BACKGROUND
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. More specifically, the subject matter
disclosed herein relates to evaporators for HVAC&R systems.
5 HVAC&R systems, such as chillers, use an evaporator to facilitate a thermal
energy exchange between a refrigerant in the evaporator and a medium flowing in a number
of evaporator tubes positioned in the evaporator. In a flooded evaporator, the tubes are
submerged in a pool of refrigerant. This results in a particularly high volume of refrigerant
necessary, depending on a quantity and size of evaporator tubes, for efficient system
10 operation. Another type of evaporator used in chiller systems is a falling film evaporator. In a
falling film evaporator, the evaporator tubes are positioned typically below a distribution
manifold from which refrigerant is urged, forming a "falling film" on the evaporator tubes.
Refrigerant liquid flows in the direction of gravity, falls on the evaporator
tubes and evaporates. Evaporation is accomplished through thin film evaporation on the
surface of the evaporator tubes. A small fraction of the liquid refrigerant is boiled off in a
pool boiling section, typically located below the evaporator tubes. Different methods have
been implemented to distribute liquid on the falling film tubes using single-phase gravity feed
rather than pressure assisted spray through nozzles. An advantage of gravity feed can include
lowering the risk of maldistribution and/or dryout on the evaporator tubes. While it provides
superior distribution, this method of gravity feed can rely on considerable amounts of piping,
both for vapor-liquid separation and for the subsequent distributed liquid flow network.
These volumes can be considerable due to their impact on heat exchanger vessel sizes and
liquid charge holdup in the distribution system.
25
BRIEF SUMMARY
In one embodiment a falling film evaporator includes a housing and a plurality
of evaporator tubes located at least partially in the housing. A liquid refrigerant distribution
system is positioned in the housing and includes a manifold having a plurality of manifold
30 outlet openings and a baffle positioned between the manifold and a distribution vessel and
comprising a plurality of baffle openings. The distribution vessel has a plurality of
distribution vessel openings for conveying the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of
evaporator tubes when in use.
20
2
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments a sheath at least
partially encloses the manifold and the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the sheath defines a
vapor refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of
5 the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle extends
between the sheath and the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the manifold
comprises a cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
10 Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of
spray openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle
comprises a porous momentum barrier.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of drip
15
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
In another embodiment, a heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and
refrigeration (HVAC&R) system includes a condenser flowing a flow of refrigerant
20 therethrough and a falling film evaporator in flow communication with the condenser. The
falling film evaporator includes a housing, a plurality of evaporator tubes located at least
partially in the housing, and a liquid refrigerant distribution system positioned in the housing.
The distribution system includes a manifold having a plurality of manifold outlet openings
and a baffle located between the manifold and a distribution vessel and comprising a plurality
25 of baffle openings. The distribution vessel has a plurality of distribution vessel openings for
conveying the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of evaporator tubes when in us. A
compressor receives a flow of vapor refrigerant from the falling film evaporator.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments a sheath at
least partially enclosing the manifold and the distribution vessel.
30
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the sheath defines a
vapor refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of
the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle extends
between the sheath to the distribution vessel.
3
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the manifold
comprises a cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of
spray openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
5 Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle
comprises a porous momentum barrier.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of drip
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
In yet another embodiment, a method of operating an evaporator includes
conveying a two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture to a manifold and spraying the
two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture out of the manifold through a plurality of
manifold openings toward a distribution vessel. The vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture in
impinged on a baffle located between the manifold and the distribution vessel and the liquid
15 refrigerant is separated from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture via the impingement.
The liquid refrigerant is collected at the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the liquid
refrigerant is conveyed through a plurality of distribution vessel openings onto a plurality of
evaporator tubes; and
20 Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments thermal energy is
exchanged between the liquid refrigerant and a heat transfer fluid flowing through the
plurality of evaporator tubes.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the vapor
refrigerant is conveyed from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution
25
vessel via a vapor path defined by a vapor sheath and an evaporator housing.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the spraying further
comprises directing the two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture through the plurality
of manifold openings at an angle of 15 degrees to 60 degrees below a horizontal centerline of
the manifold.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments an average liquid
refrigerant height is maintained in the distribution vessel between a first height and a second
height, wherein the first height is 50% of the second height.
4
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments an average liquid
refrigerant height in the distribution vessel is maintained such that the flow rate of the liquid
refrigerant through the plurality of distribution vessel openings is substantially uniform.
These and other advantages and features will become more apparent from the
5 following description taken in conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed at the
conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the
10 present disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a heating, ventilation and air
conditioning system;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a falling film evaporator for
15 an HVAC&R system;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a refrigerant distributor
for a falling film evaporator;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of an embodiment of a refrigerant distributor for a falling
film evaporator; and
20
FIG. 5 is a plan view of another embodiment of a refrigerant distributor for a
falling film evaporator.
The detailed description explains embodiments of the present disclosure,
together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings.
25
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Shown in FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a heating,
ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) system, for example, a chiller 10
utilizing a falling film evaporator 12. A flow of vapor refrigerant 14 is directed into a
30 compressor 16 and then to a condenser 18 that outputs a flow of liquid refrigerant 20 to an
expansion valve 22. The expansion valve 22 outputs a vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24
toward the evaporator 12, from which vapor refrigerant 14 is returned to the compressor 16.
Referring now to FIG. 2, as stated above, the evaporator 12 is a falling film
evaporator. The evaporator 12 includes housing 26 with the evaporator 12 components
disposed at least partially therein, including a plurality of evaporator tubes 28. A distributor
5
30 is located above the evaporator tubes 28 to distribute liquid refrigerant 32 over the
evaporator tubes 28. A thermal energy exchange occurs between a flow of heat transfer
medium 34 (shown in FIG. 1) flowing through the evaporator tubes 28 into and out of the
evaporator 12 and the liquid refrigerant 32. As the liquid refrigerant 32 is boiled off in the
5 evaporator 12, the resulting vapor refrigerant 14 is directed to the compressor 16 via a suction
nozzle 38 and through a suction line 40.
The distributor 30 is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 3. The distributor 30
includes an inlet port 42 through which the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24 enters the
distributor 30. The inlet port 42 directs the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24 into a two-
10 phase manifold pipe 44. The manifold pipe 44, located in the distributor 30, may be of any
suitable cross-sectional shape, including circular as shown in FIG. 3, elliptical, or polygonal
with straight and/or curved sides. The manifold pipe 44 extends along a length and width,
both horizontal dimensions, of the distributor 30, as shown in FIG's 4 and 5. The manifold
pipe 44 extends at least partially over the plurality of evaporator tubes 28. For example, the
15
largest cross-sectional extent of the manifold pipe 44 can project onto the plurality of
evaporator tubes 28 coincident with 10% to 100% of the area of the plurality of evaporator
tubes 28 (e.g., the area of the plurality of evaporator tubes 28 as taken from a top view).
Referring again to FIG. 3, the manifold pipe 44 includes a plurality of spray orifices 46
arranged along the manifold pipe 44 (please indicate that the arrangement of the orifices can
be in any pattern). The spray orifices 46 may be arranged in any pattern along the manifold
pipe 44, for example, one or more lengthwise-extending rows, staggered rows, curvilinear or
polygonal orifice patterns or the like. For example, one embodiment, as shown, utilizes two
lengthwise-extending rows of spray orifices 46. The spray orifices 46 may be uniform in size,
25 or alternatively may vary in size. Further, the spray orifices 46 may be of any suitable shape
including, but not limited to, circular, elliptical, polygonal or the like. The plurality of spray
orifices 46 are arranged to convey the refrigerant mixture 24 downward toward a distribution
vessel 50, with the plurality of spray orifices 46 located at a position below horizontal relative
to a center of the cross-section of the manifold pipe 44, as represented at 48. In some
30 embodiments, the plurality of spray orifices 46 are located at about 15 degrees to 60 degrees
below horizontal, while in other embodiments, the plurality of spray orifices 46 may be
located at, for example, between 10 degrees and 70 degrees or between 5 degrees and 90
degrees relative to horizontal. The spray orifices 46 are sized and arranged for proper
function of the manifold pipe 44, so refrigerant mixture 24 remains distributed through the
6
manifold pipe 44 while preventing uncontrolled sputtering of the refrigerant mixture 24 out
of the spray orifices 46.
As stated above, the refrigerant mixture 24 is sprayed toward a distribution
vessel 50. The distribution vessel 50 includes box ends 52 and an orifice plate 54 forming a
5 bottom face of the distribution vessel 50. The orifice plate 54 includes a plurality of orifices
56 arranged over the bundle of evaporator tubes 28 below. The orifices 56 are sized and
spaced such that, at full load conditions, there is a standing liquid refrigerant 58 level, thus
using gravity to achieve substantially uniform flow rate of liquid refrigerant 58 through the
orifice plate 54 and over the evaporator tubes 28. The height of the standing liquid
10 refrigerant 58 level can vary during operation, but the orifices can be sized such that during
steady load the flow rate of liquid refrigerant therethrough can be substantially uniform (e.g.,
all flow rates through the plurality of orifices are within 85% to 115% of the average flow
rate through the plurality of orifices during full, steady state load). As such, the orifices 56
may be of any suitable shape, for example, circular, elliptical or polygonal, or may be
15
configured as slots in the orifice plate 56. Further, the orifices 56 may be arranged in any
suitable pattern, for example, in rows, with each row directly above and extending along a
length of a particular evaporator tube 28 of the plurality of evaporator tubes 28.
A baffle 60 can be positioned between the spray orifices 46 and the
distribution vessel 50. The baffle 60 can be positioned to be substantially perpendicular to a
direction of spray 62 from the spray orifices 46. The baffle 60 can be a planar sheet. The
baffle 60 may include a plurality of openings 64. The plurality of openings 64 may be of any
shape, for example, circular holes or elongated slots. The baffle 60 or portions thereof can
include another type of porous momentum barrier, such as a mesh screen. Any combination
25 of the aforementioned baffle constructions is possible, such as a planar baffle including a
plurality of circular shaped openings.
A vapor sheath 66 is positioned over the manifold pipe and the distribution
vessel 50 such that, in some embodiments, the baffle 60 extends between the vapor sheath 66
and the distribution vessel 50. The vapor sheath 66 defines a vapor path 68 between the vapor
30
sheath 66 and the distribution vessel end 52.
In operation, the two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24 enters the
manifold pipe 44 through the inlet port 42. The vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24
accumulates in the manifold pipe 44 and is sprayed out of the spray orifices 46. The sprayed
vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture 24 impinges on the baffle 60, and passes therethrough,
reducing a kinetic energy of the liquid refrigerant 58 portion of the vapor liquid refrigerant
7
mixture 24 such that standing waves and dynamic disturbances produced by downward flow
of the liquid refrigerant 58 do not result in significant local deviations in flow rates through
the orifices 56 of the orifice plate 54. Such unwanted level disturbances and flow rate
deviations can result in flow imbalances from the orifices 56 or dry spots over the surface of
5 the orifice plate 54. The liquid refrigerant 58 settles into the distribution vessel 50 and passes
through the plurality of orifices 56 and over the plurality of evaporator tubes 28. After
passing through the baffles 60, vapor refrigerant 72 from the vapor and liquid refrigerant
mixture 24 exits the distributor 30 through the vapor path 68, making its way between the
vapor sheath 66 and the housing 26 and to the suction nozzle 38 (shown in FIG. 2) for return
10 to the compressor 16. The vapor path 68 increases the likelihood that liquid droplets carried
out of the distribution system must impinge either on the sheath 66, the evaporator tubes 28
or a liquid surface in a pool boiling section 74 of the evaporator. This can reduce the
likelihood that unwanted liquid refrigerant 58 mass will enter the suction nozzle 38 in
comparison to other evaporator systems. Correspondingly, the portion of the liquid
15
refrigerant 58 that is evaporated inside of the evaporator 12 can be increased in comparison to
other evaporator systems.
Referring now to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, the manifold pipe 44 can include
an elliptical path. This can be especially advantageous in applications where an available
pressure drop is insufficient to maintain an even flow rate from the spray orifices 46 along a
length of the manifold 44. The inlet port 42 is configured to convey the vapor and liquid
refrigerant mixture 24 into the manifold 44 coaxial with a flow direction 76 of the vapor and
liquid refrigerant mixture 24 in the manifold 44. A momentum of high velocity flow through
the inlet port 42 is added to the recirculating stream of vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture
25 24, thus providing more uniform flow conditions inside of the manifold 44 and also allows
for more even axial distribution of refrigerant from the spray orifices 46, due to the two (or
more) pass design.
The distributor of the present disclosure retains flow metering benefits of
gravity feed through the orifice plate 54, while eliminating the large upstream refrigerant
30 volumes and vessel size requirements that can be characteristic of other vapor-liquid
separator and liquid refrigerant piping constructions. This can reduce the overall refrigerant
charge of the system and can correspondingly allow for reduced cost and complexity.
In one embodiment a falling film evaporator includes a housing and a plurality
of evaporator tubes located at least partially in the housing. A liquid refrigerant distribution
system is positioned in the housing and includes a manifold having a plurality of manifold
8
outlet openings and a baffle positioned between the manifold and a distribution vessel and
comprising a plurality of baffle openings. The distribution vessel has a plurality of
distribution vessel openings for conveying the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of
evaporator tubes when in use.
5 Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments a sheath at least
partially encloses the manifold and the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the sheath defines a
vapor refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of
the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
10 Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle extends
between the sheath and the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the manifold
comprises a cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of
15
spray openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle
comprises a porous momentum barrier.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of drip
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
In another embodiment, a heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and
refrigeration (HVAC&R) system includes a condenser flowing a flow of refrigerant
therethrough and a falling film evaporator in flow communication with the condenser. The
25 falling film evaporator includes a housing, a plurality of evaporator tubes located at least
partially in the housing, and a liquid refrigerant distribution system positioned in the housing.
The distribution system includes a manifold having a plurality of manifold outlet openings
and a baffle located between the manifold and a distribution vessel and comprising a plurality
of baffle openings. The distribution vessel has a plurality of distribution vessel openings for
30 conveying the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of evaporator tubes when in us. A
compressor receives a flow of vapor refrigerant from the falling film evaporator.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments a sheath at least
partially enclosing the manifold and the distribution vessel.
9
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the sheath defines a
vapor refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of
the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle extends
between the sheath to the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the manifold
comprises a cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of
spray openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the baffle
comprises a porous momentum barrier.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the plurality of drip
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
In yet another embodiment, a method of operating an evaporator includes
conveying a two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture to a manifold and spraying the
two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture out of the manifold through a plurality of
manifold openings toward a distribution vessel. The vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture in
impinged on a baffle located between the manifold and the distribution vessel and the liquid
refrigerant is separated from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture via the impingement.
The liquid refrigerant is collected at the distribution vessel.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the liquid
refrigerant is conveyed through a plurality of distribution vessel openings onto a plurality of
evaporator tubes; and
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments thermal energy is
exchanged between the liquid refrigerant and a heat transfer fluid flowing through the
plurality of evaporator tubes.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the vapor
refrigerant is conveyed from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution
vessel via a vapor path defined by a vapor sheath and an evaporator housing.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments the spraying further
comprises directing the two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture through the plurality
of manifold openings at an angle of 15 degrees to 60 degrees below a horizontal centerline of
the manifold.
10
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments an average liquid
refrigerant height is maintained in the distribution vessel between a first height and a second
height, wherein the first height is 50% of the second height.
Additionally or alternatively, in this or other embodiments an average liquid
5 refrigerant height in the distribution vessel is maintained such that the flow rate of the liquid
refrigerant through the plurality of distribution vessel openings is substantially uniform.
While the present disclosure has been described in detail in connection with
only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the present
disclosure is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the present disclosure can
10 be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent
arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate in spirit and/or scope.
Additionally, while various embodiments have been described, it is to be understood that
aspects of the present disclosure may include only some of the described embodiments.
Accordingly, the present disclosure is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description,
but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

We Claim:
1. A falling film evaporator comprising:
a housing:
a plurality of evaporator tubes disposed at least partially in the housing ; and
a liquid refrigerant distribution system disposed in the housing including:
a manifold having a plurality of manifold outlet openings;
a baffle disposed between the manifold and a distribution vessel and
comprising a plurality of baffle openings,
the distribution vessel having a plurality of distribution vessel openings
10 for conveying the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of evaporator tubes
when in use.
2. The falling film evaporator of Claim 1, further comprising a sheath at least
partially enclosing the manifold and the distribution vessel.
3. The falling film evaporator of Claim 2, wherein the sheath defines a vapor
15
refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of the
vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
4. The falling film evaporator of Claims 2 or 3, wherein the baffle extends between
the sheath and the distribution vessel.
5. The falling film evaporator of any of Claims 1-4, wherein the manifold comprises
20
a cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
6. The falling film evaporator of any of Claims 1-5, wherein the plurality of spray
openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
7. The falling film evaporator of any of Claims 1-6, wherein the baffle comprises a
25 porous momentum barrier.
8. The falling film evaporator of any of Claims 1-7, wherein the plurality of drip
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
9. A heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) system
30 comprising:
a condenser flowing a flow of refrigerant therethrough;
a falling film evaporator in flow communication with the condenser including:
a housing:
a plurality of evaporator tubes disposed at least partially in the housing; and
12
a liquid refrigerant distribution system disposed in the housing including:
a manifold having a plurality of manifold outlet openings;
a baffle disposed between the manifold and a distribution vessel and
comprising a plurality of baffle openings,
the distribution vessel having a plurality of distribution vessel openings for conveying
5
the liquid refrigerant onto the plurality of evaporator tubes when in use; and
a compressor to receive a flow of vapor refrigerant from the falling film evaporator.
10. The HVAC&R system of Claim 9, further comprising a sheath at least
partially enclosing the manifold and the distribution vessel.
10 11- The HVAC&R system of Claim 10, wherein the sheath defines a vapor
refrigerant flowpath between the sheath and the distribution vessel to allow for exit of the
vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel.
12. The HVAC&R system of Claims 10 or 11, wherein the baffle extends between
the sheath to the distribution vessel.
15 13. The HVAC&R system of any of Claims 9-12, wherein the manifold comprises a
cylinder, wherein the axial dimension of the cylinder is the largest dimension.
14. The HVAC&R system of any of Claims 9-13, wherein the plurality of spray
openings are disposed at an angle of 15 to 60 degrees below horizontal.
15. The HVAC&R system of any of Claims 9-14, wherein the baffle comprises a
porous momentum barrier.
16. The HVAC&R system of any of Claims 9-15wherein the plurality of drip
openings are configured to maintain a standing liquid refrigerant level in the distribution
vessel when in use under full load conditions.
17. A method of operating an evaporator comprising:
conveying a two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture to a manifold;
spraying the two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture out of the manifold
through a plurality of manifold openings toward a distribution vessel;
impinging the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture on a baffle located between the
30 manifold and the distribution vessel;
separating the liquid refrigerant from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture via the
impingement; and
collecting the liquid refrigerant at the distribution vessel.
18. The method of Claim 17, further comprising conveying the liquid refrigerant
through a plurality of distribution vessel openings onto a plurality of evaporator tubes.
20
25
13
19. The method of Claim 18, further comprising exchanging thermal energy between
the liquid refrigerant and a heat transfer fluid flowing through the plurality of evaporator
tubes.
20. The method of any of Claims 17-19, further comprising conveying the vapor
refrigerant from the vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture from the distribution vessel via a
vapor path defined by a vapor sheath and an evaporator housing.
21. The method of any of Claims 17-20, wherein the spraying further comprises
directing the two-phase vapor and liquid refrigerant mixture through the plurality of manifold
openings at an angle of 15 degrees to 60 degrees below a horizontal centerline of the
manifold.
22. The method of any of Claims 17-21, further comprising maintaining an average
liquid refrigerant height in the distribution vessel between a first height and a second height,
wherein the first height is 50% of the second height.
23. The method of any of Claims 18-22, further comprising maintaining an average
liquid refrigerant height in the distribution vessel such that the flow rate of the liquid
refrigerant through the plurality of distribution vessel openings is substantially uniform.