Description:DESCRIPTION:
Field of the invention:
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of catalytic approach for waste water treatment and environmental remediation and, in specific, relates to a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst.
Background of the invention:
[0002] The textile industry generates a large amount of toxic contaminants in its wastewater, such as sulphonic acid dyes like indigo carmine, congo red, and alizarin. The sulphonic acid dyes, which are widely employed in a variety of sectors, pose a significant environmental concern when released into aquatic habitats.

[0003] The traditional chemical oxidation process uses hydrogen peroxide H2O2 as an oxidant and ferrous ions as a catalyst. The Fenton system, which has the advantages of rapid reaction, easy control, no secondary pollution, and mild reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure, has always been the main application and research direction of chemical oxidation technology, and has a wide application in water environment pollution treatment. However, the effectiveness of the Fenton system is constrained to a narrow acidic pH range of 2-4. The hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is prone to instability and rapid decomposition, making the Fenton system challenging to transport. Consequently, the practical applicability of chemical oxidation technology grounded in the Fenton system remains limited.

[0004] At present, periodate is a novel oxidising agent with a high oxidising capacity. In comparison to H2O2, periodate is a colourless crystal or white crystalline powder that is easy to transport and store and dissolve in water. The periodate is used to degrade organic pollutants via ultraviolet photo catalytic activation, granular activated carbon activation, and ultrasonic activation. However, the peridoate stands out as a water-soluble oxidizing agent known for its potent oxidative properties and ease of transport and storage. While periodate is employed in degrading organic pollutants through various methods such as heat, ultraviolet photo catalytic, microwave activation, alkali activation and ultrasonic activation. The degrading methods typically demand additional energy input and tend to yield suboptimal efficiency.

[0005] By addressing all the above mentioned problems, there is a need for a method that provides oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst. There is also a need for a method that enhances the efficiency of the degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater. There is also a need for a method that utilizes ferric perchlorate, a water-soluble homogeneous catalyst to achieve high-efficient degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater.

[0006] By addressing all the above mentioned problems, there is also a need for a method that improves the oxidation process but also simplifies the overall operational degradation process. There is also a need for a method that offers cost-effectiveness and wide applicability. There is also a need for a method that enhances the degradation of sulphonic dyes with periodate in presence of Ferric perchlorate is above 300 times much faster with high efficiency.
Objectives of the invention:
[0007] The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a method that provides oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst.

[0008] Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method that enhances the efficiency of the degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater.

[0009] The other objective of the present invention is to provide a method that utilizes ferric perchlorate, a water-soluble homogeneous catalyst to achieve high-efficient degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater.

[0010] The other objective of the present invention is to provide a method that improves the oxidation process but also simplifies the overall operational degradation process.

[0011] Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a method that offers cost-effectiveness and wide applicability.

[0012] Further objective of the present invention is to provide a method that enhances the degradation of sulphonic dyes with periodate in presence of Ferric perchlorate is above 300 times much faster with high efficiency.
Summary of the invention:
[0013] The present disclosure proposes a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst. The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the claimed subject matter. This summary is not an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0014] In order to overcome the above deficiencies of the prior art, the present disclosure is to solve the technical problem to provide a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst.

[0015] According to one aspect, the invention provides a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater. At one step, at least 25 mL of at least one dye solution is filled within one or more cylindrical reactors. At one step, an oxidant is added into the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor respectively. The oxidant is sodium periodate. At one step, a catalyst is added into the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor respectively. The catalyst is ferric perchlorate. At one step, at least one mechanical stirrer of the each cylindrical reactor is activated for uniformly mixing the oxidant and the catalyst with the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor to maintain a homogeneous suspension. At one step, the oxidant and the catalyst are contacted with organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor, thereby degrading the organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor. At one step, the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor is measured through an analyzing unit for enabling an examiner to observe the optimum conditions with high-efficiency degradation of the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor.

[0016] In one embodiment, the at least one dye solution includes indigo carmine dye solution, congo red dye solution and alizarin dye solution. The each cylindrical reactor having a capacity of 100 mL. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater is performed at a room temperature of 298 K. The analysing unit includes a Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer. The Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer is configured to measure the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution at a wavelength of 484 nm.

[0017] In one embodiment, the analysing unit is configured to enable an examiner to investigate the effects of the oxidant and the catalyst on the periodate dosage and pH value of the at least one degraded dye solution through plurality of graphical representations. The at least one dye solution is extracted from the wastewater of the various industries that causes substantial environmental risk when discharged into aquatic ecosystems. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater provides cost-effectiveness and wide applicability.

[0018] Further, objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from a study of the following portion of the specification, the claims, and the attached drawings.
Detailed description of drawings:
[0019] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention, and, together with the description, explain the principles of the invention.

[0020] FIG.1 illustrates a schematic view of oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 3A-3B illustrate graphical representations of spectrum of Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions at different time intervals, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation of degradation kinetics of Indigo carmine dye solution at different concentration of periodate, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 5A-5B illustrate graphical representations of effect pH on Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 6A-6B illustrate graphical representations of effect of Ferric cation Fe (III) on Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

[0026] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater, in accordance to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
Detailed invention disclosure:
[0027] Various embodiments of the present invention will be described in reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts or steps.

[0028] The present disclosure has been made with a view towards solving the problem with the prior art described above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst.

[0029] According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 1 refers to a schematic view 100 of oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater. A method that provides oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate. The method that enhances the efficiency of the degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater. The method comprises a cylindrical reactor 102, an oxidant 104, a catalyst 106, a mechanical stirrer 108 and an analyzing unit 110.

[0030] In one embodiment herein, the cylindrical reactor 102 having 100 mL capacity. The cylindrical reactor 102 containing 25 mL of at least one dye solution. The at least one dye solution includes indigo carmine dye solution, congo red dye solution and alizarin dye solution that are used as the simulated pollutants. The indigo carmine dye solution of 25 mL is filled in one of the cylindrical reactor 102. The congo red dye solution of 25 mL is filled in another cylindrical reactor 102 to conduct parallel experiments. The parallel experimenting is conducted to ensure reproducibility. All experiments are conducted at room temperature (298 K). The mechanical stirrer 108 is employed in the each cylindrical reactor 102 to maintain a homogeneous suspension. The examiner adding the oxidant 104 and the catalyst 106 in the each cylindrical reactor 102. The oxidant 104 is periodate. The catalyst 106 is Ferric perchlorate. The mechanical stirrer 108 is activated upon adding periodate and Ferric perchlorate to the solution. The concentration (absorbance) of each dye is periodically measured with the analyzing unit 110 at a wavelength of 484 nm. The analyzing unit 110 includes a Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer.

[0031] In one embodiment herein, the analysing unit 110 is configured to enable an examiner to investigate the effects of the oxidant and the catalyst on the periodate dosage and pH value of the at least one degraded dye solution through plurality of graphical representations. The at least one dye solution is extracted from the wastewater of the various industries that causes substantial environmental risk when discharged into aquatic ecosystems. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater provides cost-effectiveness and wide applicability. After repeated experimentation the inventor found that the optimum conditions for the degradation of dyes. The optimum conditions of the Indigo carmine include 1×10-4M of periodate; 1.6×10-4M of Fe (III) for 4×10-5M Indigo carmine. The optimum conditions of the Congo red include 1×10-4M of periodate; 2×10-4M of Fe(III) ; 1×10-5M of Congo red.

[0032] According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 2 refers to a flow diagram of oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater. At step 202, the indigo carmine dye solution of 25 mL is filled in one of the cylindrical reactor 102. The congo red dye solution of 25 mL is filled in another cylindrical reactor 102 to conduct parallel experiments. At step 204, the examiner adding the oxidant 104 in the each cylindrical reactor 102. The oxidant 104 is periodate. At step 206, the examiner adding the catalyst 106 in the each cylindrical reactor 102. The catalyst 106 is Ferric perchlorate. At step 208, the mechanical stirrer 108 is activated upon adding periodate and Ferric perchlorate to the solution. The periodate and Ferric perchlorate are connected with the polltants for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater.

[0033] According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIGs. 3A-3B refer to graphical representations (300, 302) of spectrum of Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions at different time intervals. The graphical representation 300 of spectrum of Indigo Carmine dye soltuion at different time intervals at Fe (III)] = 1.6×10-4 M, [periodate] = 1×10-4M and [IC] = 4×10-5 M as shown in FIG. 3A. The FIG. 3A shows a typical evolution of the UV–visible spectra of Indigo carmine, which were scanned in the range of 300–800 nm during its degradation in the presence of the ferric perchlorate catalyst. The colour degradation was ineffective when Ferric perchlorate or periodate is applied alone. The results showed that the dye conversion rate increased to 420 times at the periodate concentration of 1×10-4M, the ferric perchlorate concentration of 1.6×10-4M , and an initial pH value of 7.0 at 298 K. This study showed that dye could be decolorized and degraded by periodate in the presence of ferric perchlorate at room temperature within 50 seconds.

[0034] In another embodiment herein, the graphical representation 302 of spectrum of Congo red dye solution at different time intervals at [Fe (III)] = 2×10-4 M, [periodate] =1×10-4 M, [CR] =1×10-5M as shown in FIG 3B. The FIG. 3B shows typical evolution of the UV–Visible spectra of Congo red, which were scanned in the range of 300–800 nm during its degradation in the presence of the Ferric perchlorate catalyst. The UV–visible spectra were characterized by one main band in the visible region located at 484 nm. The intensity of these absorption bands gradually decreased with the degradation time and tends to disappear after 10 minutes of reaction. Here the dye conversion rate is increased by nearly 360 times. This indicates that Congo red can be successfully degraded through the Ferric perchlorate or periodate process. During the periodate oxidation process, Ferric perchlorate promoted the decomposition of aqueous periodates.

[0035] According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 4 refers to a graphical representation of degradation kinetics of Indigo carmine dye solution at different concentration of periodate. The degradation kinetics of dye - periodate oxidation in the presence of ferric perchlorate catalyst obeys pseudo-first-order kinetics as shown in FIG. 2. The FIG. 2 shows a linear plot of 2+log (abs) versus reaction time.

[0036] According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIGs. 5A-5B refers to graphical representations (500, 502) of effect pH on Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions. The graphical representations 500 of effect pH on the Indigo Carmine dye solution at [Fe (III)] =1×10-4 M, [periodate] =1×10-4 M & [IC] =4×10-5 M. The graphical representations 502 of effect pH on the Congo red dye solution at Fe (III) = 2×10-4M, [periodate] =0.5×10-4M and [CR] =1×10-5M. The FIGs 5A-5B shows the effect of pH on dye degradation. It was observed that rate of dye degradation is almost same in the pH range 4 to 7 and thereafter decreases. The most probable explanation for a decrease in the degradation rate of dye when pH above 8.0 lies in the formation of ferric perchlorate precipitate. The difference in color removal by pH suggests that the reaction rate of dye in periodate catalytic oxidation system is independent of the pH value. In addition, acidic conditions are conductive due to the dissolution of ferric perchlorate.

[0037] According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIGs. 6A-6B refers to the graphical representations (600, 602) of effect of Ferric cation Fe (III) on Indigo Carmine and Congo red dye solutions. The graphical representations 600 represents the effect of Ferric cation Fe (III) on the Indigo Carmine dye solution at [periodate] =1×10-4M & [IC] =4×10-5 M. The graphical representations 602 of the effect of Ferric cation Fe (III) on the Congo red dye solution at [periodate] =1×10-4 M & [IC] =1×10-5 M.

[0038] The FIGs 6A-6B shows the results of the effect of ferric perchlorate on the efficiency of indigo carmine and Congo red removal through the ferric perchlorate or periodate process as a function of time. In general, the degradation of Indigo carmine increased sharply with an increase of ferric perchlorate addition from 1.6×10-4M to 2×10-4M. The ferric perchlorate plays the role of the catalyst in the degradation of IC. At the ferric perchlorate dosage of 1.6×10-4M, the maximum conversion rate of 100% was obtained. This can be due to the fact that there is sufficient quantity of Fe (III), which serves as the electron acceptor.

[0039] According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 7 refers to a flowchart 700 of a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater. At step 702, at least 25 mL of at least one dye solution is filled within the one or more cylindrical reactors 102. At step 704, the oxidant 104 is added into the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor 102 respectively. The oxidant 104 is sodium periodate. At step 706, the catalyst 106 is added into the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor 102 respectively. The catalyst is ferric perchlorate. At one step, at least one mechanical stirrer of the each cylindrical reactor is activated for uniformly mixing the oxidant and the catalyst with the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor to maintain a homogeneous suspension. At step 708, the oxidant 104 and the catalyst 106 are contacted with organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor 102, thereby degrading the organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor 102. At step 710, the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor 102 is measured through the analyzing unit 110 for enabling an examiner to observe the optimum conditions with high-efficiency degradation of the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor 102.

[0040] In one embodiment, the at least one dye solution includes indigo carmine dye solution, congo red dye solution and alizarin dye solution. The each cylindrical reactor 102 having a capacity of 100 mL. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater is performed at a room temperature of 298 K. The analysing unit 110 includes a Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer. The Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer is configured to measure the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution at a wavelength of 484 nm.

[0041] Numerous advantages of the present disclosure may be apparent from the discussion above. In accordance with the present disclosure a method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst is disclosed. The proposed invention provides a method that provides oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater using ferric perchlorate as catalyst. The method that enhances the efficiency of the degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater. The method that utilizes ferric perchlorate, a water-soluble homogeneous catalyst to achieve high-efficient degradation and removal of sulphonic acid from the wastewater.

[0042] The proposed invention provides the method that improves the oxidation process but also simplifies the overall operational degradation process. The method that offers cost-effectiveness and wide applicability. The method that enhances the degradation of sulphonic dyes with periodate in presence of Ferric perchlorate is above 300 times much faster with high efficiency.

[0043] It will readily be apparent that numerous modifications and alterations can be made to the processes described in the foregoing examples without departing from the principles underlying the invention, and all such modifications and alterations are intended to be embraced by this application.
, Claims:CLAIMS:
I/We Claim:
1. A method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater, comprising:
filling at least 25 ml of at least one dye solution within one or more cylindrical reactors (102) for analyzing degradation of the at least one dye solution of each cylindrical reactor (102) simultaneously;
adding an oxidant (104) to the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor (102), respectively, wherein the oxidant is sodium periodate;
adding a catalyst (106) to the at least one dye solution within the each cylindrical reactor (102), respectively, wherein the catalyst (106) is ferric perchlorate;
activating at least one mechanical stirrer (108) of the each cylindrical reactor (102) for uniformly mixing the oxidant (104) and the catalyst (106) with the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor (102) to maintain a homogeneous suspension;
contacting the oxidant (104) and the catalyst (106) with organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor (102), thereby degrading the organic pollutants in the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor (102); and
measuring the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor (102) through an analyzing unit (110) for enabling an examiner to observe the optimum conditions with high-efficiency degradation of the at least one dye solution of the each cylindrical reactor (102).
2. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one dye solution includes indigo carmine dye solution, congo red dye solution and alizarin dye solution.
3. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the each cylindrical reactor (102) having a capacity of 100 ml.
4. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater is performed at a room temperature.
5. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the analysing unit (110) includes a Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer, wherein the Shimadzu double-beam spectrophotometer is configured to measure the concentration of the at least one degraded dye solution at a wavelength of 484 nm.
6. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the analysing unit (110) is configured to enable an examiner to investigate the effects of the oxidant (104) and the catalyst (106) on the periodate dosage and pH value of the at least one degraded dye solution through plurality of graphical representations.
7. The method for oxidative degradation of sulphonic acid dyes from wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one dye solution is extracted from the wastewater of industries that causes substantial environmental risk when discharged into aquatic ecosystems.