Nasal Powder Formulation for Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Field of the Invention
This application relates to a powder formulation containing glucagon or a glucagon
analog for nasal administration, useful in the treatment of hypoglycemia, and in particular the
treatment of severe hypoglycemia. The application further relates to a method of making
this powder formulation, and to devices and methods for using the powder formulation.
Background of the Invention
Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in much of the western world and is a
serious and growing public health concern in many developing economies. Globally, there
are approximately 285 million people with diabetes and that number is expected to reach 438
million by 2030 (IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2009.)
Diabetes complications are usually associated with chronically elevated blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemia), which result in heart, kidney and eye diseases, amputations
and neurological impairment. Unfortunately, there are very real and serious complications
associated with use of medications used to treat the diabetes-related hyperglycemia. One of
the most common complications of treatments used to reduce blood sugar levels is
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), most frequently seen in patients being treated with insulin
(i.e., all persons with type 1 diabetes and approximately 30% of patients with type 2 diabetes)
but also in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving sulfonylurea treatment. Indeed, if it was
not for the barrier of hypoglycemia, people with diabetes could probably have normal blood
glucose levels and thus avoid the complications associated with hyperglycemia (Cryer, 2002).
Depending on the severity of the episode, hypoglycemia causes a wide range of
physical problems ranging from weakness, dizziness, sweating, chills and hunger to more
serious symptoms including blurred vision, behavior change, seizures, coma and even death.
In addition to the physical effects of hypoglycemia, there are significant psychological
effects including embarrassment, fear of another episode, high levels of anxiety and low
levels of overall happiness that adversely affect glucose control and quality of life (Deary,
2008).
Severe hypoglycemia in a conscious person should be treated by the oral ingestion of
carbohydrate, preferably as glucose tablets or equivalent. For severe hypoglycemia in an
unconscious individual outside of the hospital setting, the recommended treatment is 1mg of
glucagon by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection. For severe hypoglycemia in
an unconscious individual in the presence of professional medical assistance and intravenous
access, intravenous dextrose is recommended. In all cases, once the hypoglycemia has been
reversed, the patient should be given access to oral carbohydrates to fully recover and
prevent repeated hypoglycemia.
Glucagon, a highly effective treatment for severe hypoglycemia both outside and
within the hospital setting, is currently available only as a powder that must be mixed with a
diluent immediately prior to administration by injection. Although this is a procedure that
would be relatively easy for people with diabetes who inject insulin, they are not treating
themselves because, by definition, severe hypoglycemia is a hypoglycemic episode in which
the patient requires third party assistance (Cryer, 2009). For any non-medical person who is
confronted with an emergency situation in which a patient with diabetes is in a hypoglycemic
coma or suffering hypoglycemia-related convulsions, reconstitution and injection of the
current injectable glucagon is a complex and daunting procedure that is fraught with potential
for errors.
Indeed, Australian researchers have published a study in which parents of children
and adolescents with diabetes used one of the currently available glucagon kits (GlucoGen
Hypokit, Novo Nordisk) in a simulated emergency situation (Harris et al, 2001). Each parent
was asked to pretend it was 3:00 am and their child was unconscious. They were then given
an unopened emergency glucagon kit and asked to administer the medication in a wrapped
piece of meat to simulate a thigh. A small of group of 11 diabetes health professionals (five
endocrinologists and six diabetes educators) served as surrogate control.
Of the 136 parents who participated in the study, 106 were parents of teenagers with a
mean duration of diabetes of 4.7 years and 30 were parents of younger children with a mean
duration of diabetes of 2.4 years. Over 90% reported having been previously trained on use
of glucagon. Fully 69% of these parents experienced difficulties handling the current
glucagon emergency kit. Difficulties included difficulty in opening the pack, removal of the
needle sheath, mixing of the ingredients and bending of needles. On average, these parents
required 2 minutes and 30 seconds to complete the procedure (range 30 seconds to > 12
minutes). In addition, 6% aborted the injection entirely and 4% of the participants injected
only air or only diluent. In contrast, diabetes professionals performed the procedure in 1
minute and 17 seconds (range 1-1.75 minutes). The number of errors observed in this sample
of parents is disconcerting especially in light of the fact that this was a timed simulation and
not a true emergency.
Difficulties associated with use of the glucagon emergency kit are corroborated in a
recent report from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Canada (ISMP Canada
Safety Bulletin, 2010). The ISMP report of September 2010 documents three separate
incidents in which the diluent was administered on its own, without the glucagon powder
having been reconstituted with the diluent before administration. This resulted in complete
failure to deliver the intended dose of glucagon to individuals experiencing a severe
hypoglycemic crisis and, according to the report, resulted in patient harm in one of the cases.
A telephone survey was conducted with 102 patients with type 1 diabetes to ascertain
their opinions on the currently available glucagon emergency kits (Yanai, 1997). Most
patients (67%) stated they would prefer an intranasally administered glucagon were it
available and fully 82% of these patients assumed family members, teachers and colleagues
would prefer to administer emergency therapy by the intranasal route. Likewise, amongst
emergency care professionals who are frequently the first to be called to treat a patient
suffering from an episode of severe hypoglycemia, there is significant concern regarding the
injected route of administration. Inherent in using sharps, there is the very real risk of
accidental blood exposure and needlestick and the associated potential for contracting lifethreatening
infectious diseases (Leiss J 2006). Within this context, some emergency
professionals are actively seeking noninvasive routes of administration, including intranasal,
as a means to enhance emergency patient care, increase patient and care-giver safety while
increasing the pool of care providers who can effectively respond to the emergency (Curran,
2007).
These considerations make it clear that the present approach to the administration of
glucagon in emergency situations is lacking, and that there exists a real need for alternative
approaches for delivering glucagon to treat severe hypoglycemia.
Various approaches to delivery of glucagon via intranasal administration have been
proposed but they have not resulted in the availability of an approved alternative to injected
glucagon. In general, these approaches can be divided into two groups, those that use
administer a liquid formulation, and those that use some type of dry formulation.
Within the liquid formulations group, the compositions used in Pontiroli (1983),
Pontiroli (1985), Freychet (1988), Pontiroli (1989), Pontiroli (1993) and Pacchioni (1995)
were all formulations that needed to be sprayed into the nose. More recently, Sibley et al.,
2013, reported successful use of what was intended to be injectable glucagon by spraying the
reconstituted glucagon solution intranasally in a patient in the out-of-hospital environment.
Because glucagon is not stable in the liquid state, the liquid compositions used in
these studies needed to be reconstituted immediately prior to use and are therefore not ideal
for emergency use in treating severe hypoglycemia. Further, in many of these studies,
patients needed to take a deep breath immediately after dosing with these compositions.
Since patients with severe hypoglycemia are frequently unconscious or even comatose, they
cannot be asked to take a deep breath. As such, these compositions are not ideal for
intranasal delivery for treatment of severe hypoglycemia, and do not overcome the
challenges of injectable formulations that involve use of a needle by non-medical
professionals and need to be prepared prior to use.
Within the second group, US Patent No. 5,059,587 discloses powders for nasal
administration of physiologically active peptides, including glucagon. These powders
include a water-soluble organic acid as an absorption promoter.
Jorgensen et al. 1991 disclosed a "powdery formulation of glucagon for nasal
delivery." This formulation is disclosed as containing glucagon, didecyl phosphatidylcholine
(DDPC) and a-cyclodextrin (a-CD), and is reported as providing a dosage dependent
response with respect to increases in plasma glucose and plasma glucagon. No
compositional amounts or method of making the formulation are disclosed in this reference.
The Jorgensen 1991 formulation or HypoGon ® Nasal (NovoNordisk) is identified as
the material used in several subsequent studies, and in one of these reports the formulation is
said to have a composition of glucagon:DDPC: a-CD in a 5:10:85 ratio by weight. In these
studies, intranasal administration to adults of the Jorgensen 1991 powder formulation is
reported to show an increase in plasma glucose concentration in adults with hypoglycemia.
In these studies, glucose levels increased after dosing to reach a plateau at about 30 minutes
after dosing. In contrast, treatment with injected glucagon in these studies resulted in glucose
levels that continued to increase from the time of administration for up to at least 90 minutes
(Hvidberg, 1994; Rosenfalck, 1992). Intranasal administration to children with
hypoglycemia of the Jorgensen 1991 powder formulation is reported to increase plasma
glucose concentration soon after dosing to peak levels 25-30 minutes post-dosing after which
glucose levels decreased. In contrast, treatment of children with injected glucagon resulted
in plasma glucose levels that continued to rise for at least 45 minutes (Stenninger, 1993).
Sakr, 1996 reports a comparison of spray and powder formulations containing
glucagon and dimethyl -P-cyclodextrin (DMpCD). Nasal spray was prepared by dissolving
commercial glucagon in the "manufacturer's solvent" containing 2 or 5% w/v DMpCD.
Powders were obtained by freeze drying of the spray solutions.
Teshima et al (2002) found that a maximum plasma glucose increase of 1.56 mmol/L
(28.08 mg/dL) in healthy volunteers upon intranasal administration of a powder containing
glucagon and microcrystalline cellulose at a ratio of 1:69. They also reported that the powder
form is stable at 5 and 25 °C for at least 84 days. For an intranasal product in patients with
insulin-induced hypoglycemia, an increase of only 1.5 mmol/L may be inadequate to bring
the patient back to normal blood glucose levels. In addition, the volume of powder (i.e., 70
mg for a 1:69 ratio formulation) is considerable and may be excessive for use with available
devices.
Matilainen et al (2008, 2009) investigated the solid-state stability and dissolution of
glucagon/ -CD and glueagon/lactose powders at an increased temperature and/or humidity
for up to 39 weeks, with the solid state stability of the glucagon/ -CD powder being better.
The powder was not used for intranasal administration.
Endo et al (2005) reported that the use of erythritol as both an excipient and a carrier
in a dry-powder inhaler of glucagon for pulmonary administration. The powder was
formulated by mixing micronized glucagon particles and excipients with larger carrier
particles. To achieve alveolar deposition for subsequent systemic absorption, a dry powder
inhalant (DPI) of glucagon was size-reduced to a mass median diameter between 1 and 6
micron, as measured by laser diffraction analysis.
Onoue et al (2009) reported that addition of citric acid in glucagon dry-powder
inhaler for pulmonary inhalation improved the dissolution behavior, and did not impair the
solid-state stability. Intratracheal administration of glucagon dry-powder inhaler (50 g/kg
in rats) containing citric acid led to 2.9-fold more potent hyperglycemic effect in rats, as
compared to inhaled glucagon without citric acid. Both the Endo (2005) and Onoue (2009)
disclosures present pulmonary delivery of glucagon. As patients with severe hypoglycemia
may be unconscious or severely disoriented, they cannot be expected to breathe deeply to
assure pulmonary delivery. As such, pulmonary delivery of glucagon is not appropriate for
treatment of severe hypoglycemia.
Notwithstanding these efforts, no current product is available to patients that utilizes a
nasal powder to administer glucagon for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia.
It is an object of the present invention to provide such a nasal powder formulation.
Summary of the Invention
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a powder formulation of
glucagon or a glucagon analog is provided. This powder composition comprises glucagon
or a glucagon analog, a cyclodextrin, and a phospholipid surfactant, and is formulated such
that at least a portion of the powder is present in a phase characterized by an XRPD
mesopeak as determined by x-ray powder diffraction. In further specific embodiments, the
powder composition consists of:
(a) 5 to 15 wt glucagon or glucagon analog;
(b) 5 to 5 1 wt of phospholipid surfactant;
(c) 44 to 90 wt of cyclodextrin and
(d) optionally, up to 10 wt of a low molecular weight organic acid, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable water soluble salt of ester thereof.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, a nasal applicator for a powder
formulation is provided. The applicator includes a powder formulation reservoir, and a
powder formulation in accordance with the invention contained within the reservoir
In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, a method for making the powder
formulation of the invention is provided. This method comprises the steps of :
(a) forming a first mixture of the glucagon and the surfactant in an aqueous carrier,
wherein the surfactant is present at a concentration greater than or equal to the critical
micelle concentration;
(b) adding the cyclodextrin to the first mixture to form a second mixture;
(c) drying the second mixture to form a solid formulation; and
(d) processing the solid formulation to produce a uniform powder, said uniform powder
including at least a portion of the powder in a phase characterized by an XRPD mesopeak.
In specific embodiments, the drying of the second mixture may be carried out by freeze
drying or spray drying the second mixture.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 : Plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L over time upon intranasal administration
to dogs at a 1mg dose of glucagon via a powder formulation with a glucagon:DPC: B-CD
weight ratio of 10:10:80.
Figure 2 : Plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L over time upon intranasal administration
to dogs at a 1mg dose of glucagon via a powder formulation with a glueagon:DDPC: B-CD
weight ratio of 10:10:80.
Figure 3 : Plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L over time upon intranasal administration
to dogs at a 1mg dose of glucagon via a powder formulation with a glueagon:LLPC: B-CD
weight ratio of 10:10:80.
Figure 4 : Plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L over time upon intranasal administration
to dogs at a 750 g dose of glucagon via a powder formulation with a glucagon:D8PC: B-CD
weight ratio of 10:10:80.
Figure 5 : Plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L over time upon intranasal administration
to a single nostril of dogs at a 750 g dose of glucagon via a powder formulation with a
glucagon:DLPG: a-CD weight ratio of 5:25:70.
Figure 6 : X-ray powder diffractograms of powder formulations of glucagon: DPC: B-CD and
of glucagon-DDPC- B-CD at a weight ratio of 10: 10:80.
Figure 7 : Average plasma glucose concentrations in adults with type 1 diabetes and insulininduced
hypoglycemia treated with intranasal and injected glucagon.
Figure 8A: Average plasma glucagon concentrations in children, ages 12-17, with type 1
diabetes treated with intranasal and injected glucagon. Top line is intramuscular, bottom line
is intranasal.
Figure 8B: Average plasma glucose concentrations in children, ages 12-17, with type 1
diabetes treated with intranasal and injected glucagon. Top line is intramuscular, bottom line
is intranasal.
Figure 9A: Average plasma glucagon concentrations in adults with (top line) and without
nasal congestion (bottom line), and with congestion and pre-treatment with a nasal
decongestant (middle line).
Figure 9B: Average plasma glucose concentrations in adults with (top line) and without
(bottom line) nasal congestion, with congestion and pre-treatment with a nasal decongestant
(middle line).
Figure 10: Exemplary application device for nasal powder formulations (Aptar device).
Detailed Description of the Invention
Some of the desired attributes for an intranasal powder formulation with commercial
potential are listed below.
• Uniform dose deliverability by a device for intranasal administration
• Absence of a significant fraction of small particles to preclude inadvertent
administration to the lungs
• Adequate drug content to provide the total dose of drug required to achieve
therapeutic effect as a single dose into a single nostril
• Adequate drug content to deliver the total dose in a few tens of milligrams, or the
maximum allowed by the delivery device
• Adequate drug content and absorption characteristics to be effective despite the
presence of nasal congestion that may be associated with allergies or common cold
• Stability during storage under ambient conditions for an extended period of time,
preferably at least 18 months
• Good safety and tolerability profile
Previous attempts at developing an intranasal powder formulation fall short in one or several
of the desired attributes.
Compositions described in this invention are designed to meet some and preferably
all of these desired attributes in compositions having three required components: glucagon
or a glucagon analog, a cyclodextrin, and a phospholipid surfactant .
Glucagon and Glucagon Analogs
As used in the specification and claims of this application, "glucagon" refers to a
polypeptide of the sequence
His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-
Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu- Met-Asn-Thr (SEQ ID NO: 1).
The glucagon may be chemically synthesized, produced by recombinant DNA technology or
extracted from natural sources. The term "glucagon analog" refers to variants of this
sequence that retain the ability to stimulate increase in blood glucose in vivo but which may
offer benefits for pharmaceutical uses such as greater activity, greater solubility or greater
stability.
Examples of glucagon analogs in which one amino acid of the natural sequence is
replaced with an alanine as well as analogs with multiple substitutions are disclosed in
Chabenne et al., (2014), which is incorporated herein by reference. An exemplary analog in
which three amino acids are modified to result in a glucagon analog with enhanced biological
activity is [Lys17 18 , Glu 2 1] glucagon. Zealand Pharma has disclosed a multitude of
glucagon analogs for example in US Patent Publications 20140080757, 2014001733,
20130316941, 20130157935, 20130157929, 20120178670, 20110293586, 20110286982,
201 10286981, and 20100204105 which are incorporated herein by reference. These analogs
are reported to have greater binding affinity for the GLP receptor than the glucagon receptor,
but nonetheless retain the activity of glucagon. Zealand Pharma has also commenced
clinical trials of a glucagon analog for treatment of hypoglycemia designated as ZP4207. US
Patent Publication 20130053310, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses other
glucagon analogs useful in treatment of hypoglycemia.
Phospholipid Surfactants
Phospholipids are ubiquitous components of biological membranes that are part of
cells and tissues in the human body, including the nasal mucosa. The most prevalent
phospholipid surfactants in cell are phosphatidylcholines and phosphocholines (PC),
although phosphatidylglycerols (PG) are significant components of biological membranes.
PCs and PGs may be used in the formulations of the invention.
Lysophosphospholipids derived from a diacyl PC or PG by removal one of the acyl groups
may also be used. Preferred phospholipids are soluble in water or acidified water, although a
pharmaceutically acceptable cosolvent such as ethanol, dimethylsullfoxide or Nmethylpyrrolidone
could be used if needed to enhance phospholipid solubility.
In accordance with the present invention, exemplary phospolipid surfactants that may
be employed in the powder formulation are dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), l,2-didecyl-5nglycero-
3-phosphocholine (DDPC or "didecylphosphatidylcholine"), 1-didecanoyl-snglycero-
3-phosphocholine (LLPC or "lysolauroylphosphatidylcholine"), 1,2-dioctanoyl-snglycero-
3-phosphocholine (D8PC or "dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine") and 1,2-dilauroyl-snglycero-
3-phospho(l'-rac-glycerol) (DLPG or "dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol").
Preferred phospholipid surfactants are those that form micelles, rather than bilayers at
the concentration used during manufacture of the powder formulation. This includes DPC,
DDPC, LLPC, and D8PC, but not DLPG.
In general, the formation of micelles as opposed to bilayers can be predicted based
on the structure of the phospholipid surfactants, which are made of two or three parts: a
phosphorous-containing choline or glycerol headgroup, an optional glycerol backbone and
one or two acyl chains. The length of the acyl chain and number of acyl chains per molecule
are important in determining whether a certain phospholipid forms a micelle or a bilayer.
Where only one acyl chain is present, as in DPC and LLPC which have 12 carbons in their
single acyl chain, micelles are likely to be formed as opposed to bilayers provided the length
of the acyl chain is less than 14. Diacyl phospholipids contain two acyl chains per molecule.
When the chain length of each chain is less than 12, they tend to form micelles. DLPG,
DDPC and D8PC are diacyl phospholipids. DLPG contains 12 carbons per acyl chain and
forms bilayers. DDPC contains 10 carbons per acyl chain. It forms either bilayers or
micelles depending on the concentration (Marsh, 1990). D8PC contains 8 carbons per acyl
chain, and mostly forms micelles.
In specific embodiments of the invention, the formulation contains a single type of
phospholipid surfactant. In other embodiments, the phospholipid surfactant component of
the formulation can be made up from mixtures of phospholipid surfactants, including for
example, a combination of any two, three or four of the surfactants identified above.
Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins as a class are composed of 5 or more a-D-glucopyranoside units linked
l->4, as in amylose (starch). As used in this application, however, the term "cyclodextrins"
refers to the more common and typical cyclodextrins containing six, seven or eight glucose
residues in the ring creating a cone shape, namely:
• a (alpha)-cyclodextrin: 6-membered sugar ring molecule
• (beta)-cyclodextrin: 7-membered sugar ring molecule
• (gamma)-cyclodextrin: 8-membered sugar ring molecule
a-CD was used in the powder formulation (HypoGon® Nasal) by Novo Nordisk in
clinical trials (Stenniger and Aman, 1993; Rosenfalck, 1992). The aqueous solubility of a-
CD is reported to be about 5 wt .
Two other cyclodextrins, one with aqueous solubility less than that of a-CD (-CD,
1.85 wt ) and another with a higher aqueous solubility than a-CD (--CD) are also
suitable for use in the compositions of the invention, as is (gamma)-cyclodextrin which is
freely soluble in water.
Cyclodextrins in the compositions of the invention act as a filler, and also adhere to
the nasal mucosal surface and aid in the absorption of glucagon. Upon delivery to the nostril,
the major ingredient (90% to 70% by weight) namely, the cyclodextrin helps the powder
adhere to the mucosal surface. The less soluble the cyclodextrin is, the longer the powder is
expected to be physically muco-adhesive. Based on the solubility properties of cyclodextrins,
the muco-adhesiveness is expected to decrease in the order -CD > a-CD > --CD.
Because of this, the most preferred filler is -CD.
The cyclodextrins of the invention may be used individually, or as mixtures of any
two or more cyclodextrins.
Powder Formulation
The powder formulation of the invention contains the three ingredients, the glucagon
or glucagon analog, the phospholipid surfactant and the cyclodextrin in amounts that are
effective to provide a therapeutic amount of glucagon or glucagon analog in an amount of
powder that can be administered in a single dose in a single nostril. In specific embodiments,
the powder formulation consists of:
(a) 5 to 15 wt glucagon or a glucagon analog;
(b) 5 to 5 1 wt of phospholipid surfactant;
(c) 44 to 90 wt of cyclodextrin and
(d) optionally, up to 10 wt of a low molecular weight organic acid, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable water soluble salt of ester thereof.
As reflected in the examples below, powder formulations of this type have excellent
properties when used to administer glucagon intranasally, yet a similar set of ingredients in
the Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992/HypoGon® Nasal product did not provide comparable
results and was apparently abandoned following initial testing in human subjects.
Based on the various descriptions in the art, it is believed the Jorgensen
1991/Rosenfalck 1992/HypoGon® Nasal product contained glucagon, DDPC and alpha-CD
in a weight ratio of 5:10:85. No information is provided about how these ingredients were
combined. Thus, a direct comparison of this formulation with the formulation of the
invention is not possible. However, the available data for each formulation illustrates the fact
that the formulations are different. Importantly, the formulation described in Jorgensen
1991/Rosenfalck 1992 was administered in a divided dose with one half a dose administered
in each nostril. While this may be relatively easily performed in a clinical research setting,
under practical use conditions, this significantly complicates rescue treatment for non
medical caregivers in treating an episode of severe hypoglycemia, as it would require
administering two doses of rescue medication. They also report sneezing in 50% of treated
patients, a rate much higher than that observed (less than 2%) with the formulation described
in this invention.
Intranasal administration to adults of the Jorgensen 1991 powder formulation is
reported to show an increase in plasma glucose concentration in adults with hypoglycemia.
In healthy adults with insulin induced hypoglycemia, glucose levels increased after dosing to
reach a plateau at about 45 minutes after dosing. In contrast, treatment with injected
glucagon in this study resulted in glucose levels that continued to increase from the time of
administration for up to at least 90 minutes (Hvidberg, 1994). In another study conducted
with adults with type 1 diabetes and insulin-induced hypoglycemia, glucose levels increased
after dosing to reach a plateau at about 30 minutes after intranasal dosing, compared to at
least 90 minutes for injected glucagon (Rosenfalck, 1992).
In contrast to the glucose profile observed with the Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992
formulation, data generated with the powder formulation described in this invention show
that plasma glucose concentrations continue to rise for at least 90 minutes after dosing
(Figure 7, bottom line). As shown, this is comparable to the result obtained with
intramuscular glucagon over the same time period (Figure 7, top line).
Intranasal administration to children with type 1 diabetes with induced hypoglycemia
of the Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992 powder formulation is reported to increase plasma
glucose concentration soon after dosing to peak levels 25-30 minutes post-dosing after which
glucose levels decreased, compared with plasma glucose levels that continued to rise for at
least 45 minutes after SC injection (Stenninger,1993). Peak post-treatment glucagon values
occurred at approximately 10 minutes after intranasal dosing (Rosenfalck 1992; Stenninger
1993). In contrast to the glucose profile observed with the Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992
formulation, data generated in children (12-<17 years) with the powder formulation
described in this invention show plasma glucose concentrations that continue to rise for at
least 60 minutes after dosing (Figure 8B). In addition, the peak plasma glucagon
concentrations did not occur until approximately 20 minutes post-dosing (Figure 8A).
Since episodes of severe hypoglycemia are unpredictable and could occur in insulinusing
persons who are affected with nasal congestion, a study was conducted to evaluate the
PK and PD of the invented powder formulation in this situation. As described in Experiment
1 1 and shown in Figures 9A and 9B, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics resulting
from treatment with the nasal powder of this invention are not adversely affected by nasal
congestion. This supports the utility of this invention to treat episodes of severe
hypoglycemia in people who may be suffering from nasal congestion. As was observed in
people without nasal congestion, the time to peak plasma glucagon levels was approximately
20 minutes post-dosing. Data have never been reported to indicate whether or not the
Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992 formulation can be used in treating a person with nasal
congestion that could be seen in people suffering from a common cold or seasonal allergic
rhinitis.
Applicants believe that these differences in results arise from a structural difference
between the claimed powder formulation and the Jorgensen 1991/Rosenfalck 1992 powder.
As discussed below, cosolubilization of the phospholipid and cyclodextrin components
followed by drying and powder formation results in formation of some structure that has a
characteristic XRPD peak that is absent from either material alone. This peak is retained
when glucagon is added to the composition. Without being bound by any particular theory, it
is believed that the glucagon or glucagon analog associates with the micellar phospholipid in
solution and maintains some association after drying, albeit without disrupting the structure
formed by the phospholipid and cyclodextrin, and that this association better presents the
glucagon for nasal absorption. Thus the claimed powder formulation is not simply an
admixture of the three components, but rather contains unique physical structure that is
detectable through X-ray powder diffraction techniques.
This understanding of the structure of the formulation of the invention is consistent
with known information about the interaction of glucagon with phospholipids surfactants.
Glucagon forms complex structures at a molar ratio of about 55:1 phospholipid:glucagon
(Epand & Sturtevant, 1982). It has also been shown that glucagon can bind to 50
phospholipid molecules, and that 20 of them are closely bound (Epand & Sturtevant, 1981).
Boesch et al (1980) and Brown et al (1981) report that the conformation of glucagon bound
to various micellar lipids, including DPC, is largely independent of the type of the lipid. The
conformation is described as a well-defined, and predominantly extended. The stoichiometry
of the DPC:glucagon complex was reported as 40:1. They also suggest the conformation of
glucagon bound to micelles is very similar to that of glucagon bound to lipid bilayers.
The mole ratio of phospholipid (DPC, DDPC, LLPC, D8PC or DLPG): glucagon at a
10:10 weight ratio as in some of the preferred formulations of the invention between 6:1 and
10:1, suggesting that the phospholipids are most likely closely bound to glucagon in the
intranasal powder formulations.
X ray powder diffraction studies on the powder formulation of the present invention
clearly show the presence of a peaks likely to be associated with a micellar or mesophase
structure in the formulation. These peaks are characterized low diffraction angles (6.6 °2
for DPC and 7.3 °2for DDPC). (Figure 6) These same peaks are seen in samples in
which glucagon is not included, and are referred to in this application as "XRPD mesopeaks."
This XRPD mesopeak is characteristic of the powder formulations of the invention.
Figure 6 presents overlayed X-ray powder diffraction results for glucagon-DPC-Bcyclodextrin
(File 474320) and glucagon-DDPC-B-cyclodextrin (File 407476) compositions.
The diffraction pattern retains high angle peaks consistent with the presence of crystalline
cyclodextrin (e.g the peak 6 1 at around 18-20 °-2), which is not unexpected since the
cyclodextrin is present in substantial excess relative to phospholipid and glucagon. In
addition, each pattern has a low diffraction angle peak at 6.6 and 7.3 °-2, respectively.
These peaks are also present in samples without glucagon that are made by solubilizing the
phospholipid at micelle forming concentrations, adding the cyclodextrin and then drying the
resulting solution. As used in this application, the statement that "at least a portion of the
powder is present in a phase characterized by an XRPD mesopeak as determined by x-ray
powder diffraction" indicates that the low angle peaks are detectable in the x-ray powder
diffractogram, and clearly distinguishable from the noise of the measurement. In preferred
embodiments, the size of the XRPD mesopeak (as determined by peak height) is about 30%
of the height of the peak at about 18-20 °-2(as in the pattern for File 407476 in Figure 6) or
greater, and may be about equal to the height of this peak (as in the pattern for File 474320 in
Figure 6) .
The formation of a phase characterized by an XRPD mesopeak has been observed in
samples with and without glucagon, and using different formulations and drying techniques.
It has been observed that some variation in shape and position of the XRPD mesopeak can
occur dependent on the conditions of drying. For example, lyophilization of larger amounts
that leads to a thicker frozen layer and longer drying times was observed in one experiment
to lead to formation of two broadened and overlapping XRPD mesopeaks.
A further benefit of the present invention is its usefulness as an emergency treatment,
even under extreme environmental conditions, particularly cold conditions. The formulation
of the invention remains directly useable even when the temperature is below freezing and
tests have shown that powder stored at -20°C can be used directly with acceptable delivery
and uptake of glucagon . In contrast, emergency kits that contain a liquid carrier for
reconstitution of glucagon prior to use must be maintained above the freezing point of the
carrier. Likewise, glucagon solutions must also be maintained above the freezing point of the
solution, which will be at a higher temperature if a solvent such as DMSO is used to provide
solution stability.
Method of Making the Compositions of the Invention
A further aspect of the present invention is a method for preparing a powder
formulation having glucagon-activity comprising glucagon or a glucagon analog, a
cyclodextrin, and a phospholipid surfactant wherein at least a portion of the powder is
present in a phase characterized by an XRPD mesopeak as determined by x-ray powder
diffraction. The method comprises the steps of
a . forming a first mixture of the glucagon and the surfactant in an aqueous
carrier, wherein the surfactant is present as a concentration greater than or
equal to the critical micelle concentration;
b. adding the cyclodextrin to the first mixture to form a second mixture;
c . drying the second mixture to form a solid formulation; and
d. processing the solid formulation to produce a uniform powder, said uniform
powder including at least a portion the powder in a phase characterized by an
XRPD mesopeak.
Step a, forming a first mixture, can be accomplished by adding glucagon or a
glucagon analog to a solvent, for example water, and then adding the surfactant.
Alternatively, the surfactant may be solubilized first followed by addition of the glucagon or
glucagon analog. The two components of the mixture may also be individually solubilized
and then combined to form the first mixture.
Preferably, the solvent is acidified to a pH of 4 or less to enhance the solubility of the
glucagon. The acidification can be accomplished with a mineral acid, such as HC1,
phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, or an organic acid such as acetic acid, citric acid glycolic
acid or lactic acid, or using a combination of a mineral acid and an organic acid. In preferred
formulations, the acid is acetic acid.
The amount of solvent used to form the first mixture is sufficient to solubilize the
glucagon and phospholipid surfactant in the first mixture. Excess solvent can be used,
although large excesses increase the amount of time and energy needed in the drying step and
are therefore not preferred.
The cyclodextrin can be added to the first mixture as a solid, or in a solvent, such as
water to form the second mixture. Mixing can be carried out by methods including static
and dyamic mixing. Dynamic mixing can be done by use of a blade inserted into the liquid,
which is attached to shaft and rotated by a motor. Static mixing can be carried out by
flowing the liquid through a tortuous path inside a static mixer. The presence of an air-water
interface during mixing under high speed mixing conditions may result in foaming. The high
speed mixing may also, in turn, result in destabilization of the protein due to the shear stress.
In order to minimize foaming, and preferably eliminate it, low speed mixing conditions are
preferred. In the case of dynamic mixing, the speed is determined by the revolutions-perminute
(rpm) of the stirrer. Preferred rpm values are between 100 to 1000. In the case of
static mixing, the low shear conditions are obtained by selecting a pump that allows for a
non-laminar flow.
The second mixture is dried to remove the solvent (for example, water) and leave a
solid product. Drying can be performed by freeze-drying, spray-drying, tray-drying or other
techniques. The macroscopic physical characteristics of the product will vary depending on
the drying technique, and may be in the form of a flaky solid from freeze drying or a dried
solid cake. Regardless of the method used in drying, removal of excess water from the
formulation has important effects on powder characteristics and stability.
Powders with excessive moisture content may be sticky and form clumps resulting in
a powder that is difficult to manipulate for filling of an administration device. Importantly,
the level of residual water content has a direct impact on the stability. In the case of
glucagon, it is well understood that the stability and physical characteristics are adversely
affected by water. Specifically, in the presence of excess water, glucagon forms amyloid
fibrils that adversely affect the stability and toxicity profile of glucagon. (Pederson 2010).
Because of this propensity to form amyloid fibrils, currently available glucagon products are
supplied as a powder to be dissolved in water immediately before use. Water can also
adversely affect the stability of glucagon due to hydrolysis, oxidation and deamidation. To
this end, data generated with the formulations of the invention indicate that residual moisture
content levels in excess of 5% in the bulk powder results in reduced stability compared to
powder with residual water content below 5%. Suitable powders for nasal administration
therefore typically have residual water content levels below 5%.
Suitable powders for nasal administration typically have particle size distributions
such that most particles are greater than approximately 10 microns and smaller than
approximately 1000 . Preferably, particle size distributions will be such that the D10 falls
within the range of 3-75 , the D50 falls within the range of 15 to 450 , and the D90
falls within the range of 80-1000 , with a span of 1.5 to 15.
Suitable powders for nasal administration require physical characteristics that permit
adequate flowability to allow for filling them into a nasal discharge device. Flowability is
determined by various parameters including particle size, shape, density, surface texture,
surface area, density, cohesion, adhesion, elasticity, porosity, hygroscopicity, and friability.
Powders with the appropriate particle size and flowability characteristics may be
produced by processing the bulk power to remove particles that are too small or too large.
Methods of processing the bulk powder to remove the particles that are too small or too large
may include milling the bulk powder to break up larger particles and sieving to isolate the
particles of the desired particle size range. Various methods of sieving may be performed
including throw-action sieving, horizontal sieving, tapping sieving, super-sonic sieving and
air circular jet sieving. Sieves may be used as single sieves of a fixed nominal aperture or the
bulk powder may be processed through a series of sieves of progressively smaller apertures
to obtain the desired particle size distribution. Sieves may be woven wire mesh sieves with
nominal apertures ranging from 25 - 1000 .
Spray pattern and plume geometry resulting from administration of the powder with a
nasal powder administration device are important characteristics that govern the surface area
upon which the nasal powder is deposited within the nasal cavity. Suitable spray pattern
characteristics for the invention include a minimum diameter (Dmin) of 5 - 25 mm, a
maximum diameter (Dmax) of 10 to 60 mm, and an ovality ratio of 0.5 to 6. Specific spray
patterns observed for formulations of the invention are summarized in the following Table
Suitable plume geometry characteristics for the invention include a spray angle falling within
the range of 20 to 75° and a plume width falling within the range of 10 to 50 mm. The
following table summarizes the plume geometry information for multiple lots of powder in
accordance with the invention.
Plume Geometry
Spray Angle (°) Plume Width (mm)
(min/max) (mean) (min/max) (mean)
28.31-65.2 44.8 15.2-38.4 25.0
Administration of and Applicators for the Composition of the Invention
While any methodology for introducing the powder into a user's nose may be used in
the method of the invention, the powder composition of the invention is suitably provided in
a purpose-designed nasal applicator that maintains the powder in a clean, dry and usable state
until use, and then delivers the powder to the nasal mucosa of a user. Such applicators are
known in the art, and generally have a powder formulation reservoir, and a powder
formulation contained within the reservoir, and a mechanism for expelling the powder
formulation from the reservoir through a nozzle receivable within a nostril.
The applicator is selected to be able to provide sufficient powder formulation in a
single insufflation/administration to provide a therapeutic dose. Larger reservoirs and
delivery capacity are required for powders with lower percentages of glucagon or glucagon
analog in the formulation, while smaller reservoirs and delivery capacity can be used with
higher percentage formulations.
Specific suitable delivery devices are disclosed in US Patents Nos. 6,398,074 and
6,938,798, which are incorporated herein by reference. Fig. 10 is taken from the Ό74 patent
to illustrate a suitable device. In Fig. 10, reservoir 810 contains a single dose of a
formulation in accordance with the present invention. The reservoir 810 has an air inlet 811
and a product outlet 815. A product retention device 812 and/or 813 is disposed in the air
inlet 8 11 to keep the product in the reservoir 810 until dispensation of the product. The
product outlet 815 is blocked, preferably in a sealed fashion, by a closing ball 816 which is
removed from its blocking position by the flow of air when the product is being dispensed.
When a user actuates the device, he exerts a pressure on the plunger 825 in such a
way that the piston 821 compresses the air contained in the chamber 822 of the air blast 820.
Since grid 812 is permeable to air, the compression of the air in chamber 822 is transmitted
to the reservoir 810 and consequently is applied to the closing ball 816 which is blocking the
product outlet 815. The dimensions of the closing ball 816 and its fixing at the reservoir
product outlet 815 are such that the ball 816 is removed from its blocking position, when a
minimum predetermined pressure is created through the reservoir 810 in said air blast 820.
Hence, when this minimum pressure is reached, the ball is suddenly moved towards the
outlet channel 840 of the device and the flow of air created by the air blast 820 expels all of
the dose contained in the reservoir 810. The pre-compression created by this closing ball 816
ensures that when it is removed from its blocking position, the energy accumulated in the
hand of the user is such that the piston 821 integral with the plunger 825 is propelled within
the chamber 822 thereby creating a powerful air flow, that is to say an air flow suitable to
finely spray the dose of product and notably to get rid of any product agglomerates if it is a
powder product.
Another example of an applicator device suitable for use in combination with the
powder composition of the invention is that disclosed in US Patent Publication No.
201 10045088, which is incorporated herein by reference. The device shown in US Patent No.
7,722,566 could also be used, particularly as shown in Figures 1 and 7 thereof, since
administration into both nostrils is not required using the powder of the invention.
Still further examples of applicator devices for nasal administration of a powder
composition are known from WO2014004400, and US Patent No. 5,702,362, which are
incorporated herein by reference.
EXPERIMENTAL
EXAMPLE 1
Glucagon, DPC and a-CD, -CD, or --CD were dissolved in either a 0.01 N or a
0.1 N HC1 solution. Formulations were also prepared with either 1M acetic acid or 0.5 M
acetic acid. The weight ratio of glucagon:DPC:cyclodextrin ranged from 5:10:75 to 10:20:70.
In two separate experiments, either sodium citrate or citric acid was added as an additive.
The lyophilized powder was packaged into a device for delivery to the nostril. The powder
was delivered to Beagle dogs intranasally at a dose of 500 g, 750 g or 1000 g. The
powder was administered to either 3 or 6 dogs per group. Plasma glucose concentration was
measured by using a glucometer. The plasma glucose concentrations prior to administration
(0 min), and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes after nasal administration are shown in Table 1.
In Table 1, Ratio refers to the ratio of glucagon:DPC:cyclodextrin, or to the ratio of
glueagon:DPC:cyclodextrin :additive.
Table 1. Average plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) in the Beagle dog after
intranasal administration of glucagon:DPC:CD compositions.
All compositions (prepared with different concentrations of the acid, different acids, different
ratios of the three ingredients, in the presence of citric acid or sodium citrate, different doses,
delivered to one nostril or to both nostrils) show an increase in plasma glucose concentration
for up to between 10 and 30 minutes, followed by a decrease at 40 minutes, and followed by
a further decrease at 60 minutes. As an example, results from a 10:10:80 composition with
-CD and 0.01 N HCl administered at a 1000 g dose to one nostril are shown in Figure 1.
EXAMPLE 2
Glucagon, DDPC, and a-CD, -CD, or hydroxylpropyl-B-CD were dissolved in either
a 0.01 N or a 0.1 N HCl solution. The weight ratio of glucagon:DDPC:cyclodextrin ranged
from 5:10:75 to 10:20:70. In one study, sodium citrate was also added. The powder was
packaged into a device for delivery to the nostril. The powder was delivered to Beagle dogs
intranasally at a dose of 500 g, 750 g or 1000 g. The powder was administered to either
3 or 6 dogs per group. Plasma glucose concentration was measured by using a glucometer.
The results are shown in the following table. The plasma glucose concentrations prior to
administration (0 min), and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes after nasal administration are
shown in Table 2. In Table 2, Ratio refers to the ratio of glucagon:DDPC:cyclodextrin, or to
the ratio of glucagon:DDPC:cyclodextrin:additive.
Table 2. Average plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) in the Beagle dog after
intranasal administration of glucagon:DDPC: CD compositions.
Dose Plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L)
per
Ratio CD Nostrils Acid Additive 0 5 10 20 30 40 60
nostril
min min min min min min min
0¾)
0.1 10:10:80, aa-
10:10:80 750 1 N None CD, 750 g, 3.5 5.3 6.7 7.8 6.7 5.3 3.7
CD
HCl 1 nostril
0.1 10:10:80, aa-
10:10:80 750 1 N None CD, 750 , 3.8 4.9 5.5 6.9 5.6 4.4 4.0
CD
HCl 1 nostril
0.1 5:10:85, aa-
5:10:85 750 1 N None CD, 750 , 4.0 4.3 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.2
CD
HCl 1 nostril
0.1 10:10:80, -
-
10:10:80 750 1 N None CD, 750 , 3.6 4.7 6.8 6.5 6.1 4.6 4.0
CD
HCl 1 nostril
0.1 10:10:80, -
-
10:10:80 700 1 N None CD, 700 g, 4.0 5.5 7.1 6.9 7.0 5.2 4.3
CD
HCl 1 nostril
10:10:80, a-
0.01
a- CD, 750 g,
10:10:80 750 1 N None 4.3 4.7 6.0 6.4 6.5 5.1 4.5
CD 1 nostril, 0.01
HCl
N HC1
10:10:80, -
0.01
- CD, 1000 g,
10:10:80 1000 1 N None 4.2 6.4 8.7 8.5 7.5 4.6 3.6
CD 1 nostril, 0.01
HCl
N HC1
10:10:80, -
0.01
- CD, 750 g,
10:10:80 750 1 N None 4.5 6.1 6.4 6.4 5.8 4.4 3.9
CD 1 nostril, 0.01
HCl
N HC1
10:10:80, -
0.01
- CD, 500 g,
10:10:80 500 1 N None 4.4 5.8 6.8 5.4 4.6 4.0 4.1
CD 1 nostril, 0.01
HCl
N HC1
All compositions (prepared with different concentrations of the acid, different cyclodextrins,
different ratios, different doses, delivered to either one nostril or to both nostrils) show an
increase in plasma glucose concentration for up to between 10 and 30 minutes, followed by a
decrease at 40 minutes, and further followed by a decrease at 60 minutes. As an example,
results from a 10:10:80 composition with B-CD administered at a 1000 dose delivered to
one nostril are shown in Figure 2.
EXAMPLE 3
Glucagon, LLPC and B-CD were dissolved in either a 0.01 N or a 0.1 N HC1 solution.
The weight ratio of glueagon:LLPC: B-CD was 10:10:80. The powder was packaged into a
device for delivery to one nostril. The powder was delivered to Beagle dogs intranasally
either at a dose of 750 g or 1000 g. The powder was administered to 6 dogs per group.
Plasma glucose concentration was measured by using a glucose strip. The plasma glucose
concentrations prior to administration (0 min), and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes after
nasal administration are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Average plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) in the Beagle dog after
intranasal administration of glucagon:LLPC: CD compositions.
All compositions (different doses, delivered to one nostril show an increase in plasma
glucose concentration for up to between 10 and 20 minutes, followed by a decrease at either
30 or 40 minutes, and further followed by a decrease at 40 or 60 minutes. As an example,
results from the 10:10:80 composition with B-CD administered at a 1000 dose to one nostril
is shown in Figure 3.
EXAMPLE 4
Glucagon, D8PC and B-CD were dissolved in either a 0.01 N or a 0.1 N HC1 solution.
The weight ratio of glucagon:D8PC: B-CD was 10:10:80. The powder was packaged into a
device for delivery to the nostril. The powder was delivered to Beagle dogs intranasally. The
powder was administered to 6 dogs per group. Plasma glucose concentration was measured
by using a glucose strip. The plasma glucose concentrations prior to administration (0 min),
and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes after nasal administration are shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Average plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) in the Beagle dog after
intranasal administration of glucagon:D8PC: CD compositions.
All compositions (prepared with different concentrations of the acid delivered to one nostril)
show an increase in plasma glucose concentration for up to between 10 and 20 minutes,
followed by a decrease at 30 or 40 minutes, and further followed by a decrease at 40 or 60
minutes. As an example, results from the 10:10:80 composition with B-CD administered at a
750 g dose to one nostril are shown in Figure 4.
EXAMPLE 5
Glucagon, DLPG and a-CD were dissolved in a 0.1 N HC1 solution. The weight ratio
of glueagon:DLPG: a-CD was either 5:25:70 or 5:54:41. Separately, glucagon, DLPG and BCD
were dissolved in 0.1 N HC1 solution at a weight ratio of 10:10:80. The resultant
solutions were lyophilized to produce a powder. The powder was packaged into a device for
delivery to the nostril. The powder was delivered to either one nostril or both nostrils of
Beagle dogs. The powder was administered to either 3 or 6 dogs. Plasma glucose
concentration was measured by using a glucose strip. The results are shown in the following
table. The weight ratio of glucagon:DLPG: a-CD (or , -CD), dose of glucagon per nostril,
whether the powder was delivered to one or both nostrils are shown in the table. The plasma
glucose concentrations prior to administration (0 min), and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes
after nasal administration are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Average plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) in the Beagle dog after
intranasal administration of glucagon:DLPG: CD compositions.
All compositions (prepared with different cyclodextrins, different ratios, different doses,
delivered to either one nostril or to both nostrils) show an increase in plasma glucose
concentration for up to between 10 and 30 minutes, followed by a decrease at 40 minutes,
and further followed by a decrease at 60 minutes. As an example results from the 5:25:70
composition with a-CD administered at a 750 dose to one nostril, which resulted in the
highest plasma glucose concentration, are shown in Figure 5.
EXAMPLE 6
X-ray powder diffraction was used to determine the structure of the glucagon-DPC-
-cyclodextrin and glucagon-DDPC-B-cyclodextrin compositions. They exhibit a peak at
low angles (6.6 °2for DPC and 7.3 °2for DDPC) indicating a mesophase (Figure 6).
These peaks are absent for glucagon because it is an amorphous powder. They are also
absent in B-cyclodextrin which exhibits a characteristic crystalline form. Further they are
absent in the surfactant, DPC. These peaks are present in mixtures of DDPC (or DPC) and Bcyclodextrin,
in the absence of glucagon. The compositions of the current invention are
characterized by a mesophase detectable through these low diffraction angle peaks.
EXAMPLE 7
The volume-weighted distribution profile is used to calculate Dio, D50, and D90 are
presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Diameter of 10% of the particles (Dio), 50% of the particles (D50), and 90% of
the particles (D90).
The particle size analysis shows that a minority of the particles in the six different powder
formulations have an effective diameter ranging from 3.6 to 8.031 . The Dio results show
that greater than 90% of the particles in the powder delivered to the nostril cannot be inhaled.
EXAMPLE 8
A powder formulation was prepared using the methods described in Method of
Preparation. The composition was 10:10:80 glucagon:DPC:B-cyclodextrin prepared using 1
M acetic acid. Ten milligrams of the powder contained 1mg of glucagon. Ten milligrams of
the powder formulation were packaged into each of ten devices. The powder delivered upon
actuation of the device was collected. The weights of the delivered powder from the ten
devices are shown in Table 7, as Delivered Dose (mg). The Uniformity of Delivered Dose
(%) from the ten devices, also shown in Table 7, was calculated by multiplying by 100 the
ratio of the amount of glucagon in each of the ten delivered powders to the amount of
glucagon in 10 milligrams of the powder before it was filled into each of the ten devices.
Table 7. Delivered dose and uniformity of the delivered dose.
EXAMPLE 9
A multiple center, randomized, two-way, crossover Phase III study in which patients
with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n=75) were enrolled to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a
single dose of intranasally administered glucagon (the powder that is the subject of this
invention) compared to glucagon administered by IM injection following insulin-induced
hypoglycemia was conducted. The primary endpoint in this study was the proportion of
patients who achieved an increase in blood glucose levels to > 70 mg/dL within 30 minutes
of treatment with glucagon or a 20 mg/mL increment in blood glucose within 30 minutes of
treatment with glucagon. The protocol used insulin to reduce blood glucose levels to the
hypoglycemic range (target nadir of <50 mg/dL).
Statistical analysis of the glycemic response to treatment with the nasal powder
showed that the nasal powder was non-inferior to injected glucagon in treating insulininduced
hypoglycemia. The glucose response curve, presented in Figure 7, shows that
glucose levels increased substantially in both the nasal and injected treated groups and that
blood glucose levels increased to within the normal range in most subjects in both groups by
about 15 minutes post-dosing.
EXAMPLE 10 - AMG103
AMG 103 was a study in children with type 1 diabetes, aged 4-<17 years. Induction
of severe hypoglycemia in this population is not permitted by pediatric IRBs but insulin was
used if necessary to normalize blood glucose to a target of <80 mg/dL (4.4 mmol/L) prior to
dosing with glucagon.
Children visited the study facility twice. At the first visit, 12 children aged 12 to <17
years were randomized to glucagon by IM injection (dose rate according to the
manufacturer's labeling) or to a glucagon powder formulation that is the subject of this
invention (10:10:80 by weight). At the second visit, subjects received the alternative
treatment. For children in the 4 to <8 years and 8 to <12 year age groups, there were 18
children per group. Within each of these age groups, children were randomized 2:1 to
receive either two doses of intranasal glucagon or a single injection of glucagon IM. For the
children receiving the IN glucagon, they were randomized to receive 2 or 3 mg on the first
visit and the alternative dose level on the second visit. Study participants and the study site
were blinded to the dose level.
Results from the children aged 12-<17 are provided as an example of what was seen
in children dosed with nasal glucagon powder. Figure 8A provides the glucagon PK curve
while Figure 8B provides the glucose profile. The data generated in this study indicate that
nasal powder glucagon resulted in a glucose response that was no different than that observed
after an injection of glucagon.
EXAMPLE 11 - Effect of nasal congestion
The powder of this invention consisting of glucagon:DPC and beta cyclodextrins in
ratios of 10:10:80 by weight, was tested in subjects with common cold with and without
concomitant administration of nasal decongestant in a study to investigate the safety and
PK/PD of a 3 mg dose of IN glucagon in male and female subjects. This was a single center,
single dose, open-label, repeated measures, parallel design study. All thirty-six (36) subjects
received a single 3 mg dose of glucagon by intranasal route, in the morning after a 10-hour
overnight fast. Cohort 1 (18 subjects) was scheduled for two periods. During Period 1, the
subjects had nasal congestion and/or nasal discharge associated with a common cold and
during Period 2, the subjects had recovered from the common cold and had been symptom
free for at least 2 days. In Cohort 2 (Subjects #019 to 036), the subjects were scheduled for
only Period 1. After presenting with nasal congestion and/or nasal discharge associated with
a common cold, these subjects were pretreated with a nasal decongestant prior to receiving a
single IN dose of glucagon.
Measurements of peak nasal inspiratory air flow provided an objective measurement
of the nasal congestion and confirmed the nasal congestion associated with common cold as
well as the intended therapeutic effect of oxymetazoline.
The study drug was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events or deaths
during this study.
The glucagon and glucose responses after administration of the powder are presented
in Figures 9A and 9B. Plasma glucagon concentrations (Figure 9A) increased substantially
above baseline with mean peak concentrations (Cmax) of 1198.4, 868.0 and 801.5 pg/mL
for "AMG504-1 + Common cold", "Common cold + Decongestant", and "No Cold
Symptoms", respectively. Median time to peak concentrations (tmax) was 20 minutes post
dose for all treatment groups. The estimated AUCo-t for 'AMG504-1 + Common Cold' was
higher than the other two treatment groups ( 1198.4 vs. 1038.0 and 797.5).
Blood glucose levels (Figure 9B) in all three groups began to increase by 5 minutes
post-dosing indicating nasal congestion, with or without concomitant administration of a
nasal decongestant, did not have an effect on the onset the glycemic response. Overall, the
glucose profile after administration of intranasal glucagon was comparable regardless of the
presence of common cold or the administration of a decongestant in subjects with common
cold.
The results of this study indicate the PK or PD of the powder administered
intranasally is not significantly affected by nasal congestion associated with common cold,
with or without concomitant administration of a nasal decongestant. This is very important
because people with diabetes who take insulin are at risk of experiencing severe
hypoglycemia at any time, including when suffering from allergies or a common cold. As
such, an intranasal glucagon intended for treatment of severe hypoglycemia must also be
effective in the presence of nasal congestion.
EXAMPLE 12
Biocompatibility, safety and tolerability of the compositions of this invention were
evaluated in a series of studies conducted in rats, dogs and rabbits. Subchronic and acute
toxicity were evaluated. Table 8 shows findings from these studies. The studies show that
the compositions of the current invention are well tolerated with no adverse effects.
Table 8. Subchronic and acute toxicity studies in rats, dogs and rabbits.
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Sequences
(SEP ID NO: 1)
His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-
Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu- Met-Asn-Thr
WE CLAIM:
1. A powder composition comprising glucagon or a glucagon analog, a cyclodextrin,
and a phospholipid surfactant, wherein at least a portion of the powder is present in a
phase characterized by an XRPD mesopeak as determined by x-ray powder diffraction.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the phase characterized by the XRPD mesopeak
is present in an amount such that the height of the XRPD mesopeak is about 30% or
greater than the height of a peak at 18-20 °-2as determined by x-ray powder
diffraction.
3. The composition of claim 3, wherein the height of the XRPD mesopeak us about
equal to the height of the peak at 18-20 °-2.
4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the glucagon or
glucagon analog is present in an amount of 5 to 15 wt %.
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the glucagon or glucagon analog is
present in an amount of 5 to 10 wt%
6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the glucagon or glucagon analog is
present in an amount of 10 to 15 wt%
7. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the cyclodextrin is
selected from the group consisting of a-cyclodextrin, -cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-
-cyclodextrin, and -cyclodextrin.
8. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the surfactant is
selected from the group consisting of dodecylphosphocholine,
didecylphosphatidylcholine, lysolauroylphosphatidylcholine,
dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine, and dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol
9. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising an additive
selected from the group consisting of low molecular weight organic acids and
pharmaceutically acceptable water soluble salts and esters thereof.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the additive is citric acid or sodium citrate.
11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the additive is acetic acid.
12. The composition according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the amount of
additive is up to 10 wt %.
13. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the amount of cyclodextrin is
between 44 w% to 90 wt%
14. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the amount of surfactant is
between 5 wt and 51wt%.
15. The composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the powder contains glucagon
(SEQ ID NO: 1).
16. A nasal applicator for a powder formulation, said applicator including a powder
formulation reservoir, and a powder formulation contained within the reservoir,
wherein the powder formulation is a composition in accordance with any one of
claims 1 to 15.
17. A method for preparing a powder formulation having glucagon-activity comprising
glucagon or a glucagon analog, a cyclodextrin, and a phospholipid surfactant wherein
at least a portion of the powder is present in a phase characterized by an XRPD
mesopeak as determined by x-ray powder diffraction, said method comprising the
steps of
a . forming a first mixture of the glucagon or glucagon analog and the surfactant
in an aqueous carrier, wherein the surfactant is present as a concentration
greater than or equal to the critical micelle concentration;
b. adding the cyclodextrin to the first mixture to form a second mixture;
c . drying the second mixture to form a solid formulation; and
d. processing the solid formulation to produce a uniform powder, said uniform
powder including at least a portion the powder in a phase characterized by an
XRPD mesopeak.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the powder formulation is as defined in any of
claims 1-15.
19. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the drying of the second mixture is carried out
by freeze drying or spray drying the second mixture.
20. A method for treating hypoglycemia in an individual suffering from hypoglycemia
comprises administering to the individual a powder formulation in accordance with
any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the powder formulation is administered in a
therapeutically effective amount as a powder to the nasal mucosa of the individual.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the powder formulation is administered to only one
nostril of the individual.