OBJECT MODEL FOR MANAGING FIREWALL SERVICES
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
(0001) The present invention is generally related to
security on a computer or network, and is more specifically
related to firewalls and their management.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(0002) In general, a firewall is an electronic
boundary that prevents unauthorized users from accessing
certain files on a network or a computer. A firewall may be
provided as firewall code on a user's computer ("host
firewall"). Alternatively, a dedicated firewall machine may
be provided at the edge of a network ("edge firewall") that
interfaces with computers outside the network and has special
security precautions built into it in order to protect
sensitive files on computers within the network. The idea is
to protect a cluster of more loosely administered machines
hidden behind the edge firewall from computer users outside of
the network. The machine on which the edge firewall is
located is often referred to as a "gateway" or a "dedicated
gateway." If configured to protect a network from the
Internet, the machine is often referred to as an "Internet Gateway Device."
(3) Firewalls use one or more of at least three
different security measures to control traffic flowing in and
out of a network. In a first method, called static packet
filtering, packets are analyzed against a set of filters.
Packets approved by the filters are sent to the requesting
system; all others are discarded. In a second method, called
proxy service, information from the Internet is retrieved by
the firewall, evaluated against a policy, and then sent to the
requesting system, and vice versa. In a third, newer method,
called stateful inspection, the contents of a packet are not
examined, but instead key parts of the packet are compared to
a database of trusted information. Information traveling from
inside the firewall to the outside is monitored for special
defining characteristics, and then incoming information is
compared to these characteristics. If the comparison yields a
reasonable match, the information is allowed through.
Otherwise it is discarded. Other traffic controls may be
utilized, and the above three are given as examples.
(4) Firewalls are often customizable, meaning, for
example, that filters may be added or removed based upon
several conditions. For example, Internet Protocol ("IP")
addresses may be used to restrict or block traffic. If so, in one example, if a certain IP address outside the network is reading too many files from a server, a firewall can block all traffic to and/or from that address. As another example, a firewall may block all access to certain domain names, or allow access to only specific domain names. As still another example, a company might set up a network with only one or two machines to handle a specific protocol or protocols and ban those protocols on all other machines. Still another example is using ports to restrict traffic. For example, if a server machine is running a Web (HTTP) server and an FTP server, the Web server would typically be available on port 80, and the FTP server would be available on port 21. A company might block port 21 access on all machines but one on a network.
(0005) Thus, a firewall ensures security by reviewing network communications and only allowing communications that are consistent with a policy that has been set within the firewall services of the firewall. While the traffic control methods described above work well for filtering traffic, managing a firewall may be difficult. For example, a user may want to set particular access policies for a machine, but may have no understanding of ports, packets, and/or filters. Contemporary methods used for specifying firewall policies
that configure the firewall are often unintuitive, and/or may require an in-depth knowledge of networking protocols and implementations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
(6) The following presents a simplified summary of
some embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic
understanding of the invention. This summary is not an
extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended to
identify key/critical elements of the invention or to
delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to
present some embodiments of the invention in a simplified form
as a prelude to the more detailed description that is
presented later.
(7) In accordance with an embodiment of the
invention, an object model is provided as a general framework
for managing network services, such as firewall services,
network quality of service, parental control, and network
intrusion detection, as nonlimiting examples.
(8) A user or an administrator of a computer may
utilize the object model to manage the services. For example,
a user may access a user interface which accesses the object
model and through which the user may set policy for the
services. In addition, the object model may be accessed by a
remote management tool, for example by a network
administrator. In this manner, the object model may be used
to remotely set policies for the services, and a single administrator may manage the services of many computers.
(9) The object model isolates a user and/or an
administrator from having to deal with the many possible
issues involved in configuring the services. The object model
includes two main name spaces: a policy engine platform and a
policy object model. The policy engine platform is the
central point for interacting with the policy for the services
and the kernel components that actually perform the services.
The policy engine platform performs the acts of establishing
policy and plumbing the policy to the platform kernel
components.
(10) The policy object model is used to specify
policies that the services support. The policy object model
permits an advanced user to define traditional packet-centric
type filtering policy, or a less advanced user to develop
policy using more simplified rules based upon an application
using the services and a user of the application.
(11) Other features of the invention will become
apparent from the following detailed description when taken in
conjunction with the drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(12) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating
computers connected by a network;
(13) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram generally
illustrating an exemplary computer system usable to implement
an embodiment of the invention;
(14) FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating details
of an architecture for the computer system of FIG. 2 that may
be used in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
(15) FIG. 4 is a diagram generally representing
firewall service objects that may be produced in accordance
with an embodiment of the firewall policy object model;
(16) FIG. 5 shows an example of five different base
abstract firewall policy objects that are derived from a
policy object in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention;
(17) FIG. 6 shows a number of different policy
condition classes that may derived from a policy condition
object in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention;
(18) FIG. 7 shows a number of different policy
action classes that may derived from a policy action object in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
(19) FIG. 8 is a block diagram generally
representing classes of a firewall policy engine platform in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
(20) FIG. 9 shows more detail regarding the classes
shown in FIG. 8;
(21) FIG. 10 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for creating, editing or deleting a policy rule utilizing a RuleEditor object in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
(22) FIG. 11 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for creating a policy rule utilizing a
SettingEditor object in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention; and
(23) FIG. 12 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for viewing policy rules utilizing a
RuleExplorer object in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(24) In the following description, various
embodiments of the present invention will be described. For
purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details
are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of
the embodiments. However, it will also be apparent to one
skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced
without the specific details. Furthermore, well-known
features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure
the embodiment being described.
(25) Prior to proceeding with a description of the
various embodiments of the invention, a description of a
computer and networking environment in which the various
embodiments of the invention may be practiced is now
provided. Although not required, the invention will be
described in the general context of computer-executable
instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a
computer. Generally, programs include routines, objects,
components, data structures and the like that perform
particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
The terms "program" or "module" as used herein may connote a
single program module or multiple program modules acting in
concert. The terms "computer" and "computing device" as used
herein include any device that electronically executes one or more programs, such as personal computers (PCs), hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, tablet PCs, laptop computers, consumer appliances having a microprocessor or microcontroller, routers, gateways, hubs and the like. The invention may also be employed in distributed computing environments, where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, programs may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
(0026) An example of a computer networking environment suitable for incorporating aspects of the invention is described with reference to FIG. 1. The example computer networking environment includes several computers 102 communicating with one another over a safe network 104, indicated by a cloud. The safe network 104 may include many well-known components, such as routers, gateways, hubs, etc. and allows the computers 102 to communicate via wired and/or wireless media. When interacting with one another over the safe network 104, one or more of the computers 102 may act as clients, servers or peers with respect to other computers 102. Accordingly, the various embodiments of the invention
may be practiced on clients, servers, peers or combinations thereof, even though specific examples contained herein may not refer to all of these types of computers.
(27) The safe network 104 in this example is
considered a "safe" network, in that the computers 102 are
protected by a common firewall, in the example shown as an
Internet gateway device 106. The Internet gateway device 106
protects the computers 102 from remote computers 108 located
on a public or unsafe network 110, in the example shown by a
cloud. Although described as an Internet gateway device 106,
the gateway device may protect the safe network from other
types of unsafe networks, not necessarily the Internet,
including a LAN, a WAN, or another network.
(28) Although shown as having multiple computers,
the safe network 104 may include only a single computer 102.
In addition, although the unsafe network 110 is shown as
having multiple remote computers 108, it may instead have only
one. Further, although the network shown in FIG. 1 includes
both the safe network 104 and the unsafe network 110, a
computer, such as one of the computers 102, may connect
directly to the unsafe network 110, with or without a safe
network 104 and/or the Internet gateway device 106.
(29) Referring to FIG. 2, an example of a basic
configuration for the computer 102 on which embodiments of the
invention described herein may be implemented is shown. This
basic configuration may also be used for the Internet gateway
device 106. For ease of description, however, embodiments of
the invention will be described typically with reference to
the computer 102.
(30) In its most basic configuration, the computer
102 typically includes at least one processing unit 202 and
memory 204. The processing unit 202 executes instructions to
carry out tasks in accordance with various embodiments of the
invention. In carrying out such tasks, the processing unit
202 may transmit electronic signals to other parts of the
computer 102 and to devices outside of the computer 102 to
cause some result. Depending on the exact configuration and
type of the computer 102, the memory 204 may be volatile (such
as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM or flash memory), or some
combination of the two. This most basic configuration is
illustrated in FIG. 2 by dashed line 206.
(31) The computer 102 may also have additional
features/functionality. For example, the computer 102 may
also include additional storage (removable 208 and/or non
removable 210) including, but not limited to, magnetic or
optical disks or tape. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, including computer-executable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to stored the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer 102. Any such computer storage media may be part of computer 102.
(0032) The computer 102 preferably also contains communications connections 212 that allow the device to communicate with other devices, such as other computers 102 on the safe network 104, or remote computers 108 on the unsafe network 110 (only a single remote computer 108 is shown in FIG. 2). A communication connection is an example of a communication medium. Communication media typically embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and include any information delivery media. By way of example, and not
limitation, the term "communication media" includes wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein includes both computer storage media and communication media.
(33) The computer 102 may also have input devices
216 such as a keyboard/keypad, mouse, pen, voice input device,
touch input device, etc. Output devices 218 such as a display
220, speakers, a printer, etc. may also be included. These
devices are well known in the art and need not be described at
length here.
(34) In the description that follows, the invention
will be described with reference to acts and symbolic
representations of operations that are performed by one or
more computing devices, unless indicated otherwise. As such,
it will be understood that such acts and operations, which are
at times referred to as being computer-executed, include the
manipulation by the processing unit of the computer 102 of
electrical signals representing data in a structured form.
This manipulation transforms the data or maintains it at
locations in the memory system of the computer 102, which
reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computer
102 in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art.
The data structures where data is maintained are physical
locations of the memory that have particular properties defined by the format of the data. However, while the invention is being described in the foregoing context, it is not meant to be limiting as those of skill in the art will appreciate that several of the acts and operation described hereinafter may also be implemented in hardware.
(35) FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating details
of an architecture for the computer 102 that may be used in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The computer
102 includes a host firewall services, indicated by the
reference numeral 302. The firewall services 302 may be a
component of an operating system or a separate firewall
application or program running on or otherwise associated with
the computer 102. In general, as used herein, a "firewall
service" is a user mode service that is responsible for
managing firewall policy and plumbing down policies to kernel
components for enforcement. In the example shown, the
firewall services 302 act as a host firewall services, in that
the firewall services protect the computer 102 on which the
firewall services run. The firewall services 302 may also be
configured to make the computer 102 act as a gateway device.
(36) In accordance with an embodiment of the
invention, an object model, in FIG. 3 shown as a firewall
object model 300, is provided as a general framework for managing network services, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the firewall services 302. Although embodiments of the inventions are described with respect to an object model for managing firewall services such as the firewall services 302, aspects of the present invention and embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to manage other networking services for a computer, such as network quality of service, parental control, and network intrusion detection, as nonlimiting examples.
(0037) Briefly described, the firewall object model 300 isolates a user and/or an administrator from having to deal with the many possible issues involved in configuring and managing the firewall services 302. A user of the computer 102 or an administrator for the computer or the safe network may utilize the firewall object model 300 to manage the firewall services 302. For example, a user may access a Firewall User Interface 304 which accesses the firewall object model 300 and through which the user may set firewall policy 308 for the firewall services 302. The Firewall User Interface 304 may be provided by the firewall services 302, for example, or may be provided by an application or as part of an operating system, for example. In addition, the
firewall object model 300 may be accessed by a Remote Management Tool 306, for example by a network administrator. In this manner, the firewall object model 300 may be used to remotely set policies for the firewall services 302, permitting a single administrator to manage services on a large number of computers.
(38) The firewall policy 308 is maintained on or is
associated with the computer 102. In the embodiment shown,
the firewall policy 308 is shown as a database, but the
firewall policy 308 may be maintained in several databases or
may be stored in another suitable manner.
(39) The firewall object model 300 includes two main
name spaces: a firewall policy engine platform 310 and a
policy object model 312. Briefly described, the firewall
policy engine platform 310 is the central point for
interacting with the firewall policy 308 and firewall platform
kernel components 314. The firewall platform kernel
components 314, such as a TCP/IP or network stack, are the
components of the kernel that are actually perform the
function of filtering packets or other information from the
computer 102. The firewall policy engine platform 310
performs the acts of creating and configuring policy, as is
further described below.
(40) The policy object model 312 is used to specify
firewall policies that the firewall services 302 support. The
policy object model 312 permits an advanced user to define
traditional packet-centric type filtering policy, or a less
advanced user to define policy based upon the application and
the user of the application, as described further below.
(41) The firewall object model 300 uses an object-
oriented paradigm, where manageable objects are modeled using
the concepts of classes and instances. The objects present in
the firewall object model 300 are classes, instances,
properties, and qualifiers. Classes are models or templates
for objects, while instances are occurrences of classes,
properties are the individual fields of classes or instances,
and qualifiers are modifiers of any of these. The policy
object model 312 may be used to define policy objects, which
are rules that specify security actions of the firewall
services. The firewall policy engine platform 310 includes
active objects which can perform acts, such as create, delete,
or modify, on the policy objects.
(42) FIG. 4 shows a diagram generally representing
firewall service objects that may be produced in accordance
with an embodiment of the firewall policy object model 312.
The PolicyObject object 400 is the abstract base class for the
objects used in the firewall object model 300. It has three main subclasses: PolicyRule 402, PolicyAction 404, and PolicyCondition 406. The PolicyRule 402 models rules, and in the example given includes five different properties. A first property, Condition, defines one or more conditions to match in order for an action in this rule to take place. These conditions may be represented by PolicyCondition classes, as further described below. A second property, Action, defines one or more actions to take when the conditions specified in this rule are matched. These actions may be represented by PolicyAction classes, as further described below. A third property, TimeConstraint, specifies the day of the week and the time of the day when this rule will be effective, e.g., 9am-5pm Monday-Friday. A fourth property, NetworkLocation, specifies the network locations where this rule is effective. A fifth property, Weight, indicates the weight of the rule, and is used by the firewall policy engine platform 310 to resolve rule conflicts. The TimeConstraint, NetworkLocation, and Weight properties are editable by a user or administrator, for example via the Firewall User Interface 304 or the Remote Management Tool 306.
(0043) The PolicyRule 402 is an abstract class, and base abstract firewall policy objects can be derived
therefrom. FIG. 5 shows an example of five different base firewall policy objects that are derived from PolicyRule 402. Others may be derived as needed to reflect further constraints imposed by certain network policies for example quality of service (QoS) or parental control policies. The five base firewall policy objects shown in FIG. 5 are TransportRule 502, KeyingModule 504, IKERule 506, IPSecRule 508, and ApplicationRule 510. Details regarding these example derived policy rule classes are included at Exhibit A.
(0044) In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the firewall services 302 are capable of examining a packet at several different layers as the packet moves through a network stack. For example, the firewall services 302 may include an IP framing layer filter, a TCP layer filter, a transport layer filter, an application layer filter, a remote procedure call layer filter, and many other filters that provide lower level filtering so that an item does not have to move through the entire stack before it is blocked. Such firewall services 302 are planned to be implemented in Microsoft's LONGHORN operating system, yet to be released. Application programming interfaces may be provided to third parties to allow the third parties to participate in the filtering decisions that take place at the various layers.
Specific implementation details of the filters are not necessary for a description of this invention. However, the base abstract firewall policy objects may be configured so as to operate with these particular filters at each respective layer.
(45) The TransportRule 502 models the traditional
firewall rule that mainly filters on the standard 5-tuple.
The IPSecRule 508, the KeyingModule rule 504 and the IKERule
506 are three different rules for specifying IPSec-related
policies. As is known, IPSec is a protocol that provides
security for transmission of sensitive information over
unprotected networks such as the Internet. IPSec acts as the
network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets
between participating devices. Details of the IPSecRule 508,
the KeyingModule rule 504 and the IKERule 506 are given in
Exhibit A, attached hereto.
(46) ApplicationRule 510 utilizes the method
disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/603,648, filed
June 25, 2003, and entitled "Method of Assisting an
Application to Traverse a Firewall". Briefly described, that
application describes an application layer ("ALE") that may be
utilized with the network stack so that a user may easily
create a simple firewall policy, or network access policy, to
either allow or deny firewall unaware applications and services on the user's computer to connect to the network. The policies are set on a per-user and per-application basis. The user does not need to know or use rules reports, protocols, or IP addresses to enable an application to work through a firewall. An enforcement module includes an interception module that watches for connect and listen attempts by applications and services to the network stack. The interception module traps these attempts and determines what user is making the attempt, what application or service is making the attempt, and then conducts a firewall policy lookup to determine whether or not the user and/or application is allowed to connect to the network. If so, the interception module may instruct the host and/or edge firewall to configure itself for the connection being requested.
(0047) The PolicyCondition object 406 is an abstract object from which policy condition classes may be derived. Each policy condition class represents modes or situations that the firewall services 302 may encounter. FIG. 6 shows a number of different policy condition classes that may be derived from the PolicyCondition object 406 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each of these policy condition classes represents different modes or conditions,
such as IP condition, transport condition, application condition, or other modes that may be in existence upon an attempt at using the firewall services 302. Classes derived from PolicyCondition 406 may have subclasses. For example, transport conditions may include TCP condition, ICMP condition, UDP condition, as examples. Descriptions of the condition classes shown in FIG. 6 are included at Exhibit B. Again, as with the policy objects described above, the conditions may relate to filters that are available to the firewall services 302.
(48) A number of different policy actions may be
utilized with the policy object model 312. Examples of
different policy action classes, derived from the PolicyAction
class 404, are shown in FIG. 7. In general, the actions that
are allowed are Permit, which allows packets that match the
associated condition, Deny, which drops packets that do not
match the associated condition, and Log, which logs packets
that match the associated condition. Combinations of these
may be used as well. More complex actions may be provided,
such as authentication. A description of many examples of the
actions shown in FIG. 7 is included at Exhibit C.
(49) As can be seen in FIG. 8, in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention, the firewall policy engine
platform 310 includes four main classes: a firewall class object 802, a setting editor class object 804, a rule editor class object 806, and a rule explorer class object 808. The firewall class object 802 is the main class for interacting with the firewall services 302. The firewall class object 802 follows a singleton pattern to reference the firewall services 302. That is, the class uniquely describes only a single instance, i.e., the firewall services 302 available on the computer 102.
(0050) A list of example properties and methods for the firewall class object 802 is shown as part of the firewall policy engine platform 310 in FIG. 9. For the firewall class object 802, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the firewall class object 802 includes properties of FirewallMode and LogSettings. The FirewallMode is the current filtering mode of the firewall services 302. It value may be, for example, BlockAllTraffic, PermitAllTraffic, or Filtering, which represents that the firewall services 302 are running and are enforcing settings that have been defined. The LogSettings may represent a global setting that specifies the logging settings, including things to log, logging limit and overflow behavior. Each of these properties is editable, for example via the Firewall User Interface 304 or the Remote
Management Tool 306. Other properties may be included as part of the firewall class object 802. The firewall class object 802 may also include methods or operations to instantiate or create new instances of the other three classes of the firewall policy engine platform 310; i.e., the setting editor class object 804 (AcquireSettingEditor), the rule editor class object 806 (AcquireRuleEditor), and the rule explorer class object 808 (AcquireRuleExplorer). An example of the configuration of the firewall class object is included at Exhibit E.
(0051) Each of the methods AcquireSettingEditor, AcquireRuleEditor, and AcquireRuleExplorer utilizes a policy provider as a parameter. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the firewall class object 802 acts as an arbitrator when there is a conflict between policies of multiple policy providers. In general, a policy provider is a source of firewall policies for the firewall services 302, preferably one that can be securely identified. A policy provider is associated with a particular priority class or level at which all the rules from this provider will be added. For example, policy providers may be ranked in accordance with their individual priorities. A remote network security management server, e.g. the user's Internet Service Provider
(ISP) who manages the user's computer as a value-add service, may get a ranking of a "1," indicating highest priority, and may be given the definition in the firewall class object 802 of ManagedServiceProvider. A LocalProvider is given the priority of "2," and represents a local user or administrator of the computer. A DomainProvider is an administrator of the domain to which the user is attached, and receives a priority of "3". An application provider may be given a priority of "4". An example of a priority set by an application provider would be a financial services application that has a setting requiring that all traffic to its server be secure.
(0052) The setting editor class 804 may include a number of properties, including ApplicationSettings, DefaultApplicationSetting, DefaultOSServiceSetting, TrustedZone, SecureZone, and IsICMPAllowed. The ApplicationSettings property represents the application firewall rules stored in the system. The
DefaultApplicationSetting is the default firewall setting to apply when an application's firewall setting is not specified. The DefaultOSServiceSetting is the default firewall setting to apply when an operating system service's firewall setting is unspecified. The TrustedZone property is the trusted Internet Protocol ("IP") address list to use when an application
setting does not specify its own trusted IP addresses. The SecureZone property is the default trusted authenticated remote identity list to use when an application setting does not specify its own trusted authenticated remote identities. Finally, the IsICMPAllowed property indicates whether Internet Control Message Protocol ("ICMP") messages are allowed; e.g., the TCP/IP stack will respond to pings and generate ICMP errors. Otherwise, the ICMP messages are blocked. All of these properties may be editable, for example via the Firewall User Interface 304 or the Remote Management Tool 306, except the ApplicationSettings property.
(0053) The example of the setting editor 804 shown in
FIG. 9 includes two methods: SetDefaultsecurityLevel and
GetSecurityLevel. The parameters for the
SetDefaultsecurityLevel are user and security level. The parameter for the GetSecurityLevel is user. The SetDefaultsecurityLevel allows a user or administrator to set the default security level for the parameter-specified user. The GetSecurityLevel allows a user or administrator to get the default security level for the parameter-specified user.
(0054) The setting editor class object 804 provides
firewall and policy management software developers a
programmatic interface to manage firewall policy in a simple
and application- and user-centric form. The main objects that it operates on are the ApplicationSetting 902 and the SecurityLevel 904. ApplicationSetting 902 associates security levels with applications and users, and includes three properties: the ApplicationID, the User, and the SecurityLevel. The ApplicationID and User represent the application to which this ApplicationSetting 902 pertains, and the user for which the ApplicationSetting is specified. Together they form a unique key for ApplicationSetting 902. The SecurityLevel is a read-write property and may be edited by a user or administrator, for example via the Firewall User Interface 304 or the Remote Management Tool 306. The property represents the security level when the particular user (User) uses the particular application (ApplicationID).
(0055) The SecurityLevel may be supplied by a SecurityLevel object 904 utilizing a GetRules method of the ApplicationSetting 902. The GetRules object utilizes the parameters of Application, User, and Contacts to obtain a list of application rules that enforce the setting "use this security level with these remote contacts when this user uses this application." In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the SecurityLevel object 904 includes a set of templates that includes the list of application rules for
the particular security level of the application, the user, and the contacts. More information about the SecurityLevel object 904 and ApplicationSetting is provided at Exhibit D.
(56) The RuleEditor class object 806 is an
application programming interface used by advanced policy
providers to perform policy related operations such as add,
remove, or update policies. As described above, there may be
more than one policy provider on a single host. The
RuleEditor class object 806 provides an advanced view of the
system allowing administrators and power users to define
specific parameters for policy rules of the firewall services
302. The example of the RuleEditor class object 806 in FIG. 9
includes two properties: PriorityClass and Provider.
PriorityClass is the class of the priority which the
particular provider is given, as described above. Provider is
the provider requesting the action.
(57) The example of the RuleEditor class object 806
in FIG. 9 includes five methods: AddRule, RemoveRule,
UpdateRule, GetRules, and RemoveAll. AddRule is utilized to
push down a set of policies to the firewall policy engine
platform 310. The request to add a PolicyRule may fail if the
PolicyRule is invalid (e.g., the PolicyAction does not match
the PolicyCondition), if the provider trying to add the policy
does not have privilege to do so (based, for example, on the rankings set forth above), or if the transaction is aborted. If the request to add a PolicyRule does not fail, the firewall policy engine platform 310, in turn, plumbs the new policy down to the firewall platform kernel components 314.
(58) RemoveRule is utilized to removed a specified
policy, and includes the parameter of the particular policy to
be removed, and may fail because of improper privilege or
transaction failure. UpdateRule is used to change the
specified policy that was previously added, and utilizes as a
parameter the policy that is to be changed. UpdateRule is
subject to the same exceptions as AddRule. RemoveAll removes
all of the rules that this particular policy provider has
created, and may fail due to inadequate privilege. It may be
an atomic operation, i.e., done with one transaction.
(59) The rule explorer class object 808 permits a
user or administrator to view all policies that are currently
in the firewall platform, subject to privilege. In accordance
with an embodiment of the invention, the view is read-only.
In the example of the rule explorer class object 808 in FIG. 9, there is one event: RulechangedEvent. RulechangedEvent is for the rule explorer class object 808 to receive notification when the policies that it views have changed. In the example
of the rule explorer class object 808 in FIG. 9, there is one property, which is EventFilter. EventFilter permits a user or administrator to define a subset of the policies to be viewed. There is a single method of GetRules which obtains rules that are currently enforced in the firewall platform in accordance with the EventFilter. The operation may be done in a single transaction.
(0060) FIG. 10 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for creating, editing or deleting a policy rule utilizing the RuleEditor object 806 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. These steps may performed, for example, via software associated with the Firewall User Interface 304 or the Remote Management Tool 306.
(0061) Beginning at step 1000, the firewall class 802
is created. A user then requests to acquire the RuleEditor
class at step 1002 using the respective method in the firewall
class 802. At step 1004, a determination is made whether or
not the user is requesting deletion of a policy or policies.
If so, step 1004 branches to step 1006, where the user
provides the particular policy as a parameter. At step 1008,
a determination is made whether or not the user has authorization to delete the policy, for example by comparing the user's provider ranking (described above) versus a minimal
ranking needed for deletion of the particular policy. If the user does not have authorization, then 1008 branches to step 1010 where the transaction fails. If the user does have authorization, then step 1008 branches to step 1012, where the policy is deleted.
(62) If the user wishes to edit or add a policy,
then step 1004 branches to step 1014. The method for editing
a policy is somewhat different than adding, but the
similarities are sufficient so that the two are described
together here. The steps shown in FIG. 10 from 1014 are
directed to adding a policy, and differences with editing,
where significant, are described further below. For example,
if a user is editing a policy, then prior to step 1014, the
user provides the policy as a parameter so that it may be
edited.
(63) At step 1014, the user derives a policy class,
or chooses from existing policy classes, such as the rules
502-510 shown in FIG. 5. At step 1016, the user selects a
condition from available policy conditions, or derives a new
policy condition. At step 1018, the user selects an action or
derives a new policy action for the policy rule that is being
established. If a user were editing an existing policy
instead of creating a policy, then steps 1014-1018 may involve
selecting a different policy class, condition, and/or action instead of starting from scratch.
(64) At step 1020, a determination is made whether
the particular user has authorization to commit to the new
policy. This determination can be made similar to the
determination made in step 1008. If not, then step 1020
branches to step 1022, where the transaction fails. If the
user does have authorization, then step 1020 branches to step
1024, where a determination is made whether or not the
particular policy is allowed. For example, a determination
can be made whether the particular condition matches the
action in accordance with rules set by the policy class. If
not, step 1024 branches to step 1026, where the transaction
fails. If so, then step 1024 branches to step 1028, where the
policy is plumbed to the firewall platform kernel components
314 by the firewall policy engine platform 310.
(65) The method shown in FIG. 10 permits an advanced
user to establish a firewall policy for a computer 102. The
advanced user may set the firewall policies in accordance with
filtering needs for the computer 102.
(66) FIG. 11 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for creating a policy rule utilizing the
setting editor object 804. Beginning at step 1100, the
firewall class 802 is created. At step 1102, the setting editor object is acquired via the method provided in the firewall class 802.
(67) Because the application and user are known, and
the application setting 902 provides available security levels
for the known application and the known user, and the user is
supplied one or more security levels at step 1104. The user
selects one of the security levels at step 1106. If the user
is not authorized to set such a security level, then step 1108
branches to step 1110, where the transaction fails. If the
user does have authorization, then step 1108 branches to step
1112, where the firewall policy engine platform 310 plumbs the
policy to the firewall platform kernel components 314.
(68) As can be seen, the method of FIG. 11 provides
a relatively simple method for a user who is not advanced to
set firewall policy for a computer 102. The policy may be set
without knowledge of ports, packets, or other items that
typically must be entered to configure a firewall.
(69) FIG. 12 is a flow diagram generally
representing steps for viewing policy rules utilizing the rule explorer object 808 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Beginning at step 1200, the firewall class 802 is created. At step 1202, the RuleExplorer object 808 is
acquired using the associated method in the firewall class 802. The appropriate parameters for the rules the user wants to see (e.g., all rules that the particular provider has created) are provided at step 1204. At step 1206, the rules are provided for viewing to the user, for example via the Firewall User Interface 304.
(70) Although not shown in FIG. 12, viewing rules
via the RuleExplorer object 808 may require authorization, and
thus may be limited to a particular level of provider and
higher. In addition, if changes occur to the rules,
notifications of those changes may be sent to the user via the
RuleChangeEvent property.
(71) All references, including publications, patent
applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby
incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each
reference were individually and specifically indicated to be
incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety
herein.
(72) The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and
similar referents in the context of describing the invention
(especially in the context of the following claims) are to be
construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless
otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by
context. The terms "comprising," "having," "including," and "containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to,") unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
(0073) Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as
appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A method for setting firewall policy for an
application, comprising:
receiving a first parameter comprising information about an application;
receiving a second parameter comprising information about a user of the application;
accessing security level information relating to the first and second parameters; and
setting a firewall policy for the application and the user utilizing the security level information.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein accessing security
level information comprises calling a GetRules method to
return rule templates available for the application and user.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising, receiving
a third parameter regarding trusted contacts, and wherein
setting a firewall policy comprises setting the firewall
policy for the application and the user and the trusted
contacts utilizing the security level information.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein setting the firewall
policy comprises:
setting a default setting for the application; and selecting the default setting for the user.
5. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon a
data structure, the data structure comprising;
a first data field representing an application;
a second data field representing a user of the application; and
a third data field representing available security settings for the user utilizing the application.
6. The computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the
data structure comprises a data object.
7. An object model for managing a service on a
computer, the object model comprising:
a policy object model used to specify one or more policies that the service supports; and
a policy engine platform for interacting with said one or more policies for the service and at least one component that
actually performs the service, and to provide said one or more policies to said at least one component.
8. The object model of claim 7, wherein the policy
engine platform comprises a rule editor for adding an
additional policy in accordance with the policy object model.
9. The object model of claim 8, wherein the rule editor
is also configured to delete a policy.
10. The object model of claim 8, wherein the rule editor
is also configured to edit a policy.
11. The object model of claim 7, wherein the policy
engine platform comprises a setting editor configured to
automatically generate a policy based upon an application and
user combination.
12. The object model of claim 11, wherein the setting
editor generates a plurality of policies, and is further
configured to permit a user to select from the plurality.
13. The object model of claim 12, wherein the setting
editor is further configured to permit setting one of the
plurality as a default policy.
14. The object model of claim 7, wherein the policy
engine platform comprises a rule explorer for providing a view
of the one or more policies.
15. The object model of claim 7, wherein the policy
object model comprises a policyrule object usable to generate
policy, the policyrule object comprising a condition property
and an action property, wherein a policy generated by the
policyrule object is configured to perform an action in the
action property responsive to a condition in the condition
property being met.
16. The object model of claim 7, wherein the service is
a firewall service.
17. The object model of claim 7, wherein the policy
engine platform is configured to deny providing said one or
more policies to the component if a requestor is not
authorized.
18. The object model of claim 17, wherein determining
whether a requestor is authorized comprises comparing a
provider rank for the requestor against a permitted rank, and
if the provider rank for the requestor does not meet or exceed
the permitted rank, denying the requestor.
19. A method of managing a service on a computer, the
method comprising:
specifying, via a policy object model, one or more policies that the service supports; and
interacting, via a policy engine platform, with said one or more policies for the service and at least one component that actually performs the service; and
providing, via the policy engine platform, said one or more policies to said at least one component.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising
automatically generating a policy based upon an application
and user combination.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising generates
a plurality of policies, and permitting a user to select from
the plurality.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising setting
one of the plurality as a default policy.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising
authorizing a user prior to providing.
24. An object model for managing a firewall service on a
computer, the object model comprising a policy object model
used to specify one or more policies that the firewall service
supports, the policy model comprising a policyrule object
usable to generate policy, the policyrule object comprising a
condition property and an action property, wherein a policy
generated by the policyrule object is configured to perform an
action in the action property responsive to a condition in the
condition property being met.
25. The object model of claim 24, further comprising an
IPSecRule derived from the policyrule object, the IPSecRule
being configured to trigger an IPSec callout when an IPSec
condition is matched, and to indicate configuration parameters for securing traffic related to the callout.
26. The object model of claim 25, wherein the IPSecRule
evaluates a standard 5-tuple to determine if a condition has
been met.
27. The object model of claim 24, further comprising a
KeyingModuleRule derived from the policyrule object, the
KeyingModuleRule being configured to select which key
negotiation module to use when there is no existing secure
channel to a remote peer.
28. The object model of claim 27, wherein the
KeyingModuleRule evaluates a standard 5-tuple to determine if
a condition has been met.
29. The object model of claim 24, further comprising a
IKERule derived from the policyrule object and configured to
specify the parameters for carrying out Internet Key Exchange
key negotiation protocol.
30. The object model of claim 29, wherein the IKERule
evaluates a local address and a remote address to determine if
a condition has been met.
31. The object model of claim 29, wherein the IKERule
comprises an IKEAction action property that defines the
authentication methods for performing Internet Key Exchange
key negotiation protocol.
32 A computer-readable medium substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
33 An object model for managing a service on a computer substantially
as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
34 An object model for managing a firewall service on a computer
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.