FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-invasive device Nadi Tarangini useful for quantitative detection of arterial nadi pulse waveform More particularly the present invention relates to an apparatus for obtaining the complete spectrum of the Nadi (arterial pulse) as a time series and application of advanced machine learning algorithms to identify the pulse patterns According to the present invention three diaphragm-based strain gauge elements are to be placed at the exact pick up positions (known as Vata Pitta and Kapha positions) at the root of thumb on a hand wrist which experience the pressure exerted by the radial artery and give equivalent electrical output Each electrical output, coupled with the excitation of the strain gauge at the transmitter is then digitized using a digitizer having an interface with the personal computer at the USB port This pressure is tiny in pressure units is captured in accurate, reproducible and noise-free waveforms to perform accurate diagnosis A very small air gap is introduced between each of the sensing elements and the skin of person for capturing the exact values The typical physiological properties such as rhythm, self-similar nature, and chaotic nature present in the pulse are extracted using rigorous machine learning algorithms Subsequently the six pulse waveforms obtained through our invention (three waveforms on each hand) are classified as various types and sub-types of nadi patterns primarily defined in the Ayurvedic literature
The system of the present invention is intended to eliminate all the human errors in the Nadi-Nidan performed manually by Ayurvedic practitioner and the diagnostics could be performed based on accurate and quantitative information The invention could also eliminate any subjectiveness in the diagnostics
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
Ayurveda (Indian Traditional Medical science) believes that the function of entire human body is governed by three humors Vata Pitta and Kapha collectively called as Tndosha The equilibrium of these three doshas maintains the proper functioning of every aspect of physiology Any imbalance in the proportion causes a disorder The imbalance causes the vessels carrying the blood to contract or expand with respect to its normal position This contraction/expansion of vessels results in modulation of blood flow which is called as Nadi In brief Nadi dictates the mode of blood circulation which no doubt is governed by the physiological state of the individual This makes Nadi-
Nidan [meaning diagnosing a disease by sensing the blood flow] as a first step and in most cases the only diagnostic tool for patient diagnosis, according to Ayurveda
There are around 74000 locations in human body where the Nadi pulses can be obtained out of which only two positions are in proximity However the standard position according to Ayurvedic practitioners is at the root of thumb on the wrist as shown in Figure 1 The three fingers of an Ayurvedic practitioner's hand, 1 in Figure 1, namely the index finger, 2 in Figure 1, the middle finger, 3 in Figure 1, and the ring finger, 4 in Figure 1, are placed at the root of thumb of a patient's hand, 5 in Figure 1 and the pulses can be sensed at the fingertip Each finger senses Vata praknti, 6 in Figure 1 Pitta praknti, 7 in Figure 1, and Kapha praknti, 8 in Figure 1, respectively The general characteristics of these pulses are given in the Table 1
All the pulses sensed at the fingertip have been traditionally further classified as Sukshma Tikshna Kathma and Sama as major types and Vegavati (fast) Manda (slow) Khol (deep) as few of the subtypes and their combinations The above classification is mainly based on the excursion and pulse movements The nature of these pulses can be expressed in terms of the parameters such as frequency depth, power, rhythm All these parameters are sensed at the predetermined pick-up points on each of the fingertips Any change in these characteristics represents the kind of disorder
Some of the previous related references include US 6432060, US 20031009105, US 6364842 US 5623933 US 5755229, US 5832924 US 5938618, US 6155983 US 6159166 US 6261235 US 6364842 US 6767329, US 6293915 US 6730040 US 7074193, US 7192402 and US 7195596 Some of these approaches capture pulse waveforms from fingertips instead of wrist positions Some approaches apply pressure on the position using compressed air to take the pulse which changes the pulse reading It is also difficult to tell if the Nadi obtained using these methods is complete or not
The drawbacks of the hitherto reported prior art can be summarized as follows
• The above description itself dictates that the skill involved in the Nadi-Nidan comes through lot of practice and experience Again the information content is only qualitative and no quantitative conclusions can be drawn at the outset Also there is subjectiveness in the reported processes
• In most of the previous attempts disclosed, the methodology involves application of some constant pressure (to obtain maximum amplitude) on the radial artery But, it is known that Nadi-Nidan does not support any such external pressure on the artery, since it affects the blood circulation and hence the Nadi itself
• Further, for any diagnostic method it is essential to know the completeness as well as inaccuracies (in the present case, the noise content of the waveform) which is not mentioned
• Most of the previous attempts disclosed just present the pulse waveforms or compute the pulse rate but no further processing is presented towards diagnosis
Thus the inventors of the present invention realized that there exists a need to develop a system based on Ayurveda, which would overcome all these problems Hence it was thought desirable to have a system which can give Nadi pulses as a time-series data and yet simple to use In the present disclosure all the limitations have been removed hence the waveforms obtained from the present embodiment are used for diagnosis based on quantitative information Further all the major types and subtypes of the Nadi pulses have been identified, which supports the accuracy of the waveforms obtainable from the present disclosure
The system of the present invention is intended to provide a convenient, inexpensive painless, and noninvasive methodology to eliminate all the human errors in the Nadi-Nidan performed manually by Ayurvedic practitioner and the diagnostics could be performed based on accurate and quantitative information The invention could also eliminate any subjectiveness in the diagnostics
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Thus, the main object of the present invention is to provide a convenient inexpensive painless, and non-invasive Computer-aided device which will eliminate all the human errors in the Nadi-Nidan performed manually by Ayurvedic practitioner for diagnostics of disorders and human health parameters
Another object of the invention is to provide a device which is easy-to-use and quick in response system, which removes the subjectiveness by performing based on accurate and quantitative information
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device which can give nadi pulses as a time-series data and yet simple to use
Still another object of the invention is to provide a device wherein various machine learning algorithms have been applied on the nadi waveforms to classify the major types and subtypes of the nadi pulses, which supports the accuracy of the waveforms obtainable from the present disclosure
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The methodology adapted in the present invention involves the placement of the pressure sensing element at the exact pick-up point of the fingertip where nadi pulses are sensed and the analog pressure signal generated therein is digitized The waveforms are then analyzed using modern machine learning techniques and are then classified into various types and sub-types of nadi defined in Ayurvedic literature
The definitions of the terms used in the present invention are given here as under
Ayurveda - Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots ayur which means life and veda which means knowledge It has its roots in ancient vedic literature Ayurveda a system of diet healing and health maintenance is probably the oldest science of life just like the science of Yoga
Nadi' - refers to pulse
The starting point for many people into the ancient scientific art of Ayurveda is the relationship of the three Doshas Vata Pitta and Kapha
Ayurveda sees life as a harmonic flow a dynamic balance of those three fundamental forces
• Vata 3 (wind air) the principle of movement and impulse
• Pitta "1 (bile fire) the principle of assimilation and transformation
• Kapha 3 (mucus water) the principle of stability
These forces act in everyone When they are in balance they bring well-being and health in imbalance they lead to feeling unwell and later disease Everybody is unique and Ayurveda respects this uniqueness That is why there are individual constitution types, Doshas, in the body
Out of the three basic forces seven categories of individuals can be formed
1 Wind dominated individuals (vata)
2 Bile dominated individuals (pitta)
3 Mucus dominated individuals (kapha)
4 Wind and Bile dominated individuals (vata and pitta)
5 Wind and Mucus dominated individuals (vata and kapha)
6 Bile and mucus dominated individuals (pitta and kapha)
7 Wind, bile and mucus dominated individuals (vata and pitta and kapha in equal proportion)
vegavati - if the pulse rate is very high and the movement is higher then the pulse is detected as Vegavati pulse
"manda - if the pulse rate is low with very less movements in Tidal and Dicrotic waves, then the pulse is detected as Manda pulse
"sukshma - if the pulse has very low slopes with wide widths of Tidal and Dicrotic waves then the pulse is detected as Sukshma pulse
'tikshna' - if the pulse has sharp slopes at the Percussion wave then the pulse is
detected as Tikshna pulse It promotes sharpness and rapidity of
comprehension kathina - if the shapes at the Tidal and Dicrotic waves look like equilateral
triangle then the pulse is detected as Kathina pulse It increases
strength, rigidity
"sama - if the pulse shows equivalent behaviour in all the three doshas then the
pulse is detected as Sama pulse
As mentioned earlier, the Nadi pulses are sensed by the three fingertips of the Ayurvedic practitioner at the root of thumb on wrist, which actually measure the pressure exerted by the artery This pressure is in fact very tiny (-0 00124Pa to +0 00124Pa) in pressure units In the present invention similar methodology is used Three pressure sensing elements (of pressure range of 3 inch H20 to 5 inch H20) coupled with three transmitters (one for each one sensing element) which can amplify the electrical signal, are placed at the predetermined locations instead of the three fingertips which generate three electrical signals proportional to the pressure experienced by the three pressure sensing elements Each of the three electrical signals is then digitized using the digitizer having an interface with the personal computer at the USB port The data can be obtained on the computer for a predetermined length of time for any change in the signal value by using the data acquisition software which controls the digitization as well The minimum change in the signal which can be measured depends solely on the resolution of the ADC The three such pulse data are stored against one time information on one hand Similar pulse data are obtained for the second hand of the person
The data obtained in this way is usually corrupted because of implicit and explicit electronic and electrical disturbances called as noise which modulates the information content The noise level obtained in the present system developed is almost zero after proper shielding Hence the Nadi obtained is in pure form and any digital filtering on the signal obtained from the digitizer, of any kind is not required
Once the pulse data is stored on computer Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform is applied on each pulse data series to extract the average properties Then important physiological properties are computed using various feature extraction methods such

as Fourier analysis, Chaos analysis Variability analysis Finally types and sub-types of pulses are detected based on these parameters
Accordingly the present invention provides a non-invasive device Nadi Tarangini useful for quantitative detection of arterial 'nadi pulse waveform wherein the said assembly comprising
[a] at least three circuits of diaphragm based pressure sensors [1 in Figure 2] placed side by side at the three predetermined exact pick up points on the wrist of a user [6, 7 8 in Figure 1] for sensing the nadi pulses
[b] at least one strip of neoprene [5 in Figure 3] provided at the bottom of the said pressure sensors
[c] the said strip provided with at least three holes [3 in Figure 3] to introduce air gaps having thickness in the range of 1 to 5mm for capturing the arterial pulsations,
[d] providing at least one transducer [1 in Figure 2] corresponding to each of the said pressure sensor provided above along with a DC power source [4 in Figure 4] for converting the pressure signal into an equivalent electrical signal
[e] providing at least one digitizer [5 in figure 4] for converting the electrical signal obtained in step [d] above into digital form using at least one Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) [5 in figure 4], along with a shielding arrangement [7 in Figure 5] for minimizing the noise,
[f] providing a computing device [7 in Figure 2] connected to the said digitizer for obtaining the visual display of the pulse pressure waveform
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Figure 1 shows the positioning of the fingertips of an Ayurvedic practitioner on patient's
hand for sensing the pulse at three positions Vata Pitta and Kapha
Figure 2 provides the schematic drawing of the present invention
Figure 3 shows the arrangement of neoprene sheet to introduce air gap between
sensors and the patient s skin
Figure 4 is the electrical line diagram according to the present invention
Figure 5 is the circuit diagram for one of the sensing elements of the system according
to the present invention (same circuitry is done for other two sensors)
Figure 6 shows a sample pulse data for small duration from our database for three
pick-up positions
Figure 7 shows a sample dosha waveform (of three) indicating the important time
domain features
Figure 8 shows an example of Vegavati pulse
Figure 9 shows an example of Manda pulse
Figure 10 describes the steps involved in computation of average values to capture the
essence of pulse data series using Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform (PSWT)
Figure 11 shows an example of Tikshna Nadi
Figure 12 shows an example of Kathma Nadi
Figure 13 shows an example of Sama Nadi
Figure 14 shows an example of Sukshma Nadi
Figure 15 shows the variations in multifractal spectra of vata data series of persons in
three age-groups
Figure 16 shows a sample arrhythmic pulse where every third beat is missing and is
captured by the variability of pulse intervals
Figure 17 shows the comparison between normal and fever pitta pulse through recurrence plot analysis
Figure 18 displays a flowchart indicating important steps in our approach of diagnosing a patient using data from our embodiment using rigorous machine learning algorithms Figure 19 shows an example of pulse of person 32 at three predefined positions vata
pitta and kapha
Figure 20 shows and example of Vata pulse of person 32 for 1 minute
Figure 21 shows and example of Fourier transform of the vata pulse of person 32
Figure 22 shows an example of the detected peaks of vata pulse of person 32
Figure 23 shows an example of folding the vata pulse of person 32 so that all the
peaks are together
Figure 24 shows and example of average vata pulse of person 32 showing the
essence of the entire time series
Figure 25 shows an example of the multifractal spectrum of vata pulse of person 32
Figure 26 shows an example of the pulse rate variability indicating the time differences
between the peaks of vata pulse of person 32
Figure 27 shows an example of the recurrence plot of vata pulse of person 32
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Time series analysis and Machine learning are useful tools to understand the underlying dynamics of the physiological system In general, a time-series can be obtained by digitizing the analog signal from the pressure sensing element and the transducer, at the desired sampling rate and for desired time by using a digitizer (analog to digital converter ADC) ADC has an interface with personal computer (PC) which can transfer and store the data series called as time series, on the disk The time series obtained by this way can then be analyzed using various machine learning algorithms to extract the dynamic features of the underlying system A similar methodology is adapted in the present invention to acquire the Nadi pulses quantitatively
In the present invention mounted over a neoprene sheet 3 in Figure 2, three pressure sensing elements, 1 in Figure 2, coupled with transmitters 4 in Figure 2 which can amplify the electrical signal, are placed at the three predetermined locations 6 7, 8 in Figure 1, in place of the fingertips of the Ayurvedic practitioner The pressure sensing elements along with the neoprene sheet have to be properly adjusted on the patients wrist considering the variable size of patient s wrist skin differences, and such that all the three diaphragms 2 in Figure 4 of the three sensing elements exactly come in contact with the patient s nadi at the three predetermined locations on the wrist The sensor leads 2 in Figure 2 are properly shielded Each of the pressure sensing elements is supplied with the excitation voltage by using the DC power source 5 in Figure 2, through the transmitter This arrangement generates an electrical signal
proportional to the pressure experienced by the pressure sensing element which is then digitized using the digitizer (ADC) 6 in Figure 2 having an interface with the personal computer (PC) 7 in Figure 2, at the USB port
The data can be obtained on the computer for a predetermined length of time for any change in the signal value by using the data acquisition software which controls the digitization as well The minimum change in the signal which can be measured depends solely on the resolution of the digitizer
The data obtained in this way is usually corrupted because of implicit and explicit electronic and electrical disturbances called as noise which modulates the information content The noise level obtained in the present system developed is almost zero after proper shielding Hence the nadi obtained is in purer form and any digital filtering on the signal obtained from the digitizer of any kind, is not required
The waveforms obtained from the present invention contain typical physiological properties such as rhythm self-similar nature and chaotic nature Rigorous machine learning algorithms are used to classify these waveforms primarily defined in the Ayurvedic literature, as various types and sub-types of nadi patterns The waveforms are accurate complete reproducible and noise-free to perform accurate diagnosis
The methodology adapted involves
(a) placement of each of the three pressure sensing elements at the exact pick-up points by the three fingertips (of Ayurvedic practitioner) respectively where Nadi pulses are sensed and the analog pressure signal generated therein is digitized after removing the DC component
(b) introducing an arrangement for an air gap between each of the sensors and the skin using a neoprene sheet with three holes
(c) connecting at least up to one transmitter to each of the sensor which is further connected to the DC voltage supply from the other side
(d) connecting at least one digitizer for converting the electrical signal as obtained from step (d) into digital form using at least one Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) for capturing the rapid changes in input signal along with a shielding of filtering arrangement for minimizing the noise
(e) recording and storing different parameters from the digital signals of primary and secondary peaks as obtained from step (d) into a storage device
(f) designing dedicated programs in the storage device for optimizing a performance criterion of classification of pulse patterns
(g) observing and interpreting the results obtained from above steps by analysis of pulse waveforms for detecting various disorders
The detailed description of the system adapted is as follows
• Figure 4 explains the electrical line diagram of the present invention Each of the diaphragm 2 in Figure 4, based pressure sensing elements, 1 in Figure 4, is supplied with the excitation voltage by using the DC power source 4 in Figure 4, through the transmitters 3 in Figure 4 Each output of the pressure sensing element is obtained from the transmitter through the corresponding connecting leads, 7 in Figure 4 The output is further connected to the ADC, 5 in Figure 4 for digitization and finally stored in computer 6 in Figure 4
• The details of the circuitry adapted for each sensing element in the present invention are disclosed in Figure 5 The Wheatstone bridge, 1 in Figure 5 of the pressure sensing element receives the constant excitation voltage from reference voltage generator, 9 in Figure 5 through the connecting bus The variable resistor, 2 in Figure 5 of the bridge recognizes the pressure changes from the Nadi pulses This output is amplified through a series of amplifiers, 3 in Figure 5 and is given to the base of the NPN-type transistor 4 in Figure 5 The output is obtained from the emitter terminal which is proportional to the amplified pressure signal from the bridge The current output is converted into voltage, 8 in Figure 5 by using a resistor 5 in Figure 5, which goes for digitization The diode 6 in Figure 5, allows the unidirectional current flow All the connecting wires, 7 in Figure 5 were properly shielded and grounded which eliminate any external interference noise
• Figure 3 shows the arrangement of neoprene sheet, 5 in Figure 3 to introduce air gap between sensors and the person s skin The dimensions of
each sensor are 8 5mm X 6 5mm A very tiny diaphragm, 1 in Figure 3 is at the center of the sensor 2 in Figure 3 which has to be exactly placed at pre-defined position on wrist Three holes 3 in Figure 3 are made into the neoprene sheet (of thickness 1 to 5mm) for introducing air gaps 4 in Figure 3 The size of each hole is such that each sensor just rests on the sheet covering its respective hole
• Digitizer and data acquisition software The analog signal obtained from the transmitter is freed from the DC component and is then subjected to the digitization by using an ADC Bandwidth of the ADC is high enough to capture the rapid changes in the input signal from the transmitter An ADC of accuracy 12-bit was used for our invention The ADC is interfaced to the personal computer at the USB port The software LabVIEW supports the abovementioned ADC device, which enables the operations of ADC through personal computer itself The software acquires the digitized data of Nadi pulses for a prefixed time and saves the digitized pulse wave on the disk
• Figure 6 gives a normalized sample pulse data from our database The three colors indicate three different doshas captured at pre-defined positions on wrist The three dosha waveforms almost follow each other but they show different nature The information hidden in these data are captured using various algorithms Figure 7 shows a zoomed version of a pulse cycle from Figure 6 of one dosha indicating the important time domain features In our database, the details in Percussion wave 1 in Figure 7 Tidal wave 2 in Figure 7, Valley 3 in Figure 7 and Dicrotic wave 4 in Figure 7, show different behavior for different patients and thus can be identified by learning the behavior Also the points-representation of pulse data 5 in Figure 7 gives the idea of the complete picture of pulse and that no extra information is available
Hence the pulse time series, thus extracted consists of complete and noise-free spectra of the Nadi pulse This is the unique feature of the present invention
In an embodiment of the present invention the parameters used are selected from the group comprising age gender profession skin and atmospheric conditions
In another embodiment of the present invention, the chaotic nature is determined in terms of strange attractor properties and the chaotic properties being captured in terms of Recurrence Quantification analysis parameters which are capable of capturing various disorders including fever back-pain, arrhythmia and heart disorders
In still another embodiment of the present invention the variable resistor of the Wheatstone bridge is capable of recognizing the pressure changes at nadi pulses
In yet another embodiment of the present invention the device being capable of detecting arterial pulse pressure in the range of (-) 0 00124 Pa to (+) 0 00124Pa
In a further embodiment of the present invention the type of nadi is selected from the group consisting of Sukshma, Tikshna Kathina and Sama, their sub-types and combinations thereof, wherein the pressure points of the user are vata pitta and kapha
In another embodiment of the present invention, the pressure at the sensors is in the range of 7 5 to 13 cm H20 pressure for capturing accurate pressure readings
In still another embodiment of the present invention the thickness of neoprene sheet used is in the range of 1 to 5 mm
In yet another embodiment of the present invention the three sensing elements are mounted exactly on the three holes made [4 in Figure 3] in a neoprene sheet with thickness in the range of 1 to 5mm to introduce three air gaps between the sensors and the patient's skin so as to capture the tiny pressure very accurately
In another embodiment of the present invention, the storage device is preferably a computer having at least one USB port
In still another embodiment of the present invention the waveform produced comprises domain features of percussion wave tidal wave valley and dicrotic wave

In a further embodiment of the present invention is provided a method for quantitative detection of arterial nadi pulse waveform of an individual using the claimed device Nadi Tarangmi, wherein the said method comprising the steps of placing the said device at predetermined position for at least up to 60 seconds followed by acquiring and recording different parameters forming complete noiseless nadi waveform peaks characterized by typical physiological properties selected from the group comprising rhythm, self-similar nature, chaotic nature and then interpreting the results obtained for identifying possible disorders in a user
In another embodiment of the present invention the peaks include both main and secondary types and varies with change on different parameters
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the rhythm used is Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform, wherein the wavelet coefficients being capable of extracting the average values of the pulse to capture the essence of the whole data series
In still another embodiment of the present invention the self-similar nature of the waveform is determined by multifractal spectrum being capable of distinguishing various pulse patterns of different age groups of users
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the variations between consecutive pulse beats is captured by Pulse Variability to capture the arrhythmic behavior present in the pulse
In still another embodiment of the present invention the chaotic properties in the pulse data are captured in terms of descriptor from Recurrence Plot to describe large and small-scale structures to detect disorders including fever
EXAMPLES
The following examples are given by way of illustration and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention
Example 1
The Nadi pulses were recorded using our embodiment by placing the three pressure sensing elements mounted on neoprene sheet, exactly at the three predetermined locations (6, 7, 8 in Figure 1) on patient's left hand wrist in place of the fingertips of the Ayurvedic practitioner The three predetermined locations are vata position pitta position and kapha position on the patient's wrist The sampling rate of the acquisition was 500Hz which was enough to capture all the details The data was collected for 1 to 5 minutes All the three signals were individually digitized using the ADC (5 in Figure 4) and were stored in the pulse database as vata pulse data, pitta pulse data and kapha pulse data respectively Same procedure was followed for the patients right hand wrist to get three more data Therefore in the pulse database 6 pulse signals (from vata pitta and kapha positions on both the hands) were stored for each patient Also the patient's information such as age gender profession was recorded in the database The complete database contains information and pulse signals of 42 patients suffering from different disorders including fever, arrhythmic disorder Each of the signals show variations in the parameters Amplitudes Frequency, Rhythm Depth and Power and therefore carry different patterns with different information We studied and analyzed all the pulse signals collectively using different machine learning algorithms to provide a non-invasive easy-to-use and quick in response diagnostic device Nadi Tarangmi, which eliminated all the human errors in the Nadi-Nidan performed manually by Ayurvedic practitioner for diagnostics The important steps are briefly explained here (and shown in Figure 1), and the details involved are given in the subsequent examples Firstly, the Fourier coefficients are computed for a pulse signal of a patient (any one out of total 6 pulses, as the pulse rate is the same in all of them for the considered patients) The pulse rate is computed from the fundamental frequency in the Fourier spectrum In order to check the reproducibility of our embodiment Nadi Tarangmi the pulse signals of a single person were recorded at different times in a morning session and their correlation dimensions were computed to verify As the length of each pulse signal is very high we compute the average pulse values using the Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform to capture the essence of pulse This averaged pulse can also further be used for the detection purpose Using the above mentioned parameters and average pulse for all the 6 pulse signals for a patient the four major types of Nadi (i e Sukshma Tikshna Kathina and Sama) the sub-types of Nadi (i e Manda and Vegavati) and their combinations were obtained The detection was done using the classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) Firstly, the classifier was
trained using the parameters from first 31 patients and then tested for remaining 11 patients Also, the pulses of patients showed different behavior prominently in three age-groups (i e "age below 25', age 25 to 50 and age above 50 ) and this behavior was captured using the multifractal analysis based on nonlinear dynamics and SVM The arrhythmic behavior in pulse signal was captured using the variations in the pulse intervals using Pulse Rate Variability analysis and SVM Finally the chaos theory based Recurrence Plot analysis (based on recurrence quantification descriptors %recurrence, %determmism entropy and %laminanty) was used to easily detect the disorders in the pulse signals using SVM
As an example, we show these steps and calculations for a sample pulse of person 34 Figure 19 shows the complete pulse captured for 1 minute with sampling rate 500 Hz Therefore, for the 3 doshas (at three predefined positions vata pitta and kapha) the total no of points are 3 X 60 (sec) X 500 (Hz) = 3 X 30,000 = 90 000 Only vata pulse is shown in the Figure 20 which contains 30,000 points for 1 minute Fourier Transform of vata pulse is computed which gives 30,000 Fourier coefficients Only the first 1500 coefficients (excluding the first one which provides the average value) are plotted, for visibility in Figure 21 It can be noted that the first peak is at frequency 80 57 (=81) 1 in Figure 21 which is the pulse rate of the person 34 The manually counted pulse rate is also 81 The correlation dimensions of the three doshas individually are 1 76 1 71 and 1 75 respectively For computing the average vata pulse first the peaks in the vata pulse are computed as shown in Figure 22 where the 'red * points indicate peaks Then the vata pulse is folded in such a manner that all the peaks are together as shown in Figure 23 The wavelet transform of this folded vata pulse finally provides the average pulse as shown in Figure 24 Also, it can be seen that the pulse movements are high thus the sub-type of vata pulse is vegavati The shapes at the Tidal and Dicrotic waves look like equilateral triangle thus the vata pulse is also a Kathina pulse Further, all the three doshas show equivalent behavior and thus the pulse is sama pulse Then the multifractal analysis of vata pulse provides the multifractal spectrum as shown in Figure 25 which captures the self-similarity The peaks computed above are then used for pulse rate variability In the considered vata pulse there are 81 peaks and thus 80 differences between them These differences are all close enough as shown in Figure 26 and thus the considered vata pulse is not arrhythmic Finally the recurrence plot of vata pulse (only first 8 000 points out of 30 000 are shown for better visibility) in Figure 27 shows the small- and large-scale structures in the vata pulse
The recurrence quantification descriptors using embedding dimension 7 time delay 1 and radius 0 3 are recurrence= 5 579 laminanty= -2 182 and determimsm= 95 We finally used all the above results in the form of parameters for the diagnosis of person 34 by passing them to the classifier The classifier SVM finally provides the outputs such as person 34 is of type sama kathina vegavati person 34 does not have arrhythmic disorder
Example 2
Pulse rate The pulses were obtained by placing the sensor at the predetermined position for 1 to 5 minutes Immediately after the Nadi was taken, the pulse rate was measured manually for every acquisition The pulse rate is computed using the fundamental frequency in the Fourier spectrum of any one dosha of the 6 pulse data of the patient The comparison of pulse rate measured from a pulse time series and that manually measured for few of the patients is given in Table 2
Example 3
Reproducibility The Nadi pulses were acquired of person 2 (age 27) at 7 different timings throughout a morning session (8 30am 9 15am 10 00am 10 45am 11 30am 12 15pm and 1 10pm) using our invention described in above description Apart from the person s physic Nadi is sensitive to mental status stresses thoughts etc Because of which the nature of the pulse essentially changes For the above mentioned 7 timings the person was asked to relax for 5 minutes before taking the pulse Chaos analysis was carried on all the pulse data of the 7 timings and it was observed that the Correlation Dimensions and Largest Lyapunov exponents [reference-D Kugiumtzis, B Lillekjendlie, and N Chnstophersen Chaotic time series part I Estimation of some invariant properties in state space Modeling Identification and Control 15(4) 205 - 224 1994] of the particular dosha remain almost constant even though the shape of pulse changes slightly The correlation dimensions of the pulses for vata pitta and kapha of left hand are given in Table 3 Since the correlation dimensions (and largest Lyapunov exponents) throughout the morning session remained constant it shows that the pulses obtained are completely reproducible but the pulse shape may change slightly
Example 4
Computing essence of the pulse data Each pulse data series is given to the Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform algorithm [reference- Evangehsta G 1993 "Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Representations of Speech and Music Signals" IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 41(12) 3313-3330] to extract the average values of the pulse, which capture the essence of the whole data series as shown in Figure 10 The same procedure is carried for the other two dosha data series also The Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform first finds the peaks in the time series 1 in Figure 10 folds the time series in such a manner that all the peaks come together 2 in Figure 10 and then takes the wavelet transform 3 in Figure 10 in z-direction 4 in Figure 10 The final outcome gives the average values throughout the pulse data series
Example 5
Identification of types of Nadi The types of Nadi are identified using supervised classification Firstly various parameters such as Amplitudes Frequency Rhythm Depth and Power are computed for all the pulse waveforms available in the database The true Nadi types are also provided by the Ayurvedic practitioner in qualitative terms Support Vector Machine (SVM) [reference- Vladimir N Vapnik The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory Springer New York NY USA 1995] is used as the classifier SVM rigorously based on statistical learning theory simultaneously minimizes the training and test errors, and produces a unique globally optimal solution The parameters extracted from person 1 through person 31, along with their known Nadi types, are used for training the SVM Then the parameters of person 32 through person 42 are tested The output labels of SVM (quantitatively determined labels using said method) are compared with the true Nadi types (qualitatively recorded labels from the database provided by Ayurvedic practitioner) The comparison is given in Table 4 We could classify the pulses into the Nadi types as Sukshma Sama Kathma Tikshna and their combinations with good accuracy
Example 6
Identification of sub-types of Nadi The pulse data are preliminary classified as Vegavati or Manda depending upon the pulse rate and the movement of the pulse As shown in Figure 8, if the pulse rate is very high, and the movement is higher 1 in Figure 8, then the pulse is detected as Vegavati pulse On the other hand, as shown in Figure 9 if the pulse rate is low with very less movements, 1 in Figure 9 in Tidal and Dicrotic waves, then the pulse is detected as Manda pulse
Example 7
Identification of Tikshna Nadi Figure 11 shows vata pulse waveform of person 41 as an example of Tikshna Nadi where the slopes at the peaks of Percussion wave are found to be very sharp 1 in Figure 11
Example 8
Identification of Kathina Nadi Figure 12 shows kapha pulse waveform of person 38 as an example of Kathina Nadi where the shapes at the Tidal and Dicrotic waves look like equilateral triangle 1 in Figure 12
Example 9
Identification of Sama Nadi Figure 13 shows all three pulse waveforms of person 40 as an example of Sama Nadi where the pulse shows equivalent behaviour in all the three doshas
Example 10
Identification of Sukshma Nadi Figure 14 shows vata pulse of person 36 as an example of Kathina Nadi, where the pulse has very low slopes with wide widths of Tidal and Dicrotic waves 1 in Figure 14
Example 11
Identification of special pulses Pulse Rate Variability, Multifractal spectrum analysis and Recurrence Plot methodologies are used for capturing the special cases of pulses in all the doshas
• A Multifractal spectrum [reference- J F Muzy, E Bacry and A Arneodo The multifractal formalism revisited with wavelets Int J Bif Chaos 4 (1994) 245-302] captures the self-similarity of the pulse series which is an essential property of a physiological time series 22 normal pulses are separated into three age-groups namely age below 25 'age 25 to 50 and "age above 50 and their multifractal spectra are observed In Figure 15, multifractal spectrum
of one randomly chosen normal pulse from each age-group is shown As shown in Figure 15, the multifractal spectrum moves towards top-up corner as the age increases Therefore, as explained in Example 5, a classifier can be trained to classify a pulse into once of the three age-groups
• Pulse variability [reference- L Li and ZWang Study on interval variability of arterial pulse In The 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conference page 223 1999] captures the variations between consecutive pulse beats rather than simply the pulse rate Firstly the pulse peaks are detected and the difference between these peaks forms the pulse variability data We use this pulse variability data to capture the missing pulse beats if any and thus the data is very useful to capture the arrhythmic behavior present in the pulse as shown in Figure 16 In a normal pulse data the differences between in pulse peaks vary in a very close range In the considered pulse data, every third beat is missing 1 in Figure 16 therefore the differences between the peaks are varying and thus can be detected as an arrhythmic pulse data
• The chaotic properties in the pulse data can be captured in terms of Recurrence Plot (RP) [reference- J P Zbilut C L Webber Jr Embeddings and delays as derived from quantification of recurrence plots Physics Letters A, 171(3-4), 199-203 (1992)] whose quantification analysis describes large and small-scale structures through a set of descriptors These descriptors are subsequently used to detect various disorders (e g fever) by training a classifier as explained in Example 5 Figure 17 shows an example of recurrence plot of fever Pitta pulse 2 in Figure 17 which shows very different behavior than the recurrence plot of a normal pitta pulse 1 in Figure 17 and hence is identified using the descriptors
TABLES
Table 1 Characteristics of three humors (Vata Pitta and Kapha) defined in Ayurveda
Table 2 Comparison of the pulse rate
Table 3 Comparison of the correlation dimensions (CD) of the pulses (from morning session) of person 2 for checking reproducibility
Table 4 Identification of Nadi pulses using machine learning algorithms
Table 1 Characteristics of three humors (Vata Pitta and Kapha) defined in
Ayurveda
(Table Removed)
Table 2 Comparison of the pulse rate (Table Removed)
Table 3 Comparison of the correlation dimensions (CD) of the pulses (from morninq session) of person 2 for checkinq reproducibility (Table Removed)
Table 4 Identification of Nadi pulses usinq machine learninq alqonthms
(Table Removed)
ADVANTAGES
1 Data acquisition methodology using air-gap
An air gap is introduced between each of the three sensors and the skin at wrist using a neoprene sheet with three holes The dimensions of a sensor are 9x7mm and the tiny diaphragm is at the center The neoprene sheet is of thickness 1 to 5mm The three holes on this sheet which are of dimensions 7x5cm are such that the sensors just fit around them This arrangement helps to pick up the pressure exerted by the artery accurately
2 Accurate, complete waveforms Physiological properties
The waveforms obtained from our embodiment are accurate and complete (contain all the information) reproducible and thus contain the typical physiological properties such as rhythm chaotic nature self-similarity
3 Pulse Patterns
The waveforms obtained from our system show patterns which resemble the nadis defined in the Ayurvedic literature such as Sama Kathma Tikshna Sukshma
4 Diagnosis based on Ayuvedic concepts
Rigorous machine learning algorithms are applied to classify the pulse waveforms obtained from our system to diagnose a patient for various disorders and health parameters

We claim:
1. A non-invasive device Nadi Tarangini, useful for quantitative detection of arterial
'nadi' pulse waveform, wherein the said assembly comprising:
[a] at least three circuits of diaphragm based pressure sensors [1 in Figure 2] placed side by side at the three predetermined exact pick up points on the wrist of a user [6, 7, 8 in Figure 1] for sensing the 'nadi' pulses;
[b] at least one strip of neoprene [5 in Figure 3] provided at the bottom of the said pressure sensors;
[c] the said strip provided with at least three holes [3 in Figure 3] to introduce air gaps having thickness in the range of 1 to 5mm for capturing the arterial pulsations;
[d] providing at least one transducer [1 in Figure 2] corresponding to each of the said pressure sensor provided above along with a DC power source [4 in Figure 4] for converting the pressure signal into an equivalent electrical signal;
[e] providing at least one digitizer [5 in figure 4] for converting the electrical signal obtained in step [d] above into digital form, using at least one Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) [5 in figure 4], along with a shielding arrangement [7 in Figure 5] for minimizing the noise;
[f] providing a computing device [7 in Figure 2] connected to the said digitizer for obtaining the visual display of the pulse pressure waveform.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the circuit of the diaphragm based
pressure sensor comprising:
i. wheatstone bridge [1 in Figure 5] for receiving the constant excitation voltage from reference voltage generator [9 in Figure 5] through the connecting bus [7 in Figure 5];
ii. amplifiers corresponding to the numbers of transducers used [1 in
Figure 4] for amplifying the output; iii. a base [4 in Figure 5] of the NPN-type transistor; iv. an emitter terminal [8 in Figure 5] proportional to the amplified pressure
signal from the bridge for obtaining the output; v. a diode or resistor [6 in Figure 5] allowing unidirectional current flow for
converting current output into voltage, which goes for digitization; vi. connecting wires [7 in Figure 5] being properly shielded and grounded to
eliminate external interference and noise.
3. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the variable resistor of the Wheatstone bridge is capable of recognizing the pressure changes at 'nadi' pulses.
4. A device as claimed in claim 1, being capable of detecting arterial pulse pressure in the range of (-) 0.00124 Pa to (+) 0.00124Pa.
5. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pressure at the sensors is in the range of 7.5 to 13 cm H20 pressure for capturing accurate pressure readings.
6. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the three sensing elements are mounted exactly on the three holes made [4 in Figure 3] in a neoprene sheet to introduce three air gaps between the three sensors and the patient's skin so as to capture the tiny pressure very accurately at the three predetermined locations on wrist.
7. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of neoprene sheet used is in the range of 1 to 5mm.
8. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the computing device is preferably a computer having storage and at least one USB port.
9. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waveform produced comprises domain features of percussion wave, tidal wave, valley and dicrotic wave.
10. A method for quantitative detection of arterial nadi pulse waveform of an individual using the device Nadi Tarangini as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said
method comprising the steps of placing the said device at predetermined position for at least up to 60 seconds followed by acquiring and recording different parameters forming complete noiseless nadi waveform, characterized by typical physiological properties selected from the group comprising pulse rate, self-similar nature, chaotic nature, average pulse behavior and then interpreting the results obtained for identifying the types and sub-types of nadi and also identifying the possible disorders in a user.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the type of nadi is selected from the group consisting of Sukshma, Tikshna, Kathina and Sama, and their combinations thereof, wherein the pressure points of the user are vata, pitta and kapha.
12. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the sub-type of nadi is selected from the group consisting of Manda and Vegavati, wherein the pressure points of the user are vata, pitta and kapha.
13. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the peaks include both main and secondary types and vary with the changes on different parameters.
14. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the pulse rate is quantitatively computed from the Fourier spectrum of the pulse.
15. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the average pulse behavior is captured using Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform, wherein the wavelet coefficients being capable of extracting the average values of the pulse to capture the essence of the whole data series.
16. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the self-similar nature of the waveform is determined by multifractal spectrum being capable of distinguishing various pulse patterns of different age groups of users.
17. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the variations between consecutive pulse beats are captured by Pulse Rate Variability, to capture the arrhythmic behavior present in the pulse.
18. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the chaotic properties in the pulse data are captured in terms of descriptors from Recurrence Plot to describe large and small-scale structures to detect disorders including fever.
19. A device Nadi Tarangini useful for quantitative detection of arterial nadi pulse waveform substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and drawings accompanying this specification.