[DESCRIPTION]
[Invention Title]
Optically active layer, organic splar cell comprising
optically active layer,and method for manufacturing same
[Technical, Field]
This application claims priority to and the benefit
of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0108994 filed in
the Korean Intellectual Property Office on September 28,
2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein
by reference.
The present specification relates to a photoactive
layer, an organic photovoltaic cell using the same, and a
method of manufacturing the same.
[Background Art]
In 1992, since Heeger of UCSB initially exhibited a
possibility of a photovoltaic cell using an organic polymer,
many studies thereof have been presently conducted. The
cell is a heterojunction thin film diode in which an
organic polymer absorbing light and a C50 fullerene
derivative'or a C70 fullerene derivative having very high
electrophilicity are mixed with each other, and adopts ITO
(indium tin oxide) that is a transparent electrode as an
anode and a metal electrode having a low work function,
such as Al, as a cathode material.
Light is absorbed in a photoactive layer constituted

by the organic polymer to form' an electron-hole pair (or
ex.citon). There is a technology in which after the
electron-hole pair moves to an interface between the
copolymer and the C60 fullerene derivative or C70 fullerene
derivative to be separated into electrons and holes, the
electrons move to the metal electrode and the holes move to
the transparent electrode, thereby generating the electrons.
Currently, efficiency of the organic polymer thin
film photovoltaic cell using the organic polymer comes to 7
to 8% (Nature Photonics, 2009, 3, 649-653).
However, currently, efficiency of the organic polymer
photovoltaic cell has a low level as compared to maximum
efficiency (-39%) of the photovoltaic cell using silicone.
There is a demand for developing the organic photovoltaic,
cell having higher efficiency.
[Prior Art Document]
[Non-Patent Document]
Nature Photonics, 2009, 3, 649-653
[Detailed Description of the Invention]
[Technical Problem]
The present specification has been made in-an effort
to provide an organic photovoltaic cell having improved
efficiency and a method of manufacturing the same, and a
photoactive layer used in the organic photovoltaic cell.
[Technical Solution]

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention
provides an organic photovoltaic cell including: a first
electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode;
and an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
in which the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material, the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent, and the non-solvent
is one or two or more selected from the group consisting of
water, alkanes, halohydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, esters,
sulfur compounds, acids, alcohols, phenols, and polyols.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
provides an organic photovoltaic cell including: a first
electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode;
and an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
in which the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material, and a
ratio (Ic=e/Ic-c) of an antisymmetric value and a symmetric
value of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by
110 to 150% as compared to an intrinsic value of the
electron accepting, material and the electron donating
material.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention

provides an organic photovoltaic cell including: a first
electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode;
and an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
in which the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material, the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent, and efficiency of
the organic photovoltaic cell is increased by 110 to 200%
as compared to the case where the photoactive layer
includes the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material before being treated by the non-solvent.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
provides a photoactive layer including: an electron
accepting material; and an electron donating material, in
which the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are treated by a non-solvent, and the
non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of water, alkanes, halohydrocarbons, ethers,
ketones, esters, sulfur compounds, acids," alcohols, phenols,
and polyols.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
provides a photoactive layer including: an electron
accepting material; and an electron donating material, in
which a ratio (Ic=c/Ic_c} of an antisymmetric value and a

symmetric value of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is
increased by 110 to 150% as compared to an intrinsic value
of the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
provides a method of manufacturing an organic photovoltaic
cell, including: preparing a substrate; forming a first
electrode in one region of the substrate; forming an
organic layer including a photoactive layer on an upper
portion of the first electrode; treating the photoactive
layer by a non-solvent; and forming a second electrode on
the organic layer.
[Advantageous Effects]
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, it is possible to manufacture a photoactive
layer through a simple process of treatment by a non-
solvent and, if necessary, heat treatment. Further, the
photoactive layer that is subjected to the aforementioned
treatment has high conductivity and is stable.
The photoactive layer according to the exemplary
embodiment of the present specification has good light
absorptivity, and has a stabilized molecular structure
through self organization of an electron accepting material
and an electron donating material. Accordingly, an organic
photovoltaic cell including the photoactive layer according

to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification
can exhibit excellent characteristics such as an increase
in open voltage and an increase in efficiency.
Particularly, the photoactive layer according to the
exemplary embodiment of the present specification has high
light absorptivity, high charge mobility because a
conjugation length is lengthened, low resistance to an
electrode, and an improved morphology, thus improving a
life-span characteristic and efficiency of a diode.
[Brief Description of the Drawings]
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a method of
manufacturing a photoactive layer according to an exemplary
embodiment of the present specification.
[Best Mode]
Hereinafter, the present specification will be
described in detail.
The present specification provides an organic
photovoltaic, cell including a first electrode; a second
electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer
provided between the first electrode and the second
electrode and including a photoactive layer, in which the
photoactive layer includes an electron accepting material
and an electron donating material, and the electron
accepting material and the electron donating material are
treated by a non-solvent.

In the present specification, the non-solvent means a
matter in which the electron donating material or the
electron accepting material is not dissolved or not reacted.
In the present specification, the " treatment
by(with) non-solvent " means " swelling treatment by non-
solvent " that when the non-solvent is applied on electron
donating materials or electron accepting materials, the
non-solvent permeates the electron donating material or the
electron accepting material, and thus a swelling phenomenon
occurs, or
"surface treatment by a non-solvent" that the non-
solvent acts on a surface of the electron donating material
or the electron accepting material according to removing
the non-solvent after the non-solvent is applied on the
electron donating material or the electron accepting
material.
In the present specification, "acting" means
affecting the surface of the electron donating material or
the electron accepting material by forming dipole on their
surface and/or changing of their chemical structure and/or
the like. Further, in the exemplary embodiment of the
present specification, when the non-solvent is applied on
the photoactive layer, a swelling phenomenon occurs, and
thus the non-solvent permeates the photoactive layer.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present

specification, a permeation distance of the non-solvent
into the photoactive layer is 5% or more and less than 50%
of the thickness of the photoactive layer. In another
exemplary embodiment, the permeation distance of the non-
solvent into the photoactive layer is 5 to 30% of the
thickness of the photoactive layer.
When the non-solvent is applied on the photoactive
layer, a kind, a treating method, and an amount of the non-
solvent may be selected.
When the non-solvent is applied on the photoactive
layer for 1 min to 60 min, the permeation distance of the
non-solvent into the photoactive layer is 5% or more and
less than 50% of the thickness of the photoactive layer.
In the case where the permeation distance of the non-
solvent into the photoactive layer is 50% or more of the
thickness of the photoactive layer, the photoactive layer
may be separated from the coated substrate.
Further, in the case where the permeation distance of
the non-solvent into the photoactive layer is 5 to 3 0% of
the thickness of the photoactive layer, an interfacial area
between the photoactive layer and the electrode may be
increased and a contact characteristic thereof may be
improved to improve performance of the diode.
In the present specification, a non-solvent: swelling
method includes a method of applying a non-solvent on an

upper portion of a photoactive layer and performing spin
coating or drop coating.
In the present specification, a non-solvent surface
treating method includes a method of removing the non-
solvent by spin coating after applying a non-solvent on an
upper portion of a photoactive layer.
If the non-solvent swelling method is applied to the
photoactive layer, the photoactive layer and the interface
between the photoactive layer and the electrode can be
simultaneously adjusted, which is useful to improve
morphology of the photoactive layer. Further, a
manufacturing process is relatively simple spin coating or
the like, which has temporal and economical advantages of
the process.
The applied non-solvent permeates a space of the
photoactive layer to increase a space between polymer
chains, thus increasing movement of the polymer chains.
Further, if movement of the polymer chains is increased,
the arranged molecular structure is formed through self
organization of the molecular structure. In this case, a
conjugation length is increased to increase charge mobility
and an optical characteristic, thus providing high light
absorptivity, thereby contributing to an increase in
efficiency.
In the exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is

applied for. 1 min or more by the non-solvent swelling
method. In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent
is applied for 1 min to 60 min. In another exemplary
embodiment, the non-solvent is applied for 10 min to 40 min.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, in the non-solvent treating method, the non-
solvent is removed within "1 min after the non-solvent is
applied. In this case, the applied non-solvent is more
efficient for a non-solvent surface treatment of the
photoactive layer rather than permeation of a non-solvent
into the photoactive layer.
In the case where the non-solvent is applied for 1
min or more, the permeation distance of the non-solvent
into the photoactive layer may be increased. When the
application is performed within 60 min, the permeation
distance of the non-solvent into the photoactive layer may
be set to be more than 50% of the thickness of the
photoactive layer to prevent progressing of a stripping
phenomenon.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, if necessary, time of applying a non-solvent
may be controlled to perform swelling treatment by a non-
solvent, to perform surface treatment by a non-solvent, or
to simultaneously perform swelling treatment by a non-
solvent and surface treatment by a non-solvent.

In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, there is provided an organic photovoltaic
cell where the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are heat treated before, during, or after
being swollen by the non-solvent.
In the exemplary embodiment, the electron accepting
material and the electron donating material may be heat
treated before being swollen by the non-solvent.
In the exemplary embodiment, the electron accepting
material and the electron donating material may be heat
treated after being swollen by the non-solvent.
In the exemplary embodiment, the electron accepting
material and the electron donating material may be heat
treated while being swollen by the non-solvent. In this
case, the permeation distance of the non-solvent into the
photoactive layer is increased due to heat applied when
being swollen by the non-solvent to reduce a treating 'time
of the non-solvent and simplify the process without
subsequent heat treatment or a course of removing the non-
solvent by spin coating or blowing, and thus, there are
merits in terms of time and/or cost.
The non-solvent is one or two or more selected from
the group consisting of water, alkanes, halohydrocarbons,
ethers, ketones, esters, sulfur compounds, acids, alcohols,
phenols, and polyols.

In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the alkane-based non-solvent is one or two
or more selected from the group consisting of n-butane, n-
pentane, n-hexane, n-octane, isooctane, n-dodecane,
dichloromethane, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the alkane-based non-solvent is
dichloromethane.
The electron donating material, for example, P3HT is
not dissolved in the alkane-based non-solvent, but the
electron accepting material, for example,.?CBM has
selective solubility. In this case, in the case.where the
non-solvent is used alone or while being mixed with another
solvent in a predetermined amount, the electron accepting
material is selectively dissolved on the surface while
being swollen to increase, the interfacial bonding area.
In the exemplary embodiment, the halohydrocarbon-
based non-solvent is one or two,or more selected from the
group consisting of chloromethane, dichloromethane,
methylene chloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene,
ethylenedichloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, o-
dichlorobenzene, and 1,1, 2-Trichlorot.rif luoroethane.
In another exemplary embodiment, the ether-based non-
solvent is one or two or more selected from the group

consisting of' tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethylether,
and dibenzylether.
In the case where the ether-based non-solvent is used,
since a boiling point is low,' it is easy, to remove the
solvent after the non-solvent swelling method, and thus,
the process is simple and there'are merits in terms of time
and cost.
In another exemplary embodiment, the ketone-based
non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of acetone, methylethylketone, cyclohexanone,
diethylketone, acetophenone, methylisobutylketone,
methylisoamylketone, isophorone, and di(isobutyl)ketone.
In the exemplary embodiment, the ester-based non-
solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of ethylene carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl
formate, propylene-1,2-carbonate, ethyl acetate, diethyl
carbonate, diethyl sulfate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl
acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and
isobutyl isobutyrate.
In the present specification, the sulfur compound
means a solvent in which the electron donating material or
the electron accepting material is not dissolved or not
reacted among the compounds including sulfur.
In another exemplary embodiment, the sulfur compound
non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the group

consisting of carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and
ethanethiol.
In another exemplary embodiment, the alcohol-based
non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the group'
consisting of methanol, ethanol, allyl alcohol, 1-propanol,
2-propanol, l-butanolr 2~butanol, isobutanol,' benzyl
alcohol, cyclohexanol, diacetonealcohol, ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 2-
methoxyethanol and 1-decanol.
In the case where the alcohol-based non-solvent is
used, a dipole is formed between the photoactive layer and .
the electrode to reduce a barrier of hole extraction, thus
increasing a voltage density. -Thus, it is possible to
improve efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell due to
an increase in built-in potential and an increase in open
voltage and Fill Factor (FF5 by a decrease in surface
energy trap.
Further, in the case where the non-solvent treating
method is used by dissolving a water-soluble buffer
material, metal nanoparticle and metal oxide or the like,
treatment by the non-solvent and formation of the buffer
layer may be performed simultaneously, and thus, there are
merits in terms of time and cost of the process.

In the-exemplary embodiment, the acid non-solvent is
one or two or more selected from the group consisting of
formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, oleic acid, and
stearic acid.
In the case where the acid non-solvent is used, the
electron donating material is ionized to reduce a barrier
of collection of interfacial charges, thus increasing a
current density, or increasing wettability in the case
where a water-soluble buffer material is subsequently
applied, which is useful to coating.
In the exemplary embodiment, the phenol-based non-
solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of phenol, resorcinol, m-cresol, and
methylsalicylate.
In the exemplary embodiment, the polyol-based non-
solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of ethylene glycol', glycerol, propylene glycol,
diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dipropylene
glycol.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the non-solvent is water.-
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is
an alkane-based non-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is a
halohydrocarbon-based non-solvent. . .

In the exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is an
ether-based nen-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is a
ketone-based non-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is
an ester-based non-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is a
sulfur compound non-solvent. ■
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is
an acid non-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is
an alcohol-based non-solvent.
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is a
phenol-based non-solvent..
In another exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is a
polyol-based non-solvent.
In the exemplary embodiment, the non-solvent is'one
or two or more selected from the group consisting of,
alkanes, ethers, alcohols, and acids.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present'
specification, the temperature of heat treatment is a glass
transition temperature (Tg) or more and a thermal
decomposition temperature or less of the electron donating
material.
In the .case where the temperature of the heat

treatment is less than the glass transition- temperature of
the electron donating material, a self organization
• phenomenon of the electron donating material may not occur
well, and in the case where the temperature of the heat
treatment is more than the thermal decomposition
temperature of the electron donating material, the electron
donating material may be broken to reduce an optical
current generation characteristic.
The heat treatment provides a synergy effect to an
effect caused by the non-solvent swelling method to better
arrange the molecular structure, thus increasing the
conjugation length and the optical characteristic. Further,
since a manufacturing process is relatively simple, there
are temporal and economical advantages, of the process.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the time of the heat treatment is 0 min to 5
hours.. In another exemplary embodiment, the time of the
heat treatment is 10 min to 3 hours. -In another exemplary
embodiment, the time of the heat 'treatment is 30 min to 4 5
min. The time may be adjusted according to the degree of
self organization.
In the-exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron accepting material is a
fullerene derivative or a non-fullerene derivative.
In another exemplary embodiment, the fullerene

derivative is a C60 to C90 fullerene derivative.
The fullerene derivatives as above may be
unsubstituted or substituted by at least one additional
substituent. • .
In the exemplary embodiment, the fullerene derivative
is a C60 fullerene derivative or a C70 fullerene derivative.
In the exemplary embodiment, the C60 fullerene
derivative or the C70 fullerene derivative is each
independently selected from the "group consisting of
hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a.nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
'substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group? a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamme group; a substituted or

unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or .unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or may be
further substituted by a substituent group obtained by
forming a condensation cycle by two adjacent substituent
groups -
In another exemplary embodiment, the fullerene
derivative is selected from the group consisting of a C-76
fullerene derivative, a C78 fullerene derivative, a C84
, fullerene derivative, and a C90 fullerene derivative.
In the exemplary embodiment, the C76 fullerene
derivative, the C78 fullerene derivative, the C84 fullerene
derivative, and the C90 fullerene derivative are each
■ independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a' substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl

group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted'alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or may be
further substituted by a substituent group obtained by
forming a condensation cycle by two adjacent substituent
groups.
The fullerene derivative has excellent separation
ability of electron-hole pairs (exciton) and charge
mobility as compared to a non-fullerene derivative, and
thus, there is an advantage in terms of efficiency
characteristic.
In another exemplary embodiment, the LUMO energy
level of the non-fullerene derivative is -2.0 to -6.0 eV.
In another exemplary embodiment, the LUMO energy level of
the non-fullerene derivative is -2.5 to -5.0 eV. In
another exemplary embodiment, the LUMO energy level of the
non-fullerene derivative is -3.5 to -4.5 eV.
Electrons may be easily injected when the LUMO energy

level is within the 'aforementioned range, thus increasing,
efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell.
Particularly, in the case where the LUMO energy level
of the non-fullerene derivative is -3.5 to -4.5 eVr charge
separation can be performed while maximizing a difference
with the HOMO energy level of the electron donating
material, and thus, there is an advantage in that high open
voltage and current, density can be obtained.
- Further, in the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the non-fullerene derivative is a single
molecule or a polymer having no spherical shape.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material includes at
least one kind of electron donor; or a polymer of at least'
one kind of electron acceptor and at least one kind of
electron donor.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material includes at
least one kind of electron donor.
In another exemplary embodiment, the electron
donating material includes a polymer of at least one kind
of electron acceptor and at least one kind of electron'
donor.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donor includes one or two or

more from the group consisting of the following Chemical
Formulas.



In the Chemical Formulas,
a is an integer of 0 to 4,
b is an integer of 0 to 6,
c is an integer of 0 to 8,
d and e are each an integer of 0 to 3,
f and g are each an integer of 0 to 2,
R2 and R3 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or.'unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or

unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle,
Xi to X3 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CRR', NR, 0, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te,
Yi and Y2 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CR, N, SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl-group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted

arylthioxy group; a-substituted or unsubstituted.
alk-ylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine croup; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle.
In another exemplary embodiment, the electron
acceptor includes one'.or two or more from the group
consisting of the following Chemical Formulas.



In the Chemical Formulas,
R2 to Rs are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; ah imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted

arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl■group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle,
Xi and X2 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CRR', NR, 0, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te, Yj. to Y,
are the same as or different from each other, and each
independently selected from the group consisting of CR, N,
SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting ,
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a

substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted-
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted.or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material includes a
polymer comprising an A unit represented by any one of the
following Formula 1, Formula 2 and Formula 3;
a B unit represented by the following Formula 4; and
a C unit represented by the following Formula 5:
[Formula 1] [Formula 2] [Formula 3]


wherein f arid g are each an integer of 0 to 2,
R2 to R4 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group;
a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted
or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or-
unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted

boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine
group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group;
a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a
substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a
substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;, a substituted or
unsubstituted fluorenyl group; a substituted or
unsubstituted carbazole group; and a substituted or
unsubstituted heterocyclic group including one or more of
N, O and S atoms, or two adjacent substituent groups may
bond together to form a condensation cycle,
Xi and X5 are the same as or different from each
other, and each independently selected from the group
consisting of CRR', NR, 0, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te,
Y3 to Ys are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CR, N, SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen croup; a nitrile group;
■a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted
or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or

unsubstituteti arylthioxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylsulfoxy grcup; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted .or
unsubstituted silyl group; a-substituted or unsubstituted
boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine
group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group;
a substituted or'unsubstituted arylamine group; a
substituted or unsubstituted.heteroarylamine group; a
substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or
unsubstituted fluorenyl group; a substituted or
unsubstituted carbazole group; and a substituted or
unsubstituted heterocyclic group including one or more of
N, 0 and S atoms, or two adjacent substituent groups may
bond together to form a condensation cycle.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron accepting material is the
fullerene derivative. In another exemplary embodiment, the
electron accepting material- is a C60 fullerene derivative.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron accepting material is [6,6]-
phenyl C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material is

In this case', Xi is S.
In another exemplary embodiment, the electron
donating material is poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). .
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material includes a
copolymer comprising the A unit, the B unit and the C unit.
In another exemplary embodiment -of the present
specification, the A unit is Formula 1.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the A unit is Formula 1, Xi is S, and R2 and
R3 are hydrogen.
• In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, X3 is S, Y3 and Y4 are N, Y5 is CRl
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, .R and R4 are the same or different and are
each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy
group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, R and R4 are the same or different and are
each independently an alkoxy group-
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, R and R4 are an octoxy group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present-
specification, X5 is NR.
In another exemplary embodiment of uhe present

"specification, X5 is NR, R is a dodecanyl group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, X( is S.
In- another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron donating material includes a
unit represented by the-following Formula 6:
[Formula 6]

wherein
x is a mole fraction and a real number in the range
of 0 < x < 1;
y is a mole fraction and a real number in the range
of 0 < y < 1;
x+y=l;
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 10,000;
RIO to R12 are the same or different and are each
independently-hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkyl group; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, RIO is a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy
group.

In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, RIO is an octoxy group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, Rll is a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy
group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, Rll is an octoxy group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, R12 is a■substituted or unsubstituted alkly
group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, R12 is a dodecanyl group.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, x is 0.5.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, y is 0.5.
' In one embodiment of the present specification, the
end group of the copolymer is a substituted or
unsubstituted heterocyclic group or a substituted or"
unsubstituted aryl group.
In another embodiment of the present specification,
the end group of the copolymer is 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
In one embodiment of the present specification, the
electron donating material is represented by, the following
Polymer 1:

[Polymer 1]

In the exemplary embodiment, the electron accepting
material is [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM),
and the electron donating material is poly(3-
hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the electron accepting material is [6,6]-
phenyl C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and the electron
donating material is the above Polymer 1.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the non-solvent is methanol, the electron
accepting material is [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid methyl -
ester (PCBM), and the electron donating material is the
above Polymer 1.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present '
specification, the non-solvent is methanol, the electron
accepting material is [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid methyl
ester (PCBM), and the electron donating material is the
above Polymer 1, and-a temperature of the heat treatment is
a glass transition, temperature'or more and a thermal

decomposition temperature or less of the electron donating
material.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the non-solvent is 2-methoxyethanol, the
electron accepting material is [6,6)-phenyl C-butyric acid
methyl ester (PCBM), and the electron donating material is
the above Polymer 1.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the non-solvent is 2-methoxyethanol, the
electron accepting material is [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid
methyl ester {PCBM), and the electron donating material is
the above Polymer 1, and a temperature of the heat
treatment.is a glass transition temperature or more and a
thermal decomposition temperature- or less of the donating
material.
In the present specification, the photoactive layer
includes the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material.
Further, the electron accepting material and the
electron donating material of the photoactive layer may
form a bulk heterojunction (BHJ). In the exemplary
embodiment of the present specification, the electron
accepting material and the electron donating material are
mixed with each' other at a ratio (w/w.) of 1:10 to 10:1. In
another exemplary embodiment, the materials are mixed with

each other at a weight ratio of 1:7.to 2:1. In another'
exemplary embodiment, the electron accepting material and
the electron donating material are mixed with each other at
a weight ratio of 1:4 to 5:3. In another exemplary
embodiment, the electron accepting material and the
electron donating material are mixed with each other at a
weight ratio of 1:0 . 4 to 1:4.
If the electron accepting material is mixed in the
amount of less than 0.4 weight ratio, the content of the
crystallized electron accepting material is low to cause
hindrance in movement of the generated electrons, and if
the amount is more than 10 weight ratio, the amount of the
electron donating material absorbing light is relatively
reduced, causing a problem in that light is not efficiently
absorbed.
In another exemplary embodiment, there is provided an
organic photovoltaic cell in which a ratio (Ic=c/Ic_c) of an
antisymmetric value and a symmetric value of an absorption
spectrum of FT-IR is increased by 110 to 150% as compared
to an intrinsic value of the electron accepting material
and the electron donating material.
In another exemplary embodiment, there is provided an '
organic photovoltaic cell in which efficiency of the
organic photovoltaic cell is increased by 110 to 200% as
compared to the case where the photoactive layer includes

the electron accepting material and the electron donating
• material before being treated by the non-solvent,
In another exemplary embodiment, the electron
accepting material and the electron donating material are
heat treated before, during, or after being treated by the
non-solvent. In this case, there is provided an organic
photovoltaic cell in which efficiency of the organic
photovoltaic cell is increased by 110 to 150% as compared
to the case where the photoactive layer includes the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material before being treated by the ,non-solvent and heat
treated.
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a method of
manufacturing a photoactive layer according to an exemplary
embodiment of the present specification..
Examples of the substituent groups will be described
below, but are not limited thereto.
In the present specification, the alkyl group may be
a straight or branched chain, and the number of carbon
atoms is not particularly limited but is preferably 1 to 20.
Specific examples thereof include a methyl group,'an ethyl
group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a
t-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl
group and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present specification, the alkenyl group may

be a straight or branched chain, and. the number of carbon
atoms is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to
40. Specific examples thereof preferably include an
alkenyl group in which an aryl group such as a stylbenyl
group and a styrenyl group is substituted, but are not
limited thereto.
In the present specification, the alkoxy group may be
a straight, branched, or cycle chain. The number of carbon
atoms of the alkoxy group is not particularly limited, but
preferably 1 to 25. Specific examples thereof may include
a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propyloxy group, an
iso-propyloxy group, an n-butyloxy group, a cyclopentyloxy
group and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present specification, the cycloalkyl group is
not particularly limited, but the number of carbon atoms
thereof is preferably 3 to 60, and a cyclopentyl group and
a cyclohexyl group are' particularly preferable.
In the present specification, a halogen group may be
fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
In the present specification, the aryl group may be a ■■•
monocycle, and the number of carbon atoms thereof is not
particularly limited, but is preferably 6 to 60. Specific
examples of the aryl group include monocyclic aromatics
such as a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a, triphenyl group,
a terphenyl group, and a stilbene group, polycyclic

aromatics such as a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a
phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a perylenyl group, a
tetracenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, an
acenaphthacenyl group, a triphenylene group, and a
fluoranthene group, and the like, but are not limited
thereto.
In the present specification, the heterocyclic group
is a heterocyclic group including 0, N or S as a heteroatom,
and the number of carbon atoms thereof is not particularly
limited, but is preferably 2 to 60. Examples of the
heterocyclic group include a thiophene group, a furan group,
a pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a thiazole group, an
oxazol group, an oxadiazol group, a triazol group, a
pyridyl group, a bipyridyl group, a triazine group, an
acridyl group, a pyridazine group, a quinolinyl group, an
isoquinoline group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a
benzoxazole .group, a benzimidazole group, a benzthiazol
group, a benzcarbazole group, a benzthiophene group, a
dibenzothiophene group, a benzfuranyl group, a
phenanthroline group, a' dibenzofuranyl group, and the like,
but are not limited thereto.
In the present specification, the number of carbon
atoms of the imide group is not particularly limited, but
' is preferably 1 to 25. Specifically, the imide group may
be compounds having the following structures, but is not

limited thereto.

In the present specification, one or two nitrogen
atoms of the amide group may be substituted by hydrogen, a
straight-chained, branched-chained, or cyclic-chained alkyl
group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having
6 to 25 carbon atoms. Specifically, the amide group may be
compounds having the following Structural Formulas, but is
not limited thereto.

In the present specification, oxygen of the ester
group may be substituted by a straight-chained, branched-
chained, or cyclic-chained alkyl group having 1 tc 25
carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms.
Specifically, the ester group may be compounds having the
following Structural' Formulas, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the heteroaryl group

may be selected from the aforementioned examples of the
heterocyclic group.
In the present specification, the 'fluorenyl group has
a structure where two cyclic organic compounds are
connected through one atom, and examples thereof include
and the like.
In the present specification, the fluorenyl group
includes a structure of an opened fluorenyl group, the
opened fluorenyl group has a structure where two cyclic
compounds are connected through one atom and connection of
one cyclic compound is broken, and examples thereof include
and the like.
In the present specification, the number of carbon
atoms of the amine group is not particularly limited, but
preferably 1 to 30. Specific examples of the amine group
include a methylamine group, a dimethylamine group, an
• ethylamine group, a diethylamine group, a phenylamine group,
a naphthylamine group, a -biphenylamine group, an
anthracenylamine group, a 9-methyl-anthracenylamine group,
a ciphenylamine group, a phenylnaphthylamine group, a
ditolylamine group, a phenyltolylamine group, a
triphenylamine group, and the like, but are not limited

thereto.
In the present specification, examples of the
arylamine group mean a substituted or unsubstituted
monocyclic diarylamine group, a substituted or
unsubstituted polycyclic diarylamine group or a substituted
or unsubstituted monocyclic and polycyclic diarylamine
group.
In the present specification, the aryl group of the
aryloxy group, the arylthioxy group, the arylsulfoxy group,
and the aralkylamine group is the same as the
aforementioned examples of the aryl group.
In the present 'specification, the alkyl group of the
alkylthioxy group, the alkylsulfoxy group, the alkylamine
group, and the aralkylamine group is the same as the
aforementioned examples of the alkyl group.
In the present specification, the heteroaryl■group of
the heteroarylamine group may be selected from the
aforementioned examples of the heterocyclic group. .
.. In the present specification, the arylene group, the
alkenylene group, the fluorenylene group, the carbazolylene
group, and the heteroarylene group are each a 'divalent
group of the aryl group, the alkenyl group, the fluorenyl
group, arid the carbazole group. With the exception that
the groups are each the divalent group, the aforementioned
description of the aryl group, the alkenyl group, the

fluorenyl group, and the carbazole group may be applied. .
Further, in the present specification, the term
"substituted or unsubstituted'" means that substitution is
performed by one or more substituent groups selected from
the group consisting of deuterium; a halogen group; an
alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkoxy group; a
cycloalkyl group; a silyl group; an arylalkenyl group; an
aryl group; an aryloxy group; an alkylthioxy group; an
alkylsulfoxy group; an arylsulfoxy group; a boron group; an
alkylamine group; an aralkylamine group; an arylamine
group; a heteroaryl group; a carbazole ..group; an arylamine
group; an aryl group; a fluorenyl group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; a hydroxy group, and a heterocyclic group
including one or more of N, 0, S atoms, or there is no
substituent group.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the thickness of the photoactive layer is 50
to 300 nm. In another exemplary embodiment, the thickness
of the photoactive layer is 100 to 250 nm. In another
.exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the photoactive
layer is 150 to 230 nm.
In the case where the thickness of the photoactive
layer is less than 50 nm, since a moving distance of
charges is short, a fill factor value may be increased, but
there is a problem in that light absorptivity is reduced,

and in the case where the thickness is more than 300 nm, a
current density is increased due to sufficient thickness of
the photoactive layer, but there is a problem in that the
fill factor value is low due to a long moving distance'of
generated carriers.
Accordingly, within the aforementioned range, there
are advantages in that resistance between the interfaces of
electrodes and the like and resistance in a bulk are not
excessively large to increase the fill factor value, a
current characteristic is excellent, and separation at the
interface of the generated exciton and the moving length of
the carriers are sufficient due to the sufficient thickness
of the photoactive layer.
Further, the present specification provides an
organic photovoltaic cell including: a first electrode; a
second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic
layer provided between the first electrode and the second
electrode and including a photoactive layer, in which the
photoactive layer includes an electron accepting material
and an electron donating material, and a ratio (Ic.c/Ic_c)' of
an antisymmetric value and a symmetric value of an
absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by 110 to 150% as
compared to an intrinsic value of the electron accepting
material and the electron donating material.
The intrinsic value of the electron accepting

material' and the electron donating material means a ratio
{Ic-e/Ic-c) of the antisymmetric value and the symmetric
value of the absorption spectrum cf FT-IR of the
photoactive layer including the electron accepting material
and the 'electron donating material that are- not subjected
to any treatment, for example, the heat treatment and/or
the non-solvent treating method.
The ratio of the antisymmetric value and the
symmetric value of FT-IR, that is, Ic=c/Ic_c means an
increase in conjugation length.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the ratio of the antisymmetric value and the
symmetric value of the absorption spectrum of FT-IR is
increased by 110 to 150%. In another exemplary embodiment,
the ratio of the antisymmetric value and the symmetric
value of the absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by
120 to 140%.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, if the ratio of the antisymmetric value and
the symmetric value of the absorption spectrum of FT-IR is
within the aforementioned range, morphology and
crystallinity of the organic photovoltaic cell are improved
and increased, and thus, there is an advantage in that
efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell is increased.
In the exemplary embodiment of the specification, the

electron accepting material and the electron donating
material of the photoactive layer are treated by the non-
solvent .
The electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are heat treated before, during, or after
.being treated by the non-solvent..
The description of the electron accepting material,
the electron donating material, and the photoactive layer -
of the organic photovoltaic cell in which the ratio
(Ic=c/Ic-c) of the antisymmetric value and the symmetric
value Of the absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by
110 to 150% as compared to the intrinsic value of the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material is the same as the aforementioned description.
There is provided an organic photovoltaic cell
including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the
first electrode; and an organic layer provided between the
first electrode and the second electrode and including a
photoactive layer, in which the photoactive layer includes
an electron accepting material and an electron donating
material, the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are swollen by a non-solvent, and
efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell is increased by
110 to 200% as compared to the case where the photoactive
layer includes the electron accepting material and the

electron donating material before being treated by the non-
solvent.
The electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are heat treated before, during, or after
being treated by the non-solvent.
The description of the electron accepting material,
the electron donating material, the photoactive layer, the
non-solvent, and the heat treatment of the organic
photovoltaic cell in which efficiency of the organic
photovoltaic cell is increased by 110 to 200% as compared
to the case where the photoactive layer includes the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material before being treated by the non-solvent is the
same as the aforementioned description.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, there is provided the photoactive layer
including the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material treated by the non-solvent.
The electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are heat treated before, during, or after
being treated by the non-solvent.
The description of the electron accepting material,
the electron donating material, the non-solvent, and the
heat treatment of the photoactive layer is the same as the
aforementioned description.

Further, the present specification provides the
photoactive layer including the electron accepting material
and the electron donating material, in which the ratio
do-c/Ic-c)' of the antisymmetric value and the symmetric
value of the absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by
110 to 150% as compared to the intrinsic value of the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material.
The electron accepting material and the electron
donating material of the photoactive layer'are treated by
the non-solvent.
Further, the electron accepting material and the
electron donating material of the photoactive layer are
heat treated before, during, or after being treated by the
non-solvent.
Further, the description of the electron accepting
material, the electron donating material, the non-solvent,
and the heat treatment of the photoactive layer is the same
as the aforementioned description.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the maximum absorption wavelength of the
photoactive layer is 500 to 600 nm.
' Further, in the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the organic photovoltaic cell includes a
first electrode, a photoactive layer, and a second

electrode.
In another exemplary embodiment, the organic
photovoltaic cell may further include a substrate, a hole
transport layer, and/or an electron transport layer.
Further, in the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, a buffer layer may be further introduced
between the photoactive layer and the first electrode.
In another exemplary embodiment, an electron
transport layer, a hole blocking layer, or an optical space
layer is further introduced between the.photoactive layer
and the second electrode.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, the first electrode may be an anode
electrode or a cathode electrode. Further, the second
electrode may be the cathode electrode or the anode
electrode.
In the exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, in the organic photovoltaic cell, the anode
electrode, the photoactive layer, and the cathode electrode
may be disposed in this order, or the cathode electrode,
the photoactive layer, and the anode electrode may be
disposed in this order, but the order is not limited
thereto.
In another exemplary embodiment, in the organic
photovoltaic cell, the anode electrode, the hole transport

layer, the photoactive layer, the electron transport layer,
and the cathode electrode may be disposed in this order, or
the cathode electrode, the electron transport layer, the
photoactive layer, the hole transport layer, and the anode
electrode may be disposed in this order, but the order is
not limited thereto.
In another exemplary embodiment, in the organic
photovoltaic cell, the anode electrode, the buffer layer,
the photoactive layer, and the cathode electrode may be
disposed in this'order.
In 'the present specification, the buffer layer serves
to reduce an energy band gap difference between the
interfaces, thus increasing efficiency of the organic
photovoltaic cell.
The buffer layer is selected from the group
consisting of PEDOT:PSS, molybdenum oxide (M0O3) , tungsten
oxide (WO;) , and zinc oxide (ZnO).
In the exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the
buffer layer is 1 to 60 nra. In another exemplary . .
embodiment, the thickness of the buffer layer is 10 to 50
nm. In another exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the
buffer layer is 30 to 45 nm.
Within the aforementioned range, there are advantages
in that the buffer layer improves light transmission,
reduces series resistance of the photovoltaic cell, and

improves an interfacial property of another layer to •
manufacture the photovoltaic cell having high efficiency..
The substrate may be a glass substrate or a
transparent plastic substrate having excellent transparency,
surface flatness, easiness in handling, and water
resistance, but is not limited thereto, and there is no
limitation as long as the substrate is a substrate
generally used in the organic photovoltaic cell. Specific
examples thereof include glass, PET (polyethylene
terephthalate), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), PP
(polypropylene), PI .(polyimide), TAC (triacetyl cellulose),
or the like, but are not limited thereto.
The first electrode may be of a material having
transparency and excellent conductivity, but is not limited
thereto. Specific examples thereof include metal such as
vanadium, chrome, copper, zinc, and gold, or an alloy
thereof; metal oxides such as zinc oxides, indium oxides,
indium tin oxides (ITO), and indium zinc oxides (IZO)-; a
combination of metal and oxides, such as ZnO:Al or Sn02:Sb;
conductive polymers such as poly(3-methylthiophene),
poly[3,4-(ethylene-1,2-dioxy)thiophene](PEDOT), polypyrole
and polyaniline, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The second electrode may be of metal having a small
■ work function, but is not limited thereto. Specific
examples thereof include metal such as magnesium, calcium,

sodium, potassium, titanium, indium, yttrium, lithium,
gadolinium, aluminum, silver, tin, and lead, or an alloy
thereof; and materials having a multilayered structure,
such as LiF/Al, Li02/Al, LiF/Fe, Al:Li, Al:BaF2, and
Al;BaF2:Ba, but are not limited thereto.
The hole transport layer and/or the electron
transport layer materials may be a material efficiently
transporting electrons and holes to the photoactive layer
to increase a possibility of movement of generated charges
to the electrode, but are not particularly limited thereto.
The hole transport layer material may be PEDOT:PSS
(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with
poly(styrenesulfonic acid)), or N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-
N,N'-diphenyl-[l,l'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD). The
electron transport layer material may be aluminum
trihydroxyquinoline (Alq3) , PBD(2-(4-bipheyl)-5-phenyl-
1, 3, 4-oxadiazole) that is a 1, 3,. 4-oxadiazole derivative,
TPQ(1,3,4-tris[(3-phenyl-6-trifluoromethyl)qunoxaline-2-
yl]benzene) that is a quinoxaline derivative, a triazole
derivative, or the like.
The electron transport material is a material that is
capable of accepting well the electrons from the cathode
and transports the electrons to the photoactive layer, and
a material having large mobility to the electron is
appropriate. Specific examples thereof include an 8-

hydroxyquinoline Al complex; a complex including Alq3; an
organic radical compound; a hydroxyflavone-metal complex,
and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The hole injection material is a.material that is
capable of accepting well holes from the anode at a low
voltage, and it is preferable that a HOMO (highest occupied
molecular orbital) of the hole injection material be a
value between a work function of the anode material and the
HOMO of an organic layer therearound. Specific examples of
the hole injection material include metal porphyrine,
oligothiophene, an arylamine-based organic material, a
hexanitrilehexaazatriphenylene-based organic material, a
quinacridone-based organic material, a perylene-based
organic material, anthraquinone, polyaniline, a
polythiophene-based conductive polymer, and the like, but
are not limited thereto.
The organic photovoltaic cell of the present
specification may be manufactured by a material and a
method known in the art, except that the photoactive layer
is treated by the non-solvent or is treated by the non-
solvent with heat treatment.
The present specification provides a method of
manufacturing an organic photovoltaic cell, including:
preparing a substrate; forming a first electrode in one
region of the substrate; .forming an organic layer including

a photoactive layer on an upper portion of the first
electrode; performing surface treatment of the photoactive
layer by a non-solvent; and forming a second electrode on
the organic layer.
In the present specification, performing surface
treatment of a.photoactive layer by a non-solvent comprises
applying the non-solvent.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present
specification, performing surface treatment of the
photoactive layer by a non-solvent further comprises
removing the applied non-solvent.
In the removing of the non-solvent, if necessary, the
duration after applying the non-solvent may be controlled
to do swelling treatment by a non-solvent or surface
treatment by a non-solvent.
The method further includes performing heat treatment
before, during, or after the photoactive layer is subjected
to surface treatment by the non-solvent.
The organic photovoltaic cell of the present
specification may be manufactured, for example, by
sequentially laminating a first electrode, an organic layer
including a photoactive layer, and a second electrode on a
substrate. In this case, coating may be performed by wet
methods such as gravure printing, offset printing, screen
printing, inkjet, spin coating, and spray coating, but is

not limited to the methods.
In the exemplary embodiment, the photoactive layer
includes the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material.
The description of the electron accepting material,
the electron donating material, the non-solvent, the
photoactive layer, the non-solvent treating method, and the
heat treatment is the same as the aforementioned
description.
In another exemplary embodiment, the photoactive
layer is formed from a mixing solution of poly{3-
hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid
methyl.ester (PCBM).
In another exemplary embodiment, the method further
includes forming an organic layer after the performing of
the heat treatment and before the forming of the second
electrode.
The organic layer is a hole transport layer, a hole
injection layer, an electron transport layer, an electron
injection layer, a buffer layer, or the like, but is not
limited thereto.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method further
includes forming an organic layer after the forming-of the
first electrode and before the forming of the photoactive
layer.

In another exemplary embodiment, the method further
includes forming a buffer layer after the forming of the
first electrode and before the forming of the photoactive
layer.
In another exemplary embodiment, a step of performing
the surface treatment of the photoactive layer by'the non-
solvent is spin coating or drop coating.
Manufacturing of the organic photovoltaic cell .
including the photoactive layer that is subjected to the
non-solvent treating method and the heat treatment will be
described in detail in the following Examples. However,
the following Examples are set forth to illustrate the
present specification, but the scope of the present
specification is not limited thereto.
Manufacturing and characteristic measurement of the
organic photovoltaic cell
Example 1. Manufacturing of the organic photovoltaic
cell that was subjected to the non-solvent surface treating
method
The organic photovoltaic cell had the structure.of
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/photoactive layer(the following polymer
1:PCBM}/Al. The glass substrate on which the ITO was
applied was washed by an ultrasonic wave by using distilled
water, acetone, 2-propanol, the ITO surface was treated by
ozone for 10 min, then spin coating was performed by using

PEDOT:PSS (Clavios AI4083) in a thickness of 26 nm, and
heat treatment was performed at 200°C fo.r 5 min. The
mixture of the following polymer 1:PCBM mixed at a ratio of
1:1.75 is formed for coating of a photoactive layer, and
the spin coating was performed in a thickness of 100 nm to
form a photoactive layer. Methanol was applied on the
photoactive layer, and subjected to the spin coating for
the non-solvent surface treating method to remove the non-
solvent at 5000 rpm. Al was deposited in a thickness of
150 nm by using a thermal evaporator under the vacuum of 3
x 10-6 torr.
[Polymer 1]

Example 2. Manufacturing of the organic photovoltaic cell
that was subjected to the non-solvent surface treating
method
The same procedure as Example 1 was performed, except
that the 2-methoxyethanol was used instead of methanol.
Comparative Example 1.
The same procedure as Example 1 was performed, except
that the non-solvent surface treating method was not
performed;

The photoelectric transformation characteristic of
the organic photovoltaic cell manufactured in Example 1,
Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 was measured under the
condition of 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5), and the result was
described in the following Table 1,

As shown in the result of Table 1, it can be seen
that, when the photoactive layer was swollen by the non-
solvent, efficiency of organic photovoltaic cell is
improved by increased built-in potential caused by dipole
formation at the interface of the photoactive layer and
increased Fill Factor and open voltage by decreasing
surface energy trap.

[CLAIMS]
[Claim 1]
An organic photovoltaic cell comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing the first electrode; and
an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
wherein the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material-, the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent, and the non-solvent
is one or two or more selected from the group consisting of
water, alkanes, halohydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, esters,
sulfur compounds, acids, alcohols, phenols, and polyols.
[Claim 2]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are heat treated before, during, or after being
treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 3]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1,, wherein
when the non-solvent is applied on the photoactive layer
for 1 min to 60 min, a permeation distance of the non-
solvent into the photoactive layer is 5% or more and less
than 50% of a thickness of the photoactive layer.

[Claim 4]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
alkane-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of n-butane,n-pentane, n-hexane,
n-octane, isooctane, n-dodecane, dichloromethane,
cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane.
[Claim 5]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
halohydrocarbon-based non-solvent is one or two or more
selected from the group consisting of chloromethane,
dichloromethane, methylene chloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene,
ethylenedichloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, o-
dichlorobenzene, and 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane.
[Claim 6]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
ether-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected, from
the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane,
diethylether, and dibenzylether.
[Claim 7]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
ketone-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of acetone, methylethylketone,
cyclohexanone, diethylketone, acetophenone,
methylisobutylketone, methylisoamylketone, isophorone, and

di(isobutyl)ketone.
[Claim 8]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
ester-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected from
the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, methyl acetate,
ethyl formate, propylene-1,2-carbonate, ethyl acetate,
diethyl carbonate, diethyl sulfate, n-butyl acetate,
isobutyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate,
and isobutyl isobutyrate.
[Claim 9]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
sulfur compound non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of carbon disulfide, dimethyl
sulfoxide, and ethanethiol.
[Claim 10]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
alcohol-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, allyl
alcohol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol,
isobutanol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, diacetonealcohol,
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol
monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether,
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, 2-methoxyethanol and 1-decanol.
[Claim 11]

The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
acid non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the
group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid,
oleic acid, and stearic acid.
[Claim 12]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
phenol-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of phenol, resorcinol, m-cresol,
and methyl salicylate.
[Claim 13]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
polyol-based non-solvent is one or two or more selected
from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, glycerol,
propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,
and dipropylene glycol.
[Claim 14]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the-
electron accepting material is a fullerene derivative or a
non-fullerene derivative.
[Claim 15]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 14, wherein
the fullerene derivative is a C60 to C90 fullerene
derivative.
[Claim. 16]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 14, wherein a

LUMO energy level of the non-fullerene derivative is -2.0
to -6.0 eV.
[Claim 17]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
electron donating material includes at least one kind of
electron donor; or a polymer of at least one kind of
electron acceptor and at least one kind of electron donor.
[Claim 18]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein
the electron donor includes one or two or more from the
group consisting of the following Chemical Formulas:



wherein
a is an integer of 0 to 4,
b is an integer of 0 to 6,
c is an integer of 0 to 8,
d and e are each an integer of 0 to 3,
f and g are each an integer of 0 to 2,
R2 and R3 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted

alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle,
X1 to X3 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CRR', NR, o, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te,
Y1 and Y2 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CR, N, SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a

substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle.
[Claim 19)
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein
the electron acceptor includes one or two or more from the
group consisting of the following Chemical Formulas:


wherein
R2 to R5 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a

substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle,
X1 and X2 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CRR', NR, O, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te,
Y1 to Y4 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CR, N, SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,

and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsuifoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, O and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle.
[Claim 20]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein

the electron donating material includes a polymer
comprising
an A unit represented any one of by the following
Formula 1, Formula 2 and Formula 3;
a B unit represented by the following Formula 4; and
a C unit represented by the following Formula 5:
[Formula 1] [Formula 2] [Formula 3]

f and q are each an integer of 0 tc 2,
R2 to R4 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted cr unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cyeloaikyl group; a

substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamir.e group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted'carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, 0 and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle,
X1 and X5 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected, from the group consisting
of CRR', MR, O, SiRR', PR, S, GeRR', Se and Te,
Y3 to Y5 are the same as or different from each other,
and each independently selected from the group consisting
of CR, N, SiR, P and GeR,
R and R' are the same as or different from each other,

and each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a
nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxy
group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted
arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl
group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a
substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or
unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl group; a substituted or unsubstituted
fluorenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole
group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic
group including one or more of N, O and S atoms, or two
adjacent substituent groups may bond together to form a
condensation cycle.
[Claim 21]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the

non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the group
consisting of alkanes, ethers, alcohols, and acids.
[Claim 22]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
non-solvent is methanol or 2-methoxyethanol.
[Claim 23]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 2, wherein a
temperature of the heat treatment is a glass transition
temperature (Tg) or more and a thermal decomposition
temperature or less of the electron donating material.
[Claim 24]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the
electron accepting material is [6,6]-phenyl C-butyric acid
methyl ester (PCBM), and the electron donating material is
poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or a polymer comprising a
unit represented by the following Formula 6:
[Formula 6]

wherein
x is a mole fraction and a real number in the range
of 0 < x < 1;

y is a mole fraction and a real number in the range
of 0 < y < 1;
x+y=1;
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 10,000;
R10 to R12 are the same or different and are each
independently hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted
alkyl group; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group.
[Claim 25]
The organic photovoltaic cell of any one of claims 1
to 24, wherein a ratio (Ic-c/Ic-c) of an antisymmetric value
and a symmetric value of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is
increased by 110 to 150% as compared to an intrinsic value
of the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material.
[Claim 26]
The organic photovoltaic cell of any one of claims 1
to 24, wherein efficiency of the organic photovoltaic cell
is increased by 110 to 200% as compared to the case where
the photoactive layer includes the electron accepting
material and the electron donating material before being
treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 27]
The organic photovoltaic cell of any one of claims 1
to 24, wherein a ratio of the electron accepting material
and the electron donating material is 1:10 to 10:1.

[Claim 28]
The organic photovoltaic cell of any one of claims 1
to 24, wherein the thickness of the photoactive layer is 50
to 300 nm.
[Claim 29]
The organic photovoltaic cell of any one of claims 1
to 24, wherein the organic layer includes a buffer layer.
[Claim 30]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 29, wherein
the thickness of the buffer layer is 1 nm to 60 nm.
[Claim 31]
An organic photovoltaic cell comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing the first electrode; and
an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
wherein the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material, and a
ratio (Ic=c/Ic-c) of an antisymmetric value and a symmetric
value of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by
110 to 150% as compared to an intrinsic value of the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material.
[Claim 32]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 31, wherein

the electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent.
[Claim 33]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 32, wherein
the electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are heat treated before, during, or after being
treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 34]
An organic photovoltaic "cell comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode facing the first electrode; and-
an organic layer provided between the first electrode
and the second electrode and including a photoactive layer,
wherein the photoactive layer includes an electron
accepting material and an electron donating material, the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent, and efficiency of
the organic photovoltaic cell is increased by 110 to 200%
as compared to the case where the photoactive layer
includes the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material before being treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 35]
The organic photovoltaic cell of claim 34, wherein
the electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are heat treated before, during, or after being

treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 36]
A photoactive layer comprising:
an electron accepting material; and
an electron donating material,
wherein the electron accepting material and the
electron donating material are treated by a non-solvent,
and the non-solvent is one or two or more selected from the
group consisting of water, alkanes, halohydrocarbons,
ethers, ketones, esters, sulfur compounds, acids, alcohols,
phenols, and polyols.
[Claim 37]
The photoactive layer of claim 36, wherein a ratio
(Ic=c/Ic-c) of an antisymmetric value and a symmetric value
of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is increased by 110 to
150% as compared to an intrinsic value of the electron
accepting material and the electron donating material.
[Claim 38]
A photoactive layer comprising:
an electron accepting material; and
an electron donating material,
wherein a ratio (Ic=c/Ic-c) of an antisymmetric value
and a symmetric value of an absorption spectrum of FT-IR is
increased by 110 to 150% as compared to an intrinsic value
of the electron accepting material and the electron

donating material.
[Claim 39]
The photoactive layer of claim 38, wherein the
electron accepting material and the electron donating
material are treated by a non-solvent.
[Claim 40]
The photoactive layer of any one of claims 36 to 39,
wherein the electron accepting material and the electron
donating material are heat treated before, during, or after
being treated by the non-solvent.
[Claim 41]
A method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of any one of claims 1 to 24 and 31 to 35, comprising:
preparing a substrate;
forming a first electrode in one region of the
substrate;
forming an organic layer including a photoactive
layer on an upper portion of the first electrode;
performing surface treatment of the photoactive layer
by a non-solvent; and
forming a second electrode on the organic layer.
[Claim 42]
The method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of claim 41, further comprising:
performing heat treatment before, during, or after

the performing of the surface treatment by the non-solvent.
[Claim 43]
The method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of claim 41, further comprising:
forming the organic layer after the forming of the
first electrode and before the forming of the photoactive
layer.
[Claim.44]
The method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of claim 41, further comprising:
forming a buffer layer after the forming of the first
electrode and before the forming of the photoactive layer.
[Claim 45]
The method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of claim 42, wherein a temperature of the heat
treatment is a glass transition temperature (Tg) or more
and a thermal decomposition temperature or less of the
electron donating material.
[Claim 46]
The method of manufacturing the organic photovoltaic
cell of claim 41, wherein a thickness of the photoactive
layer is 50 to 300 nm.