Description:Field of Invention
As needed for 5G systems, the current invention relates to an antenna made to receive or transmit electromagnetic waves with a broader passband. The antenna's rectangular slot design makes it a good candidate for printed circuit manufacture. This attribute makes it possible for the antenna to be lightweight and low-cost. The antenna of this invention exhibits a respectable amount of gain and a high bandwidth when compared to printed circuit antennas currently in use. The invention also refers to several suitable antenna applications depending on the final configuration. An advantageous method for creating such an antenna is also included in the invention. The innovation has potential applications in mobile terrestrial terminals, satellite communication television receivers, and fifth-generation system mass-production equipment.

The objectives of this invention

The goal of this innovation is to enhance the radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and reflection coefficient of microstrip patch antennae. This innovation aims to provide a planar antenna with a modest gain and a wide frequency pass band. The main goals of this research are to improve the radiation properties of the antenna suitable for 5G systems and to offer an affordable manufacturing solution. The benefits of lowering the number of feed points for the antennas, which lessens complexity and potential losses associated with arrays of antenna parts, explain the reasoning behind attaining moderate gain. This technology can be used efficiently when it comes to mass-producing equipment for satellite communication television receivers or mobile terrestrial terminals. When it comes to mass-producing equipment for satellite communication television receivers or mobile terrestrial terminals, this technology can be used efficiently. The useful method for producing the aforementioned antenna is likewise covered by the invention.

The designed antenna resonates at a millimeter wave band (28 GHz). It also possesses enhanced bandwidth throughout the operating frequency with significant improvement in the gain.

Background of the invention
Given that modern smart phones demand extraordinarily high bandwidth, 5G communication technology is seen as a breakthrough in the wireless communication industry. This quick progress inspires academics to develop communication systems, whether in hardware or software. Antenna design is a critical field that needs continuous advancement to provide 5G wireless communication networks. The main objective of this invention is to provide a wideband, extremely efficient microstrip antenna for 5G systems that complies with all current wireless communication network standards.
The 5G bands are designated as FR1 and FR2. The majority of ordinary cellular mobile communications traffic is carried by FR1 (4.1 GHz to 7.125 GHz), whereas FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz) is dedicated to short-range, high-data-rate capabilities. The recommended antennas are made to function at 28 GHz, a millimeter wave frequency. These very tiny wavelengths give rise to the term "mm-waves" for these high-frequency bands. 5G will use 24 to 100 GHz, even though mm-wave bands can function at up to 300 GHz. Today, nearly the whole spectrum of radio frequencies below 6 GHz is in use.

The Defective Ground Structure (DGS) method is one of the most popular approaches to enhancing radiation properties. The fundamental distortion of the ground plane necessitates a change in the inductive and capacitive properties. They are perfect for space-constrained applications like aircraft, missiles, and embedded systems because of their thin, flat form. Because they are simple to incorporate into the radar dish's surface, they are also widely utilized in radar systems. [N. E. Lindenblad, "Slot Antennas," in Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1472-1479, Dec. 1947, doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1947.234572.]. The dimensions and form of the slot dictate the construction of a slot antenna. Similar to a half-wave dipole, a resonant slot is half a wavelength long. The slot's length then plays a major role in determining the frequency of operation. In contrast, the antenna's bandwidth is determined by the slot's width. This approach is chosen since it yields better outcomes and is simpler. The number of devices with high traffic needs is increasing, and soon our network's capacity will be exhausted. (H. -C. Huang, 2018 International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT). We are compelled to employ bandwidth above 6 GHz as the need for spectrum to accommodate future improvements increases [Jayendra Kumar, MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016]. Numerous design strategies in the literature can be used to fix the antenna's dimensions. The parametric analysis method is preferred by most antenna designers. This approach can lead to optimized specs.

Numerous methods have been proposed by researchers to modify the radiation performance of any antenna, most notably to boost an antenna's bandwidth for 5G communication systems. The new microwave spectrum (3.3-4.2 GHz) and more efficient millimeter-wave frequency band bandwidth consumption may be able to meet the 5G needs (24-100 GHz) [IEEE Journal of Communications, vol. 32, pp. 1065–1082, June 2014; J.G. Andrews et al.]. Among these high-frequency bands, the 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands are more popular and offer better bandwidth, which leads to quick data transfer and minimal latency. [IEEE/MTT-S, Int.Microw.Symp., Pennsylvania, pp. 1334–1337, 2018; Risto Valkonen]. The EHF (millimeter-wave range) has a frequency range of 30 to 300 GHz, while the SHF band has a range of 3 to 30 GHz. Due to the similar propagation characteristics of SHF and EHF radio waves, the 3-300 GHz spectrum is composed of millimeter-wave bands with wavelengths ranging from 1 to 100 mm. [Mohsen IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67, pp. 1–8, 2018]; Khalily Rahim Tafazolli et al. A parasitic-based patch antenna is invented and the DGS method is implemented to enhance the bandwidth in [Khalily, M. et al., IEEE Tran. Ant. Propag. Lett. 2018, 66, 4641–4647], based on the observation from the literature [Ravi, K.C.; Kumar, J., Iran. J. 7Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng. 2022, 46, 311–317], [C.A. Balanis, Wiley, 2005]. Since frequency and wavelength are inversely related, extremely high frequency (EHF) results in a very low wavelength. Waves that range in length from 1 to 10 mm are known as millimeter waves. These days, radio waves used in smartphones are centimeter-sized, far bigger than millimeter-sized waves. Radar equipment and satellites have been using these millimeter waves thus far. There might be many uses for 5G that have the potential to totally change the world [In 2019's Cell and Tissue Research, 377, 125–151, Venkatesh et al.].

Details of Prior Art
Thanks to Bluetooth, it is now easier for modern electronic devices like computers, printers, digital cameras, refrigerators, TVs, and air conditioners to connect. The Bluetooth Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band operates between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz in frequency. If more wireless items use Bluetooth, the ISM's single frequency band won't be able to handle the high volume and transmission rate. Virtual reality (VR) versus augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and autonomous cars are the primary applications of 5G networks, where bandwidth is crucial. To boost bandwidth, a Rampart type antenna is advised, despite the additional design complexity. (US2537191A).

Massive production of a wide range of wireless products is occurring as communication technology advances. Similar behavior is shown by other ISM 2.4 GHz wireless communication technologies, such as WLAN (wireless local area network) and Home RF (home radio frequency) (US6788257B2). Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, cheap cost, and have a tiny bandwidth, as any antenna engineer knows. Therefore, one of the goals of the invention is to create a portable microwave antenna that can output a huge, unidirectional beam of radiofrequency radiation from a small, hand-held source. The development of an antenna with a dual-frequency cavity backing. This idea aims to solve the difficulty of making a lightweight, portable microwave radiator that can be held in the hand and emit invisible microwave energy similar to how a standard flashlight emits visible light. In addition, the invention's microwave flashlight can shoot two or more beams of different wavelengths and frequencies down a similar central axis, either independently and continuously or alternately, depending on the many uses the device may have. The invention's device is helpful for field testing since it provides a portable supply of microwave energy that can be used with a variety of microwave equipment (US3312976A).

As such, expanding the bandwidth of any microstrip antenna is a challenging task. The idea makes use of the same antennas that are utilized for sending and receiving signals, respectively. These antenna structures are designed to fit inside the hull of a ship or aircraft. An electrically transparent insulating sheet is employed in conjunction with the hull to cover the slot opening and cavity structure, respectively (US2885676).The invention (US2686265A) relates to slot antennas particularly to slot antennas in hollow waveguides. The nor ma1 frequency bandwidth may be defined as the ratio of the bandwidth in terms of frequency to another given frequency, characterizing the absolute position of the frequency band, e.g., the lower frequency limit.

Summary of Invention
This breakthrough describes the enhancement of radiation properties like gain, pattern, and reflection coefficient—all essential for 5G mobile communication systems. A speed breaker shaped structure is chosen to improve antenna performance suitable for fifth-generation communication systems. Parametric analysis method is used to optimise the dimensions and reach the resonant frequency, and an optimization method is used to increase the bandwidth. To improve performance, a few minor design changes to the antenna are required.The proposed antenna architecture is straightforward to integrate into complex networks and is conformal, making it suitable for a wide range of applications such as aerial ships, mobile phones, and aviation.

A detailed description of the invention
The primary antenna's configuration, intended for operation at a frequency of 28 GHz, is depicted in Figure 2. Using the formulas provided in Balani's textbook, the dimensions of the substrate, ground plane, patch, and quarter wave transformer are first determined. Part of the main design is a basic patch antenna in the shape of a rectangle. HFSS has been used to simulate the intended model.

Design of rectangular microstrip patch array for 28 GHz: ?_r=4.4, h=1.6 mm
Theoretical Calculations:

Dimensions of the patch antenna can be calculated from the following formulae:

Width of the patch (W_p):

W_p=v/?2f?_r v(2/(?_r+1)) (1)

Where v is the velocity of the electromagnetic wave

f_r is the resonant frequency

?_ris the relative permittivity

Therefore, the width of the patch (W_p) = 2.015mm (optimized to 3.4 mm)

Length of the patch (L_p): The patch's length is calculated by subtracting the effective length from the expanded length.

L_p=L_eff-2 ? L (2)

Where L_eff is the effective length of the patch and is given by

L_eff= v/?2f?_(r v(?_reff )) (3)

Where ?_reff is the effective relative permittivity and is given by

?_reff=(?_r+1)/2+(?_r-1)/2 [1+12 h/W_p ]^((-1)/2) (4)

And ? Lis theextended length due to the fringing effect and is given by

? L=0.412 h (?_reff+0.3)(W_p/h +0.264)/(?_reff-0.258)(W_p/h+0.8) (5)

Therefore, Length of the patch (L_p) = 2.095mm (optimized to4 mm)

Substrate dimensions:

Length of substrate (L_sub) = L_p+6h = 8.2 mm (optimized to 6.2 mm) (6)
width of the substrate (W_sub) = W_p+6h= 11.2mm (optimized to 7.2mm) (7)

feed length = ?/2=3.2135 mm (1.9 mm chosen) (8)

feed width (50O line) = (377/((v(?_r ))Z_o ) – 2) h; [Z_o=50 ohms] (9)

= 2.4667 mm (1mm chosen)

feed width (100O line) = (377/((v(?_r ))Z_o ) – 2) h; [Z_o=100 ohms] (10)

=0.43338 mm (chosen value 1.25 mm)

To optimize the dimensions of the antenna, the parametric analysis method is adopted. Initially, deviation from resonating frequency is observed. The reflection coefficient is also not significant. The designflow is shown in the figure.2layout of the design with all the necessary dimensions is shown in the figure3. The entire design is divided into two designs, the first primary model (A1), the second design is the proposed model (A2) for further analysis.
A variety of strategies have been published for improving the parameters of traditional microstrip antennas, including EBG, PBG, Metamaterial, and so on. Because of its easy structural design, the microwave component with DGS has acquired favor among all ways for increasing parameters. DGS are etched grooves or faults on the ground plane of a microstrip circuit.A parametric analysis technique is employed to optimize the dimensions. The inset-fed primary patch is designed as a primary model, then a speed-breaker-shaped structure is adopted. Now the resonating frequency is significant and the reflection coefficient also has considerable value. This changes the capacitive and inductive values and in turn, changes the fields on the patch. Also, it cancels out the cross-polarization obtained from the primary model. The proposed antenna model resonates at three different significant frequency bands (26 GHz, 30 GHz, and 38 GHz). Hence the bandwidth has been enhanced more compared to the other first three models. Also, the directionality and the gain are improved correspondingly.
The bandwidth also improved from 1 GHz to 3.08 GHz. The radiation pattern shows better characteristics compared to that of the primary antenna. Then for further analysis, to obtain better radiation characteristics that meet the major objective of the invention is the to enhance bandwidth of the antenna useful for 5G systems.
Brief Description of Drawing
The List ofFigures, which are illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.
Figure 1 Design flow chart.
Figure 2Layout of the design flow.
Figure 3Layout of the design flow with dimensions.
Figure 4Reflection coefficient (S11) curve of the two designs
Figure 5VSWR curve of A1 and A2.
Figure 6 3D polar plots of the A1 and A2.

A detailed description of the drawing
As described above present invention relates to the low cross-polarization multiple bandwidth improvement of a parasitic-based patch antenna useful for 5G communication systems.Figure 2 shows the layout of the primary and proposed patch antenna models.
The primary antenna represented with A-1 is a rectangle-shapedpatch with an inset feed. The structure has been modified by making a speed-breaker-shaped primary antenna model. Now the final iteration is made to form the proposed model (A2) as shown in Figures2 and 3.
The parametric analysis method is adopted to fix the dimensions of the antenna. The S11 curve obtained for two different models(A1 and A2) is shown in Figure 4. The proposed model can be operated at three significant frequency bands (26 GHz, 30 GHz, and 38 GHz).
Figure 5 shows theVSWR of both models the resonating frequencies are (26 GHz, 30 GHz,and 38GHz) also the reflection coefficient value has been improved from 22. 52 dB to 27.25 dB. The bandwidth also has been improved for the proposed model from 1 GHz to 3 GHz.
Figure 6 shows the 3D polarradiation pattern of the two models. The gain has been improved from 7.1 to 7.5 dB. The pattern is omni directional for the primary model. The directionality of the proposed model becomes multi-directionalwhich means radiation can be directed towards the specific region that covers 360 degrees. This is advantageous as per as 5G communication systems are concerned. Therefore, the proposed model can provide better bandwidth in two important frequency bands (26Ghz, 30 GHz and 38GHz) and better radiation pattern characteristics. , Claims:The following claims define the scope of the invention:
Claims:
1. A low-profile easy-to-fabricatemulti-band-enhanced gainand speed-breaker-shaped patch antenna is proposed for the invention. It is useful for 5G communication systems.
a) The formulae in Balani's textbook determine the dimensions of the rectangular patch. This antenna has a straightforward structure, is simple to manufacture, and is quite small.
b) The patch, substrate-ground, and feed dimensions are constructed using the optometric analysis approach. The analysis has been conducted using conventional techniques.Next, with the help of the HFSS tool simulation is done for different iterations.
2. As per Claim 1, the two models' reflection coefficient plotshave been simulated. The obtained S11 results have been compared for the two different models like A-1 (-19 dB), A-2(-29.4 dB).
4. As per Claim 1, the bandwidth of the two models has been calculated: Bandwidth for A1 is 1 GHz, and for A2 is 1.50 GHz. The cross polarization has been reduced significantly though the proposed antenna has less bandwidth than the primary model (A1).
5. As mentioned in Claim1, the gain has been improved from 7.1 dB to 7.5 dB.