TITLE
NOVEL WASTE CRAB SHELL CALCINATED CATALYST FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
FIELD OF INVENTION
The current innovation highlights the procedure for enhancing the production capacity of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using waste materials like crab shell as novel heterogenous catalyst. To be more precise, the current innovation summons the production process of biodiesel from waste cooking / frying oil using methanol and potassium hydroxide added along with novel crab shell catalyst. This process prevents the pollutants emitted during the production process and also saves time by increasing the production capacity of biodiesel.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
1) Coal and petroleum products play a significant part in our daily lives. Furthermore, the sustainability of the fuel will continue to pose a serious threat to the human race in the near future. According to estimates, petroleum sources may be able to satisfy human need for the next 25 years, whereas coal may predominate for roughly around 80 years. This motivates us to look for alternatives to the regular use of coal and petroleum products.
2) Currently, a significant portion of the global warming is attributed to the concentration of carbon dioxide emissions. The average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the globe is thought to be 405 parts per million, which is significantly lower than it was in previous centuries. Petroleum products are one of the causes of the emissions. This has caused the academicians all around the world to look for an alternative to the current trend of usage of fuels such as gasoline and diesel.
3) Biodiesel can be used as a substitute in the above situation. It has more oxygen and less sulphur, which has traditionally reduced the dangerous exhaust pollution. Fuel costs, consumption, and emissions will be reduced significantly. The benefits of biodiesel versus diesel fuel remains as the biodiesel has reduced effect on living beings.
4) Biodiesel is widely recognised as an alternate for diesel engines. Esters of vegetable oil are what are referred to as biodiesel. The colour might range from light yellow to dark brown.

5) Because of their viscosity, mostly vegetable oils are not recommended for its usage in diesel engines. The collected vegetable oil and alcohol such as methanol, ethanol is combined using catalyst such as KoH, NaOH are used to reduce the viscosity of the oil. The above transesterification technique causes a significant alteration in the oil's characteristics. In particular, its viscosity would be reduced near to that of the diesel fuel.
6) Currently, vegetable oil and animal fats have been used to produce biodiesel. However, studies have also been engrossed on the usage of used frying oil as a useful feedstock for the production of biodiesel.
7) Researchers J.Patrick and E. Duffy named as the forerunners of biodiesel, have developed a method of transforming vegetable oil into the biodiesel through the transesterification process during the year 1853. A model of Rudolf Diesel was later powered by biodiesel made from peanuts in 1853.
8) The usage of vegetable oil usage for domestic purposes is in crisis as a result of the use of vegetable oil as an alternative fuel. It has caused palm oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil etc. to become scarce, mostly in developing nations, and has strongly urged the researchers to look for a replacement.
9) The concern was directed on the used frying oil and its transesterification process for its usage in diesel engines. As the used frying oil is difficult in converting into the usable oil in engines without a catalyst which caused to concentrate more on the catalyst being used for the conversion process.
10) Due to the high demand for the inexpensive used frying oil, it is not advisable to efficiently convert used frying oil to usable biodiesel using a mono-catalyst.
11) Development of reusable heterogeneous catalysts with higher biodiesel conversion rates is required due to the above issue. It should also be inexpensive and very easy to produce that to be obtained from waste materials.
12) In order to effectively convert used frying oil into biodiesel while generating the least amount of waste, the current invention addresses this problem by producing biodiesel from used frying oil using powdered and calcinated crab shells soaked in NaOH solution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention identifies a novel approach to efficiently convert vegetable oil to biodiesel by using crab shell waste as a heterogeneous catalyst. It focuses on the biodiesel's capacity to be effectively converted utilising a new catalyst that has been soaked in.

NaOH solution. Because of this, it is better than the currently used mono catalyst for biodiesel conversion. • The following steps make up a process for producing biodiesel used waste crab shells that are ideal for catalytic synthesis which consists of the following processes:
■ Gathering of waste crab shells.
■ Production of calcinated catalyst out of waste crab shells.
■ Addition of NaOH solution to calcinated waste crab shells. DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following figures and tables would be detailed in order for those who are skilled in the art to better grasp the current invention. However, this opinion and the accompanying drawings are only meant to help individuals who are knowledgeable about the subject matter of the invention to understand its purpose, advantages, and peculiarities.
1. Figure: 1 FTIR OF RAW WASTE FRYING OIL
2. Figure:2 PIE CHART FOR GCMS OF WASTE FRYING OIL
3. Table: 1 EDAX FOR RAW CRAB SHELLS
4. Table:2 EDAX FOR CALCINATED CRAB SHELL at 900°C
5. Figure:3 FTIR ANALYSIS FOR RAW FRYING OIL
6. Figure: 4 FTIR ANALYSIS FOR OBTAINED BIODIESEL
STEPS FOR MANUFACTURING BIODIESEL FROM WASTE CRAB SHELLS
1) Waste crab shell collection process:- The waste crab shells were washed with hot water at 100°C to eliminate the contaminants present on the shells. Then it was dried under sunlight for 24 hours. The dried crab shells were powdered using a crusher and the obtained crab shells were again dried under sunlight for 5 hrs. Then it was grounded into nano-particles through ball milling process. Before performing ball milling, pre-milling was carried out to avoid contamination of the components. Run time was kept at 3 minutes in 2 shifts. Toluene was used as the solvent in the entire process. The whole procedure of ball milling was carried out for 5 hours. For each hour (5 times for 5 hours), there will be a break in which 30 ml of toluene is added to act as an abrasive. During the process, for each 15 minutes, there will be a break of 3 minutes in order to reduce the workload of the machine. Ball milled material was finally taken out and then balls in the setup was thoroughly cleaned (5 times cleaned, toluene used for cleaning=300 ml) by using the toluene in order to eradicate the contamination in the machine. Then the ball milled

2) Making calcined catalyst out of waste crab shells:- Ball milled crab shell powder was separated in order to calcinate few samples at a temperature of 900°C. Calcination was carried out in the muffle furnace. Holding' time for each process was 60 minutes. After calcination, the sample was collected in a zip cover and then it was subjected to SEM with EdX for determining the presence of various particles.
3) Making bio-diesel from used frying oil:- The impurities present in the waste frying oil as solid particles has been removed by using a micro strainer. The obtained oil was drained in an oven at 80°C for three days which removed the moisture present in the oil. The obtained moisture free oil was undergone through the transesterification process to reduce its viscosity. Various instruments such as round bottom flask, thermometer, stirrer overhead, and a water bath was maintained at constant temperature. Methanol was be added to the oil in the ratio of 1:9, 1:12, and 1:15 for various process of transesterification by maintaining the final amount of the reaction mixtures as constant. The catalyst was immersed in NaOH solution. The weight of the catalyst added was in the range of 4-8%. The total reaction process was maintained at the temperature around 50°C to 60°C. The time for reaction has been varied between 75 minutes to 120 minutes and stirrer rotation was set at 300 rpm. After completing the reaction process, the obtained contents were transferred to a separating flask using funnel for further separation of biodiesel. It was kept for 24 hours, till the separation of phases between the contents occurs. The difference in density among the phases enables the separation. Biodiesel and glycerin would be the final products in which biodiesel occupies the top while glycerin stays at the bottom of the flask because of its density difference. The biodiesel obtained at the top layer consists of methanol in small quantities which would be removed further by using air drying process. Thus, biodiesel was obtained with the usage of heterogeneous crab shell catalyst which enhanced the rate of production of biodiesel in the transesterification process.
Example:-
Examples would be used to show and demonstrate the invention's composition and preparation effectiveness.
Example 1:- The process outlined below was used to produce biodiesel from used frying oil using a catalyst made of calcined crab shells heated to 900°C.
100ml of methanol and 11ml of oil are added to the flask with a flat bottom. The catalyst, weighing approximately 5.55g, is added to the methanol and oil. The water bath is kept at a temperature .roughly aroundK55°C. About 300 rpm isiixed to maintain the, stirring pace. The

oil and methanol start to react at this speed. The effect lasts for 2.5 hours. The setup is given 5-7 minutes to stabilise after the reaction time. Then, the Glycerol and Biodiesel are separated from the separating funnel.
BENEFITS OF THE CURRENT INVENTION
• To guarantee a better yield of biodiesel.
• To lower the price of the catalyst.
• The catalyst made from calcined leftover crab shell can be reused.
• Effectively impregnate waste crab shell to increase its catalytic activity.