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Method Of Making Confined Nanocatalysts Within Mesoporous Materials And Uses Thereof

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods of making confined nanocatalysts within mesoporous materials (MPMs). The methods utilize solid state growth of nanocrystalline metal organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by controlled transformation to generate nanocatalysts in situ within the mesoporous material. The disclosure also provides applications of the nanocatalysts to a wide variety of fields including, but not limited to, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, synthetic liquid fuel preparation, and nitrogen fixation.

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Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
29 September 2020
Publication Number
04/2021
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
CHEMICAL
Status
Email
kankrishmefer@gmail.com
Parent Application
Patent Number
Legal Status
Grant Date
2023-09-01
Renewal Date

Applicants

RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Inventors

1. LUZ MINGUEZ, Ignacio
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
2. SOUKRI, Mustapha
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
3. LAIL, Marty
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
4. CARPENTER, John R.
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
5. PARVATHIKAR, Sameer
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
6. CARPENTER, Michael
c/o Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Specification

METHOD OF MAKING CONFINED NANOCATALYSTS WITHIN MESOPOROUS MATERIALS AND USES THEREOF STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0001] This invention was made with government support under DE-AR0000811 awarded by the Department of Energy and DE-FE0026432 awarded by the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention. Cross Reference to Related Applications [0002] This application is related to and claims priority to US Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 647,949, filed on March 26, 2018, entitled “METHOD OF MAKING CONFINED NANOCATALYSTS WITHIN MESOPOROUS MATERIALS AND USES THEREOF,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 1. FIELD [0003] The present disclosure provides methods of making confined nanocatalysts within mesoporous materials (MPMs). The methods utilize solid state growth of nanocrystalline metal organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by controlled transformation to generate nanocatalysts in situ within the mesoporous material. The disclosure also provides applications of the nanocatalysts to a wide variety of fields including, but not limited to, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, synthetic liquid fuel preparation, and nitrogen fixation. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1. Introduction [0004] The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. [0005] Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used as versatile precursors for the preparation of catalytically active materials upon applying certain conditions, such as controlled pyrolysis under nitrogen, calcination under oxygen or reduction under hydrogen -. Lee, KJ; Lee, JH; Jeoung, S .; Moon, HR: Transformation of Metal-Organic Frameworks/Coordination Polymers into Functional Nanostructured Materials: Experimental Approaches Based on Mechanistic Insights, Accounts of Chemical Research 2017, 50, 2684-2692. The versatility of MOFs as precursors is mainly due to their unique and highly tunable features, such as well-defined metal sites spaced by organic struts displayed along a crystalline structure with permanent porosity, which can play two simultaneous roles acting as template and precursor. Upon transformation, MOFs can lead to well defined nanostructured catalytically active species, which are monodispersed within hierarchical scaffolds, depending on the conversion conditions, i.e., microporous metal oxide under oxidant conditions or microporous carbonaceous matrix under inert conditions. The resulting nanostructured catalysts can be composed by metals, metal oxides, heteroatom-doped carbon and combinations thereof (Wei, J.; Ge, Q.; Yao, R.; Wen, Z.; Fang, C.; Guo, L.; Xu, H.; Sun, J.: Directly converting C02 into a gasoline fuel Nat. Common 2017, 8, 15174 doi: l0. l038 / ncommsl5l74). [0006] The use of nano-sized MOF domains (5-50 nm) as precursor instead of bulkier particles can offer some advantages from the catalytic point of view after transformation, as they can lead to the isolation of a reduced number of metallic or metal oxide atoms, and even forming sub nanometric crystalline domains or denominated clusters (Liu, LC; Diaz, U .; Arenal, R .; Agostini, G .; Concepcion, P .; Corma, A .: Generation of subnanometric platinum with high stability during transformation of a 2D zeolite into 3D. Nature Materials 2017, 16, 132-138). However, the use of free-standing MOF nanocrystals as precursors is problematic due to their poor stability under high temperatures that may promote their fusion into larger aggregates under the required transformation conditions, thereby leading to the same scenario than starting from bulkier MOF precursors. Therefore, novel synthetic routes are highly demanded to avoid MOF nanocrystalline precursors from sintering during high temperature treatments, thus paving the way to the development of new generation of MOF-derived nanocatalysts. [0007] A general method for selective confinement of MOF nanocrystals within mesoporous materials (MPMs) via 'solid-state' synthesis was recently reported. This versatile approach provides high level of design over the resulting hybrid material formulation and nanoarchitecture, such as composition, loading and dispersion of the MOF guest as well as composition, pore size distribution and particle size of the mesoporous material host. MOF crystalline domains are always restricted to the dimensions delimited by the hosting cavity of the mesoporous material. In the same way, their superior performance as heterogeneous catalysts for synthesis of testosterone derivatives was recently demonstrated (Cirujano, FG; Luz, L; Soukri, M .; Van Goethem, C .; Vankelecom, IFJ; Lail, M .; De Vos , FROM: Boosting the Catalytic Performance of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Steroid Transformations by Confinement within a Mesoporous Scaffold. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56, 13302-13306). In addition, C02 capture capacity as fluidized hybrid sorbents for post-combustion flue gas of these hybrid MOF / MPM materials compared to the'state-of-the-art ', as well as other applications. See PCT Patent Appn. PCT / US2017 / 046231, Research Triangle Institute. [0008] Recently, Li et al. disclosed the direct conversion of single MOF nanocrystals supported on the external surface of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) into single metal or metal oxide nanocrystals by heating in air or heating under a reductive atmosphere, respectively (Li, P .; Zeng, HC: Immobilization of Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals for Advanced Design of Supported Nanocatalysts. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 29551-29564). The authors note the benefits dispersing and stabilizing effects of the LDH support for obtaining well-dispersed single metal or metal oxide nanocrystals. Li et al. approach does not show nanocatalysts, mesoporous materials as supports or bimetallic MOFs. On page 29552, Li et al. acknowledge that “nanoscale MOFs are unstable and prone to agglomeration and / or deterioration.” In addition, 3. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE [0009] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a confined metallic nanocatalyst within a mesoporous material (MPM) which included: (a) impregnating at least one or more organic compound, comprising one or more multidentate ligand (s) [A X ( L X )] capable of forming coordination bonds with at least one metal ion, on the mesoporous material to form a first intermediate [(A X (L X ) / MPM)]; (b) exposing the first intermediate [(A X (L X ) / MPM)] to an acid in gas phase to form a second intermediate [(H X (L X ) / MPM)]; (c) adding to the second intermediate [(H X (L X) / MPM)] a solvent solution of one or more metal ions (Mi + y , M 2 + y , M 3 + y ) so as to form coordination bonds with the one or more multidentate ligand (s) forming a metal organic framework (MOF) precursor confined within a mesoporous material [MOF / MPM], and (d) treating the precursor of step (c) [MOF / MPM] under controlled transformation conditions so as to form the metallic nanocatalyst confined within the mesoporous material. [0010] In the method above, step (d) further may comprise step (d) (1) comprising contacting the precursor of step (c) [MOF / MPM] with one or more organic compounds (Z) to make a second multidentate ligand capable of forming coordination bonds [Z / MOF / MPM]; and step (d) (2) adding a solvent solution of one or more additional metal ion to form a modified MOF precursor with additional metals confined within the mesoporous material [MOF / MPM]. [0011] In the method above, the chelating ligand (Z) in step (d) (1) included a metal binding site for complexing a second metal ion. [0012] In some embodiments, the controlled transformation conditions cause greater than 90% of the carbon in the MOF to be released from the MOF / MPM. In some cases, nearly 100% of the carbon may be released, eg, greater than 95%, greater than 97%, greater than 99%. [0013] In other embodiments, the controlled transformation conditions lead to 50% ± 10% of the carbon in the MOF to be released from the MOF / MPM. Alternatively, 30% ± 10%, 40% ± 10%, 60% ± 10% or 70% ± 10% may be released. [0014] In some embodiments, the treating under controlled transformation conditions is pyrolysis at a temperature of about 300 ° C to about 1000 ° C in an inert gas atmosphere. More specifically, the inert atmosphere pyrolysis may be at 350 ° C ± 50 ° C, 400 ° C ± 50 ° C, 450 ° C ± 50 ° C, 500 ° C ± 50 ° C, 550 ° C ± 50 ° C, 600 ° C ± 50 ° C, 650 ° C ± 50 ° C, 700 ° C ± 50 ° C, 750 ° C ± 50 ° C, 800 ° C ± 50 ° C, 850 ° C ± 50 ° C, 900 ° C ± 50 ° C, or 950 ° C ± 50 ° C. [0015] In other embodiments, the treating under controlled transformation conditions is calcination at a temperature of about 300 ° C to about 600 ° C in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas. More specifically, the calcination may be at 350 ° C ± 50 ° C, 400 ° C ± 50 ° C, 450 ° C ± 50 ° C, 500 ° C ± 50 ° C, or 550 ° C ± 50 ° C. The calcination atmosphere may be air. Alternatively, the calcination atmosphere may be enriched with oxygen or air depleted in oxygen but still containing a sufficient concentration of oxygen to react with the carbon in the MOF / MPM. In still other embodiments, the treating under controlled transformation conditions is treatment in a reductive atmosphere, such as reduction with hydrogen at a temperature of about 25 ° C to about 300 ° C. More specifically, the calcination may be at 50 ° C ± 25 ° C, 75 ° C ± 25 ° C, 100 ° C ± 25 ° C, 125 ° C ± 25 ° C, 150 ° C ± 25 ° C, 175 ° C ± 25 ° C, 200 ° C ± 25 ° C, 225 ° C ± 25 ° C 250 ° C ± 50 ° C, or 275 ° C ± 25 ° C. The reductive atmosphere may be 100% hydrogen, 90 ± 5% hydrogen, 80 ± 5% hydrogen, 70 ± 5% hydrogen, 60 ± 5% hydrogen, 50 ± 5% hydrogen, 40 ± 5% hydrogen, 30 ± 5% hydrogen , 20 ± 5% hydrogen, or 10 ± 5% hydrogen. [0017] In some embodiments, the confined nanocatalyst is monometallic (Mi). [0018] In other embodiments, the confined nanocatalyst is bimetallic (M I + M 2 ). [0019] In still other embodiments, the confined nanocatalyst has 3 or more metals. [0020] In one embodiment, the confined nanocatalyst within the mesoporous material has a diameter of less than 10 nm. In other embodiments, the nanocatalyst has a diameter of about 2 to about 4 nm, about 3 to about 5 nm, about 4 to about 6 nm, about 5 to about 7 nm, about 6 to about 8 nm, about 7 to about 9 nm, or about 8 to about 10 nm. [0021] In one embodiment, the mesoporous material is a mesoporous metal oxide, a mesoporous silica, a mesoporous carbon, a mesoporous polymer, a mesoporous silicoalumina (zeolite), a mesoporous organosilica, or a mesoporous aluminophosphate. The mesoporous metal oxide may be aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, or magnesium oxide. [0022] In one embodiment, the mesoporous material has a surface area of ​​about 100 m 2 / g to about 1000 m 2 / g. [0023] In one embodiment, the metal ions (Mi + y , M 2 + y , M 3 + y ) are selected from the group consisting of Al, Au, Ce, Co, Fe, Ir, Mo, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ti, V and Zr or combinations thereof. Specific reactions and metal catalyst combinations are as follows: [0024] Alkene ammoxidation reactions (Bi-Mo, V-Mo, V-Sb, Fe-Sb, Cr-Sb, Cr-Nb, Fe-Nb), James F. Brazdil Catalysts 2018, 8 (3), 103; doi: 10.3390 / eatal8030103. [0025] Alkene epoxidation (Mn-Fe), Vincent Escande, Eddy Petit, Laetitia Garoux, Clotilde Boulanger, and Claude Grison ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2015, 3 (11), pp 2704-2715. [0026] Ammonia synthesis (Co-Mo, Fe-Mo), Yuki Tsuji, Masaaki Kitano, Kazuhisa Kishida, Masato Sasase, Toshiharu Yokoyama, Michikazu Hara and Hideo Hosono Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 14369-14372. [0027] Carboxylation reactions (Ni-Zn), Qiang Liu, Lipeng Wu, Ralf Jackstell & Matthias Beller Nature Communications, 2015, 6, 5933. CO2 methanation reactions (Zr-Ce, Ni-Ce, N-Ti), F Ocampo F, B Louis, A Kiennemann, AC Roger IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 19 (2011) 012007. [0029] Direct methanol synthesis from methane (Fe-Mo, Ni-Mg, Co-Mo), Manoj Ravi, Marco Ranocchiari and Jeroen A. van Bokhovcn Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 16464. [0030] Dry-methane reforming (Ni-Mg, Ni-Al), Radoslaw D ^ bek, Maria Elena Galvez, Franck Launay, Monika Motak, Teresa Grzybek & Patrick Da Costa International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41, 11616- 11623. [0031] Electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation (Ru-Zr, Pt-Ir, Pt-Pd) Denver Cheddie “Ammonia as a Hydrogen Source for Fuel Cells: A Review” Chapter 13 from a book edited by Dragica Minic called “Hydrogen Energy - Challenges and Outlook ". [0032] Catalytic converters for internal combustion engines, (Pt-Rh, Ce-Pt-Rh) Farrauto and Heck, Catalytic converters: state of the art and perspectives, Catalysis Today, 1999, 51 (3-4), 351-360 . [0033] In one embodiment, the multidentate ligand for the MOF is selected from the group consisting of, terephthalate, benzene-l, 3,5-tricarboxylate, 2,5-dioxibenzene dicarboxylate, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate, imidazolate , pyrimidine-azolate, triazolate, tetrazolate, derivatives or thereof combinations. [0034] In some embodiments, the MOF may be HKUST-l, M 2 (dobpdc), MIF-100, MIF-101, MIF-53, MOF-74, NU-1000, PCN-222, PCN-224, UiO -66, UiO-67, ZIF-8, ZIFs, or derivatives thereof. [0035] In one embodiment, wherein the mesoporous material is selected from the group consisting of, MCM-41, SBA-15, or commercially available silica. [0036] In one embodiment, the organic free functional groups at the ligand of the MOF are selected from amino, bipyridine, chloride, hydroxyl, porphyrin, ester, amide, ketone, acid, hydrazine, or oxime. [0037] In one embodiment, the chelating ligand (Z) is selected from salicyl aldehyde, ethyl chloro-oxoacetate, pyridine aldehyde, hydroxymethylphosphine, pyrrole aldehyde, ethylenediamine, picolinate, dimethylglyoximate, 2,2 ', 2 ”-terpyridine, 1 , 4,7,10-triethylenetetramine, 1,4,8, l l-triethylenetetramine, phenanthroline and bisdiphenylphospinoethane or phosphine aldehyde. [0039] In some embodiments, the nanocatalyst confined within mesoporous material is further reacted with additional organometallic metal complexes or metal salts with polymers, organometallic ligand precursors, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, phosphorous-containing organic compounds, sulfur-containing organic compounds, boron -containing organic compounds, halide salts, organic halides, or metal atoms added via atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition. [0039] The disclosure also provides a catalyst made by the methods described above. [0040] The catalyst may further include an added metal promotor. [0041] The disclosure also provides uses. The catalysts described above may be used to catalyze alkene ammoxidation reactions, alkene epoxidation, ammonia synthesis, carboxylation reactions, C0 2 methanation reactions, conversion of C0 2 to fuel, direct methanol synthesis from methane, dry-methane reforming, electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation, electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactions, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydro- / dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers, hydrotreating and hydroprocessing esterification reactions, methanol synthesis from syngas, reverse water-gas shift reactions, or water-gas shift reactions. 4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0042] FIG. 1. Scheme describing a general approach of single-nanocry stal-to- single nanocatalyst conversion of MOF nanocrystals into bimetallic oxide nanocatalysts. TEM images (a) SBA-15 and (b) (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5. STEM images for (c) PdCl-SI- (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5 and (d) Pd N c / SI- (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5. [0043] FIG. 2. A scheme showing a two-step post-synthesis modification (PSM) for transition metal complex incorporation on MOF nanocrystals and subsequently controlled transformation treatment for preparing bimetallic nanocatalysts. This controlled transformation treatment scheme is valid for monometallic MOF nanocrystals containing only one metal oxide at the SBU. Low MOF loading (below 15 wt%) has been found to be a determinant for obtaining sufficient initial spacing between MOF nanocrystals. Higher MOF loadings (20-40 wt.%) Lead to shorter distances between crystallites, and thereby, higher tendency to form aggregates during the transformation treatment. [0044] FIG. 3. Typical characterization routine for bimetallic [M 2 -Z- (MI) MOF / MPM] precursor materials: FTIR, XRD, surface area and pore distribution. [0045] FIG. 4a. STEM images and EDS for carbon-free PdZr0 2 nanocatalysts confined within SBA-15 prepared from Pd-ST (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5 treated via pyrolysis under nitrogen at 650 ° C. [0046] FIG. 4b. STEM images and EDS for PdZr0 2 nanocatalysts confined within SBA-15 prepared from Pd-SI- (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5 treated via calcination under oxygen at 500 ° C. [0047] FIG. 4c. STEM images and EDS for Pd N c / (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) nanocatalysts confined within SBA-15 prepared from Pd-SI- (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5 treated via reduction under hydrogen at 200 ° C. [0048] FIG. 5. (left) TGA profiles for sample PdCl-ST (Zr) UiO-66 (NH 2 ) / SBA-l5 under nitrogen and air. (right) FTIR spectra of consecutive steps for the preparation of PdZr0 2 / SBA-l5 sample via pyrolysis under nitrogen at 900 C, as shown in Fig. 1. [0049] FIG. 6. Application example, results for hydro - / dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers in solid state. [0050] FIG. 7. Application example of some results for C0 2 to fuels reaction catalyzed by Fe 3 0 4 / Si0 2 and FeC / Si0 2 catalysts at varying loadings prepared from (Fe) MIL-l00 / SiO 2 compared to Clariant commercial catalysts. [0051] FIG. 8. Application example of different C0 2 to fuels reaction catalyzed by FeC / Si0 2 at various ratio of H 2 / C0 2 . 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE [0052] This disclosure provides a novel strategy to prepare nano-sized catalyst via controlled transformation of MOF nanocrystals. These catalysts may be optionally decorated with additional organometallic metal complexes or metal salts previously or afterwards confined within mesoporous materials and or optionally decorated with polymers, organometallic ligand precursors, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, phosphorous-containing organic compounds, sulfur-containing organic compounds, boron-containing organic compounds, halide salts, organic halides, metal atoms added via atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition or other compounds previously or afterwards confined within mesoporous materials. This general method preserves the dispersion, nano-sized dimension, thereof) with high precision by using proper selection of the hybrid precursors, (ie, organometallic metal complex, metal salt, polymer, organometallic ligand precursor, nitrogen-containing organic, phosphorous-containing organic, sulfur-containing organic, boron-containing organic, halide salts, organic halides, MOF and mesoporous scaffold). [0053] In preferred embodiments, the transformation treatment can be done at three different conditions: pyrolysis, calcination or reduction. Additional properties are conferred by confining the resulting supported nanocatalysts in the mesoporous scaffold, such as enhanced diffusion, improved chemical stability, excellent attrition resistance as well as feasible handling, as recently reported for the hybrid MOF/MPMs materials (Luz, I.; Soukri, M.; Lail, M.: Confining Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals within Mesoporous Materials: A General Approach via“Solid-State” Synthesis. Chemistry of Materials 2017 29 9628-9638). [0054] MOFs have been widely used as versatile precursors for preparation of catalytically active materials upon applying certain conditions, such as controlled pyrolysis under nitrogen or other inert gas, calcination under oxygen or reduction under hydrogen or other reducing gas. The resulting solid catalysts can be composed of metals, metal oxides, nitrogen-doped carbon, phosphorous-doped carbon, sulfur-doped carbon, boron-doped carbon, halide-doped carbon, and combinations thereof (Wei et al. 2017). The use of nano-sized MOF domains (5-50 nm diameter) as precursor instead of bulkier particles can offer some advantages from the catalytic point of view, as they can lead to the isolation of a reduced number of metallic atoms in a single crystal, or cluster (Liu, L. C.; Diaz, U.; Arenal, R.; Agostini, G.; Concepcion, P.; Corma, A.: Generation of subnanometric platinum with high stability during transformation of a 2D zeolite into 3D. Nature Materials 2017, 16, 132-138), upon one of the treatments mentioned above. However, the use of free-standing bulk MOF nanocrystals as precursors is problematic due to the large amount of inaccessible metal sites concentrated deep in sub-surface regions of the resulting material and their poor stability under high temperatures that gives rise their fusion into larger aggregates upon applying those required transformation treatments. Therefore, novel synthetic routes are highly demanded to confine the concentration of nanocatalysts derived from MOF to the catalyst surface and to avoid MOF nanocrystals from sintering during high temperature treatments, thus paving the way to the development of new generation of MOF-derived nanocatalysts. [0055] Our group recently reported a novel method for selectively supporting MOF nanocrystals within mesoporous materials via'solid-state 'crystallization. This versatile approach provides a high level of design over the resulting hybrid material formulation and nanoarchitecture, such as composition, loading and dispersion of the MOF guest as well as composition, pore size distribution and particle size of the mesoporous material host. MOF nanocrystal size is always restricted to the dimensions delimited by the hosting cavity of the mesoporous material. In the same way, we have recently demonstrated the superior catalytic activity as heterogeneous catalysts for synthesis of testosterone derivatives (Cirujano et al. 2017) In addition, these materials have C0 2capture capacity as fluidized hybrid sorbents for post-combustion flue gas of hybrid MOF / MPM materials compared to the'state-of-the-art ', as well as other applications, such as chromatography. See PCT Patent Appn. PCT / US2017 / 046231, Research Triangle Institute. [0056] Herein, we demonstrate that those supported and well-dispersed MOF nanocrystals can be used as optimal precursor for preparing either nanosized mono-, bi-, or multimetallic metal oxides through a single-nanocrystal-to-single-nanocatalyst transformation, which can be done upon 1) pyrolysis under nitrogen or other inert gas (from 500 to 1000 ° C), 2) calcination in the presence of oxygen (400-800 ° C) or 3) chemical reduction under hydrogen or other suitable reducing gas ( from room temperature to 300 ° C). This approach preserves the initial 3D distribution of the MOF precursors on the resulting nanocatalysts along the surface area of ​​the mesoporous material, thus avoiding the tendency of nanocrystals to fuse into larger crystallites (Prieto, G .; Zecevic, J .; Friedrich, H. ; de Jong, KP; de Jongh, PE: Towards stable catalysts by controlling collective properties of supported metal nanoparticles. Nature Materials 2013, 12, 34-39), which is one of the major causes of deactivation for supported catalysts. Therefore, more stable and highly active subnanometric catalysts (

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1 202017042289-TRANSLATIOIN OF PRIOIRTY DOCUMENTS ETC. [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
2 202017042289-STATEMENT OF UNDERTAKING (FORM 3) [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
3 202017042289-PROOF OF RIGHT [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
4 202017042289-PRIORITY DOCUMENTS [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
5 202017042289-FORM 1 [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
6 202017042289-DRAWINGS [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
7 202017042289-DECLARATION OF INVENTORSHIP (FORM 5) [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
8 202017042289-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [29-09-2020(online)].pdf 2020-09-29
9 202017042289-FORM-26 [06-10-2020(online)].pdf 2020-10-06
10 202017042289-FORM 3 [11-02-2021(online)].pdf 2021-02-11
11 202017042289-MARKED COPIES OF AMENDEMENTS [29-04-2021(online)].pdf 2021-04-29
12 202017042289-FORM 13 [29-04-2021(online)].pdf 2021-04-29
13 202017042289-AMMENDED DOCUMENTS [29-04-2021(online)].pdf 2021-04-29
14 202017042289-FORM 3 [19-08-2021(online)].pdf 2021-08-19
15 202017042289.pdf 2021-10-19
16 202017042289-FORM 18 [17-02-2022(online)].pdf 2022-02-17
17 202017042289-FORM 3 [28-02-2022(online)].pdf 2022-02-28
18 202017042289-FORM 3 [25-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-25
19 202017042289-FORM 3 [23-02-2023(online)].pdf 2023-02-23
20 202017042289-FORM 3 [01-03-2023(online)].pdf 2023-03-01
21 202017042289-FER.pdf 2023-05-23
22 202017042289-OTHERS [28-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-28
23 202017042289-FER_SER_REPLY [28-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-28
24 202017042289-CLAIMS [28-07-2023(online)].pdf 2023-07-28
25 202017042289-FORM 3 [16-08-2023(online)].pdf 2023-08-16
26 202017042289-PatentCertificate01-09-2023.pdf 2023-09-01
27 202017042289-IntimationOfGrant01-09-2023.pdf 2023-09-01

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