Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing railway vehicle,
and a measurement apparatus and measurement method used for manufacturing the
same.
Description of the Related Art
A railway vehicle is a large structure with a width and height of approximately
3000 mm (3 m) and a length of approximately 20000 mm (20 m) composed of a
bogie and a car body mounted on the bogie. In the car body of the railway vehicle,
a portion bearing a strength of the car body, excluding seats and other interior
equipment, lighting and control equipment, is referred to as a "body structure". A
manufacturing step of a car body of a railway vehicle is roughly classified into a can
manufacturing step of welding metal materials such as aluminum and stainless steel
to form the body structure, and an outfitting step of attaching various components
such as interior parts and electrical components to the body structure.
During the outfitting step, deformation caused by the weight of equipments and
the like occur, but such deformation is very small, so that the dimension at the time
the body structure is completed determines the dimension of the completed railway
vehicle. Further, since attaching of components is performed during the outfitting
step, the dimension at the time of completion of the body structure must be
measured accurately.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H08-314997 (Patent
Literature 1) discloses a background art of the present field of art.
The publication discloses "a coordinate measuring system for multidimensional
shape that measures and estimates coordinate values of predetermined positions of
a measuring target having a multidimensional shape, the system including a CAD
data input part inputting a CAD data created in advance, a CAD graphic display part
displaying the entered CAD data, a measuring condition input part teaching and
inputting measuring conditions to the displayed CAD graphic, a measuring instruction
input part teaching and inputting the measuring instruction and a measuring
information which is information related to estimation, a measuring information
preparing part preparing the measuring instruction operating a coordinate measuring
machine in accordance with the taught measuring instruction and measuring
condition, a measuring machine instruction output part outputting data that can be
inputted to the measuring machine in accordance with the measuring instruction to
the measuring machine, a measured coordinate value input part inputting a
measured coordinate value measured by the measuring machine, an estimating part
estimating a dimension or shape of the measuring target in accordance with the
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inputted measured coordinate value and measuring information taught in advance,
an estimation result display part automatically relating the measuring information
taught in advance and the estimated result and displaying the same as numerical
value or graphic on a display, and an estimating result output part outputting the
estimated result to an external device using a predetermined format."
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Patent Literature 1 discloses a system of instructing measurement and
estimating dimension and shape using a coordinate measuring machine. However,
the coordinate measuring system of Patent Literature 1 neither discloses nor
suggests how a measurement spot is specified, or determining whether the
measurement spot is correct or not. Here, the specification of a measurement spot
refers to recognizing which part of the target object should be measured.
For example, in a portion where an automatic measuring machine is difficult to
install, such as inside a railway vehicle, a three-dimensional measuring machine may
be used where a worker (such as an operator) must specify the measurement spots
in order to estimate the dimension and shape of the measured target. In such case,
a long time may be required to specify the measurement spots, or that erroneous
measurement may be performed. Moreover, much time is required to extract the
dimension from the measurement coordinates. Even further, immediate
confirmation of the measurement results is required, in order to use the results for
correction.
The present invention includes a probe having a stylus with a ball that comes
into contact with a measurement spot attached at a tip, a three-dimensional
measuring machine measuring a coordinate of the ball of the probe, and a
processing unit having a data table, wherein the processing unit stores a data related
to a reference point provided on the railway vehicle in the data table, and performs
mapping of a three-dimensional measured coordinate and a three-dimensional
reference coordinate of each measurement, and performs dimension calculation of
the railway vehicle, based on a coordinate error between the three-dimensional
reference coordinate of the reference point and the three-dimensional measured
coordinate obtained by measuring the railway vehicle using the probe and the threedimensional
measuring machine.
According to the present invention, even in a case where an operator specifies
a measurement spot during dimension measurement of a railway vehicle using a
three-dimensional measuring machine when manufacturing a railway vehicle,
erroneous measurement can be suppressed, measurement time can be shortened,
and measurement results can be confirmed immediately.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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FIG. 1 is a view of one arrangement example when measuring an inner side of
a body structure using a measurement apparatus 1;
FIG. 2 is a view of a detailed structure of a probe 10;
FIG 3 is a view illustrating a relationship between a shape of a measurement
target 501 and a tip ball 104;
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating an example of configuration of a control unit 30;
FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example of configuration of a processing unit 40;
FIG. 6 is a view of items of respective data tables of a reference point
information 401, a measurement condition information 402 and a measurement point
information 405;
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating one example of an operation flow of measuring a
body structure of a vehicle using the measurement apparatus 1;
FIG. 8 is a view of a detailed flow of measurement operation according to
embodiment 1;
FIG. 9 is a view illustrating a state where the probe 10 is set in an accuracy
confirming jig 60;
FIG. 10 is a view illustrating an example of a state where the probe 10 is set in
a measuring machine position confirming jig 70;
FIG. 11 is an explanatory view of a coordinate transformation in a
measurement operation flow;
FIG. 12 is a view illustrating one example of an operation flow of coordinate
transformation in the measurement operation flow
FIG. 13 is a view illustrating an example of operation flow of a main
measurement in a detailed flow of measurement operation according to embodiment
1;
FIG. 14 is a view of one example of a categorization;
FIG. 15 is a view illustrating one example of measurement flow for each
category;
FIG. 16 is a view illustrating a specific example of permissible range of
measurement of a reference point 800;
FIG. 17 is a view of a specific example of dimension extraction processing;
FIG. 18 is a view of an example of a screen display of measurement data and
the like during measurement;
FIG. 19 is a view illustrating an example of a screen display when
measurement is completed and during correction;
FIG. 20 is a view illustrating an operation flow of a main measurement
according to embodiment 2; and
FIG. 21 is a view illustrating an example of a detailed flow of measurement
operation according to embodiment 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
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Now, a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and embodiments 1
and 2 as specific examples, will be described with reference to the drawings.
An example of a measurement apparatus and a measurement method
measuring a dimension of a body structure of a railway vehicle using a threedimensional
measuring machine will be described as an embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 1 is a view of one example of an arrangement when an inner side of a
body structure is measured using a measurement apparatus 1 according to the
present embodiment.
The measurement apparatus 1 includes, at least, a probe 10 configured to
contact a measurement spot, a three-dimensional measuring machine 20 measuring
a coordinate of a ball disposed at a tip of a stylus equipped in a probe, a control unit
30, and a processing unit 40.
The three-dimensional measuring machine 20 is fixed to an inner side of a
body structure 50 as measurement target, using a tripod, a fixing tool and so on.
The three-dimensional measuring machine 20 has a limited measurement range
determined in accordance with the distance from the main body. In general, the
area close to the main body of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 has a
higher measurement accuracy within the measurement range. The threedimensional
measuring machine 20 can be located at any position within the body
structure within the allowable measurement range. However, the measurement
accuracy can be improved by disposing the measuring machine 20 close to the
center of the body structure 50, since all measurement spots can be used as a range
close to the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 within the measurement range.
However, if it is not possible to measure all measurements spots by arranging
the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 at one location, it is necessary to either
move the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 or use multiple three-dimensional
measuring machines 20. In that case, the whole measurement range can be
measured by integrating the coordinate systems before and after movement of the
measuring machine or the plurality of three-dimensional measuring machines 20.
The accuracy confirming jig 60 and the measuring machine position confirming
jig 70 are arranged when performing measurement using the measurement
apparatus 1.
As for the dimension of the body structure 50, window openings on the sides,
door openings of entrances, width and height dimensions within a cross-sectional
plane perpendicular to a longitudinal direction, a longitudinal length of the body
structure and so on are measured.
In a present embodiment, a portion of the body structure 50 called a body
bolster to which a bogie of the body structure 50 is mounted is set as a reference
plane with respect to a coordinate system O of the body structure 50. In the
following description, a center point in a longitudinal direction and a width direction is
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referred to as an origin, a longitudinal direction is referred to as X, a width direction is
referred to as Y, and a height direction is referred to as Z within the reference plane.
FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a detailed structure of the probe 10.
The probe 10 includes a laser regular reflection unit 101 that reflects laser,
three or more LEDs 102 disposed so that the three-dimensional measuring machine
20 can recognize the orientation of the probe 10, a stylus 105 that can be attached to
and removed from an adaptor unit 103, a ball (hereinafter referred to as "tip ball") 104
attached to a tip of the stylus 105, a measurement button 106 determining a
recording timing, and a transmission means 107 transmitting signals from the
measurement button 106 to the control unit 30.
The three-dimensional measuring machine 20 measures a position (coordinate
within a space) of the laser regular reflection unit 101 of the probe 10 by a laser
attached to the three-dimensional measuring machine 20. During the measurement,
the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 acquires a positional relationship of the
LEDs 102 of the probe 10 using the attached camera, estimates the orientation of the
probe 10, and based thereon, records a center coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the
stylus 105.
Further, the position and orientation can be computed based on the
arrangement of the LEDs 102, without using the position measurement of the laser
regular reflection unit 101 using laser. Further, the measurement button 106 and
the transmission means 107 can be prepared separately without being integrated
with the probe 10.
The body structure 50 has a shaded portion that cannot be covered by the
three-dimensional measuring machine 20, such as behind poles surrounding doors.
Therefore, in order to reduce the number of movement of the three-dimensional
measuring machine 20, the stylus 105 should preferably be longer than the shaded
portion. On the other hand, if the stylus 105 becomes too long, the measurement
error of measured coordinates caused by measurement orientation error of the probe
10 in the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 will be increased, so that the
stylus 105 should preferably be short. Actually, when measuring the body structure
50, the length of the stylus 105 should preferably be approximately 100 to 1000 mm
(10 cm to 1 m).
A radius r of the tip ball 104 of the stylus 105 is determined by a shape of the
measurement target. FIG. 3 is a view illustrating an example of relationship
between the shape of a measurement target 501 and the tip ball 104. It is assumed
that the measurement target 501 has a radius R. If radius r of the tip ball 104 is
greater than radius R of the measurement target 501, the measurement target 501
and the tip ball 104 contact one another at two points, so that the position of the
target within the sheet surface is determined uniquely. On the other hand, if the
radius r of the tip ball 104 is smaller than the radius R of the measurement target 501,
the measurement target 501 and the tip ball 104 only contact each other at one point,
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so that the position of the target within the sheet surface will not be determined
uniquely, and erroneous measurement occurs.
However, if the radius r of the tip ball 104 is increased, for example, to a size
greater than dimension L illustrated in FIG. 3, an edge 502 of the measurement
target object and the tip ball 104 contact each other at one point and another point.
Therefore, erroneous measurement by the edge 502 occurs. Such erroneous
measurement is caused, for example, by deviation of measurement position due to
chamfered edges or the dimension L being shorter than a specified value.
If a distance CA between a center C of the tip ball 104 and a point A of the
measurement target 501 is long, the tilting of the measurement target 501, that is, the
influence of rotation of the target within the sheet surface to the center position C,
becomes great. Therefore, during evaluation of the coordinate errors in the lateral
and longitudinal directions of the sheet surface, the effect of the tilt can no longer be
ignored. Therefore, it is preferable that the radius r of the tip ball 104 is greater than
the radius R of the measurement target 501, and smaller than the dimension L of the
measurement target 501.
During internal measurement of the body structure 50, in order to measure a
portion with a two-point contact, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the radius r of the tip ball 104
should preferably be approximately 0.5 to 50 mm. In order to measure a position of
lines or points written through marking and the like to a target object, the radius r of
the tip ball 104 should preferably be equal to or smaller than 0.5 mm. As for the
measurement spot, it is preferable that the measurement target and the tip ball 104
of the stylus 105 contact each other at two points rather than one point, and more
preferably, at three points rather than two points.
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a configuration of the control unit 30.
The control unit 30 includes, at least, a processor, an input/output unit 303 and
a memory. The memory stores, at least, an apparatus control program 301 and a
coordinate calculation program 302 calculating a center coordinate of the tip ball 104
of the probe 10, together with a three-dimensional measuring machine calibration
information 304 and a probe calibration information 305.
The coordinate calculation program 302 acquires a measurement value of the
center coordinate of the laser regular reflection unit 101 and a measurement value of
arrangement position of the plurality of LEDs 102 via the input/output unit 303, and
based on the acquired data, the three-dimensional measuring machine calibration
information 304 and the probe calibration information 305, computes the center
coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10.
When the control unit 30 receives a signal output by pushing the measurement
button 106 of the probe 10 via the input/output unit 303, it calculates the center
coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10 via the coordinate calculation program
302, and records the coordinate. As for recording of data, 300 points are acquired
at a rate of 1000 times per second, for example. At this time, if a standard deviation
of variation of the center position being acquired is equal to or greater than 0.25 mm,
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for example, it is possible to provide a filtering function to not have the measurement
result recorded. This filtering function prevents acquisition of measurement data
that includes errors caused by the vibration of the body structure 50 or the threedimensional
measuring machine 20, or by the tip of the probe 10 not being in contact
with the body structure 50 and the center coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe
10 being instable.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory view of a configuration of the processing unit 40.
The processing unit 40 includes, at least, a processor, an input/output unit 404,
a memory and a storage area. The memory includes, at least, a reference point
information 401 including coordinate information of all portions being measured, a
measurement condition information 402 including the number of all measurement
points and number of measurement categories, a measurement point information
405 related to measurement points, a marking point information 406 related to
marking, and a plurality of programs 403 for operating the measurement apparatus 1.
Programs being stored include, for example, a coordinate transformation program, a
measurement program, a measurement accuracy confirmation program, a measuring
machine position confirmation program, a measuring machine position registration
program and a marking position indication program. These programs are executed
by the processor according to the contents of processing.
The processing unit 40 receives a measurement coordinate (center
coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10) through the input/output unit 404 from
the control unit 30, each time the measurement button 106 of the probe 10 is pushed.
The measurement coordinate functions to generate the measurement point
information 405 from the reference point information 401 and the measurement
condition information 402. Further, the marking point information 406 is transmitted
from the processing unit 40 via the input/output unit 404 to the control unit 30.
The control unit 30 and the processing unit 40 can adopt an integral
configuration, and further, it can be installed integrally in the three-dimensional
measuring machine 20. The input/output units 303 and 404 included in the control
unit 30 and the processing unit 40 can each be divided into an input unit and an
output unit. Further, a multiple number of apparatus can be used, the functions can
be switched, or the functions can be divided.
FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an example of the reference point information 401,
the measurement condition information 402 and the measurement point information
405 stored in the memory of the processing unit 40, data items of the various data
tables included in the respective information, and the connection (relationship) of the
various data tables.
The reference point information 401 is composed of a reference point table
401a, a stylus type table 401b and a processing/report table 401c. The reference
point table 401a is a table related to a reference point including a cell address and
the like indicating a position where the dimension of the report is entered, for
example. The stylus type table 401b is a table including the type, the length and the
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radius and the like of the stylus. The processing/report table 401c is a table
containing mathematical expression and pair symbols indicating the points forming
pairs among the reference points, a longitudinal position and width direction (sleeper
direction) position for specifying the measurement spot, and so on.
The measurement condition information 402 is composed of a measurement
condition table 402a and a vehicle table 402b. The measurement condition table
402a is a table including a vehicle information, a total number of measurement points,
measurer information, and so on. The vehicle table 402b is a table storing a vehicle
information, a body structure length, a center-to-center distance between body
bolsters, and so on.
The measurement point information 405 is composed of a measurement point
table 405a, a dimension extraction table 405b and a report table 405c. The
measurement point table 405a is a table including, for example, a measurement
coordinate of a measurement point corresponding to a reference point, a deviation
between the reference coordinate and the measurement coordinate, measured date
and time, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and cell address. The
dimension extraction table 405b is a table having the cell address as the key, and
including a dimension error at the time of extraction of dimension from the
measurement point table 405a. The report table 405c is a table having the cell
address as the key, and including measurement items, and items required in the
report extracted from the dimension extraction table 405b.
A reference point refers to a planned position of the measurement spot. A
reference coordinate is a center coordinate of the tip ball 104 in the coordinate
system O of the body structure 50 when a ball having the same radius as the tip ball
104 of the probe 10 comes into contact with the reference point in a threedimensional
CAD. It can also be obtained by having a circle contact the target in a
two-dimensional CAD. Furthermore, it can be obtained from design information,
without using a CAD.
Next, a measurement permissible range is a space surrounding the reference
coordinate. In the measurement apparatus 1 according to the present invention, a
measurement permissible range set based on the shape of the railway vehicle and
the like is stored as information in the reference point table 401a. If a measurement
within the permissible range is obtained, the measurement result is adopted by
determining that a correct position has been measured, and the measurement result
(measurement coordinate) is mapped with the reference coordinate. If a point
outside the permissible range is measured, it is determined that an erroneous
position has been measured, and the measurement result is not adopted.
Further, if multiple reference points interfere with one another by having the
measurement permissible range overlapped, or if the measurement permissible
range is not set, the distance between the reference coordinate and the
measurement coordinate is calculated, and mapping is performed with a close
reference coordinate.
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By mapping the measurement coordinate and the reference coordinate, the
dimension can be computed automatically and immediately through application of a
mathematical expression stored in advance in the processing/report table 401c.
Thus, the measurement result can be immediately confirmed by performing mapping
and dimension calculation automatically for each measurement.
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating one example of an operation flow of measuring a
body structure of a vehicle using the measurement apparatus 1, as a previous
process of manufacturing a railway vehicle.
An operator (hereinafter, a person related to measurement is collectively
referred to as "operator") determines a measurement spot based on design
information (step S20), and stores the reference point information 401, the
measurement condition information 402 and the marking point information 406 in the
processing unit 40 (that is, in the reference point table 401a, the measurement
condition table 402a and the marking point information 406) (step S30).
Next, the operator arranges the measurement apparatus 1 as illustrated in FIG.
1, and starts the apparatus (step S40).
Next, the operator performs measurement (step S50). The details of the
measurement operation (step) will be described later with reference to FIG. 8.
The operator determines whether all the measurement dimension errors are
within a tolerance or not, based on the output measurement result that has been
output (step S60). If the error of the measurement dimension exceeds the tolerance
(No), the operator corrects the shape of the body structure, for example, by heating
and cooling the body structure (step S70), and performs measurement again (step
S50). If the measurement dimension errors are all within a tolerance (Yes), the
operator ends the measurement, withdraws the measurement apparatus 1 (step S80),
and ends the process.
We will complement on the re-measurement performed through correction.
As will be described in detail later in the description of FIG. 15, in the measurement
of step S50, the operator can immediately confirm the output measurement result
including the result of the dimension calculation described earlier, and can
immediately determine whether all the errors of measurement dimension are within a
tolerance. Therefore, the correction of step S70 can be performed in midway of
executing the measurement of step S50, and the measurement of step S50 can be
performed again after correction is completed.
When transiting to a step of manufacturing a railway vehicle in succession to
an operation (measurement step) of measuring the body structure of the vehicle
illustrated in FIG. 7, it is necessary to determine the manufacture conditions of the
railway vehicle. At that time, whether to change the manufacturing conditions of the
railway vehicle in accordance with the output measurement result including the result
of dimension calculation described earlier is determined. If change is required
based on this determination, the manufacture conditions are changed, and during the
manufacturing step of the railway vehicle, the railway vehicle is manufactured based
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on the changed manufacture conditions. Thereby, an accurate measurement result
of the body structure obtained by the measurement step can be speedily reflected in
the manufacture condition of the railway vehicle.

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a detailed flow of measurement operation according
to a first embodiment, in a measurement operation of step S50 in the operation flow
of FIG. 7. As described below, the operator performs measurement operation
based on instructions from the processing unit 40 using the measurement apparatus
1.
Further, in the description of the operation flow illustrated below based on FIG.
8, the program described in the operation (processing) steps are the programs stored
in the memory 403 of the processing unit 40 illustrated in FIG. 5, and executed by the
processor of the processing unit 40.
During measurement operation, the operator confirms the measurement
accuracy by the measurement accuracy confirmation program on whether the
accuracy of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 satisfies a necessary
accuracy, before performing the main measurement (step S505) for acquiring data
(step S501).
Next, the operator performs measurement for transforming the coordinate
system of the measurement data performed by a measuring machine 20 to a
coordinate system O of the body structure 50, and generates data for coordinate
transformation by the coordinate transformation program (step S502).
Thereafter, the operator manipulates the three-dimensional measuring
machine 20 to instruct the measurement spot included in the marking point
information 406. The three-dimensional measuring machine 20 uses the marking
position indication program to irradiate the installed laser to pass the threedimensional
coordinate in the coordinate system O of the body structure 50, and
instructs the measurement spot to the measurer holding the probe 0 (step S503).
Next, the operator measures the measuring machine position confirming jig 70,
and stores an initial position of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 using
the measuring machine position registration program (step S504).
Thereafter, the operator measures the measurement spot of the reference
point information 401 registered in advance as main measurement (step S505).
The operation (steps) of the main measurement will be described later with reference
to FIG. 13.
After the main measurement (step S505) is completed, the operator measures
the measuring machine position confirming jig 70 measured in step S504 again, and
confirms using the measuring machine position confirmation program that the
measuring machine position has not changed (step S506).
Finally, the operator confirms the measurement accuracy again using the
measurement accuracy confirmation program (step S507), and ends the
measurement operation.
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Further, in step S503, a laser irradiation means can be prepared independently.
In that case, the separately prepared laser irradiation means must be matched with
the coordinate system O of the body structure 50. The main measurement (step
S505) and the marking instruction (step S503) can be performed simultaneously, by
preparing an independent means,.
As described above, the first embodiment guarantees the coordinate
measurement accuracy of the measurement point by confirming the measurement
accuracy (steps S501 and S507) before and after the main measurement (step
S505) as the detailed flow of the measurement operation, and in addition, guarantees
that the measurement data is in the same coordinate system by confirming (steps
S504 and S506) that the measuring machine position has not changed immediately
before and after the main measurement (step S505).
The confirmation operation of measurement accuracy performed in steps S501
and S507 will be described with reference to FIG. 9. The accuracy confirming jig 60
is used for the confirmation operation of measurement accuracy. FIG. 9 is a view of
an example of a state in which the probe 10 is set in the accuracy confirming jig 60.
In order to confirm the measurement accuracy, it is possible to adopt a method
where the probe 10 is moved in a state where the center of the tip ball 104 of the
probe 10 is fixed to a fixing portion 61 of the accuracy confirming jig 60 and
dispersion of recorded measurement points is evaluated, or a method where a known
length L0 of a reference bar portion 62 of the accuracy confirming jig 60 is measured
for comparison. The criterion of accuracy confirmation is set smaller than the
required accuracy.
Now, the length L0 of a reference bar portion 62 of the accuracy confirming jig
60 should preferably have approximately a same length as the measurement target,
so as to evaluate the measurement accuracy within the whole area used for
measurement, in the measurement range of the three-dimensional measuring
machine 20. However, if the length is too long, the portability of the accuracy
confirming jig 60 is deteriorated, and handling becomes difficult. Considering that
the size of the body structure 50 as the measurement target is approximately 3 m × 3
m × 25 m, the length L0 should be set to approximately 1/10 the maximum length of
the body structure 50, or to 1 m through 5 m, for example.
The confirmation of measurement accuracy mentioned above should
preferably be performed at multiple locations, but if the number becomes excessive,
confirmation of measurement accuracy will take up too much time, so that the
confirmation should be performed at longitudinal ends of the vehicle of the body
structure 50, for example. When multiple types of styluses 105 are used, all types
of styluses 105 should be used for accuracy verification performed at least at one
portion.
Next, a confirmation operation of the measuring machine position performed in
step S506 will be described with reference to FIG. 10. In the confirmation operation
of the measuring machine position, one or more measuring machine position
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confirming jigs 70 are arranged. Then, the measuring machine position confirming
jig 70 is fixed to the body structure using a vice, an adhesive or a tape so that the
measuring machine position confirming jig 70 will not move with respect to the body
structure 50.
FIG. 10 is a view showing an example of a state in which the probe 10 is set to
the measuring machine position confirming jig 70. The structure enables the center
position of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10 to be determined uniquely by disposing a
hole 701 smaller than the tip ball 104 of the probe 10 or an L-shaped corner 702 to
the measuring machine position confirming jig 70. Thereby, the position of the
measuring machine position confirming jig 70 can be measured with high
repeatability, so that the confirmation of position of the three-dimensional measuring
machine 20 performed in step S506 can be performed with high accuracy.
The cause of movement of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 can
be, for example, an operator touching the three-dimensional measuring machine 20.
However, if the criteria is set too strict, the three-dimensional measuring machine 20
may be determined to have moved, even by the influence of the body structure 50
expanded or contracted by temperature or the influence of measurement
repeatability of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20. Therefore, the criteria
should preferably be approximately 1 mm.
Whether the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 has moved or whether
the measuring machine position confirming jig 70 has moved can be determined by
arranging two or more measuring machine position confirming jigs 70. Further, by
arranging three or more measuring machine position confirming jigs 70, a
transformation matrix for matching the coordinate systems before and after
movement when the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 has moved can be
obtained. It is not preferable to have too many measuring machine position
confirming jigs 70 since the operation time for measuring the measuring machine
position confirming jig 70 is elongated, but from the viewpoint of safety related to one
of the measuring machine position confirming jigs 70 being moved and hindering the
operation, the number of jigs being arranged should preferably be approximately four.
On the other hand, the characteristics of the body structure 50 can be utilized,
without using the measuring machine position confirming jig 70. The characteristics
of the body structure 50 include, for example, holes for mounting interior parts or
corner portions of a hexahedron. If it can be guaranteed that the fixture position of
the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 will not be changed, the steps of
registering and confirmation (steps S504 and S506) of the position of the threedimensional
measuring machine 20 can be omitted.
FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a coordinate transformation in step S502 of the
measurement operation flow of FIG. 8. It is difficult to instruct the installation
position of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 with respect to the body
structure 50, and strictly match the setting position of the three-dimensional
measuring machine 20 in accordance with the instruction. Therefore, in a state
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before performing coordinate transformation of installing the three-dimensional
measuring machine 20, generally, a coordinate system O' of a reference point 800
registered in advance in the measurement apparatus 1 and the coordinate system O
of the body structure 50 do not correspond. Therefore, the coordinate data of the
reference point in the coordinate system O' of the three-dimensional measuring
machine 20 can be transformed to the coordinate system O of the body structure 50,
by performing the coordinate transformation of step S502.
Further, the confirmation of the measuring machine position described earlier
can be judged by performing coordinate transformation of step S502 each time
without using the measuring machine position confirming jig 70, and performing
determination based on an amount of movement of an arbitrary measurement point.
FIG. 12 is a view illustrating one example of an operation flow of coordinate
transformation in step S502 of the measurement operation flow of FIG. 8.
In order to compute the coordinate system O of the body structure 50, the
operator sequentially measures points for creating a plan (step S5021), measures
points for creating an axis (step S5022), and measures points for creating a point
(step S5023). Thereafter, the operator executes coordinate transformation via the
coordinate transformation program (step S5024).
As long as the coordinate system O of the body structure 50 can be computed,
the measurement target is not restricted to a plane, an axis and a point, but can be a
plane, a plane and a plane, or can be an axis, an axis and an axis.
It is also possible to provide a determination value such as a flatness, a
linearity or a point-to-point distance and perform determination on whether a plane,
an axis and a point has been measured correctly (step S5025). If the determination
result is negative, the measurement is to be performed again, but if the determination
result is positive, the process is ended.
It is possible to correspond to the determination by either providing a
determination function to the coordinate transformation program, or preparing an
independent determination program. It is possible to correspond to the
determination value by adopting a fixed setting, or by variably setting the
determination value either manually or by selecting from a table and the like for each
measurement operation.
FIG. 13 is a view illustrating an operation flow of the main measurement of
step S505 in the detailed flow of the measurement operation according to the first
embodiment of FIG. 8. Here, the term "category" refers to a group in which a
plurality of reference points are gathered, and measurement is performed for each
category. In order to prevent overlap of measurement permissible ranges of a
plurality of measurement spots, that is, prevent the same coordinate of a space from
being included, the points can be divided into different measurement categories by
utilizing categories. Thereby, the specification of measurement spots can be
simplified. Further, the measurement sequence among categories can be regulated.
- 15 -
The measurement sequence within a category can either be arbitrarily determined or
designated.
The measurement program reads the number of categories and the number of
measurements spots in each category from the reference point table 401a (step
S5051).
Next, the measurement program reads the reference point information of each
category stored in advance in the processing unit 40 from the reference point table
401a (step S5052), and displays only the measurement items of the category being
measured on an output unit of the input/output unit 404 (step S5053).
Thereafter, the operator performs measurement of each category based on the
contents (measurement items) displayed in the previous step S5053 (step S5054).
The measurement program checks the measurement data acquired
sequentially from the measurement of each category in step S5054, and determines
whether measurement of all measurement spots within the same category has been
completed (steps S5055).
If all the measurement within the same category has been completed (Yes),
the operator utilizes the measuring machine position confirmation program to confirm
the position of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20 (step S5056). If all
measurements are not yet completed (No), the operator returns to step S5054 and
continues measurement.
After confirming the position of the three-dimensional measuring machine 20,
the operator determines whether the measurement of all categories have been
completed by the measurement program (step S5057). If measurement of all
categories has not been completed (No), a next category is designated by the
measurement program (step S5058), and the operator returns to step S5052 and
executes measurement again. If measurement of all categories has been
completed (Yes), the measurement program creates a report of the measurement
result (step S5059), outputs a creation information (step S5060), and ends the
process.
Now, in confirming the position of the three-dimensional measuring machine
20 (step S5056), if it is determined that the three-dimensional measuring machine 20
has moved (the determination is not illustrated), the following measures can be taken.
One of the measures is to erase all measurement data, and re-execute the
process from coordinate transformation (step S502 of FIG. 8), and another measure
is to leave the measurement data to the previous category, and re-execute the
operation again from coordinate transformation (step S502 of FIG. 8). In the latter
methods, the delay of operation time can be reduced by leaving the measurement
data to the previous category.
Another possible measure performs coordinate transformation of the
coordinate system by measuring the measuring machine position confirming jig 70
again. If the number of measuring points is small, the operation time can be
- 16 -
shortened by measuring the measuring machine position confirming jig 70 again,
compared to creating the coordinate system again.
FIG. 14 is a view illustrating one example of categorization.
All the reference points 800 are divided into a category 1 composed of
reference points 801 for measuring openings such as window openings and door
openings, as illustrated in FIG. 14, and a category 2 composed of other reference
points 802, for example. Thus, the specification of a measurement spot can be
simplified by categorizing the points where measurement permissible ranges
interfere among a plurality of measurement spots, or by categorizing the points
whose measurement spots are close into different categories.
As according to one categorization example illustrated in FIG. 14, if the
categories are divided per characteristic property of a specific portion, the categories
are determined for each characteristic property of the measurement spot, so that the
pattern of measurement spots can be easily recognized. Thus, the operation time
for searching measurement spots can be reduced compared to when measurement
is performed in order from the front side toward the rear side of the vehicle for all
measurement points, for example.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 13, in determining whether the position of the
three-dimensional measuring machine 20 has not moved for each category in step
S5056, the measurement time of the measuring machine position confirming jig 70
will be elongated if there are too many categories. In order to prevent such
drawback, it is preferable to determine the number of categories and the number of
measurement points of each category, roughly estimating that the number of
measurement points for confirming the measuring machine position is equal to or
smaller than 10 % of the number of measurement points in one category.
FIG. 15 is a view of one example of measurement flow for each category.
The measurement program compares the reference point 800 and the center
coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10 at the current point of time, and notifies
the measurement spot via the input/output unit 404 to the operator (step C101).
The operation of notifying the measurement spot via the input/output unit 404 to the
operator is called a "guide".
The means for notifying the measurement spot includes screen display, lamp
display or sound. The output unit can be disposed on the three-dimensional
measuring machine 20, or can be disposed independently as a portable or fixed
output unit. The screen display is advantageous in that the guide to the
measurement spot can be displayed via numerical values. The lamp display is
advantageous in that it has superior visibility from distant locations. The sound
output is advantageous in that operation can be continued without the operator
having to look at the sound output area, and so it has superior operation efficiency.
The distance from the measurement spot and the like can be indicated by changing
the volume or frequency of the sound, or by changing the flashing interval or
emission intensity of the lamp. For example, the distance to the measurement spot
- 17 -
can be notified by raising the frequency if the measurement spot is close and
lowering the frequency if the spot is far. Multiple states of output as described
above can be adopted.
The measurement program receives the information transmitted from the
probe 10 via the control unit 30 by having the operator press the measurement
button 106 of the probe 10 following a guide (step C102), and records and saves the
measurement coordinate (step C103). Now, the measurement coordinate being
recorded and saved is the center coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the probe 10
computed by the coordinate calculation program 302 of the control unit 30 based on
the information transmitted from the probe 10.
The measurement program determines whether the measurement coordinate
measured and recorded by following the guide falls within the measurement
permissible range (step C104). If the measurement coordinate does not fall within
the measurement permissible range (No), the measurement program generates an
output information indicating that it is out of the measurement permissible range (step
C105), outputs the generated information (step C106), and ends the process.
If the measurement coordinate is within the measurement permissible range
(Yes), the measurement program maps the measurement coordinate data with the
reference point, and generates an output information that it is within the
measurement permissible range (step C108).
Next, the measurement program reads necessary processing information from a
processing information/report table 401c (FIG. 6) based on the cell address
information included in the reference point information of the reference point table
401a (FIG. 6) (step C109).
Thereafter, the measurement program determines whether all the
measurement points corresponding to the reference points constituting a pair, that is,
whether all the measurement points necessary for the dimension extraction
processing, has been measured, based on a pair symbol information included in the
processing information/report table 401c (step C110).
When all the points have been measured (Yes), the measurement program
executes a dimension extraction processing, and computes dimension error and
other necessary data (step C111). Next, the measurement program generates a
tolerance determination result based on the computed dimension error (step C112).
The data being computed and generated in steps C111 and C112 are stored in the
dimension extraction table 405b (FIG. 6).
Based on these results, the measurement program enters the abovementioned
dimension error and tolerance determination result at a predetermined
position of format of the report table 405c (FIG. 6) based on the cell address
information to generate necessary information for the report table 405c (step C113),
outputs the generated information (step C106), and ends the process.
If all the points have not been measured (No), the measurement program
generates information indicating that not all the output information within the
- 18 -
measurement permissible range generated in step C108 and the necessary
information are output (step C114), outputs the generated information (step C106),
and ends the process.
After ending the process, as a result of determination of step S5055 of FIG. 13,
if not all the measurement points within the category have been measured as a result
of the determination of step S5055 (No), the procedure immediately returns to step
C101, and the subsequent measurement and processes accompanying the
measurement are repeated.
Output information on whether the measurement falls within the measurement
permissible range, and output information regarding the tolerance determination
result are output to the exterior from the output unit of the input/output unit 404 of the
processing unit 40.
Now, the means for outputting the determination result includes, similar to the
means for notifying the measurement spots, a screen display, a lamp display and a
sound output. The screen display is advantageous in that the amount of deviation
can be notified by a numerical value, in addition to the determination result. The
advantages of lamp output and sound output are the same as the advantages
described in the means for notifying the measurement spots described earlier.
These means of output can be adopted in combination.
Further, the specification of the measurement spot can be facilitated if the
measurement permissible range is set to a large range, but the error caused by
deviation of the measurement spot may be increased. In contrast, the deviation of
the measurement spot can be made small if the measurement permissible range is
reduced, but the specification of measurement spot becomes difficult.
Now, in step C104, in determining whether the measurement coordinate data
falls within the measurement permissible range, the measurement program can
simultaneously determine whether the measurement is performed by the stylus
registered in advance using the type ID information of the stylus stored in the stylus
type table 401b (FIG. 6). By executing the stylus determination, it becomes possible
to prevent an erroneous measurement caused by performing measurement using the
wrong stylus.
As described, mapping is performed automatically by determining whether the
measurement coordinate data falls within the measurement permissible range.
Then, extraction of dimension and generation of display information are performed
based on steps C108 through C113, and the generated display information is output
in step C106. Thereby, the operator can immediately confirm the results.
FIG. 16 is a view illustrating a specific example of a measurement permissible
range of the reference point 800. The shape can be any arbitrary shape, such as a
cube 801, a rectangular solid 802 (805), a ball 803 and a cylinder 804, as long as the
area can be defined. Further, the reference point 800 can either be positioned at
the center, or not at the center as in the case of a rectangular solid 805.
- 19 -
The body structure 50 adopts a shape referred to as a camber not reflected on
the design drawings, curved in a direction of a rail. The camber of a vehicle body
structure is designed so that the center position in an overall length of 25 m (25000
mm) is higher by approximately 15 mm than ends of the vehicle body. In
consideration of the camber, even if a deviation of 100 mm occurs in the longitudinal
direction, the height of the floor will only be varied for (100/12500) × 15 = 0.12 mm.
Since the accuracy is sufficient for dimension measurement of the body structure 50,
a rough estimate of the measurement permissible range should preferably be
approximately 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm.
However, if there is a large measurement error due to the deviation of the
measurement position, such as an R shape or where steps are formed, the error due
to deviation of the measurement spot can be prevented through limitation. Further,
erroneous measurement of steps and the like can be suppressed by displacing the
reference point 800 from the center position. Furthermore, the center position of the
reference point 800 can be varied in the height direction along the camber. In that
case, measurement at a position close to the center of the measurement permissible
range is enabled, so that the measurement permissible range in the height direction
can be narrowed, and erroneous measurement can be prevented.
FIG. 17 is a view of a specific example of the dimension extraction processing.
Dimension extraction is performed based on the mathematical expression
stored in the processing/report table 401c. Since coordinate transformation is
performed in advance, the processing can be simplified by using only the necessary
coordinate for the process among the measurement coordinates (XYZ coordinates)
of the measurement point.
For example, the measurement of body structure height H in a cross-section A
parallel to the YZ plane can be calculated by acquiring a difference h in the Z-axis
direction of measurement points 810, and adding the stylus radius twice, in other
words, by calculating H = h + r + r.
In the present example, the errors in the X and Y directions are ignored, but
the measurement spot error can be reduced during measurement by setting the X
and Y coordinates in an area where deformation in the Z direction is small within the
measurement permissible range mentioned earlier.
The process of using only the coordinate necessary for the processing is the
same as the process of performing projection on each of the XY, YZ and ZX planes,
and therefore, dimension extraction processing can also be performed using a
projected coordinate data.
FIG. 18 is a view illustrating a screen display of measurement data and the like
during measurement.
A screen display G10 includes a measurement condition display unit G101
displaying a vehicle information, a report number, a measurement date, a measurer
and the like, a measurement result display unit G102 displaying dimension errors of
measurement spots included in the currently measured category, a measurement
- 20 -
indication unit G103 displaying a center coordinate of the tip ball 104 of the currently
used probe 10, the error (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ) between the center coordinate (X, Y, Z) of the
tip ball 104 and the reference coordinate of the currently guiding reference point, the
currently measured category, the measurement progress rate within the currently
measured category, the pop-up of operation instructions and so on, and a threedimensional
display unit G104 displaying reference points and measurement points.
The operator confirms the result displayed on the measurement result display
unit G102 and performs measurement according to the information of the threedimensional
display unit G104 and the measurement indication unit G103.
FIG. 19 is a view illustrating a screen display during end of measurement and
during correction instruction.
A screen display G20 includes the measurement condition display unit G101
similar to FIG. 18, a measurement result display unit G202 displaying dimension
errors of all measurement spots, a measurement indication unit G203 displaying popup
of correction and other operation instructions, a three-dimensional display unit
G204 displaying reference points and measurement points, and a two-dimensional
display unit G205 displaying errors within a cross-sectional plane of the threedimensional
display or within a plane observed from one viewpoint.
The operator can confirm the measurement results through the measurement
result display unit G202, the three-dimensional display unit G204 and the twodimensional
display unit G205. The error displayed on the two-dimensional display
unit G205 can be represented using an arrow or color information exaggerating the
error, so that the correction portion and the correction quantity can be recognized
visually compared to the numerical value display of the measurement result display
unit G202, and the influence on other portions can be examined more easily.

A second embodiment is an embodiment that enables manufacture of the
railway vehicle body structure based on the measurement using the threedimensional
measuring machine and the result of measurement, even when an
unexpected situation such as generation of an item that cannot be measured occurs
during measurement, or when there is an error in the design information or the
registered information.
FIG. 20 is a view illustrating an example of a flow of the main measurement
according to the second embodiment (step S505 of FIG. 13 according to the first
embodiment).
A skip button is newly allocated as a button other than the measurement
button 106 of the probe 10 of FIG. 2, and a signal output when the skip button is
pressed (hereinafter referred to as "skip signal") is stored as information. A
determination on whether skip has occurred (determination of whether there is a skip
signal) is added to the determination on whether measurement of all measurement
spots have been completed for category i performed in step S5055 of FIG. 13, as a
step S5062 in replacement of step S5055. The steps other than the step S5062 are
- 21 -
the same as the flow of the main measurement illustrated in FIG. 13 of the first
embodiment.
Conditions that trigger pressing of the skip button include, for example,
occurrence of an incident making it impossible to perform measurement during
execution of the measurement (such as lack of a component or existence of an
unnecessary component), so that the planned measurement item must be skipped
and re-measurement must be performed later, or when it is established that there is
an error in design information or registered information of a specific category either
immediately before measurement or during measurement, so that the measurement
of the category must be skipped and re-measurement must be performed later.
FIG. 21 is a view of an example of a detailed flow of measurement operation
according to the second embodiment.
The second embodiment is also based on the detailed flow of the
measurement operation illustrated in FIG. 8 related to the first embodiment. The
flow of the measurement operation according to the second embodiment adds, in
succession to the main measurement (step S505) of FIG. 8, a step (step S510) of
adding and measuring a measurement point corresponding to the skipped reference
point, and a step (step S511) of registering the processing information of the added
and measured measurement point, before performing position confirmation of the
measuring machine.
These added steps enable the dimension measurement to be completed within
the flow of the series of measurement operation even when an unexpected situation
occurs during measurement, such as the occurrence of an item that cannot be
measured, or when there is an error in the design information or the registered
information.
The present invention is not restricted to the above-illustrated preferred
embodiments, and can include various modifications. The above-illustrated
embodiments are described in detail to help understand the present invention, and
the present invention is not necessarily restricted to a structure including all the
components illustrated above. Further, a portion of the configuration of an
embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment, or the
configuration of a certain embodiment can be added to the configuration of another
embodiment. Moreover, a portion of the configuration of each embodiment can be
added to, deleted from or replaced with other configurations.
A portion or whole of the above-illustrated configurations, functions,
processing units, processing means and so on can be realized via hardware
configuration such as by designing an integrated circuit. Further, the configurations
and functions illustrated above can be realized via software by the processor
interpreting and executing programs realizing the respective functions. The
information such as the programs, tables and files for realizing the respective
functions can be stored in a storage device such as a memory, a hard disk or an
- 22 -
SSD (Solid State Drive), or in a memory media such as an IC card, an SD card or a
DVD.
Only the control lines and information lines considered necessary for
description are illustrated in the drawings, and not necessarily all the control lines
and information lines required for production are illustrated. In actual application, it
can be considered that almost all the components are mutually coupled.
- 23 -

We Claim:
1. A method of manufacturing railway vehicle comprising a probe comprising
a stylus with a ball that comes into contact with a measurement spot attached at a tip,
and a three-dimensional measuring machine measuring a coordinate of the ball of
the probe, the method comprising:
a measurement step of acquiring a three-dimensional measured coordinate by
performing measurement of a railway vehicle using the probe and the threedimensional
measuring machine, computing a coordinate error between a threedimensional
reference coordinate with respect to a reference point provided on the
railway vehicle and the three-dimensional measured coordinate, mapping the threedimensional
measured coordinate and the three-dimensional reference coordinate of
each measurement based on the coordinate error and performing dimension
calculation of the railway vehicle; and
a manufacturing step of determining whether to change a manufacture
condition of the railway vehicle based on the result of the three-dimensional
measured coordinate and the dimension calculation, and manufacturing the railway
vehicle based on the manufacture condition having performed necessary changes
according to the determination.
2. A measurement apparatus at least comprising:
a probe comprising a stylus with a ball that comes into contact with a
measurement spot attached at a tip;
a three-dimensional measuring machine measuring a coordinate of the ball of
the probe; and
a processing unit comprising a data table,
wherein the processing unit
stores a data related to a reference point provided on the railway vehicle in the
data table, and
performs mapping of a three-dimensional measured coordinate and a threedimensional
reference coordinate of each measurement, and performs dimension
calculation of the railway vehicle, based on a coordinate error between the threedimensional
reference coordinate of the reference point and the three-dimensional
measured coordinate obtained by measuring the railway vehicle using the probe and
the three-dimensional measuring machine.
3. The measurement apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the processing unit comprises
storing a measurement permissible range information of a periphery of the
three-dimensional reference coordinate of the reference point in the data table, and
determining whether the three-dimensional measured coordinate is within the
measurement permissible range, and if it is within the measurement permissible
range, adopts the three-dimensional measured coordinate, but if it is out of the
- 24 -
measurement permissible range, does not adopt the three-dimensional measured
coordinate.
4. The measurement apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the processing unit confirms, during measurement and after completing the
measurement, an initial position of the three-dimensional measuring machine
registered at a time the measurement is started, and determines whether a position
of the three-dimensional measuring machine has changed.
5. The measurement apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the processing unit registers the initial position and confirms the initial position
based on a position measurement result of a measuring machine position confirming
jig obtained by setting the ball of the probe to the measuring machine position
confirmation jig arranged at one or more spots within a measurement target range.
6. The measurement apparatus according to claims 4 or 5, wherein
the processing unit confirms a measurement accuracy of the threedimensional
measuring machine before starting and after completing the
measurement.
7. The measurement apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
the processing unit confirms the measurement accuracy based on a
measurement result of position or length of an accuracy confirming jig obtained by
setting the ball of the probe to the accuracy confirming jig arranged at one or more
spots within the measurement target range.
8. The measurement apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
the probe comprises an operation unit generating a skip signal of skipping a
measurement spot, and
in a case where the skip signal is received from the operation unit, the
processing unit performs the mapping and the dimension calculation regarding a
three-dimensional measured coordinate obtained by additionally measuring the
skipped measurement spot after completing the measurement and before confirming
the measurement accuracy of the three-dimensional measuring machine.
9. A measurement method at least utilizing
a probe comprising a stylus with a ball that comes into contact with a
measurement spot attached at a tip, and
a three-dimensional measuring machine measuring a coordinate of the ball of
the probe, the method comprising:
- 25 -
acquiring a three-dimensional measured coordinate by performing
measurement of a railway vehicle using the probe and the three-dimensional
measuring machine;
computing a coordinate error between a three-dimensional reference
coordinate with respect to a reference point provided on the railway vehicle and the
three-dimensional measured coordinate; and
mapping the three-dimensional measured coordinate and the threedimensional
reference coordinate of each measurement and performing dimensional
calculation of the railway vehicle based on the coordinate error.
10. The measurement method according to claim 9, comprising:
setting a measurement permissible range information of a periphery of the
three-dimensional reference coordinate of the reference point; and
determining whether the three-dimensional measured coordinate is within the
measurement permissible range, and if it is within the measurement permissible
range, adopts the three-dimensional measured coordinate, but if it is out of the
measurement permissible range, does not adopt the three-dimensional measured
coordinate.
11. The measurement method according to claim 10, wherein
in a case where the coordinate is not adopted, the method corrects the railway
vehicle and executes the measurement again.
12. The measurement method according to claim 9, further comprising
registering an initial position of the three-dimensional measuring machine at a
time the measurement is started, confirms the registered initial position during
measurement and after completing measurement, and determining whether a
position of the three-dimensional measuring machine has changed.
13. The measurement method according to claim 12, further comprising
confirming a measurement accuracy of the three-dimensional measuring
machine before starting and after completing the measurement.
14. The measurement method according to claim 13, further comprising:
enabling to perform a skip operation of a measurement spot during
measurement; and
after completing the measurement and before confirming the measurement accuracy
of the three-dimensional measuring machine, adding and measuring the
measurement spot subjected to the skip operation, and performing mapping and the
dimension calculation regarding the added measurement spot.