is an imaginary number, t is time, ω is the angular frequency of voltage, and θ is the phase shift between voltage and current, that is, the phase angle. From equation (5), it can be seen that the complex impedance Z is composed of two independent variables, the absolute value | Z | of the complex impedance Z and the phase angle θ. That is, by measuring the complex impedance Z, (in this case the average oil film thickness h 2 two parameters independent of each other a means that and breakage rate alpha) can be measured.
[0028]
　Here, the overall complex impedance Z of the electric circuit shown in FIG. 2 (a) is represented by the following equation (6).
[0029]
[Number 6]

[0030]
Further, the following equations (7) and (8) can be derived from the equation (6).
[0031]
[Number 7]

[0032]
[Number 8]

[0033]
　Here, the resistance R of the region the oil film in the formula (7) is broken 1 is due to the inverse relationship between the contact area is represented by the following equation (9).
[0034]
[Number 9]

[0035]
　Here, R 10 is a resistance at rest (that is, α = 1). R 10 is expressed by the following equation (10) from the equation (6), where the impedance at rest is | Z 0 | and the phase angle is θ 0 .
[0036]
[Number 10]

[0037]
　Therefore, the breaking rate α is expressed by the following formula (11) from the formulas (7), (9), and (10).
[0038]
[Number 11]

[0039]
　By the way, the capacitance C 1 due to the oil film in the Hertzian contact region is expressed by the following equation (12) using the dielectric constant ε of the lubricant used in the test.
[0040]
[Number 12]

[0041]
　On the other hand, the capacitance C 2 generated outside the Hertzian contact region is such that an annular capacitor having a minute width dx, a length 2πx, and a height f (x) as shown in the shaded area in FIG. 1 has a ≦ x ≦ r. It can be considered that they are connected in parallel within the range of. Therefore, the capacitance C 2 is expressed by the following equation (13).
[0042]
[Number 13]

[0043]
　Here, since r »a and r» h 1 are generally used, the capacitance C 2 can be approximated by the following equation (14) based on the equation (13).
[0044]
[Number 14]

[0045]
　From the above equations (8), (12), and (14), the following equation (15) can be obtained.
[0046]
[Number 15]

[0047]
　Here, in order to obtain h 1 in the equation (15), the Lambert W function is used. For any complex number z, Lambert W function W (z) is defined by the following equation (16).
[0048]
[Number 16]

[0049]
　Therefore, equation (2), (15), than the average oil film thickness h obtaining (16) a is represented by the following formula (17).
[0050]
[Number 17]

[0051]
　In other words, equation (11) and (17), by measuring the impedance and phase at the time of resting and oil film formation, the average oil film thickness h a can be calculated breakage rate and of the oil film alpha.
[0052]
　The above description is exclusively for the electric circuit E1 in FIG. 2 (a) which is the basis, but by considering the number of rolling elements 5 of the rolling element 10 and the like, (b) in FIG. ) Can also be applied to the electric circuit E4. In the electric circuit E4, the two contact points where the rolling elements 5 contact the outer ring 1 and the inner ring 3 correspond to the two series of the electric circuit E1, and the total number (n) of the rolling elements 5 in the rolling element 10 is It corresponds to the number of two electric circuits E1 in series in parallel. Further, when a plurality of rolling elements 10 themselves exist (two in the example of FIG. 4 described later), the electric circuit E3 of (b) in FIG. 2 is connected in parallel with respect to the AC voltage.
[0053]
　By the way, it is presumed that in the rolling element, wear occurs in each member (wear generated exclusively in the region of αS in FIG. 1) with the lapse of operation time, and this wear affects the performance and the lubrication state. If wear in the rolling device has occurred, the average oil film thickness h is determined by the equation (17) a generally theoretical oil film thickness h c (Hamrock BJ and Dowson D. Isothermal elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of point contacts: part III-fully flooded results. ASME Trans J Lubricat Technol 1977; 99: 264-275.) This is because the relative permittivity ε of the lubricant is increased due to the inclusion of wear debris in the oil. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the wear debris concentration Fe in the lubricant and the relative permittivity ε of the lubricant. As the wear debris concentration Fe increases, the relative permittivity ε of the lubricant increases. That is, the degree of wear (wear powder concentration and wear amount) can be monitored by calculating the assumed relative permittivity from the measured oil film thickness. Here, the process of calculating the relative permittivity will be described.
[0054]
　EHD or EHL (Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lublication) The oil film thickness h 1 at the oil film forming part in the contact area is expressed as follows using the oil film thickness h limit at which metal contact begins and the fracture rate α of the oil film. Suppose. This is to correct the oil film thickness calculated to be thicker than the theoretical value to the same oil film thickness as the theoretical value. Oil film thickness h in the formula (18) 1 has the formula (1) is intended basically the same concept of (2), Equation (2), from (18), h a = (1-alpha) 2 It can also be called h limit .
[0055]
[Number 18]

[0056]
　Further, assuming that the phase angle θ satisfying the above equation is θ', the fracture rate α is expressed by the following equation (19) using the absolute value | Z | of the complex impedance to be measured from the equation (11).
[0057]
[Number 19]

[0058]
　Further, the following equation (20) can be obtained from the equations (8), (12) and (14).
[0059]
[Number 20]

[0060]
　Here, the absolute value | Z | of the complex impedance Z is eliminated from the equation (20) / equation (19), and the following equation (21) is obtained.
[0061]
[Number 21]

[0062]
　By substituting the equation (18) into the equation (21), the following equation (22) is obtained.
[0063]
[Number 22]

[0064]
　That is, the phase angle θ'satisfying the equation (18) can be calculated from the fracture rate α of the oil film and the oil film thickness h limit at which metal contact begins to occur . Therefore, Equation average oil film thickness h after EHL contact region modifications envisaged the assumption of (18) a 'is the absolute value of the complex impedance Z | Z | and phase angle theta' follows using equation (23 ).
[0065]
[Number 23]

[0066]
　Further, the assumed relative permittivity ε'after wear can be expressed by the following equation (24) using the phase angle θ'.
[0067]
[Number 24]

[0068]
　Therefore, the relative permittivity ε'is expressed by the equation (25) using the breaking rate α, the average oil film thickness ha a, and the phase angle θ'.
[0069]
[Number 25]

[0070]
　The right-hand side of the relative permittivity ε'in the equation (25) is all defined and already mentioned, and the relative permittivity ε'can be calculated.
[0071]
　Incidentally, the point in the method of calculating the above-described oil film thickness h at the oil film forming unit 1 is to assume in some way, this assumption method is not particularly limited.
[0072]
　For example , instead of the oil film thickness h limit at which metal contact occurs in the formula (18) , for example, the surface roughness (root mean square roughness [nm]: Rq1, Rq2) specified in JISB0601 (2013) may be used. Therefore, h 1 may be obtained by using the following formula (18)'instead of the formula (18) , and further ε'may be calculated. The film thickness ratio λ value is generally used as a parameter that gives the degree of inter-projection interference in the EHL contact area (References: Tribology, Yuji Yamamoto, Motohiro Kaneda, Rikogakusha Publishing Co., Ltd., 2007), but λ It is known that metal contact starts to occur when the value is <3, that is, about 3 times the roughness, and such a phenomenon is used.
[0073]
[Number 26]

[0074]
　Further, when the theoretical oil film thickness h c is known, h 1 may be obtained by using the following formula (18)'' instead of the formula (18) , and ε'may be further calculated.
[0075]
[Number 27]

[0076]
　Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described.
[0077]
　FIG. 4 shows a conceptual diagram of a rolling device (bearing device) 10 and a test device for testing the rolling device (bearing device) 10. The rolling device 10 includes a fixed outer ring (outer member) 1, an inner ring (inner member) 3 which is a rotating side ring fitted to the rotating shaft 16, and a track formed on the inner peripheral surface of the outer ring 1. A plurality of rolling elements 5 interposed between the surface and the raceway surface formed on the outer peripheral surface of the inner ring 3 are provided. Further, between the outer ring 1 and the rolling element 5, and between the inner ring 3 and the rolling element 5, there is an oil film (lubricating film) made of a lubricant such as oil or grease supplied for lubrication. The rolling device 10 is applied to moving objects such as automobiles, motorcycles, and railroad vehicles, industrial machines, machine tools, and the like, but the applicable device is not particularly limited.
[0078]
　One end of the drive shaft penetrating the rolling element 10 is connected to a general LCR meter 20 (which also serves as an AC voltage) via a rotary connector 12, and the other end of the drive shaft is connected to a drive motor 14. Has been done. The rotary connector 12 can be configured by attaching a carbon brush to the rotary wheel at one end of the drive shaft, or by attaching a slip ring to the drive shaft, but is not particularly limited.
[0079]
　In the test apparatus of FIG. 4, the frequency ω of the AC voltage and the voltage V of the AC voltage are input to the LCR meter 20, and in response to these inputs, the absolute value of the impedance of the rolling element 10 connected to the LCR meter 20 | Z. |, The phase angle θ is output by the LCR meter 20.
[0080] [0080]
　The lubricant used was poly-α-olefin, kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 19 mm 2 / s, and relative permittivity of 2.1. The measurement conditions are as follows.
[0081]
Temperature: 25 ° C
Rotation number of rotating shaft: 50 to 6000 rpm
Radial load: 0N
Axial load: 30N
Maximum contact pressure: 0.9 GPa
[0082]
　First, the resistance (contact state resistance) R 10 (α = 1) of the metal contact portion at the time of stopping, that is, in the absence of the oil film, was measured (see equation (10)). Then, while applying an alternating current, the impedance (absolute value) | Z | and the phase angle θ were measured.
[0083]
　Next, using equation (11) and (17), the average oil film thickness h while varying the rotational speed N of the rotary shaft a to measure the breakage rate α of and oil film. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the measurement results.
[0084]
　5 that the oil film thickness h a in the higher high rpm of the rotational speed N, the theoretical oil film thickness h as described above c theoretical oil film thickness h which is obtained by the equation of Hamrock-Dowson set forth in papers on c from It is understood that it is also thinning. In the graph of FIG. 5, the theoretical oil film thickness h c at room temperature (25 ° C.) where the experiment was performed is represented by a broken line. However, since the outer ring temperature in rotational speed 6000rpm had become 33 ° C., the theoretical oil film thickness h of the over the entire rotational speed c theoretical oil film thickness h at 30 ° C. which can be estimated to represent a value close to c by even one-dot chain line Represents. Since the actual oil film thickness is thinner than the theoretical oil film thickness in the high rpm range, this region is a depleted lubrication region (lubricant is removed from the transfer surface of the rolling element and the outer ring or inner ring, and sufficient lubrication is achieved. Not expected). In fact, as in the high rpm rotational speed N increases, the average oil film thickness h with breakage rate of the oil film α decreases a is increased, there is no contradiction between the two.
[0085]
　On the other hand, the lower the low speed range of the rotation speed N (<100 rpm), as the rotational speed N increases, the oil film thickness breakage rate of the oil film alpha h a has also decreased, a discrepancy between the two is seen. Furthermore, the oil film thickness h a theoretical oil film thickness h c thicker than results.
[0086]
　As a result of examining this seemingly contradictory phenomenon in the light of previous studies, the inventor has shown that the relative permittivity of the lubricant increases as the concentration of wear debris contained in the lubricant increases, as shown in FIG. Focused on. That is, the contact wear occurs in the region, since the dielectric constant of the lubricant is increased, the average oil film thickness h was obtained from equation (17) a indicates the conflicting behavior and breakage rate of the oil film alpha, and the theoretical oil film thickness It is considered that the h c (broken line or alternate long and short dash line) was exceeded.
[0087]
　Therefore, the inventor emphasizes the above phenomenon and uses the equation (23) derived from the equation (18) in consideration of the oil film thickness h limit at which metal contact begins and the fracture rate α of the oil film, and the average oil film thickness after correction. The h a'was measured. 6 whereas the graph of FIG. 5, wherein the average oil film thickness after modification was measured using (23) h a is a graph showing superimposed a '. The equation h used in the measurement of (23) limit (oil film thickness of the metal contact begins to occur) is, h of FIG. 5 or FIG. 6 limit h of measurement points shown as a set to. In FIGS. 5 and 6, the rotation speed is N = 387 rpm and h limit = 27 nm.
[0088]
　6 that the average oil film thickness h after modification a 'in the low speed range of the rotational speed N, the approximate theoretical oil film thickness h c is understood that are the same as. In speed 100rpm or more, the average oil film thickness h a as the average oil film thickness h of the modified a 'and overlapped, and the actual arrangement h white circle a ' show only, h the black circle a represents Not. From this, it is presumed that at a rotation speed of a predetermined value or higher, the oil film thickness increases and the fracture rate α decreases, so that no wear debris is generated and the event as shown in FIG. 3 does not occur.
[0089]
　FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relative permittivity ε'of the lubricant calculated using the equation (25). FIG. 7 also shows the wear debris concentration Fe of the lubricant. The wear debris concentration Fe was calculated from the measured ε'using the relationship between the dielectric constant and the wear debris concentration shown in FIG. Based on the wear debris concentration, the amount of wear of the rolling element 10, that is, the amount of wear in at least one between the outer ring (outer member) 1 and the rolling element 5 or between the inner ring (inner member) 3 and the rolling element 5. Can be calculated. In particular, in the present embodiment, by using the electric circuit shown in FIG. 2, the measurement is performed by using the current flowing in the vicinity of the contact area where the rolling element 5 and the outer ring 1 or the inner ring 3 actually come into contact with each other. The concentration of wear debris and the amount of wear near the area are calculated. Understanding the state near the contact area is very useful for grasping the actual operating state.
[0090]
　From FIG. 7, it was confirmed that the assumed relative permittivity increased in the low rotation speed range of the rotation speed N, and therefore the concentration of wear debris contained in the lubricant increased. However, the wear debris concentration is based on the assumption of Li grease. As described above, according to the present embodiment, it is not always necessary to calculate the wear debris concentration, and some event, that is, an abnormality (such as increasing the relative permittivity) occurs in the contact region from the measurement of the relative permittivity. It is observable that there is.
[0091]
　The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and can be appropriately modified, improved, and the like. In addition, the material, shape, size, numerical value, form, number, arrangement location, etc. of each component in the above-described embodiment are arbitrary as long as the present invention can be achieved, and are not limited.
[0092]
　Although various embodiments have been described above with reference to the drawings, it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to such examples. It is clear that a person skilled in the art can come up with various modifications or modifications within the scope of the claims, which naturally belong to the technical scope of the present invention. Understood. Further, each component in the above-described embodiment may be arbitrarily combined as long as the gist of the invention is not deviated.
[0093]
　This application is based on a Japanese patent application filed on January 15, 2019 (Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-003990), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Description of the sign
[0094]
1 Outer ring (outer member)
3 Inner ring (inner member)
5 Rolling element
10 Rolling device (bearing device)
12 Rotating connector
14 Motor
15 Transmission member
16 Rotating shaft
20 LCR meter
30 Insulation container
The scope of the claims
[Claim 1]
　A method for diagnosing a rolling device including an outer member, an inner member, and a rolling element
　, wherein an AC voltage is applied to an electric circuit composed of the outer member, the rolling element, and the inner member. Is applied,
　the impedance and phase angle of the electric circuit when the AC voltage is applied are measured,
　and based on the measured impedance and the phase angle, between the outer member and the rolling element or with the inner member. A
　method for diagnosing a rolling device that measures the specific dielectric constant of a lubricant in at least one of the rolling elements .
[Claim 2]
　The diagnostic method according to claim 1, wherein the wear debris concentration of the lubricant is further calculated from the measured relative permittivity.