Description:Field of the invention
The invention leads to MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as faster seed germinator.
Background of the Invention
References which are cited in the present disclosure are not necessarily prior art and therefore their citation does not constitute an admission that such references are prior art in any jurisdiction. All publications, patents and patent applications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Several patents have been issued for composite but none of these are related to the present invention. For example, US5950362A relates to a method of enhancing the germination of seed by immersing the seed in an aqueous solution including dissolved inert gas and sonicating the seed at a frequency preferably of between about 15 kHz and about 30 kHz and an energy density of between about 1 watt/cm2 and about 10 watts/cm2 for a period of between 1 minute and about 15 minutes. The sonicated seed exhibits enhanced germination by a reduction in the time required for germination, an increase in the percentage of total seeds that germinate, and an increase in the percentage of seeds that germinate at reduced temperatures. Plants grown from the treated seeds exhibit improved characteristics.
Another patent, KR101639626B1 relates to a sprout germinating device, wherein the sprout germinating device is used for growing sprout vegetables and comprises: a cultivating drum whose inside space is partitioned into four chambers and which is made of stainless steel material and has an embossed inner surface; a separator member which is disposed inside the cultivating drum to prevent sprout seedlings growing inside the cultivating drum from getting tangled; a spray nozzle which is installed inside the cultivating drum to supply water to seeds introduced into the cultivating drum; a sterilizer lamp which is installed inside the cultivating drum to sterilize the sprout seedlings; a rotating guide member which is formed along the outer circumference of the cultivating drum to guide the rotation of the cultivating drum; a support member which is located at a lower end of the cultivating drum to provide support for the cultivating drum; a transport member which is mounted at each lower end of the support frame so that the cultivating drum can be moved; and a roller member which is mounted at an upper end of the support frame to rotate in contact with the outer surface of the rail member. According to the present invention, the sprout germinating device allows the water and temperature provided inside the cultivating drum to be controlled through a control box so that the growth of sprout vegetables growing inside the cultivating drum can be expedited.
Another patent, CA2633128C relates to an active-ingredient-containing pellet comprising an inert core and at least one active ingredient, wherein said active ingredient is advantageous for a plant seed or a plant. The invention also relates to a seed-containing pellet and a method for improving the germination of a seed-containing pellet.
Another patent, CN108048045B relates to a heat-conducting enhanced organic composite shape-stabilized phase change material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of new materials. A heat conduction enhanced organic composite shape-stabilized phase change material is characterized in that: the composite shape-stabilized phase change material is composed of coordination crosslinking network macromolecules, an organic solid-liquid phase change material and a heat conduction reinforcing agent, wherein the coordination crosslinking network macromolecules comprise the following components in percentage by mass: 1-50%, organic solid-liquid phase change material: 40-98.9%, heat conduction reinforcing agent: 0.1-10%, wherein the coordination crosslinking network polymer is formed by coordination complexing a high molecular compound and metal ions. The invention has simple synthesis process and convenient application, the material has large phase change enthalpy value and excellent shaping effect, and the liquid leakage phenomenon can not occur during the operation. The material has simple synthesis process and convenient application, and has wide application prospect in the field of heat energy storage and management.
Another patent, WO2009099419A2 provides antimicrobial compositions comprising one or more acid and one or more organic diol. In one embodiment, the invention's compositions have an acidic pH. The compositions may optionally further contain one or more oxidizing agent (including stabilized oxidizing agent and/or unstabilized oxidizing agent), and/or one or more surfactant. In particular embodiments, the acid lacks one or both of -NH group and-NH2 group. The invention's compositions are useful in all stages of handling agricultural products, in hospitals, and in commercial and household applications.
Another patent, US10214656B2 relates to provide copper nanoparticles that suppress the oxidation of copper, have an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less and therefore undergo a remarkable reduction in the melting point, are highly dispersible, can be sintered at a low temperature, allow the removal of the protective layer during low-temperature sintering at 150° C. or less, and can be suitably used as a conductive copper nanoink material; and to also provide a method for preserving copper nanoparticles, whereby the copper nanoparticles can be stably preserved at room temperature for a long period of time, and can be transported.
The present invention provides copper nanoparticles each having a central portion comprising a copper single crystal, and a protective layer surrounding the central portion;
(1) the copper nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less;
(2) the protective layer containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of C3-6 primary alcohols, C3-6 secondary alcohols, and derivatives thereof; and
(3) the protective layer having a boiling point or thermal decomposition point of 150° C. or less.
Another patent, US20220258231A1 relates to a novel alloy nanoparticle which the alloy nanoparticle contains five or more types of elements, in the case where the alloy nanoparticle is directly supported on a carbon material carrier, the carbon material carrier excludes graphene or carbon fibers; an aggregate of alloy nanoparticles; a catalyst; a production method for alloy nanoparticles.
Another patent, US10619067B2 relates to Processes for preparing stabilized metal-containing nanoparticles comprising silver and/or a silver alloy composite by reacting a silver compound with a reducing agent comprising a hydrazine compound at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 60° C. The reaction being carried out by incrementally adding the silver compound or a mixture of the silver compound and a stabilizer to a solution comprising the reducing agent, a stabilizer, and a solvent. Conductive ink compositions containing stabilized metal-containing nanoparticles prepared by such processes.
In the field of agriculture, there is need for smart agriculture and horticulture by which we can get production of crops, fruits, vegetables in minimum time so that same land can be utilized for other crops and productivity will increase. For any crop or fruit or vegetable, seed germination in itself take from 1 week to 3 weeks depending upon type of seed. Hard seed take more time to germinate like Lotus seed are germinated after 2-3 weeks. These is need to design some new material which not only provide some essential micro nutrient but also help in seed germination. After reducing the time of seed germination, we can increase the productivity.
The current research comprises investigating the synthesis of MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc Alginate composite which can be used as faster seed germinator. MoOx nanoparticles were synthesized by green method. i.e by using extract of plant leaves of Sambucus canadensis. Such synthesized MoOx nanoparticles were embedded in bed of zinc alginate to develop a new composite, which can be used as increasing seed germination. Such synthesized composite was characterized by using UV, FT-IR, SEM, XRD.
Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) is used in combination with other compounds for altering the bandgap of semiconductor materials for Uv visible light absorption. MoOx-containing mixed oxides with boron oxides are effective photocatalysts and cocatalysts.
The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is essential for almost all biological systems specially plants as Mo is required by enzymes catalyzing diverse key reactions in the global carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism. The metal itself is biologically inactive unless it is complexed by a special cofactor. With the exception of bacterial nitrogenase, where Mo is a constituent of the FeMo-cofactor, Mo is bound to a protein, thus forming the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) which is the active compound at the catalytic site of all other Mo-enzymes. Alginate is natural polysaccharide when it is substituted zinc or Boron then such compounds is hybridized with MoOx NPs to give new composite, as alginate have some adhesive nature so MOx nano particles are embedded easily in it and when dried we get granules which can be used as seed germinator. In eukaryotes, Mo-enzymes play the most prominent role for sulfite oxidase, which catalyzes the final step in the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids and is involved in detoxifying excess sulfite. Nitrate reductase, which catalyzes the key step in inorganic nitrogen assimilation. By all these reactions, Molybdenum based zinc alginate helps seed to germinate at faster rate.
The primary object of the present invention is MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as faster seed germinator.
Another object of the present invention is Zinc/Boron Alginate composite.
Another object of the present invention is MoOx nanoparticles.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description.
Summary of Invention
This summary is not a comprehensive overview of the disclosure and does not reflect the main/essential features of the establishment or specify the scope of the establishment. Its sole purpose is to present some of the concepts presented here in a simpler way as a precursor to more detailed.
The primary object of the present invention is MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as faster seed germinator.
In some embodiments of the present invention, this method is also green method which involves less toxic chemicals and energy saving method. The leaves of Sambucus canadensis were washed and shade dried for 5 days. The leaves were finely ground, and 20g of leaf powder was boiled in 100 ml of distilled water. After filtration the extract was used for nanoparticles synthesis.
In some embodiments of the present invention, for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate was dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water. This solution was stirred for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 50oC, after which 50 ml of plant mixture was added, this was followed by dropwise addition of ammonia to raise the pH up to 12.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours. At the end a brownish gel was obtained, which was heated to form a brownish solid. This solid was muffled at 300oC for 30 minutes, and finally a brown powder was obtained. Such prepared MoOx nano particles were kept for mixing with Zinc/Boron alginate.
In some embodiments of the present invention, Zinc and Bron alginate were prepared Zn-(C6H7O6)2 is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid comprised of 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic (M) and a-l-guluronic (G) acids. Which is adhesive and it was taken in a small beaker with some hot water (10 to 30 % solution in water) then heated with above prepared MoOx nano particles (5 to 20%) wt to wt of alginate. Heated till we get type material then dried at 30-35°C. This is used as seed germinator.
These and other aspects of the embodiments herein will be better appreciated and understood when considered in concurrence with the following explanation and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following descriptions, while indicating preferred embodiments and numerous specific details thereof, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the embodiments herein without departing from the spirit thereof, and the embodiments herein include all such modifications.
Brief summary of the figures
Figure-1: Method of seed germination
Figure-2: UV-Vis spectrum of MoO3 nanoparticles
Figure-3: X-ray diffraction pattern of MoO3 nanoparticles
Figure-4: SEM images of synthesized MoO3 Nanoparticles
Figure-5: FTIR spectrum of synthesized MoO3 nanoparticles
Brief summary of the figures
Table 1: Effect of nanoparticles’ concentrations on various germination parameters
Table 2: Effect of nanoparticles’ concentrations on seedling growth parameters
Detailed Description
These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
In some embodiments of the present invention, this method is also green method which involves less toxic chemicals and energy saving method. The leaves of Sambucus canadensis were washed and shade dried for 5 days. The leaves were finely ground, and 20g of leaf powder was boiled in 100 ml of distilled water. After filtration the extract was used for nanoparticles synthesis.
In some embodiments of the present invention, for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate was dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water. This solution was stirred for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 50oC, after which 50 ml of plant mixture was added, this was followed by dropwise addition of ammonia to raise the pH up to 12.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours. At the end a brownish gel was obtained, which was heated to form a brownish solid. This solid was muffled at 300oC for 30 minutes, and finally a brown powder was obtained. Such prepared MoOx nano particles were kept for mixing with Zinc/Boron alginate.
In some embodiments of the present invention, Zinc and Bron alginate were prepared Zn-(C6H7O6)2 is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid comprised of 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic (M) and a-l-guluronic (G) acids. Which is adhesive and it was taken in a small beaker with some hot water (10 to 30 % solution in water) then heated with above prepared MoOx nano particles (5 to 20%) wt to wt of alginate. Heated till we get type material then dried at 30-35°C. This is used as seed germinator.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized fashion and was based on the methodology adopted by Mathew et al. The graded concentrations (00, 30, 50, 100 µg mL-1) of MoO3 nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water. The horse gram seeds were immersed in 10% sodium hypochlorite for surface sterilization.
In some embodiments of the present invention, after these seeds were soaked in different concentrations of nanoparticles for 2 hours, the treated seeds were then placed in petridishes lined with Whatman filter paper (25 seeds per plate) soaked in the same concentration of nanoparticles. After 10 days of initiation of germination assay, seeds were subjected to early seedling growth study via soil germination method. Seedling growth in terms of root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were recorded to see the impact of nanoparticles on seed germination and early seedling growth.
A MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite consists of-:
used leaves of Sambucus canadensis (20g), 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate, ammonia, Zn-(C6H7O6)2, and 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic, 100 ml of distilled water.
A method of MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as claimed in claim 1, wherein said MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as faster seed germinator comprising the steps of:
washing the leaves of Sambucus canadensis, and shade dried for 5 days;
grounding the leaves finely, and 20g of leaf powder was boiled in 100 ml of distilled water;
using after filtration the extract for nanoparticles synthesis;
dissolving for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate in 100 ml of double distilled water;
stirring this solution for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 50oC;
adding 50 ml of plant mixture, this was followed by dropwise addition of ammonia to raise the pH up to 12;
stirring the resulting mixture for 3 hours;
obtaining at the end a brownish gel, which was heated to form a brownish solid;
muffling this solid at 300oC for 30 minutes, and finally a brown powder was obtained;
keeping such prepared MoOx nano particles for mixing with Zinc/Boron alginate;
preparing Zinc and Bron alginate Zn-(C6H7O6)2 is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid comprised of 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic (M) and a-l-guluronic (G) acids;
taking it in a small beaker with some hot water (10 to 30 % solution in water) then heated with above prepared MoOx nano particles (5 to 20%) wt to wt of alginate;
heating till we get type material then dried at 30-35°C; and
using this as seed germinator.
The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein the graded concentrations (00, 30, 50, 100 µg mL-1) of MoO3 nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water.
The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein the horsegram seeds were immersed in 10% sodium hypochlorite for surface sterilization.
The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein seeds were soaked in different concentrations of nanoparticles for 2 hours, the treated seeds were then placed in petridishes lined with whatmann filter paper (25 seeds per plate) soaked in the same concentration of nanoparticles.
The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein after 10 days of initiation of germination assay, seeds were subjected to early seedling growth study via soil germination method.
EXAMPLE 1
Material and Methods
This method is also green method which involves less toxic chemicals and energy saving method.
The leaves of Sambucus canadensis were washed and shade dried for 5 days. The leaves were finely ground, and 20g of leaf powder was boiled in 100 ml of distilled water. After filtration the extract was used for nanoparticles synthesis.
Synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles:
For the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate was dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water. This solution was stirred for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 50oC, after which 50 ml of plant mixture was added, this was followed by dropwise addition of ammonia to raise the pH up to 12. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours. At the end a brownish gel was obtained, which was heated to form a brownish solid. This solid was muffled at 300oC for 30 minutes, and finally a brown powder was obtained. Such prepared MoOx nano particles were kept for mixing with Zinc/Boron alginate.
Zinc and Bron alginate were prepared Zn-(C6H7O6)2 is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid comprised of 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic (M) and a-l-guluronic (G) acids. Which is adhesive and it was taken in a small beaker with some hot water (10 to 30 % solution in water) then heated with above prepared MoOx nano particles (5 to 20%) wt to wt of alginate. Heated till we get type material then dried at 30-35°C. This is used as seed germinator.
Study on the effect of nanoparticles (MoOx composite with alginate) on seed germination:
In vivo effect of MoO3 – alginate composite on growth of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized fashion and was based on the methodology adopted by Mathew et al. The graded concentrations (00, 30, 50, 100 µg mL-1) of MoO3 nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water. The horse gram seeds were immersed in 10% sodium hypochlorite for surface sterilization. After these seeds were soaked in different concentrations of nanoparticles for 2 hours, the treated seeds were then placed in petridishes lined with Whatman filter paper (25 seeds per plate) soaked in the same concentration of nanoparticles. After 10 days of initiation of germination assay, seeds were subjected to early seedling growth study via soil germination method. Seedling growth in terms of root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were recorded to see the impact of nanoparticles on seed germination and early seedling growth.
Seed Germination measurements
From the germination counts, germination indices were calculated to analyse, Germination value (GV), Germination energy (GE), Peak value (PV), Germination percentage (GP), Mean daily germination (MDG), Germination rate (GR) after 10 days using the following equations:
GP = (No. of Germinated seeds /total no of seeds) × 100
GE = No. of seeds germinated on 7th day/ total no of seeds
GR = S Gi /i; Where Gi is the number of seeds germinated on day i
PV = Maximum no. of germinated seeds at a particular day /day number
MDG = Germination% / total experiment days
GV = PV × MDG
Seedling vigor index (SVI) can be calculated by the formula given below:
SVI = Germination% × (root length + shoot length)
Result and Discussion:
Characterization of prepared nanoparticles:
UV-VIS spectroscopy:
The green synthesized nanoparticles show high absorbance in the region between 200-400 nm range with a peak at 240nm as shown in the figure above. In the available literature similar results have been observed with absorption maximum generally falling in the wavelength range 200-400 nm.
XRD Characterization:
To ascertain the formation of synthesized nanoparticles powdered XRD technique was utilized. The major peaks were observed at 8.580, 10.300, 11.710, 13.610, 15.290, 25.980, 27.29 0 and 29.310 degrees.
To determine the size of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles Debye-Scherrer equation was used as follows:
d = K ?/ß cos?
where d is the average crystallite size, K is Scherrer’s constant (0.9), ? is the X-ray wavelength and ß is the full width at half maximum intensity of the peak at the diffracting angle ?.
Morphological analysis:
SEM analysis was utilized to get the morphological details of the synthesized nanoparticles, as is visible the nanoparticles are slightly agglomerated and mostly irregular in shape.
FTIR Spectroscopy:
The functional group analysis of synthesized nanoparticles is shown in the figure, over the range of 400 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1. The transmittance peak at around 1065 cm-1 and 637.637 cm-1 may correspond to linkage Mo-O-Mo units. Also, the peaks at 1403cm-1 and 1626 cm-1 may have been resulted from the bending of Mo-OH units. The broad peak at 3176.78 cm-1 can be associated with the O-H stretching present in the nanoparticles. The adjacent broad peak at 2793.590 cm-1 is identifiable with the stretching of N-H group.
Seed Germination studies:
Effect of MoO3 nanoparticles on seedling growth:
The impact of MoO3 NPs on the root and shoot length of Macrotyloma uniflorum has been shown in the table 2. Studying the impact of various chemical compounds on seed germination, inhibition of plant growth is an effective route to analyse the phytotoxicity of the substance. Figure 8 shows the impact of MoO3 nanoparticles on the growth of Macrotyloma uniflorum seedlings. As it can be verified from table 2 maximum shoot and root length has been observed for the concentration of 30 µg mL-1 i.e. 6.7cm of shoot length and 1.4 cm of root length, with a germination percentage of 92%. Increasing concentration of nanoparticles after this resulted in decrease of shoot and overall seedling length. Molybdenum plays an important role in optimizing the availability and assimilation of Nitrogen where nitrate is the source. It is an essential micronutrient and participates in various redox reactions by being a part of pterin complex Moco. The observations show an increase in germination percentage of seeds on application of Molybdenum nanoparticles, with the maximum being for the concentration of 100 µg mL-1.
A significant increase in seed Vigor index has also been observed with maximum of 745.2 for the concentration 30 µg mL-1. These results provide a direct indication of the impact of Molybdenum nanoparticles on seedling growth of Macrotyloma uniflorum.
Effect of MoO3 nanoparticles on seed germination parameters:
Table 1 presents the various parameters (germination rate, mean daily germination, germination value etc) calculated for determining the impact of MoO3 nanoparticles on seed germination of Macrotyloma uniflorum. The application of MoO3 nanoparticles improved the germination of seeds by increasing germination percentage from 84% in control and 96% in 100 µg mL-1 concentration. It also advanced the germination of seeds as is visible from germination rate which increases from 4.1 in control to 7 in 100 µg mL-1 concentration. The mean daily germination also rose significantly for seeds treated with concentrations 30 µg mL-1 and 100 µg mL-1
In the present analysis, the application of MoO3 nanoparticles at lower concentration (30 µg mL-1) has shown a significant increase in the seed germination rate and seedling growth parameters. The observed improvement may be associated with the enhanced synthesis of Nitrate reductase (NR), nitrogen assimilation and the enzymatic response, as it is well known that Mo containing enzymes (especially NR) play a significant role in regulating Nitrogen nutrition.
Table 1. Effect of nanoparticles’ concentrations on various germination parameters
MoO3-c (µg mL-1) Germination rate Germination Energy MDG PV GV
0 4.1 0.84 8.4 2.1 17.64
30 6.7 0.92 9.2 2.3 21.16
50 6.2 0.88 8.8 2.2 19.36
100 7 0.96 9.6 2.4 23.04

Table 2. Effect of nanoparticles’ concentrations on seedling growth parameters
MoO3-c (µg mL-1) Germination % Seedling length Root length Shoot length Seed-vigor index
0 84 4.7 1.2 3.5 394.8
30 92 8.1 1.4 6.7 745.2
50 88 3.7 1.9 1.8 325.6
100 96 - - - -

ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION: By this invention,
MoOx nanoparticles are embedded with zinc/B alginate to prepare seed germinator. Which will decrease the seed germinator time, and healthy crop or fruit will be obtained with shorter time with increased productivity.
, Claims:
1. A MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite consists of-:
used leaves of Sambucus canadensis (20g), 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate, ammonia, Zn-(C6H7O6)2, and 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic, 100 ml of distilled water.
2. A method of MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as claimed in claim 1, wherein said MoOx nanoparticles embedded Zinc/Boron Alginate composite as faster seed germinator comprising the steps of:
I. washing the leaves of Sambucus canadensis, and shade dried for 5 days;
II. grounding the leaves finely, and 20g of leaf powder was boiled in 100 ml of distilled water;
III. using after filtration the extract for nanoparticles synthesis;
IV. dissolving for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles 1.960g of Ammonium Molybdate hexahydrate in 100 ml of double distilled water;
V. stirring this solution for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 50oC;
VI. adding 50 ml of plant mixture, this was followed by dropwise addition of ammonia to raise the pH up to 12;
VII. stirring the resulting mixture for 3 hours;
VIII. obtaining at the end a brownish gel, which was heated to form a brownish solid;
IX. muffling this solid at 300oC for 30 minutes, and finally a brown powder was obtained;
X. keeping such prepared MoOx nano particles for mixing with Zinc/Boron alginate;
XI. preparing Zinc and Bron alginate Zn-(C6H7O6)2 is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid comprised of 1,4-ß-d-mannuronic (M) and a-l-guluronic (G) acids;
XII. taking it in a small beaker with some hot water (10 to 30 % solution in water) then heated with above prepared MoOx nano particles (5 to 20%) wt to wt of alginate;
XIII. heating till we get type material then dried at 30-35°C; and
XIV. using this as seed germinator.
3. The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein the graded concentrations (00, 30, 50, 100 µg mL-1) of MoO3 nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water.
4. The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein the horsegram seeds were immersed in 10% sodium hypochlorite for surface sterilization.
5. The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein seeds were soaked in different concentrations of nanoparticles for 2 hours, the treated seeds were then placed in petridishes lined with whatmann filter paper (25 seeds per plate) soaked in the same concentration of nanoparticles.
6. The composites as claimed in claim 1, wherein after 10 days of initiation of germination assay, seeds were subjected to early seedling growth study via soil germination method.