OPTICAL FIBERS WITH TUBULAR OPTICAL CORES
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/464,476,
which is titled "OPTICAL FIBERS WITH TUBULAR OPTICAL CORES" and was filed
by Christopher Doerr and Peter J . Winzer on March 5, 201 1.
BACKGROUND
Technical Field
The inventions relate to optical fibers and methods for making and using optical
fibers.
Discussion of the Related Art
This section introduces aspects that may be helpful to facilitating a better
understanding of the inventions. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read
in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what
is not in the prior art.
In an optical communication system, a series of one or more spans of optical fiber
typically carries data from an optical transmitter to an optical receiver. The optical fiber
may be fabricated to have one or multiple propagation modes for light having a wavelength
in ordinary optical fiber telecommunication bands, e.g., the C-band or the L-band. In a
multi-mode optical fiber, multiple propagation modes are available, and each of the
propagation modes may carry a different data stream or a linear combination of different
data streams. Thus, a multi-mode optical fiber may be able to support a larger data
transmission rate in a given frequency band than a single-mode optical fiber.
BRIEF SUMMARY
An embodiment of a first apparatus includes an optical fiber for which a complete
orthonormal basis of propagating modes at an optical telecommunication frequency
includes ones of the propagating modes with different angular momenta. The optical fiber
has a tubular optical core and an outer optical cladding in contact with and surrounding the
tubular optical core. The tubular optical core has a larger refractive index than the optical
cladding. The tubular optical core is configured such that those of the propagating modes with
angular momenta of the lowest magnitude have a single group velocity, those of the
propagating modes with angular momenta of the second lowest magnitude have a single group
velocity, and those of the propagating modes with angular momenta of the third lowest
magnitude have a single group velocity.
In some embodiments, the first apparatus may further include an inner optical cladding
filling the tubular optical core and having a refractive index smaller than the refractive index of
the tubular optical core.
In any of the embodiments of the first apparatus, the tubular optical core may have a
refractive index that radially varies over the tubular optical core.
In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the tubular optical core may be
configured so that for each specific magnitude of the angular momenta, those propagating
modes with angular momenta of the specific magnitude have the same group velocity.
In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the first apparatus may include
an optical splitter or combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N optical
second ports thereof, a planar optical grating, and N optical waveguides. Then, each optical
waveguide has a first end located near and optically connecting to a corresponding one of
the optical second ports and has a second end located near the planar optical grating. Then,
the planar optical grating is configured to diffract light between an adjacent end of the
optical fiber and the second ends of the optical waveguides. In some such embodiments, the
optical first port may substantially only optically couple to some of the propagating modes,
wherein the some of the propagating modes have angular momenta of the same value. In
some such embodiments, at least 90% of the optical power communicated between the
optical first port and the optical fiber is communicated between the optical first port and the
some of the propagating modes.
A second apparatus includes an optical fiber for which a complete orthonormal basis of
propagating modes at an optical telecommunication frequency includes ones of the propagating
modes with different angular momenta. The optical fiber has a tubular optical core and an outer
optical cladding in contact with and surrounding the tubular optical core. The tubular optical
core has a larger refractive index than the optical cladding. The tubular optical core is
configured such that those of the propagating modes whose angular momenta have the lowest
magnitude for the propagating modes have substantially the same radial intensity profile.
In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the magnitudes of the angular momenta
may include two or more different values. Then, the tubular optical core may be configured
such that those of the propagating modes with one of the angular momenta of the second lowest
of the magnitudes have substantially the same radial intensity profile. In some such
embodiments, the tubular optical core may be configured such that those of the propagating
modes with one of the angular momenta of the third lowest of the magnitudes have
substantially the same radial intensity profile.
In any of the embodiments of the second apparatus, the second apparatus may include
an inner optical cladding that fills the tubular optical core and has a refractive index smaller
than the refractive index of the tubular optical core. In some such embodiments, the inner
cladding may contain other structures, such as another optical core, e.g., a solid optical core.
In any of the embodiments of the second apparatus, the magnitudes of the angular
momenta may include two or more different values, and the tubular optical core may be
configured such that for each particular one of the values, those of the propagating modes
whose angular momenta have magnitudes of the particular one of the values have substantially
the same radial intensity profile.
In any of the embodiments of the second apparatus, the tubular core may have an
average refractive index n , and the refractive index of the optical cladding may have a
value n0 c Then, the value of the outer radius of the tubular optical core minus the inner
radius of the tubular optical core may be less than a wavelength in the optical fiber
telecommunication L-band over [2([n ]2 - [noc] )1 2] .
In any of the embodiments of the second apparatus, the second apparatus may further
include an optical splitter or combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N
optical second ports thereof, a planar optical grating, and N optical waveguides. In such
embodiments, each optical waveguide has a first end located near and optically connecting
to a corresponding one of the optical second ports and has a second end located near the
planar optical grating, and the planar optical grating is able to diffract light between an end
of the optical fiber and the second ends of the optical waveguides. In some such
embodiments, the optical first port may substantially only optically couple to some of the
propagating modes having angular momenta of the same value. In some such
embodiments, about 90% or more of the optical power communicated between the optical
first port and the optical fiber may be communicated between the optical first port and the
some of the propagating modes. Such embodiments may further include an optical data
modulator or demodulator configured either to demodulate a digital data stream from a
modulated light beam received from the optical first port or to modulate an optical carrier
with a digital data stream and transmit the modulated optical carrier to the optical first port.
A third apparatus includes a multi-mode optical fiber having a tubular optical core and
an outer optical cladding in contact with and surrounding the tubular optical core. The tubular
optical core has a larger refractive index than the optical cladding. The tubular core has an
average refractive index n , and the refractive index of the optical cladding has a value n0 c
The value of the outer radius of the tubular optical core minus the inner radius of the
tubular optical core may be less than a wavelength (in free space) in the optical fiber
telecommunication L-band divided by [2([n ]2 - [noc] )1 2] .
Some embodiments of the third apparatus may further include an optical splitter or
combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N optical second ports thereof,
a planar optical grating, and N optical waveguides. Then, each optical waveguide has a
first end located near and connected to a corresponding one of the optical second ports and
has a second end located near the planar optical grating. The planar optical grating may be
configured to diffract light between an adjacent end of the multi-mode optical fiber and the
second ends of the optical waveguides. In some such embodiments, a complete orthogonal
basis of propagating modes of the multi-mode optical fiber at an optical telecommunication
frequency includes ones of the propagating modes with different angular momenta. Then, the
optical waveguides may be constructed such that the optical first port substantially only
optically couples to some of the propagating modes, wherein the some of the propagating
modes have angular momenta of the same value.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multi-mode optical fiber with a tubular
optical core;
Figures 2A - 2C show radial profiles of the refractive index for examples of the
optical fiber of Figure 1 for which the refractive index is constant in the tubular optical
core;
Figures 3A - 3C show radial profiles of the refractive index for examples of the
optical fiber of Figure 1 for which the radial profile is parabolic in the tubular optical core;
Figures 4A - 4C show radial profiles of the refractive index for examples of the
optical fiber of Figure 1 for which the radial profile that is piecewise linear in the tubular
optical core;
Figure 5 schematically illustrates profiles of the electric field's magnitude for the
propagating modes of an example of the optical fiber with a tubular core as illustrated in
Figure 1;
Figure 6 schematically illustrates profiles of the electric field's magnitude for the
propagating modes in another example of the optical fiber with a tubular core as illustrated
in Figure 1;
Figure 7 schematically illustrates profiles of the electric field's magnitude and
projected direction for some of the propagating modes in another example of the optical
fiber with a tubular core as illustrated in Figure 1;
Figure 8 is a flow chart schematically illustrating one method of making an optical
fiber with a tubular optical core, e.g., the optical fiber of Figure 1;
Figure 9A is a block diagram schematically illustrating an apparatus that includes an
optical coupler for end-coupling to a multi-mode optical fiber, e.g., the optical fiber of
Figure 1;
Figure 9B is a side view illustrating a relative configuration for the optical coupler
and the multi-mode optical fiber of Figure 9A; and
Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a multi-core optical fiber in
which the various optical cores are tubular optical cores.
In the Figures and text, like reference symbols indicate elements with similar or the
same function and/or similar or the same structure.
In the Figures, relative dimension(s) of some feature(s) may be exaggerated to more
clearly illustrate the feature(s) and/or relation(s) to other feature(s) therein.
Herein, various embodiments are described more fully by the Figures and the
Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments. Nevertheless, the inventions may be
embodied in various forms and are not limited to the embodiments described in the Figures
and the Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
The present application incorporates by reference herein, in their entirety, U.S.
patent application 13/041366, which was filed on March 5, 201 1 and U.S. patent
application 13/041366, which was filed on March 5, 201 1.
Figure 1 illustrates a multi-mode optical fiber 10. The multi-mode optical fiber 10
includes a tubular optical core 12 and an outer optical cladding 14, which surrounds and is
in contact with the tubular optical core 12. The tubular optical core 12 has a ring-shaped
cross-section. The refractive index, nc , in the tubular optical core 12 is larger than the
refractive index, n0 oc, in the outer optical cladding 14, i.e., nc > n0 oc-
In some embodiments, the multi-mode optical fiber 10 also includes an optional
inner optical cladding 16 that fills the interior of the tubular optical core 12. Such an
optional inner optical cladding 16 has an refractive index, nIOc, that is smaller than the
refractive index, nc , in the tubular optical core 12, i.e., nc > nioc-
Figures 2A - 2C, 3A - 3C, and 4A - 4C illustrate some examples of different radial
profiles that may be used for the refractive index (RI) in the optical fiber 10 of Figure 1. In
the radial profiles, the radial distance is in the range [0, Ri) for the inner optical cladding
16, is in the range [Ri, R2] for the tubular optical core 12, and is greater than R2 for the
outer optical cladding 14. Herein, radial distances are recited from the axis of an optical
fiber, e.g., the multi-mode optical fiber 10.
The tubular optical core 12 may have a refractive index, nc , with various
dependencies on radial distance, R, from the axis of the optical fiber 10. For example, the
refractive index, nc , in the tubular optical core 12 may be radially constant as illustrated in
Figures 2A - 2C, may radially vary parabolically therein as illustrated in Figures 3A - 3C,
or may vary radially in a piecewise linear manner as illustrated in Figures 4A - 4C.
The refractive indexes of the inner and outer optical claddings 16, 14 may have
various relationships. The refractive index may be equal in the inner and outer optical
claddings 16, 14 as illustrated in Figures 2A, 3A, and 4A. Alternately, the refractive index
of the inner optical cladding 16 may be smaller than the refractive index of the outer optical
cladding 14 as illustrated in Figures 2B, 3B, and 4B. In Figures 2B, 3B, and 4C, the tubular
optical core 12 may, e.g., surround an empty or filled region 16. Alternately, the refractive
index of the inner optical cladding 16 may be larger than the refractive index of the outer
optical cladding 14 as illustrated in Figures 2C, 3C, and 4C.
The tubular optical core 12, the outer optical cladding 14, and the optional inner
optical cladding 16 may be made of various types of glasses, e.g., conventional doped or
undoped silica glasses, substantially transparent polymers, or calcogenide glasses. For
example, the tubular optical core 12 and the optical cladding(s) 14, 16 may be formed of
silica or calcogenide glasses, or the tubular optical core 12 may be formed of silica or
calcogenide glass, and one or both of the outer and inner optical claddings 14, 16 may be
formed of substantially transparent polymer.
Due to the axial symmetry of the refractive index profile about the optical fiber's,
the optical fiber 10 has a simple set of propagating modes that are mutually orthogonal,
normalized, and form a complete basis at a frequency, w, e.g., a frequency in the optical
fiber telecommunication C-band or L-band. In the simple basis, each of the propagating
modes has an electric field, E(R, z, f, t), e.g., of the form: xp(i-k-z + i-m-f +
i-co-t)], and a magnetic field H(R, z, f, t), e.g., of the form: exp(i-k-z + i-m-f +
i-co-t)] where Re[A] is the real part of the vector A. Here, R, z, and f are a set of
cylindrical coordinates that defines the radial distance from the optical fiber's axis,
longitudinal distance along the optical fiber's axis, and angular direction around the optical
fiber's axis, respectively. In each propagating mode, k is the mode's wave number, and m
is the mode's angular momentum. The angular momentum, m is the eigenvalue of the
mode's angular eigenfunction, exp(i-m-cp), under the action of the angular momentum
- id
operator . Herein, the angular momentum of a mode is defined with respect to the
center of the optical core around which the power of the mode is localized, and the outer
surface of the outer optical cladding 14 may not be radial symmetric about the tubular
optical core 12 if the power density of the propagating modes are very small on that
surface. The radial functions E m](R) and H m](R) defined the dependencies of the
mode's E and H fields on the radial distance, R, from the axis of the multi-mode optical
fiber 10. Independence of an optical fiber's refractive index on both the longitudinal
coordinate in the optical fiber, i.e., coordinate z, and the angular coordinate in the optical
fiber, i.e., coordinate f, leads to the above-described special eigenfunctions for the electric
and magnetic fields E, H for the propagating modes of the simple basis.
Plates A - J of Figure 5 and plates A' - G' of Figure 6 schematically illustrate
calculated cross-sectional profiles for the electric field's magnitude of the propagating
modes of the simple basis in respective first and second examples of the multi-mode optical
fiber 10. In each plate A - J and A' - G', darker areas indicate regions where the
propagating mode has an electric field of larger magnitude.
In these first and second examples of the multi-mode optical fiber 10, the sizes of
the tubular optical cores 12 differ. In the first example, the inner radius, Ri, of the tubular
optical core 12 is smaller than, in the second example. A comparison of the profiles for
propagating modes of these two examples of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 may illustrate
some qualitative aspects of how the special basis of propagating modes changes with the
inner width of the tubular core 12.
From the plates A - J and A' - G' of Figures 5 and 6, it is possible to guess the
angular momentum eigenvalues, m, of the corresponding propagating modes. In particular,
a mode with an angular momentum eigenvalue of magnitude |m| will have zeros in its
electric field along 2|m| azimuthal directions about the axis of the optical fiber 10.
Based on this rule, the plates A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J of Figure 5 illustrate
the cross-sectional profiles of propagating modes whose angular momentum eigenvalues
have magnitudes, |m|, of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The cross-sectional
profiles A - I of Figure 5 correspond to a set of 36 relatively orthogonal propagating
modes. To understand the counting of the relatively orthogonal propagating modes, it is
noted that there are propagating modes with locally orthogonal polarizations for each
(cross-sectional profile, angular momentum eigenvalue) pair, and there are two angular
momentum eigenvalues of opposite sign, i.e., +m and -m, for each nonzero angular
momentum eigenvalue, m. Thus, the cross-sectional profiles in each of plates A and H
correspond to 2 propagating modes, and the cross-sectional profiles in each of plates B - G
and I - J correspond to 4 propagating modes.
One would typically suspect that the intensity profiles for these propagating modes
would have qualitatively similar forms to the profiles for the electric field's magnitude. For
that reason, Figure 5 seems to indicate that the basis includes propagating modes with the
same angular momentum eigenvalue and substantially different radial intensity profiles. In
particular, two radial intensity profiles are substantially different when the two profiles
have different numbers of maxima and/or minima and/or have maxima and/or minima
located at different radial distances from the axis of the optical fiber. In particular, the
plates A and H seem to indicate substantially different radial intensity profiles, but the same
angular momentum eigenvalues, i.e., m = 0; the plates B and I seem to indicate
substantially different radial intensity profiles, but the same sets of angular momentum
eigenvalues, i.e., m = 1 and - 1 for each profile; and the plates B and I seem to indicate
substantially different radial intensity profiles, but the same sets of angular momentum
eigenvalues for each profile, i.e., m = 2, and -2. Thus, the set of propagating modes
illustrated in Figure 5 includes some multiplicities of the radial eigenfunctions, i.e., {E
m](R), H [ m](R)}, for a fixed value of m that differ by more than a rotation of the local
polarization. Each set of propagating modes with the same angular momentum eigenvalue
includes radial intensity profiles of very different forms, e.g., substantially different radial
profiles. Due to the very different radial profiles such sets of propagating modes with the
same angular momentum eigenvalues would typically also have different mode velocities in
the multi-mode optical fiber 10.
For the above discussed reasons, the plates A, B, C, D, E, and F of Figure 6 seem to
illustrate cross-sectional intensity profiles of propagating modes whose angular momenta
have magnitudes, |m|, of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The profiles of plates A - F of
Figure 6 would seem to correspond to a set of 26 relatively orthogonal propagating modes.
In particular, two propagating modes with locally orthogonal polarizations would produce
the same cross-sectional profile of the electric field's magnitude, and for each propagating
mode with a nonzero angular momentum eigenvalue, there should be another mode with
the opposite angular momentum eigenvalue and the same cross-sectional profile of the
electric field's magnitude.
Unlike the set of propagating modes illustrated in Figure 5, the set of propagating
modes of Figure 6 does not seem to indicate multiple propagating modes for some angular
momentum eigenvalues with the exception of polarization rotations. Thus, the set of
propagating modes illustrated in Figure 6 seems to include only a single radial pair of
eigenfunctions, i.e., {E ), H ) , for each value of m, wherein the two radial
eigenfunctions correspond to propagating modes whose polarizations differ by a rotation.
Thus, Figure 6 seems to indicate that for each value of the angular momentum eigenvalue,
the corresponding complete set of orthonormalized propagating modes does not include two
such modes with different or substantially different radial intensity profiles.
The observation that the bases of propagating modes, in the above-described
examples of the multi-mode optical fiber 10, for which the inner radius, Ri, differ, have
qualitatively different forms, suggests some conclusions. For tubular optical cores 1 with
large enough inner radii, Ri, the optical fiber 10 has, at most, two relatively orthogonal
optical propagating modes for each set of allowed values of (m, w) . For each pair of values
(m, w), the two orthogonal propagating modes have locally orthogonal polarizations. In
particular, Maxwell's equations provide, at most, two sets of functions (E [ m](r), H m](r))
to define the radial dependency of the electric and magnetic fields of the propagating mode
for each allowed set of indices (m, w), wherein the two fields are related by a rotation of the
polarization. Indeed, the propagating modes are expected to not include multiple modes
with the same (m, w) and substantially different radial intensity profiles for sufficiently
large values of the inner radius, Ri.
Indeed, the quasi-absence of multiple propagating modes with form the same (m, w)
and substantially different radial intensity profiles can be advantageous, i.e., up to modes
with locally rotated fields. For special embodiments of the multi-mode optical fiber 10
with such a special complete orthonormal basis of propagating modes, some optical
couplers can be used to substantially end-couple light into only those propagating modes of
the multi-core optical fiber 10, which have a preselected angular momentum eigenvalue. In
contrast, such optical couplers seem to be difficult to configure to end-couple light into
examples of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 with any desired radial intensity profile. That
is, in some examples of the multi-mode optical fiber, such an optical coupler could excite
different propagating modes if the optical fiber 10 including propagating modes with the
same angular momentum eigenvalues, i.e., the same (m, w), and substantially different
radial intensity profiles. In addition, such propagating modes would typically be expected
to have different mode velocities in the optical fiber 10, i.e., even if the modes have the
same (m, w), because their different radial intensity distributions would typically differently
sample the radial portions of the multi-mode optical fiber of different refractive index.
Thus, such propagating modes with different radial intensity profiles would be expected to
travel for different times to be transported by such an example of the multimode optical
fiber 10 from a local transmitter to a remote optical receiver even when said propagating
modes have the same (m, w) . In optical communications, removing interference associated
with the excitation of such propagating modes of the same angular momentum eigenvalues,
i.e., the same (m, w), and substantially different radial intensity profiles would be expected
to require equalization over long temporal intervals, i.e., due to the significantly different
mode velocities.
Thus, some special constructions of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 seem to have a
complete orthonormal basis of propagating modes in which substantially different radial
intensity distributions are absent among the propagating modes with the same angular
momentum eigenvalue, i.e., for some or all values of the angular moment eigenvalues. For
this reason, such constructions of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 of Figure 1 in which the
tubular core 12 has such a special complete basis of propagating modes can be
advantageous for end-coupling to the multi-mode optical fiber 10.
The inventors have realized that such constructions of the multi-mode optical fiber
10 of Figure 1 are available when the frequency w of the propagating modes of the
complete basis are in the optical fiber telecommunication C-band and/or the optical fiber
telecommunication L-band. Such examples if the optical fiber 10 are believed to be
available for various types of refractive index profiles, e.g., as illustrated in Figures 2A -
2C, 3A - 3C, and 4A - 4C.
For example, constructions of the optical fiber 10 with the above-desired properties
may made with piece wise flat radial profiles of the refractive index profile as illustrated in
Figure 2A. To make some such embodiments, the cross-sectional dimensions of the tubular
optical core 12 may be constructed to satisfy:
R - Ri / [2([n ] - [n0 c] )1 2] .
In the above inequality, l is the light wavelength carried by the multi-optical fiber 10; n is
the refractive indexes of the tubular optical core 12; n0 c is the refractive index of the optical
claddings 14, 16; and Ri and R2 are the respective inner and outer radii of the tubular
optical core 12. Such examples are expected to have the above-desired properties when n /
n0 c 2 . In such embodiments, the inventors believe that the number, N, of orthogonal
propagating modes will grow approximately in a manner proportional to the average radius
of the tubular optical core 12. For example, the number, N, is believed to be approximately
given by:
N = (4 /l)·(¾[¾2 - no c ]) 1 (Ri + R2) +2.
In the above equation, the number "b" is the solution to the transcendental equation:
(2 / ( 2 - Ri)-(n 2 - no c )1 ( l - b) - b]) 1 2) .
Furthermore, applicants believe that a larger average radius of the tubular optical core can
reduce mode dispersion.
A specific example of the above-discussed special constructions of the multi-mode
optical fiber 10 of Figures 1 and 2A may be made, e.g., from doped and/or undoped silica
glasses. In the specific example, the tubular optical core 12 is formed of silica glass having
a refractive index of (1.45)-(1.003), e.g., at an optical fiber telecommunication C-band or Lband
frequency, and the outer and inner optical claddings are formed of silica glass with
refractive indexes of 1.45 at the same frequency. In the specific example, the tubular
optical core 12 has an inner radius R l of about 20 micro-meters (m ) and an outer radius of
about 25 m . Also, in the specific example, the outer optical cladding 14 has, e.g., a large
enough outer diameter so that substantially all optical energy of the propagating modes is
confined to silica glass of the optical fiber 10.
For this specific special example of the optical fiber 10 of Figures 1 and 2A, the
inventors have numerically evaluated the electric field profiles of some of the propagating
modes. Central portions of the cross-sectional profiles of the electric field for different
ones of these propagating modes are illustrated in plates A, B, C, D, E, and F of Figure 7 .
In the plates A - F, the directions and magnitudes of the electric field, as projected on the
cross section of the multimode optical fiber 10, are indicated by vectors, and the
magnitudes of the electric field are qualitatively indicated by the darkness of the images.
The plates A and B illustrate two propagating modes whose angular momentum eigenvalue,
m, have the value 0 and whose polarizations are locally orthogonal. The plates C and D
illustrate two propagating modes whose angular momentum eigenvalues, m, have the value
+ 1 and whose polarizations are locally orthogonal. The plates E and F illustrate two
propagating modes whose angular momentum eigenvalues, m, have the value - 1 and whose
polarization profiles are locally orthogonal. The set of propagating modes of the plates A -
F are relatively orthogonal due either to the different values of their angular momentum
eigenvalue "m" or due to the local orthogonality of their polarizations.
For a variety of radial profiles of the refractive index, the inventors believe that the
multi-mode optical fiber 10 of Figure 1 may have desirable and qualitatively different
complete bases of propagating modes at frequencies in the optical fiber telecommunication
C-band and/or the optical fiber telecommunication L-band. For such radial profiles of the
refractive index, those propagating modes of the basis with the same angular momentum
eigenvalue will have substantially the same or the same radial intensity profile and thus,
will have the same mode velocities. But, for different radial refractive profiles, such
desirable sets of propagating modes may exist for the angular momentum eigenvalues of
the lowest magnitude; the first and second lowest magnitudes; the first, second, and third
lowest magnitudes, ..., or all magnitudes, because the form of the basis changes with the
radial refractive index profile. Thus, by varying the refractive index profile, one may vary
the number of angular momentum eigenvalues for which those propagating modes of a
particular angular momentum eigenvalue have the same mode velocity and have
substantially the same radial intensity profile.
Figure 8 illustrates a method 30 for constructing a multi-mode optical fiber with a
tubular optical core. The multi-mode optical fiber may be one of the examples of the multimode
optical fiber 10 of Figure 1, which has a desirable complete orthonormal basis of
propagating modes as already described. That is, the basis may only include propagating
modes with a single radial intensity profile or substantially a single radial intensity profile
for each angular momentum eigenvalue of a set. For example, the set may include the
angular momentum eigenvalue(s) of lowest magnitude, the angular momentum eigenvalues
of second lowest magnitude, the angular momentum eigenvalues of third lowest magnitude,
and/or all of the angular momentum eigenvalues. The optical fiber may be constructed to
not have such desirable properties, e.g., by constructing the inner radius and/or outer radius
of the tubular optical core to have appropriate values.
The method 30 includes forming a core cylinder of a first material for an inner
optical cladding (step 32). For example, the material for the core cylinder may include
conventional undoped or germanium, hydrogen, and/or deuterium material(s) for forming a
silica glass optical preform rod.
The method 30 includes forming a first tube of a second material for a tubular
optical core (step 34). For example, the first tube may include undoped or germanium,
hydrogen, or deuterium doped material(s) for a silica glass preform tube.
The method 30 includes forming a second tube of the first material or of a different
third material for an outer optical cladding (step 36). For example, the second tube may
include undoped or germanium, hydrogen, or deuterium doped material(s) for a silica glass
preform tube.
The method 30 includes positioning the core cylinder in first tube and positioning
the first tube in the second tube and then, congealing the core and first and second tubes,
e.g., in a furnace, to form a cylindrical glass preform having a selected radial refractive
index profile (step 38). The congealing step 38 forms an optical preform in which the
cylindrical central region has a low refractive index, nioc, the first tubular region around the
cylinder central region has a high refractive index, nc , and the second tubular region around
the first tubular region has a low refractive index, n0 oc, i.e., nioc nc and n0oc nc as
previously stated.
The method 30 also includes drawing a multi-mode optical fiber from the optical
preform produced at the step 38 (step 40). The drawing may be performed by placing one
end of the preform in a conventional fiber-drawing tower that gradually melting the end
surface of the preform so that an optical fiber can be pulled from the melted portion of the
preform. In particular, the radial index profile in the pulled optical fiber corresponds to the
radial index profile in the preform whose end is gradually and/or uniformly melted to
produce the material for drawing the optical fiber. The optical fiber may or may not be
twisted during fiber drawing in order to mitigate polarization mode dispersion within a
given azimuthal and radial mode.
In various embodiments, the method 30 produces an optical fiber that is one of the
special examples of the multi-mode optical fibers 10 illustrated by Figures 1, 2A - 2C, 3A
- 3C, and/or 4A - 4C.
Figures 9A - 9B schematically illustrate an optical coupler 50 that may be used to
end-couple to the multi-mode optical fiber 10 of Figure 1, e.g., to the specific examples
already discussed. In particular, the optical coupler 50 may selectively couple such light to
individual ones of the propagating modes of the multi-mode optical fiber or to pairs of such
modes in which the fields are related by a fixed polarization rotation, e.g., as illustrated in
Figure 7, plates A and B, plates C and D , or plates E and F.
The optical coupler 50 includes a plurality of N planar optical waveguides 52l 522,
523, 524, ..., 52N; a planar optical grating 54; a lxN optical power splitter or combiner 56;
and optionally includes an optical data modulator or demodulator 58. The components 521
- 52 , 54, 56, and 58 may be integrated on a surface 60 of a single substrate or may be
located on multiple substrates.
Each optical waveguide 521 - 52 has a first end located at and optically connected
to a corresponding one of the N optical second ports of the lxN optical power splitter or
combiner 56 and has a second end located along the lateral periphery of the planar optical
grating 54. The second ends of the optical waveguides 52i - 52N may be distributed at
equal or unequal distances along the lateral periphery of the planar optical grating 54. In
some other embodiments, each of the optical waveguides 521 - 52 may be replaced by a
closely spaced group of planar optical waveguides.
The planar optical grating 54 has a regular pattern of features (f , which are
symmetrically positioned about the center of the planar optical grating 54. The features f
may form a concentric set of regular and regularly spaced polygons (not shown) about the
center of the planar optical grating 54. Alternately, the features f may form a set of
concentric and regularly spaced circles (as shown) about the center of the planar optical
grating 54. The features f form a regular pattern that diffracts light received from the
second ends of the optical waveguides 521 - 52 , to the end of the multi-mode optical fiber
10 and/or diffracts light received from the adjacent end of the multi-mode optical fiber 10,
to the second ends of the optical waveguides 521 - 52 . The center of the planar optical
grating 54 is typically effectively laterally aligned with the center of the end of the multimode
optical fiber 10, which is end-coupled thereto as shown in Figure 9B.
In some embodiments, the optical power splitter or combiner 56 may power-split a
light beam received at an optical first port 62, e.g., a digital data-modulated light beam from
the optical modulator or demodulator 58, and redirects a portion of the received light beam
into each of the N optical waveguides 521 - 52 . The optical power splitter or combiner 56
may direct about equal or unequal portions of the received light beam to each of the N
optical waveguides 521 - 52 . In some such embodiments, the optical power splitter or
combiner 56 may, e.g., perform such an optical splitting function in an optical transmitter.
In other embodiments, the optical power splitter or combiner 56 may interfere light
received from the first ends of the optical waveguides 52i - 52N, to produce an outgoing
light beam at the optical first port 62, e.g., a light beam directed to the optical modulator or
demodulator 58. In some such embodiments, the optical power splitter or combiner 56
may, e.g., perform such an optical combining function in an optical receiver.
The optional optical data modulator or demodulator 58 may modulate a digital data
stream onto an optical carrier and output the modulated optical carrier to the optical first
port 62 of the optical power splitter or combiner 56, e.g., in an optical transmitter.
Alternately, the optional optical data modulator or demodulator 58 may
demodulate a digital data stream from a data-modulated optical carrier received from the
optical first port 62 of the optical power splitter or combiner 56, e.g., in an optical receiver.
In the various embodiments, the optical power splitter or combiner 56, the optical
waveguides 521 - 52 , and the planar optical grating 54 function together as a matched
optical filter. In particular, these components 56, 521 - 52 , 54 form N parallel optical
paths between the optical first port 62 of the optical power splitter or combiner 56 and the
end of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 located adjacent to the planar optical grating 54.
In various embodiments, the effective optical path lengths of the N parallel optical
paths are configured to provide a selected coupling between the optical first port 62 of the
optical power splitter or combiner 16 and the propagating modes of the optical fiber 10. In
particular, the effective optical path lengths of the N parallel optical paths fix the optical
coupling between the optical first port 62 and the individual propagating modes of the
multi-mode optical waveguide 10. The relative phases introduced by differences in the
effective optical path lengths of the N parallel optical paths determine the optical couplings
with the various propagating modes of the optical fiber 10.
Here, the effective optical path length of an optical waveguide is the equivalent
optical path length for light propagating in the optical waveguide, which may be mode
dependent. In the optical waveguide, light samples the refractive indexes of optical core
and optical cladding and thus, propagates as if the optical waveguide has an effective
optical index. The effective optical path length of an optical waveguide is the optical path
length as determined by the effective refractive index of the optical waveguide.
In one example embodiment, optical attenuation between the adjacent end of the
optical waveguide 10 and the optical first port 62 is about the same for light traversing any
of the individual optical waveguides 52i - 52N. Also, the second ends of the optical
waveguides 521 - 52 are spaced at equal angular separations around the center of the
planar optical grating 54, which is itself laterally aligned with the center of the optical fiber
10. In this embodiment, the coupling of the optical first port 62 to a propagating mode of
the multi-mode optical fiber 10 with the angular momentum "m" and the angular moment
eigenfunction b i s given by:
n=N
S - ί 2ihhp /N iPh(n)
n=l
Here, C is the optical channel matrix of the n-th optical path in the set of N parallel
optical paths between the optical first port 62 and the adjacent end of the multi-mode
optical fiber 10, and C and Ph(n) are the magnitude and phase of the channel matrix, i.e.,
the phases (Ph(n)} of the channel matrices depend on the specific optical path . In one
example, if the k-th optical path in the set of N paths has a channel matrix C l 2 m k / N for
all k in [1, N], then the optical first port 62 will only significantly optically couple to the
propagating mode of the multi-mode optical fiber 10 whose angular momentum is m.
Nevertheless, in other embodiments, the N optical paths may be configured to have channel
matrices defining another set of phases (Ph(l), Ph(2),. .., Ph(N)} and still produce an
optical coupling only with the propagating mode with angular momentum "m".
Some embodiments of the optical coupler 50 of Figures 9A - 9B may include
features and/or structures and/or may be constructed and/or used with methods described
for optical couplers of the above-incorporated U.S. patent applications.
Figure 10 illustrates a multi-core optical fiber 10' that includes an outer optical
cladding 14 and P tubular optical cores 12i, 122, ..., 12P distributed in the outer optical
cladding 14. Here, P is an integer greater than 2, e.g., P may be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ... .
Individual ones of the tubular optical cores 12i - 12P may be filled by corresponding inner
claddings 16i, 162, 16P or may be hollow. The tubular optical cores 12i, 122, and
12P have respective refractive indexes n l , n 2, ..., and n P that are all larger than refractive
index n0oc of the outer optical cladding 14. Also, the refractive index nck of the k-th
tubular optical core 12k is larger than the refractive index nioc of its inner optical cladding
14 when present. Finally, the optical fiber 10' has P separate sets of distinct propagating
optical modes, where the propagating modes of the k-th set have their powers concentrated
at and near the k-th tubular optical core 12k, i.e., have less than 5% and often have less than
1% of the their optical power in the other tubular optical cores 12i -12P.
In the multi-core optical fiber 10', the individual tubular optical cores 12i - 12P are
laterally separated by substantial distances so that each tubular optical core 12i - 12P and
any nearby portions of the optical cladding 14, 16i - 16P operates substantially as a separate
multi-mode optical fiber, i.e., an embodiment of the optical fiber 10 of Figure 1. Indeed,
each propagating mode that is concentrated at and near one of the tubular optical cores 12i
- 12P does not have substantial optical power in any other of the tubular optical cores 12i -
12P, e.g., less than 5% of the power in such a propagating mode and often less than 1% of
the energy of such a mode is in another tubular optical core 12i - 12P. Thus, each tubular
optical core 12k and the nearby optical cladding 14, 12k forms an embodiment of the multimode-
optical fiber 10 of Figure 1. The individual tubular optical cores may have any of the
refractive index profiles illustrated in Figures 2A -2C, 3A -3C, and 4A -4C, and each
tubular optical core 12i - 12P may be used with the optical coupler 50 of Figures 9A -9B.
The multi-core optical fiber 10' of Figure 10 may be produced from P optical
preforms made according to the method 30 of Figure 8 . Each of the P optical preforms is,
e.g., suitable for drawing a multi-mode optical fiber with one tubular optical core. The P
preforms are stacked next to each other and consolidated, in a furnace, to produce a single
optical preform with multiple tubular cores therein. The multi-core fiber 10' of Figure 10
may be formed by drawing an optical fiber from this preform by conventional methods.
Also, the multi-core optical fiber 10' of Figure 10 may be made by the method 40 of
U.S. provisional application 61/433,437, filed January 17, 201 1, by Peter J . Winzer, if the
preforms of step 42 therein are replaced by preforms produced at step 38 of the method 30
described in this application. The provisional application of Peter J . Winzer, which is
mentioned in this paragraph, is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Other methods and/or structures for simultaneously coupling data modulated optical
carriers to different linearly independent sets of propagating optical modes of a multimode
optical waveguide may be, e.g., described in one or more of U.S. provisional patent
application 61/428,154, filed by Christopher Doerr and Peter Winzer on Dec. 29, 2010;
U.S. patent application 12/827641, filed by Rene' -Jean Essiambre et al, on June 30, 2010;
U.S. patent application publication 20100329671; and U.S. patent application publication
2010329670, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Some of the
methods and/or structures, which are described in the documents mentioned in this
paragraph, may be suitable to connect one or more optical data modulators or
demodulators, e.g., component(s) 58 of Figures 9A- 9B, to the multi-mode optical fiber 10
of Figure 1 or 9B and/or to the individual tubular optical cores 12i - 12 of the multi-core
optical waveguide 10' of Figure 10.
From the disclosure, drawings, and claims, other embodiments of the invention will
be apparent to those skilled in the art.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus, comprising:
an optical fiber having a tubular optical core for which a complete orthogonal basis of
propagating modes at an optical telecommunication frequency includes ones of the propagating modes
with different angular momenta, the optical fiber having an outer optical cladding in contact with and
surrounding the tubular optical core, the tubular optical core having a larger refractive index than the
optical cladding; and
wherein the tubular optical core is configured such that those of the propagating modes with
angular momenta of the lowest magnitude have a single group velocity, those of the propagating modes
with angular momenta of the second lowest magnitude have a single group velocity, and those of the
propagating modes with angular momenta of the third lowest magnitude have a single group velocity.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tubular optical core is configured such that for each
specific magnitude of the angular momenta, those of the propagating modes with angular momenta of the
specific magnitude have the same group velocity.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
an optical splitter or combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N optical
second ports thereof;
a planar optical grating; and
N optical waveguides, each optical waveguide having a first end located near and optically
connecting to a corresponding one of the optical second ports and having a second end located near
the planar optical grating, the planar optical grating being configured to diffract light between an end
of the optical fiber and the second ends of the optical waveguides.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber includes a second tubular optical core
being located in the outer optical cladding and being configured such that propagating modes of the
second core with angular momenta of the lowest magnitude for the second optical core have a single
group velocity, propagating modes of the second core with angular momenta of the second lowest
magnitude for the second optical core have a single group velocity, and propagating modes of the second
core with angular momenta of the third lowest magnitude for the second optical core have a single group
velocity.
5. An apparatus, comprising:
an optical fiber having a tubular optical core and for which a complete orthogonal basis of
propagating modes around the core at an optical telecommunication frequency includes ones of the
propagating modes with different angular momenta, the optical fiber having an outer optical cladding in
contact with and surrounding the tubular optical core, the tubular optical core having a larger refractive
index than the optical cladding; and
wherein the tubular optical core is configured such that those of the propagating modes whose
angular momenta have the lowest magnitude for the propagating modes have substantially the same
radial intensity profile.
6. The apparatus of claim 5,
wherein the magnitudes of the angular momenta include two or more different values; and
wherein the tubular optical core is configured such that those of the propagating modes with one
of the angular momenta of the second lowest of the magnitudes have substantially the same radial
intensity profile.
7 . The apparatus of clam 5, wherein the tubular core has an average refractive index n
and the refractive index of the optical cladding has a value n0 c, and a value of the outer radius of the
tubular optical core minus the inner radius of the tubular optical core is less than l / [2([n ]2 -
[noc]2)1 ] where lambda is a wavelength in the optical fiber telecommunication L-band.
8. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising:
an optical splitter or combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N optical
second ports thereof;
a planar optical grating; and
N optical waveguides, each optical waveguide having a first end located near and optically
connecting to a corresponding one of the optical second ports and having a second end located near
the planar optical grating, the planar optical grating being able to diffract light between an end of the
optical fiber and the second ends of the optical waveguides.
9. An apparatus, comprising:
a multi-mode optical fiber having a tubular optical core and an outer optical cladding in contact
with and surrounding the tubular optical core, the tubular optical core having a larger refractive index
than the optical cladding; and
wherein the tubular core has an average refractive index n and the refractive index of the
optical cladding has a value n0 c; and
wherein a value of the outer radius of the tubular optical core minus the inner radius of the
tubular optical core is less than a wavelength in the optical fiber telecommunication L-band over
[2([n ]2 - [no c ]2)1 2] .
10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:
an optical splitter or combiner optically connecting an optical first port thereof to N optical
second ports thereof;
a planar optical grating; and
N optical waveguides, each optical waveguide having a first end located near and connected
to a corresponding one of the optical second ports and having a second end located near the planar
optical grating, the planar optical grating being configured to diffract light between an end of the
multi-mode optical fiber and the second ends of the optical waveguides.