BACKGROUND
[001] Modern gas or combustion turbines must satisfy the highest demands with
respect to reliability, weight, power, economy, and operating service life. In the
development of such turbines, the material selection, the search for new suitable
materials, as well as the search for new production methods, among other things, play
an important role in meeting standards and satisfying the demand.
[002] The materials used for gas turbines may include titanium alloys, nickel alloys
(also called super alloys) and high strength steels. For aircraft engines, titanium
alloys are generally used for compressor parts, nickel alloys are suitable for the hot
parts of the aircraft engine, and the high strength steels are used, for example, for
compressor housings and turbine housings. The highly loaded or stressed gas turbine
components, such as components for a compressor for example, are typically forged
parts. Components for a turbine, on the other hand, are typically embodied as
investment cast parts.
[003] Although investment casting is not a new process, the investment casting
market continues to grow as the demand for more intricate and complicated parts
increase. Because of the great demand for high quality, precision castings, there
continuously remains a need to develop new ways to make investment castings more
quickly, efficiently, cheaply and ofhigher quality.
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[004] Conventional investment mold compounds that consist of fused silica,
cristobalite, gypsum, or the like, that are used in casting jewelry and dental prostheses
industries are generally not suitable for casting reactive alloys, such as titanium
alloys. One reason is because there is a reaction between mold titanium and the
investment mold.
[005] There is a need for a simple investment mold that does not react significantly
with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. Approaches have been adopted
previously with ceramic shell molds for titanium alloy castings. In the prior
examples, in order to reduce the limitations of the conventional investment mold
compounds, several additional mold materials have been developed. For example, an
investment compound was developed of an oxidation-expansion type in which
magnesium oxide or zirconia was used as a main component and metallic zirconium
was added to the main constituent to compensate for the shrinkage due to
solidification of the cast metal. There is thus also a need for simple and reliable
investment casting methods which allow easy extraction of near-net-shape metal or
metal alloys from an investment mold that does not react significantly with the metal
or metal alloy.
SUMMARY
(006] Aspects of the present disclosure provide casting mold compositions, methods of
casting, and cast articles that overcome the limitations of the conventional techniques.
Though some aspect of the disclosure may be directed toward the fabrication of
components for the aerospace industry, for example, engine turbine blades, aspects of the
3
present disclosure may be employed in the fabrication of any component in any industry,
in particular, those components containing titanium and/or titanium alloys.
[007] One aspect of the present disclosure is a mold for casting a titaniumcontaining
article, comprising: a calcium aluminate cement comprising calcium
monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein the mold has an intrinsic
facecoat of about 10 microns to about 250 microns between the bulk of the mold and
the mold cavity. In one embodiment, the facecoat is a continuous intrinsic facecoat.
In one embodiment, the mold as recited further comprises silica, for example,
colloidal silica.
[008] The mold, in one example, comprises the bulk of the mold and an intrinsic
facecoat, with the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic facecoat having different
compositions, and the intrinsic facecoat comprising calcium aluminate with a particle
size of less than about 50 microns. In another embodiment, the mold comprises the
bulk of the mold and an intrinsic facecoat, wherein the bulk of the mold and the
intrinsic facecoat have different compositions and wherein the bulk of the mold
comprises alumina particles larger than about 50 microns. The mold, in another
example, comprises the bulk of the mold and an intrinsic facecoat, wherein the bulk of
the mold comprises alumina particles larger than about 50 microns and the intrinsic
facecoat comprises calcium aluminate particles less than about 50 microns in size.
[009] In certain embodiments, the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight fraction, at least
20 percent more calcium monoaluminate than does the bulk of the mold. In one
embodiment, the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight fraction, at least 20 per cent less
4
alumina than does the bulk of the mold. In another embodiment, the intrinsic facecoat
has, by weight fraction, at least 20 per cent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 per
cent less alumina, and at least 50 per cent less mayenite than does the bulk of the
mold.
[0010] The weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat
is, in one example, more than 0.60 and the weight fraction of mayenite is less than
0.10. In one embodiment, the calcium monoaluminate in the bulk of the mold
comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to 0.95, and the calcium monoaluminate in
the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.10 to 0.90. In another embodiment, the calcium
dialuminate in the bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to about
0.80, and the calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to 0.90. In
yet another embodiment, the mayenite in the bulk of the mold composition comprises
a weight fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.30, and the mayenite in the intrinsic
facecoat is about 0.001 to 0.05. In a particular embodiment, the calcium
monoaluminate in the bulk ofthe mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to
0.95, and the calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.1 to 0.90; the
calcium dialuminate in the bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05
to about 0.80, and the calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to
0.90; and wherein the mayenite in the bulk of the mold composition comprises a
weight fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.30, and the mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat
is about 0.001 to 0.05.
[0011] In one example, the mold further comprises aluminum oxide particles
in the bulk of the mold that are less than about 500 microns in outside dimension. In
5
one example, the aluminum oxide particles comprise from about 40 % by weight to
about 68 % by weight of the composition used to make the mold. These aluminum
oxide particles may be hollow. In another embodiment, the calcium aluminate cement
comprises more than 30% by weight of the composition used to make the mold. In
one embodiment, the mold further comprises more than about 10% by weight and less
than about 50% by weight of the mold composition in calcium oxide.
[0012] In one example, the mold further comprises aluminum oxide particles,
magnesium oxide particles, calcium oxide particles, zirconium oxide particles,
titanium oxide particles, silicon oxide particles, or compositions thereof.
[0013] The percentage of solids in an initial calcium aluminate - liquid
cement mixture used to make the mold is, in one example, from about 71 to about 78
%. In another example, the percentage of solids in the final calcium aluminate -
liquid cement mixture with the large scale alumina, used to make the mold, is from
about 75% to about 90%.
[0014] One aspect of the present disclosure is a titanium-containing article
formed in the mold recited in claim 1. The article, in one example, comprises a
titanium aluminide-containing turbine blade. In one aspect, the present disclosure is
the mold as recited herein, wherein the mold forms a titanium-containing article. In
one related embodiment, the titanium-containing article comprises a titanium
aluminide-containing turbine blade.
[0015) One aspect of the present disclosure is a facecoat composition of a
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mold that is used for casting a titanium-containing article, the facecoat composition
comprising: calcium monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein the
facecoat composition is an intrinsic facecoat, is about 10 microns to about 250
microns thick, and is located between the bulk of the mold and the surface of the mold
that opens to the mold cavity. The facecoat comprises, in one example, of calcium
aluminate with a particle size of less than about 50 microns. In one embodiment, the
facecoat composition further comprises silica, for example, colloidal silica.
[0016] In one embodiment, the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight fraction, at
least 20 percent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 percent less alumina, and at least
50 percent less mayenite than does the bulk of the mold. The weight fraction of
calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is, in one example, more than 0.60
and the weight fraction of mayenite is less than 0.1 0. In one embodiment, the calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.10 to 0.90;
the calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.05
to 0.90; and the mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of
0.001 to 0.05.
[0017] One aspect of the present disclosure is a method for forming a casting
mold for casting a titanium-containing article, the method comprising: combining
calcium aluminate with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, wherein the
percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate I liquid mixture is about 70% to
about 80% and the viscosity of the slurry is about 10 to about 250 centipoise; adding
oxide particles into the slurry such that the solids in the final calcium aluminate I
liquid mixture with the large-scale (greater than 50 microns) oxide particles is about
7
75% to about 90%; introducing the slurry into a mold cavity that contains a fugitive
pattern; and allowing the slurry to cure in the mold cavity to form a mold of a
titanium-containing article.
[0018] One aspect of the present disclosure is a casting method for titanium
and titanium alloys comprising: obtaining an investment casting mold composition
comprising calcium aluminate and aluminum oxide, wherein the calcium aluminate is
combined with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, and wherein the
solids in the final calcium aluminate I liquid mixture with the large scale alumina is
about 75% to about 90%, and wherein the resulting mold has an intrinsic facecoat;
pouring the investment casting mold composition into a vessel containing a fugitive
pattern; curing the investment casting mold composition; removing the fugitive
pattern from the mold; firing the mold; preheating the mold to a mold casting
temperature; pouring molten titanium or titanium alloy into the heated mold;
solidifying the molten titanium or titanium alloy and forming a solidified titanium or
titanium alloy casting; and removing the solidified titanium or titanium alloy casting
from the mold. In one embodiment, a titanium or titanium alloy article is claimed that
is made by the casting method as taught herein.
[0019] One aspect of the present disclosure is a mold composition for casting a
titanium-containing article, comprising: a calcium aluminate cement comprising
calcium monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite. In one embodiment, the
mold composition further comprises hollow particles of aluminum oxide. Another
aspect of the present disclosure is a titanium-containing article casting-mold
composition comprising calcium aluminate. For instance, an aspect of the present
8
disclosure may be uniquely suited to providing mold compositions to be used in
molds for casting titanium-containing and/or titanium alloy-containing articles or
components, for example, titanium containing turbine blades.
[0020] These and other aspects, features, and advantages of this disclosure
will become apparent from the following detailed description of the various aspects of
the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0021] The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly
pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the disclosure will be readily
understood from the following detailed description of aspects of the invention taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0022] Figure 1 a and 1 b show one example of the mold microstructure after
high temperature firing with the backscattered electron imaging scanning electron
microscope images of the cross section of the mold fired at 1000 degrees Celsius,
wherein Figure 1 a points to the alumina particles present and Figure 1 b points to the
calcium aluminate cement. Figure 1 a also shows the mold microstructure, showing
the bulk of the mold, the location of the intrinsic facecoat, and the internal surface of
the mold I mold cavity.
[0023] Figure 2a and Figure 2b show one example of the mold microstructure
after high temperature firing with the backscattered electron imaging scanning
9
electron microscope images of the cross section of the mold fired at 1 000 degrees
Celsius, wherein Figure 2a points to calcium aluminate cement and fine-scale
alumina particles present and Figure 2b points to an alumina particle. Figure 2b also
shows the mold microstructure, showing the bulk of the mold, the location of the
intrinsic facecoat, and the internal surface of the mold I mold cavity.
[0024] Figures 3 and 4 show examples of the mold microstructure after high
temperature firing, showing alumina and calcium monoaluminate, wherein the
calcium monoaluminate reacts with alumina to form calcium dialuminate, and
wherein the mold in one example is fired to minimize mayenite content.
[0025] Figure 5a shows a flow chart, in accordance with aspects of the
disclosure, illustrating a method for forming a casting mold for casting a titaniumcontaining
article.
[0026] Figure 5b shows a flow chart, in accordance with aspects of the
disclosure, illustrating a casting method for titanium and titanium alloys.
[0027] Figure 6 shows the thermal conductivity of the bulk of the mold as a
function of temperature; the thermal conductivity of the mold is compared with the
thermal conductivity of monolithic alumina (NIST data).
[0028] Figure 7 shows a schematic of the mold with the facecoat. Figure 7a
shows the mold with the intrinsic facecoat that is, for example, approximately 100
microns thick. The schematic shows the intrinsic facecoat with the mold cavity and
calcium aluminate mold positions also indicated. Figure 7b shows the mold with the
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extrinsic facecoat that is approximately 1 00 microns thick. The schematic shows the
extrinsic facecoat with the mold cavity and calcium aluminate mold positions also
indicated.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] The present disclosure relates generally to mold compositions and
methods of mold making and articles cast from the molds, and, more specifically,
to mold compositions and methods for casting titanium-containing articles, and
titanium-containing articles so molded.
[0030] The manufacture of titanium based components by investment casting
of titanium and its alloys in investment shell molds poses problems from the
standpoint that the castings should be cast to "near-net-shape." That 1s, the
components may be cast to substantially the final desired dimensions of the
component, and require little or no final treatment or machining. For example, some
conventional castings may require only a chemical milling operation to remove any
alpha case present on the casting. However, any sub-surface ceramic inclusions
located below the alpha case in the casting are typically not removed by the chemical
milling operation and may be formed due to the reaction between the mold facecoat
and any reactive metal in the mold, for example, reactive titanium aluminide.
[0031] The present disclosure provides a new approach for casting near-netshape
titanium and titanium aluminide components, such as, turbine blades or airfoils.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide compositions of matter for investment
11
•
casting molds and casting methods that provide improved titanium and titanium alloy
components for example, for use in the aerospace, industrial and marine industry. In
some aspects, the mold composition provides a mold that contain phases that provide
improved mold strength during mold making and/or increased resistance to reaction
with the casting metal during casting. The molds according to aspects of the
disclosure may be capable of casting at high pressure, which is desirable for near-netshape
casting methods. Mold compositions, for example, containing calcium
aluminate cement and alumina particles, and preferred constituent phases, have been
identified that provide castings with improved properties.
[0032] In one aspect, the constituent phases of the mold comprise calcium
monoaluminate (CaAh04). The present inventors found calcium monoaluminate
desirable for at least two reasons. First, it is understood by the inventors that calcium
monoaluminate promotes hydraulic bond formation between the cement particles
during the initial stages of mold making, and this hydraulic bonding is believed to
provide mold strength during mold construction. Second, it is understood by the
inventors that calcium monoaluminate experiences a very low rate of reaction with
titanium and titanium aluminide based alloys. In a certain embodiment, calcium
monoaluminate is provided to the mold composition of the present disclosure, for
example, the investment molds, in the form of calcium aluminate cement. In one
aspect, the mold composition comprises a mixture of calcium aluminate cement and
alumina, that is, aluminum oxide.
[0033] In one aspect of the disclosure, the mold composition provides
minimum reaction with the alloy during casting, and the mold provides castings with
12
the required component properties. External properties of the casting include features
such as shape, geometry, and surface finish. Internal properties of the casting include
mechanical properties, microstructure, defects (such as pores and inclusions) below a
specified size and within allowable limits.
[0034] In one embodiment, the mold contains a continuous intrinsic facecoat
between the bulk of the mold and the mold cavity. In a related embodiment, the
intrinsic facecoat is about 50 microns to about 250 microns. In certain instances, the
facecoat comprises of calcium aluminate with a particle size of less than about 50
microns. The mold composition may be such that the bulk of the mold comprises
alumina and particles larger than about 50 microns. In a certain embodiment, the
facecoat has less alumina than the bulk of the mold, and wherein the facecoat has
more calcium aluminate than the bulk of the mold.
[0035] The percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate - liquid
cement mix, and the solids in the final calcium aluminate -liquid cement mix are a
feature of the present disclosure. In one example, the percentage of solids in the
initial calcium aluminate -liquid cement mix is from about 71% to about 78 %. In
one example, the percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate - liquid cement
mix is from about 70% to about 80%. In another example, the solids in the final
calcium aluminate - liquid cement mix with the large scale alumina (> 100 microns)
alumina particles is from about 75% to about 90%. The initial calcium aluminate
cement and the fine-scale (less than 10 micron) alumina are mixed with water to
provide a uniform and homogeneous slurry; the final mold mix is formed by adding
large-scale (greater than 100 microns) alumina to the initial slurry and mixing for
13
between 2 and 15 minutes to achieve a uniform mix.
[0036] The mold composition of one aspect of the present disclosure provides
for low-cost casting of titanium aluminide (TiAl) turbine blades, for example, TiAl
low pressure turbine blades. The mold composition may provide the ability to cast
near-net-shape parts that require less machining and/or treatment than parts made
using conventional shell molds and gravity casting. As used herein, the expression
"near-net-shape" implies that the initial production of an article is close to the final
(net) shape of the article, reducing the need for further treatment, such as, extensive
machining and surface finishing. As used herein, the term "turbine blade" refers to
both steam turbine blades and gas turbine blades.
[0037] Accordingly, the present disclosure addresses the challenges of
producing a mold, for example, an investment mold, that does not react significantly
with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. In addition, according to some aspects
of the disclosure, the strength and stability of the mold allow high pressure casting
approaches, such as centrifugal casting. One of the technical advantages of this
disclosure is that, in one aspect, the disclosure may improve the structural integrity of
net shape casting that can be generated, for example, from calcium aluminate cement
and alumina investment molds. The higher strength, for example, higher fatigue
strength, allows lighter components to be fabricated. In addition, components having
higher fatigue strength can last longer, and thus have lower life-cycle costs.
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Casting Mold Composition
[0038] Aspects of the present disclosure provide a composition of matter for
investment casting molds that can provide improved components of titanium and
titanium alloys. In one aspect of the present disclosure, calcium monoaluminate can
be provided in the form of calcium aluminate cement. Calcium aluminate cement
may be referred to as a "cement" or "binder." In certain embodiments, calcium
aluminate cement is mixed with alumina particulates to provide a castable investment
mold mix. The calcium aluminate cement may be greater than about 30% by weight
in the castable mold mix. In certain embodiments, the calcium aluminate cement is
between about 30 % and about 60 % by weight in the castable mold mix. The use of
greater than 30% by weight of calcium aluminate cement in the castable mold mix
(casting mold composition) is a feature of the present disclosure. The selection of the
appropriate calcium aluminate cement chemistry and alumina formulation are factors
in the performance of the mold. In one aspect, a sufficient amount of calcium oxide
may be provided in the mold composition in order to minimize reaction with the
titanium alloy.
[0039] In one aspect, the mold composition, for example, the investment mold
composition, may comprise a multi-phase mixture of calcium aluminate cement and
alumina particles. The calcium aluminate cement may function as a binder, for
example, the calcium aluminate cement binder may provide the main skeletal
structure of the mold structure. The calcium aluminate cement may comprise a
continuous phase in the mold and provide strength during curing, and casting. The
mold composition may consist of calcium aluminate cement and alumina, that is,
15
calcium aluminate cement and alumina may comprise substantially the only
components of the mold composition, with little or no other components. In one
embodiment, the present disclosure comprises a titanium-containing article castingmold
composition comprising calcium aluminate. In another embodiment, the
casting-mold composition further comprises oxide particles, for example, hollow
oxide particles. According to aspects of the disclosure, the oxide particles may be
aluminum oxide particles, magnesium oxide particles, calcium oxide particles,
zucomum oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, silicon oxide particles,
combinations thereof, or compositions thereof. In one embodiment, the oxide
particles may be a combination of one or more different oxide particles.
[0040] The casting-mold composition can further include aluminum oxide,
for example, in the form of hollow particles, that is, particles having a hollow core or
a substantially hollow core substantially surrounded by an oxide. These hollow
aluminum oxide particles may comprise about 99 % of aluminum oxide and have
about 10 millimeter [mm] or less in outside dimension, such as, width or diameter. In
one embodiment, the hollow aluminum oxide particles have about 1 millimeter [ mm]
or less in outside dimension, such as, width or diameter. In another embodiment, the
aluminum oxide comprises particles that may have outside dimensions that range
from about 10 microns [Jlm] to about 10,000 microns. In certain embodiments, the
hollow oxide particles may comprise hollow alumina spheres (typically greater than
100 microns in diameter). The hollow alumina spheres may be incorporated into the
casting-mold composition, and the hollow spheres may have a range of geometries,
such as, round particles, or irregular aggregates. In certain embodiments, the alumina
16
may include both round particles and hollow spheres. In one aspect, these geometries
were found to increase the fluidity of the investment mold mixture. The enhanced
fluidity may typically improve the surface finish and fidelity or accuracy of the
surface features of the final casting produced from the mold.
[0041] The aluminum oxide comprises particles ranging in outside dimension
from about 10 microns to about 1 0,000 microns. In certain embodiments, the
aluminum oxide comprises particles that are less than about 500 microns in outside
dimension, for example, diameter or width. The aluminum oxide may comprise from
about 0.5 % by weight to about 80 % by weight of the casting-mold composition.
Alternatively, the aluminum oxide comprises from about 40% by weight to about 60
% by weight of the casting-mold composition. Alternatively, the aluminum oxide
comprises from about 40 % by weight to about 68 % by weight of the casting-mold
composition.
[0042] In one embodiment, the casting-mold composition further comprises
calcium oxide. The calcium oxide may be greater than about 10% by weight and less
than about 50% by weight of the casting-mold composition. The final mold typically
may have a density of less than 2 grams/cubic centimeter and strength of greater than
500 pounds per square inch [psi]. In one embodiment, the calcium oxide is greater
than about 30% by weight and less than about 50% by weight of the casting-mold
composition. Alternatively, the calcium oxide is greater than about 25% by weight
and less than about 35% by weight of the casting-mold composition.
[0043] One aspect of the present disclosure is a mold for casting a titanium-
17
containing article, comprising: a calcium aluminate cement comprising calcium
monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein the mold has an intrinsic
facecoat of about 10 microns to about 250 microns between the bulk of the mold and
the mold cavity. In one embodiment, the facecoat is a continuous intrinsic facecoat.
[0044] In a specific embodiment, the casting-mold composition of the present
disclosure comprises a calcium aluminate cement. The calcium aluminate cement
includes at least three phases or components comprising calcium and aluminum:
calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite
(Ca12Ab4033). The weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic
facecoat may be more than 0.60 and the weight fraction ofmayenite may be less than
0.10. In one embodiment, the calcium monoaluminate in the bulk of the mold
comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to 0.95, and the calcium monoaluminate in
the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.1 to 0.90. In another embodiment, the calcium
dialuminate in the bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to about
0.80, and the calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to 0.90. In
yet another embodiment, the mayenite in the bulk of the mold composition comprises
a weight fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.30, and the mayenite in the intrinsic
facecoat is about 0.001 to 0.05.
[0045] The exact composition of the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic
facecoat may differ. For example, the calcium monoaluminate in the bulk of the mold
comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to 0.95, and the calcium monoaluminate in
the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.1 to 0.90; the calcium dialuminate in the bulk of the
mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to about 0.80, and the calcium
18
dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to 0.90; and wherein the mayenite in
the bulk of the mold composition comprises a weight fraction of about 0.01 to about
0.30, and the mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.001 to 0.05.
[0046] The weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the calcium
aluminate cement may be more than about 0.5, and the weight fraction of mayenite in
the calcium aluminate cement may be less than about 0.15. In another embodiment,
the calcium aluminate cement is more than 30% by weight of the casting-mold
composition. In one embodiment, the calcium aluminate cement has a particle size of
about 50 microns or less.
[0047] In one embodiment, the weight fractions of these phases that are
suitable m the cement of the bulk of the mold are 0.05 to 0.95 of calcium
monoaluminate, 0.05 to 0.80 of calcium dialuminate, and 0.01 to 0.30 ofmayenite. In
one embodiment, the weight fractions of these phases in the facecoat of the mold are
0.1-0.90 of calcium monoaluminate, 0.05-0.90 of calcium dialuminate, and 0.001-
0.05 of mayenite. In another embodiment, the weight fraction of calcium
monoaluminate in the facecoat is more than about 0.6, and the weight fraction of
mayenite is less than about 0.1. In one embodiment, the weight fraction of calcium
monoaluminate in the cement of the bulk of the mold is more than about 0.5, and
weight fraction ofmayenite is less than about 0.15.
[0048] In one embodiment, the calcium aluminate cement has a particle size
of about 50 microns or less. A particle size of less than 50 microns is preferred for
three reasons: first, the fine particle size is believed to promote the formation of
19
hydraulic bonds during mold mixing and curing; second, the fine particle size is
understood to promote inter-particle sintering during firing, and this can increase the
mold strength; and third, the fine particle size is believed to improve the surface finish
of the cast article produced in the mold. The calcium aluminate cement may be
provided as powder, and can be used either in its intrinsic powder form, or in an
agglomerated form, such as, as spray dried agglomerates. The calcium aluminate
cement can also be pre blended with fine-scale (for, example, less than 10 micron in
size) alumina. The fine-scale alumina is believed to provide an increase in strength
due to sintering during high-temperature firing. In certain instances, larger-scale
alumina (that is, greater than 10 microns in size) may also be added with or without
the fine-scale alumina.
[0049] The hollow alumina particles serve at least two functions: [ 1] they
reduce the density and the weight of the mold, with minimal reduction in strength;
strength levels of approximately 500psi and above are obtained, with densities of
approximately 2g/cc and less; and [2] they reduce the elastic modulus of the mold and
help to provide compliance during cool down of the mold and the component after
casting. The increased compliance and crushability of the mold may reduce the
tensile stresses on the component.
Calcium Aluminate Cement Composition
[0050] The calcium aluminate cement used in aspects of the disclosure
typically comprises three phases or components of calcium and aluminum: calcium
monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite
20
(Ca12Alt4033). Calcium mono-aluminate is a hydraulic mineral present in calcium
alumina cement. Calcium monoaluminate's hydration contributes to the high early
strength of the investment mold. Mayenite is desirable in the cement because it
provides strength during the early stages of mold curing due to the fast formation of
hydraulic bonds. The mayenite is, however, typically removed during heat treatment
of the mold prior to casting.
[0051] In one aspect, the initial calcium aluminate cement formulation is
typically not at thermodynamic equilibrium after firing in the cement manufacturing
kiln. However, after mold making and high-temperature firing, the mold composition
moves towards a thermodynamically stable configuration, and this stability is
advantageous for the subsequent casting process. In one embodiment, the weight
fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the cement is greater than 0.5, and weight
fraction of mayenite is less than 0.15. The mayenite is incorporated in the mold in
both the bulk of the mold and the facecoat because it is a fast setting calcium
aluminate and it is believed to provide the bulk of the mold and the facecoat with
strength during the early stages of curing. Curing may be performed at low
temperatures, for example, temperatures between 15 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees
Celsius because the fugitive wax pattern is temperature sensitive and loses its shape
and properties on thermal exposure above about 35 degrees C. It is preferred to cure
the mold at temperatures below 30 degrees C.
[0052] The calcium aluminate cement may typically be produced by mixing
high purity alumina with high purity calcium oxide or calcium carbonate; the mixture
of compounds is typically heated to a high temperature, for example, temperatures
21
between 1000 and 1500 degrees C in a furnace or kiln and allowed to react.
[0053] The resulting product, known in the art as cement "clinker," that is
produced in the kiln is then crushed, ground, and sieved to produce a calcium
aluminate cement of the preferred particle size. Further, the calcium aluminate
cement is designed and processed to have a minimum quantity of impurities, such as,
minimum amounts of silica, sodium and other alkali, and iron oxide. In one aspect,
the target level for the calcium aluminate cement is that the sum of the Na20, Si02,
Fez03, and TiOz is less than about 2 weight percent. In one embodiment, the sum of
the NazO, SiOz, Fez03, and TiOz is less than about 0.05 weight percent.
[0054] In one aspect of the disclosure, a calcium aluminate cement with bulk
alumina concentrations over 35% weight in alumina (A}z03) and less than 65%
weight calcium oxide is provided. In a related embodiment, this weight of calcium
oxide is less than 50%. In one example, the maximum alumina concentration of the
cement may be about 88% (for example, about 12% CaO). In one embodiment, the
calcium aluminate cement is of high purity and contains up to 70% alumina. The
weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate may be maximized in the fired mold prior
to casting. A minimum amount of calcium oxide may be required to minimize
reaction between the casting alloy and the mold. If there is more than 50% calcium
oxide in the cement, this can lead to phases such as mayenite and tricalcium
aluminate, and these do not perform as well as the calcium monoaluminate during
casting. The preferred range for calcium oxide is less than about 50% and greater
than about 1 0% by weight.
22
[0055] As noted above, the three phases in the calcium aluminate
cement/binder in the mold are calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium
dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite (Ca12Ah4033). The calcium monoaluminate in
the cement that generates the facecoat has three advantages over other calcium
aluminate phases: 1) The calcium monoaluminate is incorporated in the mold because
it has a fast setting response (although not as fast as mayenite) and it is believed to
provide the mold with strength during the early stages of curing. The rapid generation
of mold strength provides dimensional stability of the casting mold, and this feature
improves the dimensional consistency of the final cast component. 2) The calcium
monoaluminate is chemically stable with regard to the titanium and titanium
aluminide alloys that are being cast. The calcium monoaluminate is preferred relative
to the calcium dialuminate, and other calcium aluminate phases with higher alumina
activity; these phases are more reactive with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys
that are being cast. 3) The calcium monoaluminate and calcium dialuminate are low
expansion phases and are understood to prevent the formation of high levels of stress
in the mold during curing, dewaxing, and subsequent casting. The thermal expansion
behavior of calcium monoaluminate is a close match with alumina.
The Facecoat
[0056] In certain embodiments, the mold contains a continuous intrinsic
facecoat between the bulk of mold and the mold cavity. The mold is designed to
contain phases that provide improved mold strength during mold making, and the
continuous facecoat is designed to provide increased resistance to reaction during
casting. The molds are capable of casting at high pressure, which is desirable for net-
23
shape casting methods. A casting mold composition, a facecoat composition, and
preferred constituent phases for the facecoat and the bulk of the mold, have been
identified that provide castings with improved properties.
[0057] The facecoat is defined as the region of the mold adjacent to the
internal surface, or mold cavity in the mold. In one embodiment, the facecoat is
generally considered to be a region about 100 microns thick. In order to be more
effective, the facecoat is continuous. The region behind the facecoat and further away
from the mold cavity is referred to as the bulk of the mold.
[0058] One aspect of the present disclosure is a facecoat composition of a
mold that is used for casting a titanium-containing article, the facecoat composition
comprising: calcium monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein the
facecoat composition is an intrinsic facecoat, is about 10 microns to about 250
microns thick, and is located between the bulk of the mold and the surface of the mold
that opens to the mold cavity. The facecoat comprises, in one example, of calcium
aluminate with a particle size of less than about 50 microns.
[0059] The use of an intrinsic facecoat has advantages over the use of an
extrinsic facecoat. Specifically, extrinsic facecoats in molds that are used for casting,
such as yttria or zircon, can degenerate, crack, and spall during mold processing and
casting, specifically higher pressure casting. The pieces of facecoat that become
detached from the extrinsic facecoat can become entrained in the casting when the
mold is filled with molten metal, and the ceramic facecoat becomes an inclusion in
the final part. The inclusion reduces the mechanical performance of the component
24
that is produced from the casting.
[0060) In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an intrinsic
facecoat composition for investment casting molds, and a bulk mold composition, that
together can provide improved cast components of titanium and titanium alloys. In
one embodiment, the mold comprises calcium aluminate cement and alumina
particles. In one example, the calcium aluminate cement serves two functions. First
the cement generates an in-situ facecoat in the cavity of the mold that is generated by
removal of a fugitive pattern, and second it acts as a binder between the alumina
particles in the bulk of the mold behind the facecoat. In one embodiment, the bulk
composition range for CaO in the mold is between 10 and 50 weight percent. In one
embodiment, the composition of CaO in the facecoat is between 20 and 40 weight per
cent. In one embodiment, the final mold has a density of less than 2 grams/cubic
centimeter and a strength of greater than 500psi.
[0061] The mold may comprise the bulk of the mold and an intrinsic facecoat,
with the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic facecoat having different compositions, and
the intrinsic facecoat comprising calcium aluminate with a particle size of less than
about 50 microns. The mold may comprise the bulk of the mold and an intrinsic
facecoat, wherein the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic facecoat have different
compositions and wherein the bulk of the mold comprises alumina particles larger
than about 50 microns. The mold, in one example, comprises the bulk of the mold
and an intrinsic facecoat, wherein the bulk of the mold comprises alumina particles
larger than about 50 microns and the intrinsic facecoat comprises calcium aluminate
particles less than about 50 microns in size.
25
[0062] Net shape casting approaches as provided for in the present disclosure
allow parts that can be inspected with non destructive methods, such as x-ray,
ultrasound, or eddy current, in greater detail and at lower costs. The difficulties
associated with attenuation and scattering of the inspection radiation in oversized
thick sections is reduced. Smaller defects can potentially be resolved, and this can
provide parts with improved mechanical performance.
[0063] The present disclosure provides a casting mold composition and a
casting process that can provide improved components of titanium and titanium
alloys. In one embodiment, the mold is constructed using calcium aluminate cement,
or binder, and alumina particles. In an embodiment, the mold contains an intrinsic
facecoat between the bulk of mold and the mold cavity. The size of the particles in
the facecoat are typically less than 50 microns. The size of the particles in the bulk of
the mold can be larger than 50 microns. In one embodiment, the size of the particles
in the bulk of the mold are greater than 1mm. In one embodiment, the size of the
particles in the facecoat are less than 50 microns, and the size of the particles in the
bulk of the mold are more than 50 microns. Generally, the facecoat is continuous
intrinsic facecoat, allowing it to be more effective.
[0064] The intrinsic facecoat may have, by weight fraction, at least 20 percent
more calcium aluminate, at least 20 percent less alumina, and at least 50 percent less
mayenite than does the bulk of the mold. The weight fraction of calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat may have more than 0.60 and the weight
fraction of mayenite may be less than 0.1 0. In one example, the calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.1 to 0.9; the
26
calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.05 to
0.90; and the mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.001
to 0.05. The increased weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic
facecoat reduces the rate of reaction of the molten alloy with the mold during casting.
[0065] The intrinsic facecoat may have, by weight fraction, at least 20 percent
more calcium monoaluminate than the bulk of the mold. The intrinsic facecoat may
have, by weight fraction, at least 20 per cent less alumina than the bulk of the mold.
In one example, the intrinsic facecoat may have, by weight fraction, at least 20 per
cent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 per cent less alumina, and at least 50 per cent
less mayenite than does the bulk of the mold.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the constituent phases of the facecoat, as well
as the constituent phases of the bulk of the mold, are important to the properties of the
casting. As disclosed herein, the facecoat of the mold provides minimum reaction
with the alloy during casting, and as a result the mold provides castings with the
required component properties. External properties of the casting include features
such as shape, geometry, and surface finish. Internal properties of the casting include
mechanical properties, microstructure, and defects (such as pores and inclusions)
below a critical size.
[0067] With respect to constituent phases of the facecoat of the mold and the
bulk of the mold, calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04) is desirable for at least two
reasons. First, calcium monoaluminate promotes hydraulic bond formation between
the cement particles during the initial stages of mold making, and this hydraulic
27
bonding provides mold strength during mold construction. Second, calcium
monoaluminate experiences a very low rate of reaction with titanium and titanium
aluminide based alloys.
[0068] In one embodiment, the facecoat comprises calcium monoaluminate
(CaAh04), calcium dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite (Ca1 2Ali4033), and alumina.
In one embodiment, the size of the particles in the facecoat are less than 50 microns.
In the facecoat, the combination of calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium
dialuminate (CaA140 7) is more than 50 weight percent, and the alumina concentration
is less than 50 weight percent. In one embodiment, there is more than 30 weight
percent calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04) in the facecoat. The region behind the
facecoat and further away from the mold cavity is referred to as the bulk of the mold.
In this bulk of the mold section, in one embodiment, the combination of calcium
monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium dialuminate (CaAl407) is less than 50 weight
percent, and the alumina concentration in the bulk of the mold is greater than 50
weight percent.
[0069] Conventional investment mold compounds that consist of fused silica,
cristobalite, gypsum, or the like, that are used in casting jewelry and dental prostheses
are not suitable for casting reactive alloys, such as titanium alloys, because there is
reaction between titanium and the investment mold. Any reaction between the
molten alloy and the mold will deteriorate the properties of the final casting. The
deterioration can be as simple as poor surface finish due to gas bubbles, or in more
serious cases, the chemistry, microstructure, and properties of the casting can be
compromised.
28
[0070] The challenge has been to produce an investment mold that does not
react significantly with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. In this regard, few if
any prior poured ceramic investment compounds exist that meet the requirements for
structural titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. There is a need for an investment
mold that does not react significantly with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. In
prior approaches, in order to reduce the limitations of the conventional investment
mold compounds, several additional mold materials were developed. For example, an
investment compound was developed of an oxidation-expansion type in which
magnesium oxide or zirconia was used as a main component and metallic zirconium
was added to the main constituent to compensate for the shrinkage due to
solidification of the cast metal.
[0071] However, pnor art investment compounds have limitations. For
example, the investment mold compound that is intended to compensate for the
shrinkage due to the solidification of the cast metal by the oxidation-expansion of
metallic zirconium is difficult to practice, for several reasons. First, a wax pattern is
coated on its surface with the new investment compound with zirconium and then the
coated wax pattern is embedded in the conventional investment compound in an
attempt to make the required amount of zirconium as small as possible; coating the
wax with zirconium is very difficult and not highly repeatable. Second, waxes of
complex shaped components can not be coated in a sufficiently uniform manner. In
addition, the coated layer can come off the wax when the investment mold mix is
placed externally around the coated layer and the pattern, with the result that titanium
reacts with the externally placed investment mold mix.
29
[0072] The use of an intrinsic facecoat has significant advantages over the use
of an extrinsic facecoat. Extrinsic facecoats that are used in casting titanium alloys
are typically yttria based facecoats, or zirconia based facecoats. Specifically, extrinsic
facecoats in molds that are used for casting can degenerate, crack, and spall during
mold processing (such as removal of the fugitive pattern and firing) and casting. The
pieces of facecoat that become detached from the extrinsic facecoat can become
entrained in the casting when the mold is filled with molten metal, and the ceramic
facecoat becomes an inclusion in the final part. The inclusion reduces the mechanical
performance of the component that is produced from the casting.
[0073] The calcium aluminate cement is referred to as a cement or binder, and
in one embodiment, it is mixed with alumina particulate to make a castable
investment mold mix. The calcium aluminate cement is typically >30% by weight in
the castable investment mold mix; the use of this proportion of calcium aluminate
cement is a feature of the present disclosure because it favors formation of an intrinsic
facecoat. Applicants found that the selection of the correct calcium aluminate cement
chemistry and alumina formulation are important in determining the performance of
the mold. In one example, in terms of the calcium aluminate cement, Applicants
found that it is also necessary to have a particular amount of calcium oxide (CaO) in
order to minimize reaction with the titanium alloy.
[0074] In one embodiment, the facecoat comprises of calcium aluminate
cement with a particle size less than about 50 microns. In another embodiment, the
particle size of the calcium aluminate cement is less than about 10 microns. In one
example, the bulk of the mold has particles greater than 50 microns in size and can
30
contain alumina.
[0075] The facecoat has less alumina and more calcium aluminate cement
than the bulk of the mold. The intrinsic facecoat may have, by weight fraction, at
least 20 percent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 percent less alumina, and at least
50 percent less mayenite than does the bulk of the mold. In one example, the calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.1 to 0.9; the
calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.05 to
0.90; and the mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.001
to 0.05. The increased weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate and dialuminate in
the intrinsic facecoat reduces the rate of reaction of the molten alloy with the mold
during casting.
[0076] The initial cement slurry is mixed to have a viscosity of between 50
and 150 centipoise. In one embodiment, viscosity range is between 80 and 120
centipoise. If the viscosity is too low, the slurry will not maintain all the solids in
suspension, and settling of the heavier particles will occur and lead to segregation
during curing, and an intrinsic facecoat will not be formed. If the viscosity is too
high, the calcium aluminate particles can not partition to the fugitive pattern, and the
intrinsic facecoat will not be formed. The final slurry with the calcium aluminate
cement and the alumina particles is mixed to have a viscosity of between
approximately 2000 and 8000 centipoise. In one embodiment, this final slurry
viscosity range is between 3000 and 6000 centipoise. If the final slurry/mix viscosity
is too high, the final slurry mix will not flow around the fugitive pattern, and the
internal cavity of the mold will not be suitable for casting the final required part. If
31
•
the final slurry mix viscosity is too low, settling of the heavier particles will occur
during curing, and the mold will not have the required uniform composition
throughout the bulk of the mold.
[0077] The investment mold consist of a multi-phase mixtures of fine-scale
(<50 microns) calcium aluminate cement particles, fine-scale (<50 microns) alumina
particles, and larger scale (> 100 microns) alumina particles. The intrinsic facecoat
does not contain any alumina particles greater than 50 microns. The intrinsic facecoat
is formed because the fine-scale cement particles in suspension in the water-based
investment mix partition preferentially to the fugitive/wax pattern during mold
making, and forms an intrinsic facecoat layer that is enriched in the fine-scale
particles (<50 microns), including the calcium monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate
and alumina particles. In one embodiment, there are no large-scale alumina particles
(>50 microns) in the facecoat. The slurry viscosity and the solids loading are factors
in forming the intrinsic facecoat. The absence of large-scale (> 100 micron) particles
in the intrinsic facecoat improves the surface finish of the mold and the resulting
casting. The increased weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate and dialuminate in
the intrinsic facecoat reduces the rate of reaction of the molten alloy with the mold
during casting.
[0078] In the bulk of the mold, the calcium aluminate cement is the binder,
and the binder is considered the main skeleton of the mold structure behind the
facecoat. It is the continuous phase in the mold and provides strength during curing,
and casting. In one embodiment, the bulk of the mold composition comprises finescale
(<50 microns) calcium aluminate cement particles, and larger scale (> 100
32
microns) alumina particles. In another embodiment, the facecoat composition
comprises calcium aluminate cement.
[0079] The calcium aluminate cement that makes up the facecoat comprises at
least three phases; calcium monoaluminate (CaAlz04), calcium dialuminate
(CaAl407), and mayenite (Ca12Ah403J). In one embodiment, the facecoat can also
contain fine-scale alumina particles. In another embodiment, the bulk of the mold
behind the facecoat comprises calcium monoaluminate (CaAlz04), calcium
dialuminate (CaAl407), mayenite (Ca12Ah4033), and alumina. The alumina can be
incorporated as alumina particles, for example hollow alumina particles. The
particles can have a range of geometries, such as round particles, or irregular
aggregates. The alumina particle size can be as small as 10 microns and as large as
lOmm.
[0080] In one embodiment, the alumina consists of both round particles and
hollow particles, since these geometries increase the fluidity of the investment mold
mixture. Typically the alumina particle size in the bulk of the mold is greater than 50
microns. The fluidity impacts the manner in which the cement partitions to the
fugitive pattern (such as a wax) during pouring and setting of the investment mold
mix around the fugitive pattern. The fluidity affects the surface finish and fidelity of
the surface features of the final casting produced from the mold.
[0081) If the viscosity of the intial cement mix is too low, the slurry will not
maintain all the solids in suspension, and settling of the heavier particles will occur
and lead to segregation during curing, and an intrinsic facecoat will not be formed. If
33
the viscosity is too high, the calcium aluminate particles cannot partition to the
fugitive pattern, and the intrinsic facecoat will not be formed. If the final mix
viscosity is too high, the final slurry mix will not flow around the fugitive pattern, air
will be trapped between the slurry mix and the pattern, and the internal cavity of the
mold will not be suitable for casting the final required part. If the final slurry mix
viscosity is too low, settling of the heavier particles will occur during curing, and the
mold will not have the required uniform composition throughout the bulk of the mold,
and the quality of the resulting casting will be compromised.
[0082] The calcium aluminate cement particulate that generates the facecoat
typically has a particle size of less than 50 microns. A particle size of less than 50
microns has several advantages, including: first, the fine particle size promotes the
formation of hydraulic bonds during mold mixing and curing, second the fine particle
size can promote inter-particle sintering during firing, and this can increase the mold
strength, and third, the fine particle size improves surface finish of the mold cavity.
The calcium aluminate cement powder can be used either in its intrinsic form, or in an
agglomerated form, such as spray dried agglomerates. The calcium aluminate cement
can also be preblended with fine-scale (<10 micron) alumina before mixing with
larger-scale alumina; the fine-scale alumina can provide an increase in strength due to
sintering during high-temperature firing. However, if the alumina particles partition
to the facecoat, the casting properties can be reduced.
[0083] For example, if the alumina particles partition to the facecoat, such that
the intrinsic facecoat has more alumina than the bulk of the mold, the molten alloy
will react with the alumina in an undesirable way and generate gas bubbles that create
34
surface defects and defects within the casting itself. The properties of the resulting
casting, such as strength and fatigue strength are reduced. The presently disclosed
methods allow for the formation of a facecoat that has significantly less alumina in the
intrinsic facecoat than in the bulk of the mold.
[0084] The treatment of the facecoat and the mold from room tempeature to
the final firing temperature can also be important, specifically the thermal history and
the humidity profile. The heating rate to the firing temperature, and the cooling rate
after firing are very important. If the facecoat and the mold are heated too quickly,
they can crack internally or externally, or both; facecoat and mold cracking prior to
casting is highly undesirable, it will generate poor surface finish, at least. In addition,
if the mold and facecoat are heated too quickly the facecoat of the mold can crack and
spall off; this can lead to undesirable inclusions in the final casting in the worst case,
and poor surface finish, even if there are no inclusions. If the facecoat and the mold
are cooled too quickly after reaching the maximum mold firing temperature, the
facecoat or the bulk of the mold can also crack internally or externally, or both.
[0085] The solids loading of the initial cement mix and the solids loading of
the final mold mix have important effects on the mold structure and the ability to form
an intrinsic facecoat within the mold, as will be described in the following paragraphs.
The percentage of solids loading is defined as the total solids in the mix divided by
the total mass of the liquid and solids in the mix, described as a percentage. In one
embodiment, the percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate-liquid cement
mix is about 71 percent to 78 percent.
35
[0086] If the solids loading in the initial cement slurry is less than about 70
percent, then the cement particles will not remain in suspension and during curing of
the mold the cement particles will separate from the water and the composition will
not be uniform throughout the mold. In contrast, if the solids loading is too high in
the cement (for example greater than about 78 percent), the viscosity of the final mix
with the large-scale alumina will be too high (for example greater than about 85%,
depending on the amount, size, and morphology of the large-scale alumina particles
that are added), and the cement particles in the mix will not be able to partition to the
fugitive pattern within the mold, and the intrinsic facecoat will not be formed.
[0087] In one embodiment, the percentage of solids in the final calcium
aluminate-liquid cement mix with the large-scale (meaning greater than about 50
microns in one embodiment, and greater than about 1 00 microns in another
embodiment) alumina particles is about 75 percent to about 90 percent. In one
embodiment, the percentage of solids in the final calcium aluminate-liquid cement
mix with the large-scale alumina particles is about 78 percent to about 88 percent. In
another embodiment, the percentage of solids in the final calcium aluminate-liquid
cement mix with the large-scale alumina particles is about 78 percent to about 84
percent. In a particular embodiment, the percentage of solids in the final calcium
aluminate-liquid cement mix with the large-scale alumina particles is about 80
percent.
The Mold and Casting Methods
[0088] An investment mold is formed by formulating the investment mix of
36
the ceramic components, and pouring the mix into a vessel that contains a fugitive
pattern. The investment mold formed on the pattern is allowed to cure thoroughly to
form a so-called "green mold." The intrinsic facecoat and the investment mold are
formed on the pattern and they are allowed to cure thoroughly to form this green
mold. Typically, curing of the green mold is performed for times from 1 hour to 48
hours. Subsequently, the fugitive pattern is selectively removed from the green mold
by melting, dissolution, ignition, or other known pattern removal technique. Typical
methods for wax pattern removal include oven dewax (less than 150 degrees C),
furnace dewax (greater than 150 degrees C), steam autoclave dewax, and microwave
dewaxing.
[0089] For casting titanium alloys, and titanium aluminide and its alloys, the
green mold then is fired at a temperature above 600 degrees C, for example 600 to
1400 degrees C, for a time period in excess of 1 hour, preferably 2 to 10 hours, to
develop mold strength for casting and to remove any undesirable residual impurities
in the mold, such as metallic species (Fe, Ni, Cr), and carbon-containing species. In
one example, the firing temperature is at least 950 degrees C. The atmosphere of
firing the mold is typically ambient air, although inert gas or a reducing gas
atmosphere can be used.
[0090] The firing process also removes the water from the mold and converts
the mayenite to calcium aluminate. Another purpose of the mold firing procedure is
to minimize any free silica that remains in the facecoat and mold prior to casting.
Other purposes are to increase the high temperature strength, and increase the amount
of calcium monoaluminate and calcium dialuminate.
37
[0091] The mold is heated from room temperature to the final firing
temperature, specifically the thermal history is controlled. The heating rate to the
firing temperature, and the cooling rate after firing are typically regulated or
controlled. If the mold is heated too quickly, it can crack internally or externally, or
both; mold cracking prior to casting is highly undesirable. In addition, if the mold is
heated too quickly, the internal surface of the mold can crack and spall off. This can
lead to undesirable inclusions in the final casting, and poor surface finish, even if
there are no inclusions. Similarly, if the mold is cooled too quickly after reaching the
maximum temperature, the mold can also crack internally or externally, or both.
[0092] The mold composition described in the present disclosure is
particularly suitable for titanium and titanium aluminide alloys. The facecoat and the
bulk of the mold composition after firing and before casting can influence the mold
properties, particularly with regard to the constituent phases. In one embodiment, for
casting purposes, a high weight fraction of calcium monoaluminate in the mold is
preferred, for example, a weight fraction of 0.15 to 0.8. In addition, for casting
purposes, it is desirable to minimize the weight fraction of the mayenite, for example,
using a weight fraction of 0.01 to 0.2, because mayenite is water sensitive and it can
provide problems with water release and gas generation during casting. After firing,
the mold can also contain small weight fractions of aluminosilicates and calcium
aluminosilicates. The sum of the weight fraction of aluminosilicates and calcium
aluminosilicates may typically be kept to less than 5% in the bulk of the mold and less
than 0.5% in the facecoat, in order to minimize reaction of the mold with the casting.
[0093] One aspect of the present disclosure is a method for forming a casting
38
mold for casting a titanium-containing article, the method comprising: combining
calcium aluminate with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, wherein the
percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate I liquid mixture is about 70% to
about 80% and the viscosity of the slurry is about 50 to about 150 centipoise; adding
oxide particles into the slurry such that the solids in the final calcium aluminate I
liquid mixture with the large-scale (greater than 50 microns) oxide particles is about
75% to about 90%; introducing the slurry into a mold cavity that contains a fugitive
pattern; and allowing the slurry to cure in the mold cavity to form a mold of a
titanium-containing article.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the casting-mold composition of the present
disclosure comprises an investment casting-mold composition. The investment
casting-mold composition comprises a near-net-shape, titanium-containing metal,
investment casting mold composition. In one embodiment, the investment castingmold
composition comprises an investment casting-mold composition for casting
near-net-shape titanium aluminide articles. The near-net-shape titanium aluminide
articles comprise, for example, near-net-shape titanium aluminide turbine blades.
[0095] The selection of the correct calcium aluminate cement chemistry and
alumina formulation are factors in the performance of the mold during casting. In
terms of the calcium aluminate cement, it may be necessary to minimize the amount
of free calcium oxide in order to minimize reaction with the titanium alloy. If the
calcium oxide concentration in the cement is less than about 1 0% by weight, the alloy
reacts with the mold because the alumina concentration is too high, and the reaction
generates undesirable oxygen concentration levels in the casting, gas bubbles, and a
39
poor surface finish in the cast component. Free alumina is less desirable in the mold
material because it can react aggressively with titanium and titanium aluminide alloys.
[0096] If the calcium oxide concentration in the cement is greater than 50% by
weight, the mold can be sensitive to pick up of water and carbon dioxide from the
environment. As such, the calcium oxide concentration in the investment mold may
typically be kept below 50%. In one embodiment, the calcium oxide concentration in
the bulk of the investment mold is between 10 % and 50 % by weight. In one
...-. embodiment, the calcium oxide concentration in the bulk of the investment mold is
between 10% and 40% by weight. Alternatively, the calcium oxide concentration in
the bulk of the investment mold may be between 25 % and 35 % by weight. In one
embodiment, the composition of CaO in the facecoat is between 20 and 40 per cent by
weight. In another embodiment, the calcium oxide concentration in the facecoat of
the mold is between 15% and 30% by weight.
[0097] Carbon dioxide can lead to formation of calcium carbonate in the mold
during processing and prior to casting, and calcium carbonate is unstable during the
casting operation. Thus, the water and carbon dioxide in the mold can lead to poor
casting quality. If the adsorbed water level is too high, for example, greater than 0.05
weight percent, when the molten metal enters the mold during casting, the water is
released and it can react with the alloy. This leads to poor surface finish, gas bubbles
in the casting, high oxygen concentration, and poor mechanical properties. In
addition, an amount of water can cause the mold to be incompletely filled. Similarly,
if the carbon dioxide level is too high, calcium carbonate can form in the mold and
when the molten metal enters the mold during casting, the calcium carbonate can
40
decompose generating carbon dioxide, which can react with the alloy; if large
amounts of carbon dioxide are released, the gas can cause the mold to be incompletely
filled. The resulting calcium carbonate is less than 1 weight percent in the mold.
[0098] Prior to casting a molten metal or alloy, the investment mold typically
is preheated to a mold casting temperature that is dependent on the particular
component geometry or alloy to be cast. For example, a typical mold preheat
temperature is 600 degrees C. Typically, the mold temperature range is 450 degrees
C to 1200 degrees C; the preferred temperature range is 450 degrees C to 750 degrees
C, and in certain cases it is 500 degrees C to 650 degrees C.
[0099] According to one aspect, the molten metal or alloy is poured into the
mold using conventional techniques which can include gravity, countergravity,
pressure, centrifugal, and other casting techniques known to those skilled in the art.
Vacuum or an inert gas atmospheres can be used. For complex shaped thin wall
geometries, techniques that use high pressure are preferred. After the solidified
titanium aluminide or alloy casting is cooled typically to less than 650 degrees, for
example, to room temperature, it is removed from the mold and finished using
conventional techniques, such as, grit blasting, and polishing.
[00100] One aspect of the present disclosure is a casting method for titanium
and titanium alloys comprising: obtaining an investment casting mold composition
comprising calcium aluminate and aluminum oxide, wherein the calcium aluminate is
combined with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, and wherein the
solids in the final calcium aluminate I liquid mixture with the large scale alumina is
41
about 75% to about 90%, and wherein the resulting mold has an intrinsic facecoat;
pouring the investment casting mold composition into a vessel containing a fugitive
pattern; curing the investment casting mold composition; removing the fugitive
pattern from the mold; firing the mold; preheating the mold to a mold casting
temperature; pouring molten titanium or titanium alloy into the heated mold;
solidifying the molten titanium or titanium alloy and forming a solidified titanium or
titanium alloy casting; and removing the solidified titanium or titanium alloy casting
from the mold. In one embodiment, a titanium or titanium alloy article is claimed that
is made by the casting method as taught herein.
[00101] One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a casting method for
titanium and titanium alloys comprising: obtaining an investment casting-mold
composition comprising calcium aluminate and aluminum oxide; pouring the
investment casting-mold composition into a vessel containing a fugitive pattern;
curing the investment casting-mold composition; removing the fugitive pattern from
the mold; firing the mold; preheating the mold to a mold casting temperature; pouring
molten titanium or titanium alloy into the heated mold; solidifying the molten
titanium or titanium alloy; and removing a solidified titanium or titanium alloy from
the mold.
[00102] Between removing the fugitive pattern from the mold and preheating
the mold to a mold casting temperature, the mold is first heated, or fired, to a
temperature of about 600 degrees C to about 1400 degrees C, for example about 950
degrees C or higher, and then cooled to room temperature. In one embodiment, the
curing step is conducted at temperatures below about 30 degrees C for between one
42
hour to 48 hours. The removing of the fugitive pattern includes the step of melting,
dissolution, ignition, oven dewaxing, furnace dewaxing, steam autoclave dewaxing, or
microwave dewaxing. In one embodiment, after removing of the titanium or titanium
alloy from the mold, the casting may be finished with grit blasting or polishing. In
one embodiment, after the solidified casting is removed from the mold, it is inspected
by X-ray or Neutron radiography.
[00103] The solidified casting is subjected to surface inspection and X-ray
radiography after casting and finishing to detect any sub-surface inclusion particles at
any location within the casting. X-ray radiography is employed to find inclusions that
are not detectable by visual inspection of the exterior surface of the casting. The
titanium aluminide casting is subjected to X-ray radiography (film or digital) using
conventional X-ray equipment to provide an X-ray radiograph that then is inspected
or analyzed to determine if any sub-surface inclusions are present within the titanium
aluminide casting.
[00104] Alternately or in addition to X-ray radiography, the solidified casting
can be subjected to other non-destructive testing, for example, conventional Neutronray
radiography. The mold compositions described provide a small amount of a
material having a high Neutron absorption cross section. In one aspect, a Neutron
radiograph is prepared of the cast article. Since the titanium alloy cast article may be
substantially transparent to neutrons, the mold material will typically show up
distinctly in the resulting Neutron radiograph. In one aspect, it is believed that
Neutron exposure results in "neutron activation" of the radiographically dense
element. Neutron activation involves the interaction of the Neutron radiation with the
43
•
radiographically dense element of the casting to effect the formation of radioactive
isotopes of the radiographically dense elements of the mold composition. The
radioactive isotopes may then be detectable by conventional radioactive detecting
devices to count any radiographically dense element isotopes present in the cast
article.
[00105] Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method for forming a
casting mold for casting a titanium-containing article. The method includes:
combining calcium aluminate with a liquid, such as water, to produce a slurry of
calcium aluminate in the liquid; introducing the slurry into a vessel that contains a
fugitive pattern; and allowing the slurry to cure in the mold cavity to form a mold of a
titanium-containing article. In one embodiment, the method further comprises, before
introducing the slurry into a mold cavity, introducing oxide particles, for example
hollow oxide particles, to the slurry.
[00106] The formed mold may be a green mold, and the method may further
comprise firing the green mold. In one embodiment, the casting mold comprises an
investment casting mold, for example, for casting a titanium-containing article. In
one embodiment, the titanium-containing article comprises a titanium aluminide
article. In one embodiment, the investment casting-mold composition comprises an
investment casting-mold composition for casting near-net-shape titanium aluminide
articles. The near-net-shape titanium aluminide articles may comprise near-net-shape
titanium aluminide turbine blades. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to a
mold formed from a titanium-containing article casting-mold composition, as taught
herein. Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to an article formed in the
44
aforementioned mold.
[00107] Yet another aspect of the present disclosure is a titanium or titanium
alloy casting made by a casting method comprising: obtaining an investment casting
mold composition comprising calcium aluminate and aluminum oxide; pouring the
investment casting mold composition into a vessel containing a fugitive pattern;
curing the investment casting mold composition; removing the fugitive pattern from
the mold; firing the mold; preheating the mold to a mold casting temperature; pouring
molten titanium or titanium alloy into the heated mold; solidifying the molten
titanium or titanium alloy to form the casting; and removing a solidified titanium or
titanium alloy casting from the mold. In one embodiment, the present disclosure is
directed to a titanium or titanium alloy article made by the casting methods taught in
this application.
[00108] Surface roughness is one of the important indices representing the
surface integrity of cast and machined parts. Surface roughness is characterized by
the centerline average roughness value "Ra", as well as the average peak-to-valley
distance "Rz" in a designated area as measured by optical profilometry. A roughness
value can either be calculated on a profile or on a surface. The profile roughness
parameter (Ra, Rq, ... ) are more common. Each of the roughness parameters is
calculated using a formula for describing the surface. There are many different
roughness parameters in use, but Ra is by far the most common. As known in the art,
surface roughness is correlated with tool wear. Typically, the surface-finishing
process though grinding and honing yields surfaces with Ra in a range of 0.1 mm to
45
1.6 mm. The surface roughness Ra value of the final coating depends upon the
desired function of the coating or coated article.
[00109] The average roughness, Ra, is expressed in units of height. In the
Imperial (English) system, 1 Ra is typically expressed in "millionths" of an inch. This
is also referred to as "microinches". The Ra values indicated herein refer to
microinches. An Ra value of 70 corresponds to approximately 2 microns; and an Ra
value of 35 corresponds to approximately 1 micron. It is typically required that the
surface of high performance articles, such as turbine blades, turbine vanes/nozzles,
turbochargers, reciprocating engine valves, pistons, and the like, have an Ra of about
20 or less. One aspect of the present disclosure is a turbine blade comprising titaniUm
or titanium alloy and having an average roughness, Ra, of less than 20 across at least a
portion of its surface area.
[00110] As the molten metals are heated higher and higher, they tend to
become more and more reactive (e.g., undergoing unwanted reactions with the mold
surface). Such reactions lead to the formation of impurities that contaminate the
metal parts, which result in various detrimental consequences. The presence of
impurities shifts the composition of the metal such that it may not meet the desired
standard, thereby disallowing the use of the cast piece for the intended application.
Moreover, the presence of the impurities can detrimentally affect the mechanical
properties of the metallic material (e.g., lowering the strength of the material).
[00111] Furthermore, such reactions can lead to surface texturing, which results
in substantial, undesirable roughness on the surface of the cast piece. For example,
46
using the surface roughness value Ra, as known in the art for characterizing surface
roughness, cast pieces utilizing stainless steel alloys and/or titanium alloys are
typically exhibit an Ra value between about 100 and 200 under good working
conditions. These detrimental effects drive one to use lower temperatures for filling
molds. However, if the temperature of the molten metal is not heated enough, the
casting material can cool too quickly, leading to incomplete filling of the cast mold.
[00112] One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a mold composition
for casting a titanium-containing article, comprising calcium aluminate. The mold
composition further comprises hollow alumina particles. The article comprises a
metallic article. In one embodiment, the article comprises a titanium aluminidecontaining
article. In another embodiment, the article comprises a titanium aluminide
turbine blade. In yet another embodiment, the article comprises a near-net-shape,
titanium aluminide turbine blade. This near-net-shape, titanium aluminide turbine
blade may require little or no material removal prior to installation.
EXAMPLES
[00113] The disclosure, having been generally described, may be more readily
understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for
purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure,
and are not intended to limit the disclosure in any way.
[00114] Figure 1 a and 1 b show one example of the mold microstructure after
high temperature firing. The backscattered electron scanning electron microscope
47
images of the cross section of the mold fired at 1 000 degrees Celsius are shown,
wherein Figure 1 a points to the alumina particles 210 present, the mold facecoat 212,
the bulk of the mold 214, and the internal surface of the mold 216 opening up to the
mold cavity. Figure 1 b points to the calcium aluminate cement 220. The fine-scale
calcium aluminate cement 220 provides the skeleton structure of the mold. In one
example the calcium aluminate cement comprises calcium monoaluminate and
calcium dialuminate.
[00115] Figure 2a and Figure 2b show one example of the mold microstructure
after high temperature firing. The backscattered electron scanning electron
microscope images of the cross section of the mold fired at 1000 degrees Celsius are
shown, wherein Figure 2a points to calcium aluminate cement 310 present as part of
the facecoat microstructure. Figure 2b points to an alumina particle 320 and shows
the internal surface of mold/mold cavity 322 as well as the intrinsic facecoat region
324.
[00116] Figures 3 and 4 show two examples of the mold microstructure after
high temperature firing, showing alumina 510 (in figure 3) 610 (in figure 4), and
calcium monoaluminate 520 (in figure 3) 620 (in figure 4), wherein the mold in one
example is fired to minimize mayenite content.
Investment Mold Composition and Formulation
[00117] A calcium aluminate cement was mixed with alumina to generate an
investment mold mix, and a range of investment mold chemistries were tested. The
48
investment mixture in one example consisted of calcium aluminate cement with 70%
alumina and 30% calcia, alumina particles, water, and colloidal silica.
[00118] As shown in Figure 5a, the method comprises combining calcium
aluminate with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate in the liquid 705. The
percentage of solids in the initial calcium aluminate/liquid mixture is about 70% to
about 80% and the viscosity of the slurry is about 50 to about 150 centipoise. In one
embodiment oxide particles are added into the slurry 707 such that the solids in the
final calcium aluminate/liquid mixture with the large scale (greater than 50 microns)
oxide particles is about 75% - about 90%. The calcium aluminate slurry is introduced
into a mold cavity that contains a fugitive pattern 710. The slurry is allowed to cure
in the mold cavity to form a mold of a titanium or titanium-containing article 715.
[00119] In another example, shown in Figure 5b, the method comprises
obtaining an investment casting mold composition comprising calcium aluminate and
aluminum oxide 725. In one example the calcium aluminate is combined with a
liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, wherein the solids in the final calcium
aluminate/liquid mixture with a large scale alumina is about 75% to about 90%. The
investment casting mold composition is poured into a vessel containing a fugitive
pattern 730. The investment casting mold is cured thereby providing the casting mold
composition 735. The fugitive pattern is removed from the mold 740, and the mold is
fired. The mold is preheated to a mold casting temperature 745, and the molten
titanium or titanium alloy is poured into the heated mold 750. The molten titanium or
titanium alloy is solidified and forms a solidified titanium or titanium alloy casting
755. Finally, the solidified titanium or titanium alloy casting is removed from the
49
mold 760.
[00120] In a first example, a typical cement slurry mixture for making an
investment mold consisted of 3000 grams [g] of the calcium aluminate cement,
(comprising approximately 10% by weight of mayenite, approximately 70% by
weight of calcium monoaluminate, and approximately 20% by weight of calcium
dialuminate ), 1500 g of calcined alumina particles with a size of less than 10 microns,
2450g of high-purity alumina particles of a size range from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm
diameter, 1650g of deionized water, and 150g of colloidal silica. The solids loading
of the final mold mix is 80 percent, where the solids loading is defined as the total
solids in the mix normalized with respect to the total mass of the liquid and solids in
the mix, expressed as a percentage.
[00121] The solids loading of the initial cement slurry mixture with all
components and without the large-scale alumina particles is 72 percent. The mold
formed an intrinsic facecoat with a thickness of approximately 1 00 microns. This
formulation produced a mold that was approximately 120mm diameter and 400mm
long. The mold formulation was designed so that there was less than 1 percent linear
shrinkage of both the facecoat of the mold, and the bulk of the mold, on firing. The
mold that was produced had a density of less than 2 grams per cubic centimeter.
[00122] Typical high-purity calcined alumina particles types include fused,
tabular, and levigated alumina. Typical suitable colloidal silicas include Remet LP30,
Remet SP30, Nalco 1030, Ludox. The produced mold was used for casting titanium
aluminide-containing articles such as turbine blades with a good surface finish. The
50
roughness (Ra) value was less than 100 microinches, and with an oxygen content of
less than 2000 parts per million [ppm]. This formulation produced a mold that was
approximately 120mm diameter and 400mm long. This formulation produced a mold
that had a density of less than 2 grams per cubic centimeter.
[00123] The mold possessed an intrinsic facecoat that consisted of calcium
aluminate phases, and the facecoat thickness was approximately 100 microns. The
mold that was so produced was used successfully for casting titanium aluminide
turbine blades with a good surface finish; for example, where the Ra was less than
1 00, and with an oxygen content of less than 2000ppm. This formulation produced a
mold that had a density ofless than 2 grams per cubic centimeter.
[00124] The mold mix was prepared by mixing the calcium aluminate cement,
water, and colloidal silica in a container. A high-shear form mixing was used. If not
mixed thoroughly, the cement can gel, and the fluidity is reduced so that the mold mix
will not cover the fugitive pattern uniformly, and the intrinsic facecoat will not be
generated. When the cement is in full suspension in the mixture, the alumina particles
are added. When the cement was in full suspension in the mixture, the fine-scale
alumina particles were added. When the fine-scale alumina particles were fully
mixed with the cement, the larger-size (for example, 0.5-1.0 mm) alumina particles
were added and mixed with the cement-alumina formulation. The viscosity of the
final mix is another factor for the formation of a high quality facecoat continuous
intrinsic facecoat, as it must not be too low or too high. Another key factor of the
present disclosure is the solids loading of the cement mix and the amount of water. In
addition, accelerants, and retarders can be used at selected points during the mold
51
making process steps.
[00125] After mixing, the investment mix was poured in a controlled manner
into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern. The vessel provides the external
geometry of the mold, and the fugitive pattern generates the internal geometry. The
correct pour speed is a further feature, if it is too fast air can be entrapped in the mold,
if it is too slow separation of the cement and the alumina particulate can occur.
Suitable pour speed range from about 1 to about 20 liters per minute. In one
embodiment, the pour speed is about 2 to about 6 liters per minute. In a specific
embodiment, the pour speed is about 4 liters per minute.
[00126] In a second example, a slurry mixture for making an investment mold
consisted of 3000 g of the calcium aluminate cement, (comprising approximately 10%
by weight of mayenite, approximately 70% by weight of calcium monoaluminate, and
approximately 20% by weight of calcium dialuminate ), 1500 g of calcined alumina
particles with a size of less than 10 microns, 2650g of high-purity alumina hollow
particles of a size range from 0.5-1mm diameter, 1650g of deionized water, and 150g
of colloidal silica. After mixing, the investment mix was poured in a controlled
manner into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern, as described in the first
example. The solids loading of the initial cement slurry mixture with all components
without the large-scale alumina particles is 72 percent. The solids loading of the final
mold mix is 80.3%; this is slightly higher than the corresponding value in example
one. The weight fraction of calcium aluminate cement is 42%, and that of the
alumina is 58%. This formulation produced a mold that was approximately 120mm
diameter and 400mm long.
52
[00127] The mold with the intrinsic facecoat was then cured and fired at high
temperature. The mold with the intrinsic facecoat that was so produced was used
successfully for casting titanium aluminide turbine blades with a good surface finish;
the Ra was less than 100, and with an oxygen content of less than 2000ppm. This
formulation produced a mold that had a density of less than 1.8 grams per cubic
centimeter. The mold possessed an intrinsic facecoat comprising calcium aluminate
phases. The mold formed an intrinsic facecoat with a thickness of approximately 100
microns. The mold formulation was designed so that there was less than 1 percent
linear shrinkage of both the facecoat of the mold, and the bulk of the mold, on firing.
The lightweight fused alumina hollow particles incorporated in the mix provides low
thermal conductivity.
[00128] The alumina hollow particles provide a mold with a reduced density
and lower thermal conductivity (the thermal conductivity is shown in the attached
graph in Figure 6). There is 35 weight percent of hollow alumina particles in the
mold. This formulation produced a mold that was approximately 120mm diameter
and 400 mm long. The mold was then cured and fired at high temperature. The
produced mold was used for casting titanium aluminide-containing articles, such as
turbine blades, with a good surface finish. The roughness (Ra) value was less than
1 00, and with an oxygen content of less than 2000 ppm. This formulation produced a
mold that had a density of less than 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. The thermal
conductivity of the bulk of the mold is compared with that of alumina in Figure 6, as a
function of temperature from room temperature to 1000 °C. The thermal conductivity
of the bulk of the mold is substantially less than that of alumina at all temperatures.
53
The thermal conductivity was measured usmg hot w1re platinum resistance
thermometer technique (ASTM test C-1113 ).
[00129] In a third example, a slurry mixture for making an investment mold
consisted of 600 g of the calcium aluminate cement, (consisting of approximately
10% by weight of mayenite, approximately 70% by weight of calcium
monoaluminate, and approximately 20% by weight of calcium dialuminmate), 300 g
of calcined alumina particles with a size of less than 10 microns, 490g of high-purity
~ alumina hollow particles of a size range from 0.5-1mm diameter, 305g of deionized
water, and 31 g of Remet LP30 colloidal silica. After mixing, the investment mix was
poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern, as
described in the first example. This formulation produced a smaller mold for a
smaller component that was approximately 120mm diameter and 150mm long. The
mold was then cured and fired at high temperature. The mold that was so produced
was used successfully for casting titanium aluminide turbine blades with a good
surface finish; the Ra was less than 100, and with an oxygen content of less than
tl 1600ppm.
[00130] The solids loading of the initial cement slurry mixture with all
components without the large-scale alumina particles is 65 percent. This solids
loading is below the ideal limit for making a cement slurry that can form a facecoat in
the mold. The solids loading of the final mold mix is 77%; this is slightly lower than
the preferred range for producing molds.
[00131] In a fourth example, a slurry mixture for making an investment mold
54
consisted of 2708 g of a calcium aluminate cement, (comprising approximately 10%
by weight of mayenite, approximately 70% by weight of calcium monoaluminate, and
approximately 20% by weight of calcium dialuminate ), 14 72g of high-purity alumina
hollow particles of a size range from 0.5-1mm diameter, 1061g of deionized water,
and 96g of Remet colloidal silica LP30. After mixing, the investment mold mix was
poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern, as
described in the first example. The solids loading of the initial cement slurry mixture
with all components without the large-scale alumina particles is 70 percent. The
solids loading of the final mold mix is 79%; this is slightly lower than the
corresponding value in the first example. The mold formed an intrinsic facecoat with
a thickness of approximately 100 microns. This formulation produced a smaller mold
with a smaller alumina content for a smaller component. The mold was then cured
and fired at high temperature. The produced mold was used for casting titanium
aluminide-containing articles such as turbine blades.
[00132] In a fifth example, a slurry mixture for making an investment mold
consisted of 1500 g of a commercially blended 80% calcium aluminate cement,
CA25C, produced by the company Almatis. The CA25C product nominally consists
of a 70% calcium aluminate cement blended with alumina to adjust the composition
to 80% alumina. A cement slurry with an initial solids loading of 73.5 percent was
produced using 460g of deionized water, and 1 OOg of colloidal silica. When the
slurry was mixed to an acceptable viscosity, 550g of alumina hollow particles of a
size range of less than 0.85mm and greater than 0.5mm was added to the slurry. The
product with the name Duralum AB that was produced by the company Washington
55
Mills, was used. After mixing, the investment mold mix was poured in a controlled
manner into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern, as described in the first
example. The solids loading of the final mold mix was 79.1 %; this is on the low end
of the preferred range. The mold mixture was poured into a tool to produce a mold
with a diameter of 4 inches and a length of 6 inches.
[00133] The mold formed an intrinsic facecoat, but the composition of the bulk
of the mold, and in particular the composition of the facecoat, contained too much
silica. The bulk composition of silica in the mold was 1.4 weight percent. The high
concentration of colloidal silica in the mix can lead to residual crystalline silica, and
silicates, such as calcium aluminosilicate and aluminosilicate in the final fired mold.
The high silica content of the mold, and the facecoat in particular, provided two
limitations of this mold formulation. First, shrinkage can occur on firing and this
leads to problems, such as cracking in the facecoat and dimensional control of the
4
component. Second, the high silica content in the facecoat can cause reaction with the
molten titanium and titanium aluminide alloys when the mold is filled during casting;
this reaction leads to unacceptable casting quality.
[00134] In a sixth example, a mold with a diameter of 4 inches and a length of
6 inches was produced using a slurry mixture that consisted of 1500 g of a calcium
aluminate cement, CA25C, 51 Og of water, and 50g of Remet LP30 colloidal silica.
This mix formulation possessed a lower colloidal silica concentration than the
formulation in the previous example. The bulk composition of silica in the mold was
0.7 weight percent. The commercially blended 80% calcium aluminate cement,
CA25C, was used. A cement slurry with an initial solids loading of 73.0 percent was
56
produced. At this point, 550g of Duralum AB alumina hollow particles of a size
range of less than 0.85mm and greater than 0.5mm was added to the slurry. The
solids loading of the final mold mix is 80.2%. After mixing, the investment mold mix
was poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that contains the fugitive wax pattern,
as described in the first example. The bulk composition of silica in the mold was 0.7
weight percent. The mold formed an intrinsic facecoat with a lower silica content
than that in the previous example. The lower silica content of the mold and in
particular the intrinsic facecoat, provides a mold that is preferred for casting titanium
and titanium aluminide alloys.
[00135] In a seventh example, a mold with a diameter of 100 millimeters and a
length of 400 milimeters was produced using a slurry mixture that consisted of 4512 g
of a calcium aluminate cement, CA25C, 1534g of water, and 151 g of LP30 colloidal
silica. A cement slurry with an initial solids loading of 73.0 percent was produced.
The commercially blended 80% calcium aluminate cement, CA25C, was used. At
this point, 2452g of Duralum AB alumina hollow particles of a size range of less than
0.85mm and greater than 0.5mm, was added to the slurry. After mixing, the
investment mold mix was poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that contains the
fugitive wax pattern, as described in the first example. The solids loading of the final
mold mix is 81%. The mold had a uniform composition along the 16 inch length of
the mold in both the bulk of the mold, and the facecoat of the mold. The bulk
composition of silica in the mold was 0.6 weight percent. The mold formed an
intrinsic facecoat with a low silica content. The low silica content of the mold and in
particular the intrinsic facecoat provides a mold that is preferred for casting titanium
57
and titanium aluminide alloys. The weight percentage of alumina hollow particles in
the mold was 35 percent. The mold formed an intrinsic facecoat with a thickness of
approximately 100 microns. The mold experienced less than 1 percent linear
shrinkage on firing.
[00136] In an eighth example, a mold with a diameter of 100 milimeters and a
length of 150 milimeters was produced using a slurry mixture that consisted of 765g
of a commercially available calcium aluminate cement, Rescor 780, and Remet LP30
colloidal silica. Rescor 780 is produced by Cotronics, Inc. The initial cement slurry
mixed with the LP30 and possessed an initial solids loading of 76 percent. When the
initial slurry had been mixed to a suitable viscosity, 1122g of Ziralcast 95 was added.
The solids loading of the final mold mix was 81%. After mixing, the investment mix
was poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that contained the fugitive wax
pattern, as described in the first example. The alumina castable refractory Ziralcast-
95 is produced by Zircar Ceramics, Inc. Ziralcast-95 is a high -purity alumina
cement mixed with fused alumina hollow particles. The ZIRALCAST -95 contains
approximately 44 percent alumina hollow particles by weight, and 56 percent alumina
cement by weight; the alumina hollow particles size are larger than that used in the
previous example, typically being greater than 1 mm.
[00137] This mold formulation that was so produced possessed some attractive
attributes, but it possessed several limitations. First, the intrinsic facecoat in the mold
was thinner than desired; this is due to high solids loading of the final mix prior to
pouring. Second, there was too much colloidal silica in the mold mix and this led to
too much silica, and resulting silicates, such as calcium aluminosilicate, in the bulk of
58
the mold and in the facecoat of the final mold after firing. The high silica and silicate
content of the mold and the facecoat in particular provided two limitations of this
mold formulation. First, shrinkage can occur on firing and this leads to problems,
such as cracking in the facecoat and dimensional control of the component. Second,
the high silica content in the facecoat can cause reaction with the molten titanium
aluminide alloy when the mold is filled during casting; this reaction leads to
unacceptable casting quality. Lastly, the alumina hollow particles size was too large
and this reduced the fluidity of the resulting mix. The lower fluidity leads to a thinner
intrinsic facecoat, and the resulting mold produces castings with lower quality.
[00138] In a ninth example, a slurry mixture was produced using 2708 g of a
calcium aluminate cement, Secar 80, 820g of deionized water, and 80g of LP30
colloidal silica. Secar 80 cement is a commercially available hydraulic cement with
an alumina content of approximately 80%. Secar 80 is produced by the company
Kemeos, they were formerly known as LaFarge. The calcium aluminate cement
clinker is prepared by solid-state reaction. The sintered clinker is then blended with
high surface area alumina to create a hydraulic cement capable of contributing to
high temperature strengths. The primary mineralogical phases of Secar 80 are
calcium aluminate (CaAh04), calcium di-aluminate (CaAl407) and alumina (AbOJ).
[00139] In a tenth example, a mold with a diameter of approximately 100
millimeters and a length of approximately 400 millimeters was produced using a
slurry mixture that consisted of 4500 g of a calcium aluminate cement, CA25C and
1469g of deionized water. A cement slurry with an initial solids loading of 75.3
percent was produced. The commercially blended 80% calcium aluminate cement,
59
CA25C, was used. At this point, 2445g of Duralum AB alumina hollow particles of a
size range of less than 0.85mm and greater than 0.5mm, was added to the slurry. After
mixing, the investment mold mix was poured in a controlled manner into a vessel that
contains the fugitive wax pattern, as described in the first example. The solids
loading of the final mold mix is 81%. The mold had a uniform composition along the
16 inch length of the mold in both the bulk of the mold, and the facecoat of the mold.
The weight percentage of alumina hollow particles in the mold was 35 percent. The
mold experienced less than 1 percent linear shrinkage on firing. The mold was
suitable for casting.
[00140] A cement slurry with 2708g of Secar 80 with an initial solids loading
of 73.0 percent was produced. It was not possible to generate a slurry with this
cement that could produce a mold with a preferred intrinsic facecoat. If the working
time of the investment mold mix is too short, there is insufficient time to make large
molds of complex-shaped components.
[00141] If the working time of the investment mold mix is too long and the
calcium aluminate cement does not cure sufficiently quickly, separation of the finescale
cement and the large scale alumina can occur and this can lead to a segregated
mold in which the formulation varies and the resulting mold properties are not
uniform.
[00142] The colloidal silica can affect the rate of reaction of the calcium
aluminate phases with water, and it can also affect the mold strength during curing.
This rate of reaction of the calcium aluminate phases with water controls the working
60
time of the investment mold mix during mold making. This time was between about
30 seconds and about 10 minutes. If the working time of the investment mold mix is
too short, there is insufficient time to make large molds of complex-shaped
components, and the continuous intrinsic facecoat is not formed. If the working time
of the investment mold mix is too long and the calcium aluminate cement does not
cure sufficiently quickly, separation of the fine-scale cement and the large scale
alumina can occur and this can lead to a segregated mold in which the formulation
varies and the resulting mold properties are not uniform; it can also lead to the
undesirable position of having a facecoat that is not continuous or varies in
constituents and properties.
[00143] The constituent phases in the cement that makes up the continuous
facecoat of the mold, and provides the binder for the bulk of the mold, are a feature of
the present disclosure. The three phases in the calcium aluminate cement comprises
calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite
(Ca12Al14033), and the inventors made this selection to achieve several purposes.
First, the phases must dissolve or partially dissolve and form a suspension that can
support all the aggregate phases in the subsequent investment mold making slurry.
Second, the phases must promote setting or curing of the mold after pouring. Third,
the phases must provide strength to the mold during and after casting. Fourth, the
phases must exhibit minimum reaction with the titanium alloys that is cast in the
mold. Fifth, the mold must have a suitable thermal expansion match with the titanium
alloy casting in order to minimize the thermal stress on the part that is generated
during post-solidification cooling.
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[00144] The three phases in the calcium aluminate cement/binder in the mold
and in the facecoat of the mold are calcium monoaluminate (CaAh04), calcium
dialuminate (CaAl407), and mayenite (Ca12Al14033). The mayenite is incorporated in
the mold because it is a fast setting calcium aluminate and it provides the facecoat and
the bulk of the mold with strength during the early stages of curing. Curing must be
performed at low temperatures, because the fugitive wax pattern is temperature
sensitive and loses its shape and properties on thermal exposure above -35 deg C. It
is preferred to cure the mold at temperatures below 30 deg C.
[00145] It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be
illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments
(and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition,
many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the
teachings of the various embodiments without departing from their scope. While the
dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the
parameters of the various embodiments, they are by no means limiting and are merely
exemplary. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon
reviewing the above description. The scope of the various embodiments should,
therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full
scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the
terms "including" and "in which" are used as the plain-English equivalents of the
respective terms '~comprising" and "wherein." Moreover, in the following claims, the
terms "first," "second," and "third," etc. are used merely as labels, and are not
intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations
62
of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not
intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless and until
such claim limitations expressly use the phrase "means for" followed by a statement
of function void of further structure. It is to be understood that not necessarily all
such objects or advantages described above may be achieved in accordance with any
particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that
the systems and techniques described herein may be embodied or carried out in a
manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught
herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or
suggested herein.
[00146] While the invention has been described in detail in connection with
only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the
invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be
modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or
equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with
the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the
invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the disclosure
may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is
not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope
of the appended claims.
[00147] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,
including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the
invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any
63
incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims,
and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other
examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural
elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include
equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language
of the claims.

WE CLAIM ;
1. A mold for casting a titanium-containing article, comprising:
a calcium aluminate cement comprising calcium monoaluminate, calcium
dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein said mold has an intrinsic facecoat of about 10
microns to about 250 microns between the bulk of the mold and the mold cavity.
2. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the facecoat is a continuous intrinsic
^ facecoat.
3. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the mold comprises the bulk of the
mold and the intrinsic facecoat, and wherein the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic
facecoat have different compositions and the intrinsic facecoat comprises calcium
aluminate with a particle size of less than about 50 microns.
4. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the mold comprises the bulk of the
mold and the intrinsic facecoat, and wherein the bulk of the mold and the intrinsic
^ facecoat have different compositions and wherein the bulk of the mold comprises
alumina particles larger than about 50 microns.
5. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the mold comprises the bulk of the
mold and the intrinsic facecoat, and wherein the bulk of the mold comprises alumina
particles larger than about 50 microns and the intrinsic facecoat comprises calcium
aluminate particles less than about 50 microns in size.
6. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight
65
fraction, at least 20 percent more calcium monoaluminate than does the bulk of the
mold.
7. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight
fraction, at least 20 per cent less alumina than does the bulk of the mold.
8. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the intrinsic facecoat has, by weight
fraction, at least 20 per cent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 per cent less alumina,
and at least 50 per cent less mayenite than does the bulk of the mold.
9. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight fraction of calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is more than 0.60 and the weight fraction of
mayenite is less than 0.10.
10. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein said calcium monoaluminate in the
bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to 0.95, and said calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.10 to 0.90.
^ 11. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein said calcium dialuminate in the bulk
of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to about 0.80, and said calcium
dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to 0.90.
12. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein said mayenite in the bulk of the mold
composition comprises a weight fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.30, and said
mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.001 to 0.05.
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13. The mold composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said calcium
monoaluminate in the bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05 to
0.95, and said calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.1 to 0.9; said
calcium dialuminate in the bulk of the mold comprises a weight fraction of about 0.05
to about 0.80, and said calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat is about 0.05 to
0.90; and wherein said mayenite in the bulk of the mold composition comprises a
weight fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.30, and said mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat
is about 0.001 to 0.05.
14. The mold as recited in claim 1, further comprising aluminum oxide particles in
the bulk of the mold that are less than about 500 microns in outside dimension.
15. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcium aluminate cement
comprises more than 30% by weight of the composition used to make the mold.
16. The mold as recited in claim 1, further comprising aluminum oxide particles,
magnesium oxide particles, calcium oxide particles, zirconium oxide particles,
^ titanium oxide particles, silicon oxide particles, or compositions thereof
17. The mold as recited in claim 16, wherein said aluminum oxide particles
comprise from about 40 % by weight to about 68 % by weight of the composition
used to make the mold.
18. The mold as recited in claim 1, further comprising hollow particles of
aluminum oxide.
67
19. The mold as recited in claim 1, further comprising more than about 10% by
weight and less than about 50% by weight of the mold composition in calcium oxide.
20. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the percentage of solids in an initial
calcium aluminate - liquid cement mixture used to make the mold is from about 71 to
about 78 %.
21. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the percentage of solids in the final
calcium aluminate - liquid cement mixture with the large scale alumina, used to make
the mold, is from about 75% to about 90%.
22. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the mold forms a titanium-containing
article.
23. The mold as recited in claim 22, wherein the titanium-containing article
comprises a titanium aluminide-containing turbine blade.
24. A facecoat composition of a mold that is used for casting a titaniumcontaining
article, said facecoat composition comprising:
calcium monoaluminate, calcium dialuminate, and mayenite, wherein said
facecoat composition is an intrinsic facecoat, is about 10 microns to about 250
microns thick, and is located between the bulk of the mold and the surface of the mold
that opens to the mold cavity.
25. The facecoat composition of claim 24, wherein the facecoat comprises of
calcium aluminate with a particle size of less than about 50 microns.
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26. The facecoat composition as recited in claim 24, wherein the intrinsic facecoat
has, by weight fraction, at least 20 percent more calcium aluminate, at least 20 percent
less alumina, and at least 50 percent less mayenite than does the bulk of the mold.
27. The facecoat composition as recited in claim 24, wherein the weight fraction
of calcium monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat is more than 0.60 and the weight
fraction of mayenite is less than 0.10.
^ 28. The facecoat composition as recited in claim 24, wherein said calcium
monoaluminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.10 to 0.90;
said calcium dialuminate in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight fraction of 0.05
to 0.90; and wherein said mayenite in the intrinsic facecoat comprises a weight
fraction ofO.OOl to 0.05.
29. A method for forming a mold for casting a titanium-containing article, said
method comprising:
combining calcium aluminate with a liquid to produce a slurry of calcium
S aluminate, wherein the percentage of solids in the initial calciimi aluminate / liquid
mixture is about 70% to about 80% and the viscosity of the slurry is about 50 to about
150centipoise;
adding oxide particles into the slurry such that the solids in the final calcium
aluminate / liquid mixture with the large-scale oxide particles is about 75% to about
90%;
introducing the slurry into a mold cavity that contains a frigitive pattern; and
allowing the slurry to cure in the mold cavity to form a mold of a titanium-
69
containing article.
30. A casting method for titanium and titanium alloys comprising:
obtaining an investment casting mold composition comprising calcium
aluminate and aluminum oxide, wherein the calcium aluminate is combined with a
liquid to produce a slurry of calcium aluminate, and wherein the solids in the final
calcium aluminate / liquid mixture with the large scale alumina is about 75% to about
90%;
^ pouring said investment casting mold composition into a vessel containing a
fugitive pattern;
curing said investment casting mold composition;
removing said fugitive pattern from the mold;
firing the mold;
preheating the mold to a mold casting temperature;
pouring molten titanium or titanium alloy into the heated mold;
solidifying the molten titanium or titanium alloy and forming a solidified
^ r titanium or titanium alloy casting; and
removing the solidified titanium or titanium alloy casting firom the mold.
31. A titanium or titanium alloy article made by the casting method as recited in
claim 30.
32. The mold as recited in claim 1, wherein the mold further comprises silica.
33. The facecoat composition of claim 24, wherein the composition further comprises silica.