The present invention relates to a method for improving the tribological properties of the sliding alloys in different applications. Specifically, the present invention relates to a nano fly ash particulate matter, a biowaste from the thermal power plants as a novel additive in lubricating oils and are found to be beneficial in enhancing the anti-wear properties and anti-friction properties of the alloy steels.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. [0003] Lubricant oils and greases are commonly used for a wide variety of applications including providing lubrication for motors and engines to extend lifetime as well as to prevent failure. Lubricant oils offer lubrication between moving surfaces, for example, bearings and other metal surfaces, to improve motor efficiency and improve life of the motors and engines. With the current and anticipated emission regulations, automotive manufactures are keen to develop exhaust after treatment devices and other mechanical features to meet the new lower emissions standards.
[0004] Further, numerous additives can be added to lubricating oils in order to improve the tribological properties. Additives such as anti-wear agents are intended to decrease the wear of machine or engine parts. Additives have been and continue to be developed for use in such lubricating oil compositions to improve the tribological properties thereof and thereby to lessen the wear of the moving parts, preferably alloys.
[0005] Lubricating oils tend to deteriorate with attendant formations of sludge and lacquer and resinous materials that adhere to the engine or motor parts, thereby lowering the operating efficiency of the engine or motor. Detergents and dispersants are optionally mixed with the lubricating oil to keep the deposit forming materials

suspended in oil so that the engine is kept clean and in efficient operation condition for longer periods of time.
[0006] Fuel efficiency requirements for passenger vehicles are becoming increasingly more stringent. New legislation related to the fuel emissions in the United States, European Union as well as in India within the past few years has set fuel economy and emissions targets not readily achievable with today's vehicle and lubricant technology. In order to improve lubricant fuel economy performance, reduction of viscosity is typically the best path; however, present day lubricant oils would not be expected to be able to provide acceptable passenger vehicle engine durability performance.
[0007] Fuel economy improvement strongly depends on the reduction of lubricant viscosity. This leads the contact conditions to be more severe and thereby results in more engine wear. There is a need to develop improved anti-wear technologies for the low viscosity lubricants that afford fuel economy improvement. [0008] In recent years, studies have been performed using nanoscale platelets or nanoparticles in lubricants as they hold the promise to reduce friction and wear. For example, the fullerene-like carbon/WS2/MoS2 nano-balls dispersed in lubricants were thought to provide rolling effect. However, they were found to be exfoliated or decomposed at the tribological contact and thereby were less likely to provide rolling effect. These decomposed or exfoliated nanoplatelets have weak Van der Waals' interactions between the atoms of two adjacent surfaces and are supposed to provide low friction. However, neither the fullerene-like nano-balls nor the exfoliated carbon nanoplatelets can deliver friction coefficients lower than 0.05 on ferrous surfaces. This was probably because the hard nanoparticles acted as abrasive particles leading to abrasive wear on the relatively soft ferrous surfaces. Resulting iron oxide abrasive wear debris has high friction.
[0009] Despite the advances in lubricant oil formulation technology, there exists a need for increasing the tribological properties of the lubrication oils that will provide a superior anti-wear performance with improved fuel economy, and has the capability to do so with or without conventional anti-wear additives, e.g., ZDDP.

[0010] The present invention tries to alleviate the existing problems associated with the tribological properties of the nanoparticle mixed lubricant oils. [0011] The present invention satisfies the existing needs, as well as others, and generally overcomes the deficiencies found in the prior art.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0012] An object of the present invention is to provide a modified lubricant oil composition for improving the tribological properties of the alloy steels. [0013] An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricant oil composition comprising nanoparticle additive for improving the tribological properties of the alloy steels.
[0014] An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricant oil composition comprising nano fly ash additive for improving the tribological properties of the alloy steels.
[0015] An object of the present invention is to provide a SAE 10W-30 lubricant oil composition comprising nano fly ash additive for reducing the friction and wear ofAISI 4140 alloy steel.
[0016] Another object of the invention was to develop a simplest, cost-effective additive that can be used with the lubricant oil composition for improving the tribological properties of the alloy steels.
[0017] Yet another object of the invention was to develop a method for disposing the nano fly ash biowaste from the thermal power plants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0018] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that is further described below in the detailed description section. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0019] The present invention relates to a simplest, cost-effective additive that
can be used with the lubricant oil composition for improving the tribological
properties of the alloy steels.
[0020] In an aspect, the present invention relates to a modified lubricant oil
composition for increasing the tribological properties of the alloy steel.
[0021] In an aspect, the present invention relates to a lubricant oil composition
comprising nanoparticle additive for improving the tribological properties of the
alloy steels.
[0022] In a particular aspect, the present invention relates to a lubricant oil
composition comprising nano fly ash additive for improving the tribological
properties of the alloy steels.
[0023] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a SAE 10W-30 lubricant
oil composition comprising nano fly ash additive for reducing the friction and wear
ofAISI 4140 alloy steel.
[0024] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for
disposing the nano fly ash biowaste from the thermal power plants.
[0025] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a lubricating oil
composition comprising the nano fly ash particles.
[0026] Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive
subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description
of preferred embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] FIG. 1 relates to the SAE 10W-30 engine lubricating oil samples with
oleic acid surface modified and normal nano fly ash.
[0028] FIG. 2 relates to the coefficient of friction graphs for dry run, with nano
fly ash and without nano fly ash additive in SAE10W-30 engine lubricating oil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0029] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure. The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the

disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0030] All publications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.
[0031] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
[0032] In some embodiments, numbers have been used for quantifying weight percentages, ratios, and so forth, to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention and are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term "about." Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments

of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard
deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
[0033] Various terms as used herein are shown below. To the extent a term
used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition
persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications
and issued patents at the time of filing.
[0034] As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow,
the meaning of "a," "an," and "the" includes plural reference unless the context
clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of
"in" includes "in" and "on" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0035] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification
which follow, the word "comprise" and variations thereof, such as, "comprises" and
"comprising" are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as "including,
but not limited to."
[0036] The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as
a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within
the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated
into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
[0037] All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order
unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The
use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. "such as") provided with
respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the
invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise
claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any
non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
[0038] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention
disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be
referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of
the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be
included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or

patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified.
[0039] The description that follows, and the embodiments described therein, is provided by way of illustration of an example, or examples, of particular embodiments of the principles and aspects of the present disclosure. These examples are provided for the purposes of explanation, and not of limitation, of those principles and of the disclosure.
[0040] It should also be appreciated that the present disclosure can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a system, a method or a device. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as processes. In general, the order of the steps of the disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention. [0041] The headings and abstract of the invention provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments. [0042] The following discussion provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements a, b, and c, and a second embodiment comprises elements b and d, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of a, b, c, or d, even if not explicitly disclosed. [0043] While a particular form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0044] The present invention provides a nano fly ash particle as an additive with as surfactant like oleic acid or without surfactant in lubricating oils or increasing the tribological properties of the lubricating oils.
[0045] In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash particles have particle size less than 100 nm, wherein nano fly ash is a biowaste product from the thermal power plants.

[0046] In some embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant oil, in
general, comprises by weight: 45% to 90% base oil, 5%> to 20% thickener, and 0.5%
to 30%) nanoparticles anti-wear additives with or without surfactants.
[0047] In some embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant oil is SAE
10W-30 with nano fly ash additive that can be used on the alloy steel like AISI
4140.
[0048] In some embodiments of the present invention, the lubricant oil in
which the anti-wear additives of this invention are useful and which comprise a
major proportion of the lubricating oil compositions may be of synthetic, animal,
vegetable, or mineral origin. Ordinarily, mineral lubricating oils are typically used
by reason of their availability, general excellence, and low cost.
[0049] In some embodiments, the lubricant oil of the present invention
contemplates also the presence of other additives in lubricating compositions. Such
additives include, for example, dispersants, viscosity index improving agents, pour
point depressing agents, anti-foam agents, extreme pressure agents, rust-inhibiting
agents, and oxidation and corrosion inhibiting agents.
[0050] In some embodiments of the present invention, the base oil can be
naphthenic oil, paraffinic oil, aromatic oil, or a synthetic oil such as a
polyalphaolefin polyolester, diester, polyalkyl ethers, polyaryl ethers, silicone
polymer fluids, or combinations thereof.
[0051] In some embodiments of the present invention, hydrocarbon oils can
also be used, such as oil derived from coal products, alkylene polymers, such as
polymers of propylene, butylene, and the like; olefin (alkylene) oxide-type
polymers, such as olefin (alkylene) oxide polymers prepared by polymerizing
alkylene oxide; carboxylic acid esters, such as those which were prepared by
esterifying such carboxylic acids as adipic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic
acid, alkenyl succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and the like with alcohols
such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, and the like; liquid esters
of acid of phosphorus; alkyl benzenes; polyphenols such as biphenols and
terphenols; alkyl biphenol ethers; and polymers of silicon, such as tetraethyl
silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra(4-methyl-2-tetraethyl) silicate, hexyl(4-

methol-2-pentoxy) disilicone, poly(methyl)siloxane and
poly(methyl)phenylsiloxane.
[0052] In some embodiments of the present invention, suitable class of synthetic oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azealate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dicicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like.
[0053] In some embodiments of the present invention, esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C5 to C12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and the like. Other synthetic oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids including tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid, polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like.
[0054] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition is preferably used for contacting surfaces of parts which are opposite to each other and make a relative motion to each other, each of the parts being formed of an alloy material.
[0055] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition can be used for a mechanism or a system which has contacting surfaces, preferably alloys, which are opposite to each other and make a relative motion to each other, for example, an internal combustion engine such as a four-stroke cycle engine, a two-stroke cycle engine or the like; more specifically a valve operating system, a piston, a piston ring, a piston skirt, a

cylinder liner, a connecting rod, a crankshaft, a bearing, a roller bearing, a bearing metal or insert, a gear, a chain, a belt, an oil pump and the like; a driving system transmission mechanism, for example, a gear or the like; a driving section of a hard disc drive having contacting surfaces; an air conditioner having a compressor; a motor and its bearing; an artificial joint for a living body; a medical instrument; measuring meters such as a watch and the like; and a mechanism having various contacting surfaces which are in a severe frictional condition and required to have an improved tribological properties.
[0056] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition can be used for a variety of alloys including but not limited to alloys such as stainless steels, aluminum and aluminum-base alloys, titanium and titanium-base alloys, and nickel-base alloys, iron-based alloys and the like containing, for example, carbon, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, lead, silicon or titanium, or any combination of the aforementioned elements may be used.
[0057] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash particles have sizes ranging in the nanometer scale. However, many modified nanoparticles have wider ranges of sizes. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may have a diameter of at least about 1 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, 1100 nm, 1200 nm, 1300 nm, 1400 nm, 1500 nm, 1600 nm, 1700 nm, 1800 nm, 1900 nm, 2000 nm, 2500 nm, 3000 nm, 4000 nm, 5000 nm, 6000 nm, 7000 nm, 8000 nm, or at least 9000 nm. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may have a diameter of less than 10,000 nm, 9000 nm, 8000 nm, 7000 nm, 6000 nm, 5000 nm, 4500 nm, 4000 nm, 3500 nm, 3000 nm, 2500 nm, 2000 nm, 1900 nm, 1800 nm, 1700 nm, 1600 nm, 1500 nm, 1400 nm, 1300 nm, 1200 nm, 1100 nm, 1000 nm, 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 250 nm, or less than 100 nm. The diameter of nanoparticles can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above, for example from 1 nm to 10,000 nm, 50 nm to 5,000 nm, 100 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, or 500 nm to 1000 nm.

[0058] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the nano fly ash refers to particles or agglomerates having an average mean diameter less than about 1000 nm, more particularly about 250 nm or less, and even more particularly about 200 nm or less. They may also range from about 0.01 to about 500 nm, more particularly about 0.1 to 250 nm, even more particularly about 5 to about 150 nm, and yet even more particularly from about 10 to about 30 nm. Most preferably the nanoparticles has a particle size of less than 100 nm.
[0059] In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition may also include a plurality of microparticles. As used herein, microparticles may include particles having an average particle size of greater than or equal to about 1 micrometer (urn), more particularly about 1 urn to about 250 urn, even more particularly about 2 urn to about 200 urn, and even more particularly about 1 urn to about 150 urn. [0060] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash used herein may have any suitable shape, including various spherical, tubular and plate¬like or planar shapes. These shapes may be symmetrical, irregular, elongated shapes and the like.
[0061] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash used herein may have a low aspect ratio (i.e., largest dimension to smallest dimension) of less than 100 and approaching 1 in various spherical particles; may also have a two-dimensional aspect ratio (i.e., diameter to thickness for elongated nanoparticles such as nanotubes or diamondoids; or ratios of length to width, at an assumed thickness or surface area to cross-sectional area for plate-like nanoparticles) of greater than or equal to 1, specifically greater than or equal to 10, more specifically greater than or equal to 100, and still more specifically greater than or equal to 500. Similarly, the two-dimensional aspect ratio for such nano fly ash may be less than or equal to 1,000; specifically less than or equal to 5,000; and still more specifically less than or equal to 10,000.
[0062] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash may be present in an amount up to about 30% by volume of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the nano fly ash may be present in an amount up to about 20% by

volume. In other embodiments, the nano fly ash may be present in an amount up to about 10% by volume. In certain embodiments, the n nano fly ash may be present in an amount between 0.001 and 15% by volume, preferably between about 0.001 and 10%) by volume. Alternatively, the nano fly ash may be present in an amount between about 0.001 and 5% by volume.
[0063] In an embodiment of the present invention, the nano fly ash particles may be formulated in a vehicle in a range of concentrations. Typically, the concentration of nano sized particles in a vehicle is a therapeutic amount when administered to a subject. In some embodiments, a vehicle may be formulated with nanoparticles at a concentration of at least 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 1,500 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 10,000 ppm, 50,000 ppm, or at least 100,000 ppm. In some embodiments, a vehicle may be formulated with nanoparticles at a concentration of less than 500,000 ppm, 100,000 ppm, 50,000 ppm, 10,000 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 900 ppm, 800 ppm, 700 ppm, 600 ppm, 500 ppm, 400 ppm, 300 ppm, 200 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, or less than 10 ppm.
[0064] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash may be present in an amount of between about 0.1 ppm and about 5% by volume, alternatively in an amount between about 0.1 ppm and about 10%> by volume, or alternatively between about 0.1 ppm and about 15% by volume. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle additive is present in an amount of at least 0.1 ppm, alternatively at least about 1 ppm, alternatively at least about 10 ppm, or at least about 100 ppm.
[0065] In some embodiments of the present invention, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise lubricating oil performance additives, including but not limited to, anti-oxidants, detergents, corrosion inhibiting additives, anti-foam agents, surfactants, conditioners, dispersants, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, other anti-wear agents and/or extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents,

friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, emulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others.
[0066] In some embodiments of the present invention, the surfactant composition, when present in the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition, is selected from but not limited to sodium stereate, potassium stereate, ammonium stereate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ammonium oleate, sodium laurate, potassium laurate, sodium myristate, potassium myristate, sodium ricinoleate, potassium ricinoleate, sodium palmitate, potassium palmitate, calcium caprylate, sodium caprylate, potassium caprylate, sodium behenate, potassium behenate, ammonium behenate, 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid, 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid, 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid, 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid, 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, behenic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, cis-11-docosenoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, cis-11-octadecenoic acid, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid, cis-4-decenoic acid, cis-4-dodecenoic acid, cis-4-tetradecenoic acid, cis-5-lauroleic acid, cis-5-tetradecenoic acid, cis-6-octadecenoic acid, cis-9-decenoic acid, cis-9-dodecenoic acid, cis-9-eicosenoic acid, cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, cis-9-tetradecenoic, cis-tetracosenoic acid, caprylic acid decenoic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, docosadienoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, dotriacontanoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosenoic acid, erucic acid, heptadecanoic acid, heptadecenoic acid, hexacosanoic acid, hexadecadienoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic, myristic acid, nonadecanoic acid, nonanoic acid, octacosanoic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, pentadecanoic acid, pentadecenoic acid, pentatriacontanoic, ricinoleic acid, stearic acid, tetracosanoic acid, tetradecenoic acid, tetratriacontanoic acid, triacontanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tritriacontanoic acid, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

[0067] In particular embodiment of the present invention, the lubricant oil composition comprises,
a. nano fly ash particles ranging from about 10% to about 30% w/v of
the composition;
b. surfactant, when present, ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% w/v
of the composition; and
c. lubricant oil ranging from about 60% to about 90% w/v of the
composition.
[0068] In particular embodiment of the present invention, a method for disposing nano fly ash biowaste from thermal power plants comprising the steps of:
a. obtaining the nano fly ash biowaste from the thermal power plants;
and
b. mixing the nano fly ash biowaste in lubricant oil as an additive with
or without surfactant to improve the tribological properties of alloy
steels.
[0069] In an embodiment, the nano fly ash containing lubricating oil composition of the present invention maybe used in any manner known to a person skilled in the art. EXAMPLES
[0070] The present disclosure is further explained in the form of following examples. However, it is to be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
[0071] Example 1. Preparation of Nano fly ash particle added lubricant oil Nano fly ash particles (10% w/v) mixed in the lubricating oils (SAE 10W-30, 85% w/v) with surfactant (oleic acid, 5% w/v). The stability and dispersion of the nano fly ash with the surfactant and without surfactant have been found satisfactory. FIG. 1 shows the SAE 10W-30 lubricating oil samples with normal nano fly ash and oleic acid surface modified nano fly ash.

[0072] Example 2. Tribological properties of the Nano fly ash particle added lubricant oil
The tribological properties of the lubricating oil SAE 10W-30 with nano fly ash additive (prepared from Example 1) was used to perform the wear test on the alloy steel like AISI 4140. There was a remarkable reduction in the coefficient of friction and wear loss by weight.
FIG. 2 show the comparison of coefficient of friction results of the pin on disc wear testing of AISI 4140, for dry run, with nano fly ash and without nano fly ash additive in SAE 10W-30 engine lubricating oil. This graph show that nano fly ash is remarkably beneficial to enhance the tribological properties of alloy steels.

We Claim:

1. A low-cost nanoparticulate waste material, wherein the nanoparticulate
waste is added to lubricant oil composition for improving the tribological
properties of sliding alloy steels in various applications, characterised in
that:
wherein, the tribological properties are anti-wear and anti-friction
properties;
wherein, the nanoparticulate waste material is a biowaste;
wherein, the nanoparticulate biowaste is added to the lubricant oil with or
without surfactants.
2. The nanoparticulate biowaste material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nanoparticulate material is nano fly ash particles.
3. The nano fly ash particles as claimed in claim 2, wherein the nano fly ash particles are biowaste from the thermal power plants.
4. The nano fly ash particles as claimed in claim 2, wherein the particle size ranges less than bout 100 nm.
5. The lubricant oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is oleic acid.
6. The lubricant oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition comprises
a. nano fly ash particles ranging from about 10% to about 30% w/v of
the composition;
b. surfactant, when present, ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% w/v
of the composition; and
c. lubricant oil ranging from about 60% to about 90% w/v of the
composition.
7. The lubricant oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lubricant oil is SAE 10W-30 lubricant oil.
8. The lubricant oil composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alloy steel is AISI4140 alloy steel.

9. A method for disposing nano fly ash by-products from thermal power plants comprising the steps of:
a. obtaining the nano fly ash biowaste from the thermal power plants;
and
b. mixing the nano fly ash biowaste in lubricant oil as an additive with
or without surfactant to improve the tribological properties of alloy
steels.