METHODS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CONDITIONS
ARISING FROM LOCAL ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods for the prevention and treatment of
conditions arising from local estrogen deficiency. In some embodiments, the
methods include systemic administration of an estrogen, such as conjugated
estrogens, and a progestagen, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA),
contemporaneously with local administration of an estrogen. In some embodiments,
the methods include the oral administration of conjugated estrogens and
medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the vulvar, vaginal, or vulvar and vaginal
administration of conjugated estrogens, for example in a cream.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Women experience a variety of symptoms during menopause, and fewer than
25% of women actually experience a symptom-free menopausal transition.
Menopausal symptoms substantially affect the quality of life (QoL) of women at this
time and are often accompanied by vaginal and vulvar anatomical and physiological
changes, decreased vaginal lubrication, increased vasomotor activity, cognitive
changes, sleep disorders, and altered psychosocial functioning.
Atrophic vaginitis in postmenopausal women occurs due to a decline in
endogenous estrogen levels. Resulting symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching,
irritation and dyspareunia and can affect as many as forty percent of these women.
Use of vaginal estrogen preparations for the relief of these symptoms has been
proven effective, but there is little information relating to systemic absorption and
resulting endometrial effects. With current FDA and medical association guidelines
recommending the use of the lowest effective dose of hormone therapy for symptom
relief, it is important to understand the ability of low-dose vaginal preparations to
provide local relief while also analyzing their safety profiles. Studies have
demonstrated the effectiveness of vaginal estrogen creams on atrophic vaginitis by
directly affecting the vaginal maturation index (VMI), with evidence of improvement in
VMI with a dose as low as 0.3 mg conjugated estrogens. Since publication of the
results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) were released (Rossouw JE,

Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD,
Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits
of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from
the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-
333.), vaginal hormone products have experienced an increase in use with
menopausal women still relying on them for the local treatment of vaginal symptoms
associated with menopause.
A change in sexual functioning is also a frequent concern of menopausal
women and their partners. This concern is often not voluntarily shared by women
with their physicians, other health care providers, or even with their colleagues or
spouse. A significant body of literature, however, supports the thesis that
premenopausal patterns of sexual activity and self-perceived sexuality are changed
in the climacteric and beyond. Menopause is a significant risk factor for sexual
dysfunction, and can be associated with detrimental effects on libido, frequency of
sexual activity and vaginal dyspareunia. In additbn, the menopausal transition is
sometimes associated with negative changes in the women's relationship with their
partner, and their ability to enjoy sexual relations.
Sexual dysfunction can play an important role in a decline in menopausal QoL
for some women, and healthy sexuality may play an important role in maintaining a
postmenopausal woman's overall QoL. Sexual functioning involves a complex
interplay of physical and emotional factors that are influenced by the physiologic and
hormonal changes that occur at this time in a woman's life. Circulating estrogen
levels have been shown to be important predictors of sexual function (desire, activity,
feelings/experiences and problems).
The use of hormone replacement therapy for bone loss prevention in post-
menopausal women is well precedented. The normal protocol calls for estrogen
supplementation using such formulations containing estrone, estriol, ethynyl estradbl
or conjugated estrogens isolated from natural sources (i.e. Premarin® conjugated
estrogens from Wyeth). In some patients, therapy may be contraindicated due to the
proliferate effects of unopposed estrogens (estrogens not given in combination with
progestins) have on uterine tissue. This proliferation is associated with increased risk
for endometriosis and/or endometrial cancer. The effects of unopposed estrogens on
breast tissue is less clear, but is of some concern. The need for estrogens which can

maintain the bone sparing effect while minimizing the prolrferative effects in the
uterus and breast is evident.
Hormone therapy has been shown to produce a beneficial effect on urogenital
symptoms and on the various measures of urogenital health, including vaginal
cytology and endometrial thickness. However, there is little information other than
the studies cited above examining the role of newer, low-dose hormone therapies on
dyspareunia, sexual function and other QoL-related parameters in menopause.
A need exists for effective drug treatment for post menopausal women to
relive menopausal symptoms that substantially affect the quality of life (QoL) of
women. The present invention is directed to these, as well as other, important ends.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for preventing
or treating a condition arising from local estrogen deficiency comprising administering
systemically to a patient in need thereof:
(a) an estrogen; and
(b) a progestagen;
and contemporaneously administering locally to the patient:
(c) an estrogen.
In some embodiments, the systemically administered estrogen (a), the
systemically administered progestagen (b), and the locally administered estrogen (c),
are each independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or interrupted
dosing regime, wherein:
the daily dose of the systemically administered estrogen is equivalent to a
dose of from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens;
the daily dose of the systemically administered progestagen is equivalent to a
dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate, or from
about 5 mg to about 500 mg of progesterone; and
the daily dose of the locally administered estrogen is equivalent to a dose of
from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens.
In some further embodiments, the estrogen (a), and the progestagen (b), are
administered orally.

In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for preventing or
treating a condition arising from local estrogen deficiency, comprising administering
to a patient in need thereof an orally administered component and a locally
administered component, wherein:
the orally administered component comprises:
(i) conjugated estrogens; and
(ii) medroxyprogesterone acetate;
and the locally administered component comprises:
(iii) conjugated estrogens;
wherein the orally administered component and the locally administered
component are each independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or
interrupted dosing regime, wherein:
the orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg;
the orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg; and
the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens.
In some embodiments, the systemically administered estrogen includes or
consists of conjugated estrogens. In some further embodiments, the systemically
administered progestagen includes or consists of a progestin. In some further
embodiments, the systemically administered progestagen includes or consists of
medroxyprogesterone acetate. In some further embodiments, the systemically
administered progestagen includes or consists of progesterone. In some further
embodiments, the locally administered estrogen includes or consists of conjugated
estrogens. In some further embodiments, the systemically administered estrogen
includes or consists of conjugated estrogens; the systemically administered
progestagen includes or consists of medroxyprogesterone acetate; and the locally
administered estrogen includes or consists of conjugated estrogens.
In some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen is administered in
one or more cream, solution, slurry, suppository, pessary, or mechanical carrier. In
some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen is administered in a cream.

In some embodiments, the systemically administered estrogen, and the
systemically administered progestagen, are administered in a single dosage form, for
example in a tablet or capsule. In some embodiments, the single dosage form
includes or consists of about 0.45 mg of conjugated estrogens, and about 1.5 mg of
medroxyprogesterone acetate.
In some preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.45 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 1.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
In some further preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.3 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 1.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
In some further preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.625 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 2.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
In some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen; or the locally
administered progestagen; or both the locally administered estrogen and the locally
administered progestagen, is applied to the vagina, or to the vulva, or to both the
vagina and the vulva. In some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen is
applied in the form of a cream.
In some embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of daily dosing
of the systemically administered estrogen, and the systemically administered
progestagen; and daily dosing of the locally administered estrogen.
In some embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of daily dosing
of the systemically administered estrogen, and the systemically administered
progestagen; and intermittent or interrupted dosing of the locally administered
estrogen.

In some further embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of
intermittent or interrupted dosing of the systemically administered estrogen, and the
systemically administered progestagen; and daily dosing of the locally administered
estrogen.
In some further embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of
intermittent or interrupted dosing of the systemically administered estrogen, and the
systemically administered progestagen; and intermittent or interrupted dosing of the
locally administered estrogen.
In some embodiments, the intermittent closing of the systemically
administered estrogen; the systemically administered progestagen; and the locally
administered estrogen is each performed independently on alternate days, every
third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly.
In some embodiments, the methods of the invention are used to prevent or
treat a condition arising from local estrogen deficiency that is selected from
dyspareunia, vulvar atrophy, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, vulvar itching, vaginal
itching, vulvar burning, vaginal burning, vulvar dystrophy, atrophic vaginitis,
menopausal sexual dysfunction, and atrophic changes of the vagina, vulva, bladder,
bowel or other pelvic organs.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention provides methods for preventing or treating conditions
arising from local estrogen deficiency, and particularly such conditions that
substantially affect the quality of life (QoL) of women. Exemplary conditions
amenable to the methods of the invention include, without limitation, dyspareunia,
vulvar atrophy, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, vulvar itching, vaginal itching, vulvar
burning, vaginal burning, vulvar dystrophy, atrophic vaginitis, menopausal sexual
dysfunction, and atrophic changes of the vagina, vulva, bladder, bowel or other pelvic
organs.
In some embodiments, the methods include administering systemically to a
patient in need thereof:
(a) an estrogen; and
(b) a progestagen
and contemporaneously administering locally to the patient:

(c) an estrogen.
In some embodiments, the methods of the invention utilize one or more
estrogens. As used herein, the term "estrogens" is intended to include modulators
that are active at the estrogen receptor, including but not limited to natural and
synthetic steroidal estrogens, and natural and synthetic non-steroidal estrogens,.
Nonlimiting examples of estrogens useful in the methods of the invention for both
systemic and local administration include estrone, estriol, equilin, estradiene,
equilenin, estradiols including but not limited to ethinyl estradiol, micronized estradiol
and 17 β-estradiol, 17α-dihydroequilenin, 17 β-dihydroequitenin (See U.S. Pat. No.
2,834,712), 17 α-dihydroequilin, 17 β-dihydroequilin, menstranol and conjugated
estrogenic hormones, such as those in Wyeth's Premarin® (conjugated estrogens)
products. Phytoestrogens, such as equol or enterolactone, can also be used in the
present methods. In some embodiments, the estrogens utilized in the invention
include or consist of natural (e.g., equine) and synthetic conjugated estrogenic
hormones (conjugated estrogens). One preferred example of conjugated estrogens
is Wyeth's Premarin® products. Esterrfied estrogens, such as those sold by Solvay
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. under the Estratab® trade name, may also be used with the
present methods. Also useful with the methods of the invention are the salts of the
applicable estrogens, most preferably the sodium salts. Examples of these preferred
salts are sodium estrone sulfate, sodium equilin sulfate, sodium 17 α-dihydroequilin
sulfate, sodium 17 α-estradiol sulfate, sodium delta 8,9-dehydroestrone sutfate,
sodium equilenin sulfate, sodium 17 β-dihydroequilin sulfate, sodium 17 α-
dihydroequilenin sulfate, sodium 17 β-estradiol sulfate, sodium 17 β-dihydroequilenin
sulfate, estrone 3-sodium sulfate, equilin 3-sodium sulfate, 17 α-dihydroequilin 3-
sodium sulfate, 3 β-hydroxy-estra-5(10),7-dien-17-one 3-sodium sulfate, 5-α-
pregnan-3-beta-20R-diol 20-sodium sulfate, 5-α-Pregnan-3p, 16-α-diol-20-one 3-
sodium sulfate, delta(8,9)-dehydroestrone 3-sodium sulfate, estra-3 β, 17 α-diol 3-
sodium sulfate, 3 β-hydroxy-estr-5(10)en-17-one 3-sodium sulfate or 5 α-Pregnan-3
P, 16 α, 20R-triol 3-sodium sulfate, or estropipate. The alkali metal salts of 8,9-
dehydroestrone and the alkali metal salts of 8,9-dehydroestrone sulfate ester, as
described in U.S. Patent No. 5,210,081, which is herein incorporated by reference,
also may be used. Preferred salts of estrone include, but are not limited to, the
sodium and piperate salts.

In some embodiments, the systemically and locally administered estrogens
include combinations of one or more suitable estrogen, such as those described
above, in any combination, for example and not limitation, combinations of one or
more of estradiol, estrone and estriol.
"Conjugated estrogens" (CE) as used herein includes both natural and
synthetic conjugated estrogens, such as the compounds described in the United
States Pharmacopia (USP 23), as well as other estrogens so considered by those
skilled in the art. Although CE are typically a mixture of estrogenic components, such
as estrone and equilin, the estrogens of the invention can utilize such a mixture, or
include only selected or individual estrogenic components. These CE may be of
synthetic or natural origin. Further, "conjugated estrogens" refers to esters of such
compounds, such as the sulfate esters, salts of such compounds, such as sodium
salts, and esters of the salts of such compounds, such as sodium salts of a sulfate
ester, as well as other derivatives known in the art. Some specific examples include:
17-alpha and beta-dihydroequilin, equilenin, 17-alpha and beta-dihydroequilenin,
estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, and their sodium sulfate esters.
Naturally occurring CE are usually obtained from pregnant mare urine and
then are processed and may be stabilized. Examples of such processes are set forth
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,565,115 and 2,720,483, each of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
Many CE products are commercially available. Preferred among these is the
naturally occurring CE product known as Premarin® (Wyeth, Madison, NJ). Another
commercially available CE product prepared from synthetic estrogens is Cenestin®
(Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio).
In some embodiments, the methods of the invention utilize one or more
progestagens, which can be progesterone, or a progestin. Progestins known as
synthetic hormones that produce effects similar to progesterone, or that have a
modulating effect on progesterone, on the androgen receptors, or on both
progesterone and the androgen receptors. Examples of progestagens useful in
accordance with the present methods for both for both systemic and local
administration include but are not limited to steroidal and non-steroidal progestins,
and progesterone. Specific nonlimiting examples of useful progestagens include
medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), norethindrone acetate (NETA), norethindrone,

progesterone and micronized progesterone, levonorgestrel, gestodene, desogestrel
and norgestimate.
In some embodiments, the locally administered progestagens include
combinations of one or more suitable progestagens, such as those described above,
in any combination.
In some embodiments, preferred systemically administered estrogens include
conjugated estrogens (equine or synthetic), estradiol (micronized, or 17b-estradiol),
estropipate, estradiol, estrone, estriol, ethinyl estradiol, and combinations of thereof,
preferably administered orally.
In some embodiments, preferred systemically administered progestagens
include medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone acetate (NETA), norethindrone,
progesterone (micronized), norgestimate, and combinations thereof, preferably
administered orally, more preferably administered contemporaneously with the
systemically administered estrogen or estrogens.
In some embodiments, preferred locally administered estrogens include
conjugated estrogens (equine or synthetic), estradiol (micronized, or 17b-estradiol),
estropipate, estradiol, estrone, estriol, ethinyl estradiol, and combinations of thereof,
preferably administered in a cream. In some more preferred embodiments, the
locally administered estrogen or estrogens include conjugated estrogens (equine or
synthetic), estropipate, or estradiol, preferably in a cream, such as Wyeth's
PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens) Vaginal Cream.
Some preferred combinations of local and/or systemic estrogens /
progestagens include, without limitation, estradiol / Laevo-norgestrel; 17-β estradiol /
laevo-norgestrel; conjugated equine estrogens / laevo-norgestrel; estradiol / dl-
norgestrel; 17-β estradiol / dl-norgestrel; estradiol valerate / laevonorgestrel; estradiol
valerate / dl-norgestrel; conjugated equine estrogens / dl-norgestrel; estradiol /
norethindrone (norethisteron); 17-β estradiol / norethindrone (norethisterone);
estradiol valerate / norethindrone (norethisterone); conjugated equine estrogens /
norethindrone (norethisterone); estradiol / norethindrone (norethisterone) acetate; 17-
β estradiol / norethindrone (norethisterone) acetate; estradiol valerate /
norethindrone (norethisterone) acetate; conjugated equine estrogens / norethindrone
(norethisterone) acetate; estradiol / medroxyprogesterone acetate; 17-β estradiol /

medroxyprogesterone acetate; estradiol valerate / medroxyprogesterone acetate;
and conjugated estrogens (equine or synthetic) / medroxyprogesterone acetate.
In accordance with the methods of the invention, the systemically
administered estrogen, the systemically administered progestagen, and the locally
administered estrogen, can each be independently administered in a continuous,
intermittent or interrupted dosing regime. The duration of the regime of any or all of
the foregoing systemically or locally administered components can each
independently be of any length, from a single administration, to chronic therapy
regimes.
In some embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of daily dosing
of the systemically administered estrogen, and the systemically administered
progestagen; and daily dosing of the locally administered estrogen.
In some embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of daily dosing
of the systemically administered estrogen, and the systemically administered
progestagen; and intermittent or interrupted dosing of the locally administered
estrogen.
In some further embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of
intermittent or interrupted dosing of the systemically administered estrogen, and the
systemically administered progestagen; and daily dosing of the locally administered
estrogen.
In some further embodiments, the dosing regime includes or consists of
intermittent or interrupted dosing of the systemically administered estrogen, and the
systemically administered progestagen; and intermittent or interrupted dosing of the
locally administered estrogen.
As used herein, the term "continuous" as used in connection with a dosing
regime of the invention, is intended to mean a regime in which the dose is
administered at uniform intervals, up to and including daily administration.
As used herein, the term "intermittent" as used in connection with a dosing
regime of the invention, is intended to mean a regime in which the dose is
administered at uniform intervals less frequently than daily. Examples of intermittent
dosing regimes include alternate days, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth
day, every sixth day, weekly, bi-weekly, and the like.

As used herein, the term "interrupted" as used in connection with a dosing
regime of the invention, is intended to mean a regime in which the dose is
administered at non-sequential or non-uniform intervals. Nonlimiting examples of
interrupted dosing regimes include a period of continuous administration (e.g., daily)
followed by a period of discontinuous or intermittent administration, or a period of
non-administration, optionally followed by an additional period of continuous or
intermittent administration, or periods in which the various components of the
regimen are administered alternately in either a continuous or intermittent fashion.
As indicated above, it is contemplated that the systemically administered
estrogen, the systemically administered progestagen, and the locally administered
estrogen, can each be independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or
interrupted regime. Thus, dosage regimes such as those in Wyeth's Premphase®
products (i.e., twenty-one days of conjugated estrogens and seven days of a
progestin) are amenable to the present methods.
In general, regardless of the specific dosing regime, the daily (one day) dose
of the systemically (for example, orally) administered estrogen is generally equivalent
to a dose of from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens; the daily
dose of the systemically (for example orally) administered progestagen is equivalent
to a dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate, or
from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of progesterone; and the daily dose of the locally
administered estrogen is equivalent to a dose of from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg
of conjugated estrogens. In some preferred embodiments, the daily dose of
systemically administered estrogen includes or consists of about 0.45 mg of
conjugated estrogens, and the daily dose of systemically administered progestagen
includes or consists of about 1.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate.
As used herein, a dosage of an estrogen that is "equivalent to a dose of from
about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens" or "equivalent to a dose of
from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens" is intended to mean a
dose of such estrogen that exerts an effect upon vaginal or other pelvic tissues, or
other estrogen responsive tissues or organs that is comparable to a dose of the
indicated amount of conjugated estrogens, as determined by standard bioassay,
immunoassay, or other analytical assay technique, in vivo or in vitro activity assay, or
by any measure of clinical change such as histological change in a responsive tissue,

imaging of a responsive tissue (eg. bone mineral density, breast density), or change
in a biologic marker of estrogen activity, etc. Nonlimiting examples of doses of
estrogens equivalent to a dose of from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated
estrogens are provided below; and in U.S. Patent No. Re. 36,247, Reissued July 6,
1999, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety:

Other nonlimiting examples of doses of estrogens equivalent to a dose of
from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens may be determined by
reference to U.S. Patent Re. 36,247 after adjustment for variation in lower limit for the
dose of conjugated estrogens. For example, since the tower limit of the dose of
conjugated estrogens in the '247 patent was 0.3 mg rather than 0.15 mg, the tower
limit of each equivalent dose has been adjusted to 50% of the value. Some of the
estrogens listed below are non-steroidal estrogens. While useful in this invention, it
is preferable that the non-steroidal estrogens be avoided for women who have not
definitely arrived at menopause or who could become pregnant.



Those of skill in the art will appreciate that doses of the foregoing estrogean
that are equivalent to a dose of from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated
estrogens can be ascertained by decreasing the lower limit of the stated Equivalent
Doses to one third the values stated above.
As used herein, a dosage of a progestagen that is "equivalent to a dose of
from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate" or "equivalent
to a dose of from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of progesterone" is intended to mean a
dose of such progestagen that exerts an effect upon vaginal or other pelvic tissues,
or other progesterone or progestin responsive tissues or organs that is comparable to
a dose of the indicated amount of medroxyprogesterone acetate or progesterone, as
determined by standard bioassay, immunoassay, or other analytical assay technique,
in vivo or in vitro activity assay, or by any measure of clinical change such as
histological change in a responsive tissue, imaging of a responsive tissue (eg.
endometrial thickness, breast density), or change in a biologic marker of
progesterone or progestin activity, etc. Nonlimiting examples of doses of
progestagens equivalent to a dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of
medroxyprogesterone acetate (or about 5 mg to about 500 mg of progesterone) are
provided below.



Other nonlimiting examples of a dosage of a progestagen that is "equivalent
to a dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate"
may be extrapolated from the dosages in U.S. Patent Re. 36,247, for example, after
adjustment for the variation in the lower and upper limit for the dose of
medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).

Systemic administration of estrogens and progestagens in accordance with
the methods of the invention can be administered by any of a variety of routes
standard in the art, including for example and not limitation orally, transdermally, via
injection, via an implant, intravaginally, rectally and the like. In some embodiments,
systemic administration is achieved orally via ingestion of a pill, tablet, capsule or
other oral dosage form. In some embodiments, the systemically administered
estrogen, and the systemically administered progestagen, are administered in a
single dosage form, for example in a tablet or capsule. In some preferred
embodiments, the single dosage form includes or consists of about 0.45 mg of
conjugated estrogens, and about 1.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate.

In some embodiments, the present methods include or consist of
administering orally to a patient in need thereof an estrogen as described above, and
a progestagen as described above; and contemporaneously administering locally to
the patient an estrogen. In some further embodiments, the systemicallly administered
estrogen includes or consists of conjugated estrogens; the systemically administered
progestagen includes or consists of medroxyprogesterone acetate; and the locally
administered estrogen includes or consists of conjugated estrogens.
In some further embodiments, the invention provides methods for preventing
or treating a condition arising from local estrogen deficiency, comprising
administering to a patient in need thereof an orally administered component and a
locally administered component, wherein.
the orally administered component includes or consists of:
(i) conjugated estrogens; and
(ii) medroxyprogesterone acetate;
and the locally administered component includes or consists of:
(iii) conjugated estrogens;
wherein the orally administered component and the locally administered
component are each independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or
interrupted dosing regime, wherein:
the orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg, preferably about 0.45 mg of conjugated
estrogens;
the orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg, preferably about 1.5 mg of
medroxyprogesterone acetate; and the locally administered conjugated estrogens is
administered in a dose of from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated
estrogens.
In some preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.45 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 1.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.

In some further preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.3 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 1.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
In some further preferred embodiments, the orally administered conjugated
estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.625 mg; and the orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a dose of about 2.5 mg. In some
such embodiments, the locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in
a dose of about 0.3 mg; or in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
In some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen is applied to the
vagina, or to the vulva, or to both the vagina and the vulva. The locally administered
estrogen can be administered in accordance with the methods of the invention by
any of a variety of routes standard in the art, including for example and not limitation,
one or more cream, solution, slurry, suppository, pessary, or mechanical carrier. In
some embodiments, the locally administered estrogen is administered in a cream.
One example of such a cream is Wyeth's PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens)
Vaginal Cream.
Further examples of suitable systemic and local dosage forms amenable to
the methods of the invention can be found in, for example, Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985,
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The materials, methods, and examples presented herein are intended to be
illustrative, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES
Abbreviations are used through the Examples and are defined as follows.
"Adj Mean Change" is adjusted mean change. "U-Lim" is upper limit. "L-Lim" is
lower limit, "σ" is standard deviation. "Std Err." is standard error. "CE" is conjugated
estrogens. "MPA" is medroxyprogesterone acetate. "HRT" is hormone replacement
therapy. "HT" is hormone therapy. "MFSQ" is McCoy Female Sexuality
Questionnaire". "BISF-W" is brief index of sexual functioning - women. "Group" is

treatment group. "FSH" is serum follicle-stimulating hormone. "VMI" is vaginal
maturation index. "QOL" is quality-of-life. "LOCQ" is last observation carried
forward.
EXAMPLE 1
TREATMENT OF DYSPAREUNIA WITH DAILY ADMINISTRATION
OF PREMPRO® (0.3 MG CONJUGATED
ESTROGENS/1.5 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE)
AND PREMARIN® VAGINAL CREAM
Peri- and postmenopausal women diagnosed with vaginal dryness and/or
dyspareunia are administered PREMPRO® (0.3 mg conjugated estrogens/1.5 mg
medroxyprogesterone acetate) once daily on a continuous basis until these or other
menopausal symptoms are no longer a therapeutic consideration.. During the course
of treatment, the women are also administered PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens)
Vaginal Cream on a daily or intermittent basis.
EXAMPLE 2
TREATMENT OF DYSPAREUNIA WITH DAILY ADMINISTRATION
OF PREMPRO® (0.45 MG CONJUGATED
ESTROGENS/1.5 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE)
AND PREMARIN® VAGINAL CREAM
Peri- and postmenopausal women diagnosed with vaginal dryness and/or
dyspareunia are administered PREMPRO® (0.45 mg conjugated estrogens/1.5 mg
medroxyprogesterone acetate) once daily on a continuous basis until these or other
menopausal symptoms are no longer a therapeutic consideration.. During the course
of treatment, the women are also administered PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens)
Vaginal Cream on a daily or intermittent basis.
EXAMPLE 3
TREATMENT OF DYSPAREUNIA WITH DAILY ADMINISTRATION
OF PREMPRO® (0.625 MG CONJUGATED
ESTROGENS/2.5 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE)
AND PREMARIN® VAGINAL CREAM

Peri- and postmenopausal women diagnosed with vaginal dryness and/or
dyspareunia are administered PREMPRO® (0.625 mg conjugated estrogens/2.5 mg
medroxyprogesterone acetate) once daily on a continuous basis until these or other
menopausal symptoms are no longer a therapeutic consideration.. During the course
of treatment, the women are also administered PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens)
Vaginal Cream on a daily or intermittent basis.
EXAMPLE 4
TREATMENT OF DYSPAREUNIA WITH DAILY ADMINISTRATION
OF PREMPHASE® (SEQUENTIAL 0.625 MG CONJUGATED ESTROGENS
FOR 21 DAYS/FOLLOWED BY 2.5 MG MEDROXYPROGESTERONE
ACETATE FOR 7 DAYS) AND PREMARIN® VAGINAL CREAM
Peri- and postmenopausal women diagnosed with vaginal dryness and/or
dyspareunia are administered PREMPhase® (0.625 mg conjugated estrogens/2.5
mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) once daily on a continuous basis until these or
other menopausal symptoms are no longer a therapeutic consideration. During the
course of treatment, the women are also administered PREMARIN® (conjugated
estrogens) Vaginal Cream on a daily or intermittent basis.
EXAMPLE 5
PROSPECTIVE, DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
PREMARIN® VAGINAL CREAM AND LOW-DOSE PREMARIN®/MPA ON
DYSPAREUNIA, ATROPHIC VAGINITIS, SEXUAL FUNCTION, QUALITY OF LIFE
AND GENITAL BLOOD FLOW
Description of the Study
An outpatient, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
multi-center study was conducted to evaluation the effect of Premarin® Vaginal
Cream (0.625 mg CE/g) and Low-Dose Premarin®/MPA (0.45 mg CE/1.5 mg MPA)
on dysparenunia, atrophic vaginitis, sexual function, quality of life, and genital blood
flow. The study was conducted at 25 different sites. 280 subjects planned to be
enrolled in the study. 480 subjects were screened. 285 subjects were randomized,
215 completed, and 70 subjects did not complete the study. A subset of 35 subjects

were enrolled in a substudy at one clinical site. Nine subjects failed to complete the
substudy evaluations resulting in 26 completed substudy subjects.
Subjects were generally healthy postmenopausal women 45 to 65 years of
age, inclusive. The other major inclusion criteria were: a) had a sexual partner or
partners; b) has vaginal intercourse at least 2 times per month; c) finding 0% to a
maximum of 10% superficial cells in the vaginal maturation index (VMI); d) Intact
uterus; e) Last natural (without exogenous hormone therapy) menstrual cycle
completed at least 12 consecutive months before screening with serum estradiol
concentration ≤ 50 pg/ml. Subjects were enrolled if their last natural menstrual cycle
occurred > 6 months but < 12 months before screening provided their serum
estradiol concentration ≤ 50 pg/ml and their FSH level is greater than the lower limit
for postmenopausal women for the given laboratory; f) Endometrial double-wall
thickness not to exceed 5 mm as revealed by transvaginal ultrasound of the uterus. If
endometrial thickness was >5 mm, perform endometrial biopsy. If biopsy results were
normal (i.e., not indicative of hyperplasia or carcinoma), the patient was enrolled; g)
In the opinion of the investigator, the patient will have a high probability for
compliance and completion of the study; and h) Received signed, dated, and
witnessed written informed consent.
Subjects were excluded if they had a history or active presence of the
following items: a) Known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia; b)
Endometrial hyperplasia; c) Any malignancy with the exception of a history of basal
cell carcinoma of the skin; d) Thrombophlebitis, thrombosis, or thromboembolic
disorders related to estrogen use; e) Cerebrovascular accident, stroke, or transient
ischemic attack; f) Neuro-ocular disorders, e.g., optic neuritis, retinal thrombosis,
retinal vasculitis; g) Known hypersensitivity to estrogens, progestins, or other
ingredients of Premarin/MPA or Premarin Vaginal Cream; h) Myocardial infarction or
ischemic heart disease; i) Chronic renal or hepatic disease; j) Gallbladder disease
(subjects who have had a cholecystectomy may be enrolled); k) Use of any estrogen-
containing, progestin-containing, or androgen-containing medications within 8 weeks
before screening for oral or vaginal therapy or 4 weeks before screening for
transdermal therapy; I) Sexual dysfunction (i.e., prior diagnosis of primary
anorgasmia or prior diagnosis of sexual arousal dysfunction).

Additionally, Active presence of the following also prevented enrollment: a)
Elevated sitting blood pressure (>160 mm Hg systolic or >100 mm Hg diastolic) at
the screening evaluation. Subjects taking <2 antihypertensive medications may be
enrolled; b) Fasting triglycerides >300 mg/dL (3.39 mmol/L); c) Endocrine disease
except for controlled diabetes mellitus (ie, HgA1c ≤ 7%, or HgA1c ≤ the upper limit
defined as good diabetic control for the laboratory used) and controlled thyroid
disease; d) thrombophlebitis, thrombosis, or thromboembolic disorders; e) Known or
suspected pregnancy; f) Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding; g) Evidence of
malignant or pre-malignant changes on the prestudy mammogram; h) Uro-
gynecologic surgery within the 3 months prior to the screening evaluation; i) Uro-
gynecologic abnormalities or disorders that may prevent accurate evaluation of the
study parameters; j) Untreated vaginal infection; k) Vaginitis other than that caused
by estrogen deficiency; I) Cervical cytologic smear (e.g., Papanicolaou's smear [Pap])
report of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or greater, Cervical Intra-epithelial
Neoplasia (CIN) 1 or greater, or any reported dysplasia; m) Clinically significant
abnormal liver function test results (i.e., >1.5 times the upper limit of normal for the
laboratory used); n) Malabsorption disorders; o) Use of an intrauterine device within
the 3 months before screening; p) Use of any investigational drug within the 2
months before screening; q) Known alcohol or drug abuse; and r) Excessive smoking
(>15 cigarettes per day).
The subjects were assigned randomly to one of the following two blinded
treatment groups (Groups A or B):


The subjects participated for approximately seven months, which included a
screening examination, followed by a 4-week pre-study diary period, immediately
followed by six weeks of therapy with vaginal cream and six 28-day cycles of oral
therapy.
This study evaluated the efficacy of Premarin® Vaginal Cream plus tow-dose
Premarin®/MPA (0.45 mg CE/1.5 mg MPA) in treating urogenital atrophy and its
effect on perceived sexual experience. In the substudy, the effects of treatment on
genital blood flow were evaluated. The study procedures performed at each visit are
shown in the Study Flow Chart. The study efficacy evaluations are listed below.
Dyspareunia and sexual function was determined by:
a. Brief Index of Sexual Functioning - Women
b. McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire
c. Self-report daily diary cards recording occurrence of dyspareunia and
sex-related vaginal/genital symptoms
Vaginal atrophy was determined by:
a. Vaginal cytology (for vaginal maturation index).
b. Vaginal pH.
c. Global physician assessment.
d. Self-report daily diary cards to record the symptoms of atrophic
vaginitis
e. For patients in the substudy, colposcopic imaging
QOL was determined by The Women's Health Questionnaire. Genital blood
flow was determined in the substudy patients by Color flow Doppler.





12 A minimum of 3 full weeks (i.e., 21 days) of diary data must be recorded on the prestudy diary card
for entry into the study; 4 weeks of completed diary data was preferred.
Safety was monitored by reports of adverse events (at all visits after informed
consent has been obtained), and by means of medical history, complete physical
examinations (including weight and sitting blood pressure). AdditionaHy, the following
laboratory safety studies were performed at both screening and final:
a. Hematology: Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, white
blood cell count and platelets.
b. Blood Chemistry: Glucose, urea, creatinine, aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase,
cholesterol and triglycerides.
Blood was also be collected visit for determination of estradiol levels in all
patients at the screening visit. FSH was also determined if the last natural menstrual
period was > 6 months and < 12 months before the screening examination.
Brief physical exams (including new clinically significant findings, weight and
sitting blood pressure) were performed at visits, 2, 3 and 4. Mammography (if not
performed within the 12 months prior to screening or if the report is not in the
subject's clinic record), cervical Pap smear (screening) and vaginal ultrasound (at
screening and final visits) were also performed as outlined in the Subject Flow Chart.
If a vaginal ultrasound indicated an endometrial double-wall thickness > 5 mm, an
endometrial biopsy was performed.
Other laboratory examinations were performed as required to ensure
adherence to the Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Treatment compliance was
monitored by checks of returned medication and each patient's record of medication
administration on the daily diary cards.
In a previous study of transdermal estrogen, a treatment effect of
approximately 3.4 standard errors of the mean was observed on the frequency of
painful intercourse. In order to detect a similar difference with 90% power,
approximately 105 evaluable subjects/group were required (alpha = 0.05, two-sided).
All patients with available data were included in the analyses of the efficacy and
efficacy-related data. The changes from baseline from the primary endpoint, change
in frequency of painful intercourse, as well as secondary endpoints were analyzed
with an analysis covariance with a baseline score as a covariate and center and

treatment groups as factors. The primary analysis was done on the last observation
carried forward (LOCF) values. The least square mean changes from baseline were
reported along wth the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The analysis of the
covariance was used to test within and between treatment group effects. Centers
with 5 or fewer enrolled patients were combined into a single pooled center.
Statistical testing was done at the two-sided alpha = 0.05 level. Post hoc subgroup
analyses were conducted on the efficacy data using the same statistical models as
the planned.
Results
Efficacy Endpoints:
McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire (MFSQ)
The MFSQ is a measure of female sexual interest and functioning and was
administered at baseline, visit 4, and visit 5. The hormone therapy (HT) group had a
statistically significant decrease compared to placebo in the frequency of pain during
intercourse in the LOCF analysis of the MFSQ. At the last visit, there was a
statistically significant increase in the HT group versus placebo in the level of sexual
interest, frequency of orgasm, and pleasure of orgasm (Tables 1-3, respectively).
There was no effect of HT use on the frequency of sexual activity, frequency of
sexual thoughts, excitement/arousal during sexual activity, enjoyment of sexual
activity, and insufficient vaginal lubrication compared to placebo (see Table 21 for the
further statistical analysis for the MFSQ).





Daily diary cards
Subjects maintained diary cards, which recorded the occurrence of
dyspareunia and sex related vaginal/genital symptoms. The diary cards were used
for the entire study. In the LOCF analysis of diary cards, the HT group had a
statistically significant improvement in average pain severity per intercourse
compared to placebo (Table 4). HT subjects also had a statistically significant
improvement in average vaginal dryness severity perintercourse as compared to
placebo (Table 5). There was no effect of HT use on the frequency of intercourse per
cycle compared to placebo.





Brief Index of Sexual Functioning - Women (BISF-W)
This 22-item questionnaire is an inventory of sexual interest, activity,
satisfaction and preference and was administered at baseline, visit 4, and visit 5. For
the BISF-W, in the LOCF analysis, the HT group had a significant improvement in
receptivity/initiation (Table 6) and relationship satisfaction (Table 7) compared to
placebo. There was no difference from placebo for the other areas of the BISF-W:
thoughts/desire, arousal, frequency of sexual activity, pleasure/orgasm, and
problems affecting sexual function (see Table 22 for the analysis of variance for the
BISF-W).



Vaginal Cytology (for Vaginal Maturation Index)
As a marker of vaginal atrophy, vaginal cytology smears were obtained from
the lateral wall of the upper one-third of the vagina at the screening visit and visits 3,
4, and 5. In the LOCF analysis, the HT group had a statistically significant increase
versus placebo in the percentage of superficial and intermediate cells (Tables 10 and
8, respectively) and a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of parabasal
cells (Table 9).





Vaginal pH
Vaginal pH was collected at the screening visit and visits 3, 4, and 5. The HT
group had a statistically significant decrease in vaginal pH versus placebo in the
LOCF analysis (Table 11).


Global physician assessment
A global physician assessment (physical exam) was completed at each visit.
As assessed by the examining physician, the HT group had a statistically significant
improvement (in the LOCF analysis) in mucosa color and rugosity compared to
placebo (Tables 12 and 13, respectively). Additionally, a larger number of women in
the HT group (56.6%) versus the placebo group (42.1%) were assessed as having
normal, non-friable vaginal mucosa at the final visit (Table 14).



The Women's Health Questionnaire
The Women's Health Questionnaire is a measure of menopausal quality of
life. This questionnaire was administered at baseline and again at visits 4 and 5. In
the LOCF analysis of the Women's Health Questionnaire responses, the HT group
had a statistically significant improvement versus placebo in the categories of
depressed mood, somatic symptoms, memory/concentration, vasomotor symptoms,
and sexual behavior (Tables 15-19, respectively). No significant effect of HT use was
seen on anxiety/fears, sleep problems, menstrual symptoms, or attractiveness (see
Table 23 for the analysis of variance for the Women's Health Questionnaire).

Substudy Efficacy Endpoints:
Color Flow Doppler
A number of indices of genital blood flow were determined by Color Flow
Doppler imaging as part of the substudy. This evaluation was performed on substudy
subjects at the baseline visit, visit 4, and visit 5. The HT group had a statistically
significant difference from placebo in diastolic clitoral arterial blood flow at cycle 6
(Table 20). All other measures of arterial blood flow (systolic clitoral flow, both
systolic and diastolic urethral, uterine artery, and vaginal artery blood flow) were not
different between groups at any of the time points studied.
Pelvic Arterial Pulsatility
Pelvic Arterial Pulsatility was also calculated from the Doppler imaging at the
baseline visit, visit 4, and visit 5 in substudy subjects. There was no significant
difference in arterial pulsatility between HT and placebo groups at any time point for
any of the vessels evaluated.

Safety Results
The safety summary is based on 285 subjects randomized into two treatment
groups: HT or placebo. Adverse events (AEs) were to be collected at all visits
throughout the study period after informed consent had been obtained, and for 15
days following the last day of study medication.
The most frequently reported events were: abdominal pain: 33 [placebo group
10, HT group 23], back pain: 31 [placebo group 9, HT group 22], breast pain: 29
[placebo group 6, HT group 23], monilial vaginitis: 17 [placebo group 2, HT group 15],
dizziness: 14 [placebo group 9, HT group 5], leukorrhea 12: [placebo group 9, HT
group 3], other vaginitis: 12 [placebo group 9, HT group 3], pruritis: 11 [placebo group
2, HT group 9], and bone pain: 8 [placebo group 7, HT group 1].
There were 6 Serious Adverse Events [SAEs] reported. Two of these
incidents were assessed as not related, white four were assessed as probably not
related. All event eventually resolved.
Conclusions
This study evaluated the efficacy of Premarin® Vaginal Cream (1g, 0.625CE/ g) plus
tow dose Premarin®/MPA (0.45 mg CE/1.5 mg MPA) in treating urogenital atrophy

and its effect on perceived sexual experience in sexually active postmenopausal
women. HT provided a statistically significant improvement in dyspareunia versus
placebo. There was also a statistically significant improvement in vaginal cytology,
vaginal pH, and subjective physician assessment of the vaginal mucosa. HT also
improved several areas of sexual experience and quality of life as measured in this
study. In this study, HT improved self reported sexual perception, vaginal lubrication,
and quality of life parameters when compared to placebo therapy. Although a
woman's self reported receptivity, sexual desire, and sexual pleasure improved, this
did not translate to an increase in the frequency of sexual intercourse. In the
substudy, there was no clinically significant effect of HT on genital blood flow or
pelvic arterial pulsatility as measured by Doppler Color Flow imaging. No unexpected
safety issues were identified.
It is intended that each of the patents, applications, and printed publications
including books mentioned in this patent document be hereby incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, numerous changes and
modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without
departing from the spirit of the invention. It is intended that all such variations fall
within the scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application
No. 60/789,517, filed April 5, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.

What is claimed is:
1. A method for preventing or treating a condition arising from local
estrogen deficiency comprising administering systemically to a patient in need
thereof:
(a) an estrogen; and
(b) a progestagen;
and contemporaneously administering locally to said patient:
(c) an estrogen.
2. A method of claim 1, wherein said systemically administered estrogen
(a), said systemically administered progestagen (b), and said locally administered
estrogen (c), are each independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or
interrupted dosing regime, wherein:
the daily dose of said systemically administered estrogen is equivalent to a
dose of from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens;
the daily dose of said systemically administered progestagen is equivalent to
a dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate, or
from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of progesterone; and
the daily dose of said locally administered estrogen is equivalent to a dose of
from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens.
3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said estrogen (a),
and said progestagen (b), are administered orally.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said
systemically administered estrogen comprises conjugated estrogens.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said
systemically administered progestagen comprises a progestin.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said
systemically administered progestagen comprises medroxyprogesterone acetate.

7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said
systemically administered progestagen comprises progesterone.
8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said locally
administered estrogen comprises conjugated estrogens.
9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein:
said systemically administered estrogen comprises conjugated estrogens;
said systemically administered progestagen comprises medroxyprogesterone
acetate; and
said locally administered estrogen comprises conjugated estrogens.
10 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said
systemically administered estrogen, and said systemically administered progestagen,
are administered in a single dosage form.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein said single dosage form
comprises about 0.45 mg of conjugated estrogens, and about 1.5 mg of
medroxyprogesterone acetate.
12. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein:
said locally administered estrogen is administered in one or more cream, solution,
slurry, suppository, pessary, or mechanical carrier.
13. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein said locally
administered estrogen is administered in a cream.
14. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein said locally
administered estrogen is applied to the vagina, or to the vulva, or to both the vagina
and the vulva.

15. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the
administration is carried out according to a dosing regime comprising:
daily dosing of said systemically administered estrogen, and said systemically
administered progestagen; and
daily dosing of said locally administered estrogen.
16. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the
administration is carried out according to a dosing regime comprising:
daily dosing of said systemically administered estrogen, and said systemically
administered progestagen; and
intermittent or interrupted dosing of said locally administered estrogen.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein said intermittent dosing of
said locally administered estrogen is performed on alternate days, every third day,
every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly.
18. A method according to any one of claims any of claims 1 to 14,
wherein the administration is carried out according to a dosing regime comprising:
intermittent or interrupted dosing of said systemically administered estrogen,
and said systemically administered progestagen; and
daily dosing of said locally administered estrogen.
19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said intermittent dosing of
said systemically administered estrogen, and said systemically administered
progestagen, is performed on alternate days, every third day, every fourth day, every
fifth day, every sixth day or weekly.
20. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the
administration is carried out according to a dosing regime comprising:
intermittent or interrupted dosing of said systemically administered estrogen,
and said systemically administered progestagen; and
intermittent or interrupted dosing of said locally administered estrogen.

21. A method according to claim 20, wherein said intermittent dosing of
said systemically administered estrogen, and said systemically administered
progestagen; and said intermittent dosing of said locally administered estrogen, is
each performed independently on alternate days, every third day, every fourth day,
every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly.
22. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the
condition arising from local estrogen deficiency is selected from dyspareunia, vulvar
atrophy, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, vulvar itching, vaginal itching, vulvar
burning, vaginal burning, vulvar dystrophy, atrophic vaginitis, menopausal sexual
dysfunction, and atrophic changes of the vagina, vulva, bladder, bowel or other pelvic
organs.
23. A method for preventing or treating a condition arising from local
estrogen deficiency, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an orally
administered component and a locally administered component, wherein:
the orally administered component comprises:
(i) conjugated estrogens; and
(ii) medroxyprogesterone acetate;
and the locally administered component comprises:
(iii) conjugated estrogens;
wherein:
said orally administered component and said locally administered component
are each independently administered in a continuous, intermittent or interrupted
dosing regime, wherein:
said orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
from about 0.15 mg to about 2.5 mg;
said orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of from about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg; and
said locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
from about 0.05 mg to about 2.5 mg of conjugated estrogens.
24. A method of claim 23, wherein:

said orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
about 0.45 mg; and
said orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of about 1.5 mg.
25. A method according to claim 23, wherein:
said orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
about 0.3 mg; and
said orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of about 1.5 mg.
26. A method according to claim 23, wherein:
said orally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of
about 0.625 mg; and
said orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate is administered in a
dose of about 2.5 mg.
27. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein said locally
administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.3 mg.
28. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein said locally
administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a dose of about 0.45 mg.
29. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein condition
arising from local estrogen deficiency is selected from dyspareunia, vulvar atrophy,
vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, vulvar itching, vaginal itching, vulvar burning,
vaginal burning, vulvar dystrophy, atrophic vaginitis, menopausal sexual dysfunction,
and atrophic changes of the vagina, vulva, bladder, bowel or other pelvic organs.
30. A method according to claim 23 to 29, wherein said locally
administered component is applied to the vagina, or to the vulva, or to both the
vagina and the vulva.

31. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 30, wherein said locally
administered component is administered in a cream, in a solution, in a slurry, in a
suppository, by pessary, via intrauterine device, or in a mechanical carrier.
32. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 30, wherein said locally
administered component is administered in a cream.
33. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 32, wherein said orally
administered conjugated estrogens and said orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate are administered in a single dosage form.
34. A method according to claim 23, wherein:
said locally administered conjugated estrogens is administered in a cream
that is applied to the vagina, or to the vulva, or to both the vagina and the vulva; and
said orally administered conjugated estrogens, and said orally administered
medroxyprogesterone acetate, are administered in a single dosage form.
35. A method according to any one claims 23 to 34, wherein said orally
administered component, and said locally administered component, are each
administered in a daily dosing regime.
36. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 34, wherein said orally
administered component is administered in a daily dosing regime, and said locally
administered component is administered in an intermittent or interrupted dosing
regime.
37. A method according to claim 36, wherein said intermittent dosing
regime comprises alternate days, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day,
every sixth day or weekly.
38. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 34, wherein said orally
administered component is administered in an interrupted or intermittent dosing

regime, and said locally administered component is administered in a daily dosing
regime.
39. A method according to claim 38, wherein said intermittent dosing
regime comprises alternate days, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day,
every sixth day or weekly.
40. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 34, wherein said orally
administered component, and said locally administered component, are each
administered in an intermittent or interrupted dosing regime.
41. A method according to claim 40, wherein each of said intermittent
dosing regimes independently comprise alternate days, every third day, every fourth
day, every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly.

The present invention relates to methods for the prevention and treatment of conditions arising from local estrogen deficiency, such as dyspareunia, vulvar atrophy, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, vulvar itching, vaginal itching, vulvar burning, vaginal burning, vulvar dystrophy, atrophic vaginitis or menopausal sexual dysfunction. In some embodiments, the methods include systemic, for example oral, administration of an estrogen, such as conjugated estrogens, and a progestagen, such as MPA, contemporaneously with local administration of an estrogen, for example conjugated estrogens. In some embodiments, the methods include the oral administration of conjugated estrogens and MPA, and the vulvar, vaginal, or vulvar and vaginal administration of conjugated estrogens, for example in a cream.