Claims:CLAIMS
I/We claim:
1. A method for testing structural behavior of a geogrid reinforced beam (102), the method comprising steps of:
casting a geogrid reinforced beam (102) by installing a geogrid (108) between two layers of a Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) (110) in a mold (106), wherein the geogrid (108) is installed at a predetermined height from a bottom surface of the mold (106);
sawing a notch (120) at a midpoint of a bottom surface of the geogrid reinforced beam (102) when the geogrid reinforced beam (102) is demolded;
arranging the geogrid reinforced beam (102) on supports (202a-202b) having a support span in a range of 700 millimeter (mm) to 710 mm;
loading the geogrid reinforced beam (102) using a loading platform (204) installed on an upper surface of the geogrid reinforced beam (102), wherein the loading span is in a range of 140 mm to 145 mm;
receiving signals from sensors (118a-118p) installed at the geogrid reinforced beam (102);
determining properties of the geogrid reinforced beam (102) based on the received signals; and
investigating a structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam (102).
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising a step of casting a conventional beam (104) and arranging the conventional beam (104) on supports (212a-212b) having a support span in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, comprising a step of loading the conventional beam (104) using a loading platform (214) installed on an upper surface of the conventional beam (104), wherein the loading span is in a range of 140 mm to 145 mm.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, comprising a step of receiving signals from the sensors (118a-118p) installed at the conventional beam (104).
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, comprising a step of determining properties of the conventional beam (104) based on the received signals.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam (102) is investigated by comparing the determined properties of the geogrid reinforced beam (102) with the determined properties of the conventional beam (104).
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the properties are selected from one of, an energy absorption, a load carrying capacity, a deflection parameter, a ductility parameter, a shear strength, a binding capacity between SCC (110) and the geogrid (108), a dimensional stability, or a combination thereof.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined height from the bottom surface of the mold (106) is in a range of 40 millimeters (mm) to 60 mm.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the geogrid (108) is made up of a PolyBenzimidazole (PBI) material.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising a step of obtaining a strain developed in the geogrid reinforced beam (102) due to a load exerted by the loading platform (204) by determining one of, a midspan deflection, a Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD), or a combination thereof.

Date: 12 January, 2021
Place: Noida
Dr. Keerti Gupta
Agent for the Applicant
(IN/PA-1529)
, Description:FORM 2

THE PATENT ACT 1970
(39 of 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10, and rule 13)

TITLE OF THE INVENTION
METHOD TO TEST STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF GEOGRID REINFORCED BEAM
APPLICANT(S)
NAME: DR. K. RAJESH KUMAR
NATIONALITY: INDIAN
ADDRESS: S R ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ANANTHASAGAR (V), HASANPARTHY (M), WARANGAL, TELANGANA 506371

The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed
BACKGROUND
Field of Invention
[001] Embodiments disclosed herein relate, in general, to a system and a method for testing concrete beams, more particularly, to a system and a method for testing structural behavior of a reinforced beam.
Description of Related Art
[002] Any structural member such as, a beam, a column, etc. is designed keeping in mind criteria’s such as safety and serviceability conditions where an ultimate load and its corresponding deflections are main constraints. Deep beams are desired in huge constructions such as gravity concrete foundations, bridges, and multipurpose high-rise buildings. The deep beams are designed to transfer loads from slabs to columns where the deep beams appear in the case of longer spans. Moreover, the deep beams must be designed by considering non-linear stress distribution along the depth of the deep beams. Reinforced Concrete (RC) deep beams appear as common structural elements in many structures ranging from tall buildings to offshore gravity structures. Further, the deep beams are used as load-transferring elements, such as transfer girders, pile caps, tanks, folded plates, and foundation walls. Moreover, in buildings, the deep beam or a transfer girder is used when a lower column is to be removed.
[003] Conventional deep beams have non-linear elastic flexural stress distribution over a depth of the deep beams. Moreover, a strength of the deep beams is usually controlled by shear resistance, rather than a flexural behavior. In addition, the conventional deep beams have steel reinforcement that turns out to be costlier and is prone to corrosion. Though, there are some conventional remedial measures to overcome the corrosion. However, no permanent solution is yet available.
[004] There is thus a need for an improved reinforced deep beam that minimizes the above mentioned shortcomings.
SUMMARY
[005] Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide a method for testing structural behavior of a geogrid reinforced beam, the method comprising steps of: casting a geogrid reinforced beam by installing a geogrid between two layers of a Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) in a mold, wherein the geogrid is installed at a predetermined height from a bottom surface of the mold; sawing a notch at a midpoint of a bottom surface of the geogrid reinforced beam when the geogrid reinforced beam is demolded; arranging the geogrid reinforced beam on supports having a support span in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm; loading the geogrid reinforced beam using a loading platform installed on an upper surface of the geogrid reinforced beam, wherein the loading span is in a range of 140 mm to 145 mm; receiving signals from sensors installed at the geogrid reinforced beam; determining properties of the geogrid reinforced beam based on the received signals; and investigating a structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam.
[006] Embodiments of the present invention may provide a number of advantages depending on its particular configuration. First, embodiments of the present application provide a system and a method for modification of conventional deep beams into reinforced deep beams with enhanced energy absorbing capacity, minimized cracks and corrosions. Next, embodiments of the present application provide a low cost alternative to convention deep beams.
[007] These and other advantages will be apparent from the present application of the embodiments described herein.
[008] The preceding is a simplified summary to provide an understanding of some embodiments of the present invention. This summary is neither an extensive nor exhaustive overview of the present invention and its various embodiments. The summary presents selected concepts of the embodiments of the present invention in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description presented below. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the present invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[009] The foregoing and other aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein are best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the embodiments disclosed herein, there is shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the specific instrumentalities disclosed. Included in the drawings are the following figures:
[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates a setup for casting a geogrid reinforced beam and a conventional beam, according to an embodiment of the present invention disclosed herein;
[0011] FIG. 2A illustrates a setup for testing the geogrid reinforced beam using a four point bending test, according to an embodiment of the present invention disclosed herein;
[0012] FIG. 2B illustrates a setup for testing the conventional beam using a four point bending test, according to an embodiment of the present invention disclosed herein;
[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates components of a processing unit, according to embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein; and
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method for testing and comparing the structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam with the conventional beam, according to an embodiment of the present invention disclosed herein.
[0015] While embodiments of the present invention are described herein by way of example using several illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize the present invention is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood the drawings and the detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the present invention to the particular form disclosed, but to the contrary, the present invention is to cover all modification, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of embodiments of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
[0016] The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” mean including but not limited to. To facilitate understanding, like reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate like elements common to the figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a setup 100 for casting a geogrid reinforced beam 102, and a conventional beam 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The setup 100 comprises a mold 106, a geogrid 108, and Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 110 (hereinafter referred to as the SCC 110). In an embodiment of the present invention, the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be casted by a user by installing the geogrid 108 between two layers of the SCC 110 inside the mold 106. In an embodiment of the present invention, the conventional beam 104 may be casted by the user by pouring the SCC 110 inside the mold 106. The user may be, but not limited to, a student, a professor, a supervisor, a mechanic, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any of the user.
[0018] The mold 106 may be provided to enable the user to cast the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104. The mold 106 may be made up of a material, such as, but not limited to, a metal, a hardened plastic, a wood, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any material for the mold 106, including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Further, a shape of the mold 106 may be, but not limited to, a rectangle, a square, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any shape of the mold 106 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Furthermore, a length of the mold 106 may be in a range of 750 millimeters (mm) to 780 mm, a width of the mold 106 may be in a range of 140 mm to 160 mm, and a height of the mold 106 may be in a range of 140 mm to 160 mm, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0019] According to embodiments of the present invention, the geogrid 108 may be a two dimensional planar polymeric structure that may include a mesh like network of interconnected flexible ribs 112a-112n (hereinafter referred to as the ribs 112). Further, the interconnected ribs 112 may form apertures 114a-114m (hereinafter referred to as the apertures 114). According to embodiments of the present invention, a shape of each of the apertures 114 may be, but not limited to, a square, a rectangle, a circle, a triangle, an octagon, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any shape of the apertures 114 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Further, based on the shape of the apertures 114 and a direction of the ribs 112, a type of the geogrid 108 may be formed such as, but not limited to, an uniaxial geogrid, a biaxial geogrid, a triaxial geogrid, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the geogrid 108 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Further, the geogrid 108 may be designed to be embedded between the layers of the SCC 110 such that the geogrid 108 may interact with the layers of the SCC 110 through interlocking to provide reinforcement to structures made from the SCC 110, according to embodiments of the present invention. According to embodiments of the present invention, the geogrid 108 may be made up of a material such as, but not limited to, a polypropylene, a polyethylene, a polyester, a natural plastic, and so forth. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the geogrid 108 may be made up of a material such a PolyBenzimidazole (PBI). Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the material for making the geogrid 108 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Further, a surface of the geogrid 108 may be roughened to provide a surface frictional resistance. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the geogrid 108 may be installed at a predetermined height from a bottom surface of the mold 106. The predetermined height from the bottom surface of the mold 106 may be equal to one third of a total height of the mold 106, in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] The SCC 110 may be a free flowing concrete that may not require vibration for compaction. The SCC 110 may use superplasticizers and stabilizers to significantly increase an ease and a rate of flow that may achieve the compaction into every part of the mold 106 simply by means of a weight of the SCC 110 without any segregation of coarse aggregates. Further, the SCC 110 may be stored in a container 116 prior to casting the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104 using the mold 106. The container 116 may be made up of a material, such as, but not limited to, a wood, a metal, a plastic, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any material of the container 116 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. In an embodiment of the present invention, a fiber-based supplementary reinforcement material (not shown) may be used in the geogrid reinforced beam 102 for enhancing a shear strength of the geogrid reinforced beam 102. According to embodiments of the present invention, the fiber-based supplementary reinforcement material may be, but not limited to, fiber reinforced plastic polymer (FRP) bars, tendons, fiber reinforced plastic polymer (FRP) grids, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the fiber-based supplementary reinforcement material including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies that may be capable of enhancing the shear strength of the geogrid reinforced beam 102.
[0021] The geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be casted by the user by pouring a first layer of the SCC 110 inside the mold 106. Further, the user may install the geogrid 108 inside the mold 106 above the first layer of the SCC 110 at the predetermined height from the bottom surface of the mold 106. The predetermined height may be in a range of 40 millimeters (mm) to 60 mm. In an embodiment of the present invention, sensors 118a-118p (hereinafter referred to as the sensors 118) may be installed within the geogrid 108 to monitor strains developed in the geogrid 108 during flexural loading. The sensors 118 may be strain gauges, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, strain gauges (not shown) may be installed near the apertures 114 of the geogrid 108. The strain gauge may be a device for indicating a strain of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 at a point of attachment. Further, the strain gauge may be, but not limited to, a quarter-bridge strain gauge, a half-bridge strain gauge, a full-bridge strain gauge, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the strain gauge including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies. Next, a second layer of the SCC 110 may be poured by the user over the geogrid 108 and the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be left for curing. Further, the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be demolded after a predetermined time, for example, 24 hours of the curing, according to an embodiment of the present invention. A notch 120 may be sawed at a midpoint of a bottom surface of the geogrid reinforced beam 102, according to an embodiment of the present invention. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the conventional beam 104 may be a replica of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 that may be casted without the geogrid 108 using the mold 106. Further, a notch 122 may be sawed at a midpoint of a bottom surface of the conventional beam 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 2A illustrates a setup 200 for testing the geogrid reinforced beam 102 using a four point bending test, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The user may arrange the geogrid reinforced beam 102 on supports 202a-202b having a support span that may be in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm. The user may be, but not limited to, a student, a professor, a supervisor, a mechanic, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any of the user. In an embodiment of the present invention, Liner Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) (not shown) may be installed near a mid-section of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 to measure midspan deflection when the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be loaded using a loading platform 204. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118 may be installed within the notch 120 of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 that may be configured to measure a Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) when the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be loaded using the loading platform 204. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118 may be a clip on gauge. The geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be loaded using the loading platform 204 installed on an upper surface of the geogrid reinforced beam 102. Further, an averaged maximum load exerted by the loading platform 204 onto the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be in a range of 3 Kilo Newton (kN) to 3.8 kN. In an embodiment of the present invention, a loading span of the loading platform 204 may be in a range of 140 mm to 145 mm. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any of the loading span including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
[0023] According to embodiments of the present invention, the setup 200 further comprises a processing unit 206. The processing unit 206 may be an electrically operated device that may be configured to process data received from the sensors 118 and the LVDT to generate an output. The processing unit 206 may be enclosed in a housing 208 that may be provided for safe storage of the processing unit 206. The housing 208 may be made up of a material such as, but not limited to, a metal, a plastic, a wood and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of material for the housing 208 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
[0024] According to embodiments of the present invention, the processing unit 206 may be, but not limited to, a Programmable Logic Control unit (PLC), a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a computing device, a development board, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the processing unit 206 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies that may be capable of processing the received data. Further, components of the processing unit 206 will be explained in conjunction with FIG. 3. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118, the LVDT and the processing unit 206 may be configured to communicate with each other by one or more communication mediums. The communication mediums include, but are not limited to, a coaxial cable, a copper wire, a fiber optic, a wire that comprise a system bus coupled to a processor of a computing device, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any type of the communication mediums, including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
[0025] FIG. 2B illustrates a setup 210 for testing the conventional beam 104 using a four point bending test, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The user may arrange the conventional beam 104 on supports 212a-212b having a support span that may be in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm. In an embodiment of the present invention, Liner Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) (not shown) may be installed near a mid-section of the conventional beam 104 to measure midspan deflection when the conventional beam 104 may be loaded using a loading platform 214. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118 may be installed within the notch 122 of the conventional beam 104 that may be configured to measure a Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) when the conventional beam 104 may be loaded using the loading platform 214. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118 may be the clip on gauge. The conventional beam 104 may be loaded using the loading platform 214 installed on an upper surface of the conventional beam 104. According to an embodiment of the present invention, an averaged maximum load exerted by the loading platform 214 onto the conventional beam 104 may be in a range of 3 Kilo Newton (kN) to 3.8 kN. Further, the setup 210 may comprise the processing unit 206, as explained above.
[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates the components of the processing unit 206, according to embodiments of the present invention. The processing unit 206 may comprise a data collection module 300, and a data processing module 302.
[0027] The data collection module 300 may be configured to receive sensed signals from the sensors 118, and the LVDT installed at the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104, according to embodiments of the present invention. Further, the data collection module 300 may be configured to store the received signals onto a memory (not shown) of the processing unit 206. Furthermore, the data collection module 300 may be configured to transmit the received signals to the data processing module 302, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0028] The data processing module 302 may be configured to process the received sensed signals from the data processing module 300. The data processing module 302 may be further configured to determine properties of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104 to investigate structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104. According to embodiments of the present invention, the properties may be, but not limited to, an energy absorption, a load carrying capacity, a deflection parameter, a ductility parameter, a shear strength, a binding capacity between the SCC 110 and the geogrid 108, a dimensional stability, and so forth. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to include or otherwise cover any of the parameters of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104 including known, related art, and/or later developed technologies.
[0029] Based on a comparison between the parameters of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104, the data processing module 302 may be configured to determine results such as, the energy absorption of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be increased in a range of 8% to 21% due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as a shear reinforcement as compared to the energy absorption of the conventional beam 104. Further, the load carrying capacity of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be reduced in a range of 6% to 16% due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement as compared to the load carrying capacity of the conventional beam 104. Furthermore, the deflection parameter of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be reduced in a range of 9% to 18% due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement as compared to the deflection parameter of the conventional beam 104. Furthermore, the ductility parameter of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be reduced in a range of 4% to 23% due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement as compared to the deflection parameter of the conventional beam 104. Furthermore, the shear strength of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be increased due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement. Furthermore, cracks in the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be reduced due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement. Furthermore, corrosions in the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be reduced due to the geogrid 108 reinforcement addition as the shear reinforcement, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0030] In an embodiment of the present invention, based on the comparison between the parameters of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the conventional beam 104, the data processing module 302 may be configured to determine that the binding capacity between the SCC 110 and the geogrid 108 may be enhanced. Further, the dimensional stability of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 may be increased due to the incorporation of the geogrid 108 as the shear reinforcement.
[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart 400 of a method for testing and comparing structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 with the conventional beam 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0032] At step 402, the user may cast the geogrid reinforced beam 102 by installing the geogrid 108 between two layers of the SCC 110 in the mold 106. According to embodiments of the present invention, the geogrid 108 may be made up of a PolyBenzimidazole (PBI) material. Further, the geogrid 108 may be installed at a predetermined height from the bottom surface of the mold 106.
[0033] At step 404, the user may saw the notch 120 at the midpoint of the bottom surface of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 when the geogrid reinforced beam 102 is demolded from the mold 106.
[0034] Further, at step 406, the user may cast the conventional beam 104 by pouring the SCC 110 in the mold 106 without installing the geogrid 108.
[0035] At step 408, the user may saw the notch 122 at the midpoint of the bottom surface of the conventional beam 104 when the conventional beam 104 is demolded from the mold 106.
[0036] At step 410, the user may arrange the geogrid reinforced beam 102 using the setup 200 for testing the structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 using the four-point bending test. Further, the support span of the four point bending test may be in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm.
[0037] At step 412, the user may arrange the conventional beam 104 using the setup 210 for testing the structural behavior of the conventional beam 102 using a four-point bending test. Further, the support span of the four point bending test may be in a range of 700 mm to 710 mm.
[0038] At step 414, the user may load the geogrid reinforced beam 102 using the loading platform 204 installed on the upper surface of the geogrid reinforced beam 102. The user may further load the conventional beam 104 using the loading platform 214 installed on the upper surface of the conventional beam 104. The loading span may be in a range of 140 mm to 145 mm.
[0039] Next, at step 416, the user may determine properties of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 and the properties of the conventional beam 104 using the processing unit 206.
[0040] At step 418, the user may compare the determined properties of the geogrid reinforced beam 102 with the determined properties of the conventional beam 104 to investigate the structural behavior of the geogrid reinforced beam 102.
[0041] Embodiments of the invention are described above with reference to block diagrams and schematic illustrations of methods and systems according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the diagrams and combinations of blocks in the diagrams can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto one or more general purpose computers, special purpose computers, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce machines, such that the instructions which execute on the computers or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks. Such computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement the function specified in the block or blocks.
[0042] While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and various embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
[0043] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope the invention is defined in the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements within substantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.