[DESCRIPTION]
[Invention Title]
ORGANIC ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE, AND METHOD FOR
MANUFACTURING SAME
[Technical Field]
The present specification relates to an organic electrochemical device and a
fabrication method thereof.
[Background Art]
Crystalline silicon solar cells have been widely known as a device for directly
converting light energy into electric energy. The crystalline silicon solar cells are used as an
independent power source, and a power source for use in a vehicle. Tlie crystalline silicon
solar cells are usually made of silicon single crystals or amorphous silicon. However,
enormous amounts of energy is required to produce silicon single crystals or amorphous
silicon, and in order to recover energy consumed for fabricating the solar cells, the solar cells
needs to generate electric power continuously for almost as long as a ten-year period.
Meanwhile, in recent a few years, various forms of solar cells using organic
molecules have been developed as a new form of a solar cell in which the technical possibility
thereof has been rapidly improved. Existing organic solar cells developed until now are still
at the beginning stages in energy conversion efficiency, service life, and the like. Presently,
since the optical and electric stability of the organic molecules are not at a satisfactory level,
the organic solar cell is one of the development fields of solar cells which have been widely
studied even until now in order to improve the performances thereof.
Existing organic solar cells developed until now are very vulnerable to temperature,
solar light, a high wavelength system, and the like and have many problems in energy
conversion efficiency. Thus, those problems are obstacle factors to the development of solar
cells using organic molecules, and particularly, because energy conversion efficiency of solar
cells using organic materials is lower than that of the existing silicon solar cells, and the like
and the solar cells have many limitations in use thereof, it is difficult to expand the use fields
thereof.
As illustrated in the following FIG. 15, an organic solar cell in the related art
comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode provided on a glass substrate, a poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOTIPSS) layer provided on the IT0
electrode, an organic active layer provided on the PEDOTIPSS layer and the glass substrate,
and an aluminum electrode provided on the organic active layer.
[Detailed Description of the Invention]
[Technical Problem]
The present invention has been made in an effort to provide an organic
electrochemical device having excellent power conversion efficiency, and a fabrication
method thereof.
[Technical Solution]
The present invention provides an organic electrochemical device comprising:
a substrate;
a first electrode provided on the substrate;
an intermediate layer provided on the first electrode;
a second electrode provided on the intermediate layer; and
a first organic material layer,
in which at least a part of the first organic material layer is in contact with the second
electrode and the intermediate layer.
Furthel; the present invention provides a11 organic electrochemical device comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first organic material layer provided on the transparent substrate;
a first electrode provided on the first organic material layer;
a second electrode; and
an intermediate layer provided between the first organic material layer and the second
electrode,
in which at least a part of the intermediate layer is in contact with the first electrode
and the first organic material layer.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for fabricating an organic
electrochemical device, the method comprising:
forming a first electrode on a substrate;
forming an intermediate layer on the first electrode;
forming a second electrode on the intermediate layer such that at least a part of the
second electrode is in contact with the intermediate layer; and
forming a first organic material layer on the intermediate layer.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for fabricating an organic
electrochemical device, the method comprising:
forming a first organic material layer on a transparent substrate;
forming a first electrode on the first organic material layer such that at least a part of
the first electrode is in contact with the first organic material layer;
forming an intermediate layer on the first organic material layer and the first
electrode; and
forming a second electrode on the intermediate layer.
[Advantageous Effects]
The organic electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the
present invention may improve power conversion efficiency because an organic active layer
may be formed on a second electrode and an intermediate layer. Further, the organic
electrochemical device according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
may use metal electrodes as a first electrode and a second electrode, thereby improving
conductivity and being implemented at low costs.
In addition, the organic electrochemical device according to yet another exemplary
embodiment of the present invention may improve flexibility of the organic electrochemical
device by comprising an organic material layer on a second electrode, may reduce loss of
light according to the light absorption of an electrode, a hole transporting layer, and the like
by directly irradiating light on the organic material layer provided at an upper portion of the
second electrode without passing light through a transparent electrode, and may increase a reabsorption
rate of light due to reflection of light from a metal electrode. The organic
electrochemical device according to the present invention may be applied to various organic
electrochemical devices such as organic solar cells, organic photodetection elements, organic
light emitting elements, and organic electrochromic elements.
[Brief Description of Drawings]
FIG. 1 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a sixth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a seventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to an eighth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a ninth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a tenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a view schematically illustrating an organic solar cell according to a
twelfth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a view schematically illustrating an organic liglit emitting element
according to a thirteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochromic element
according to a fourteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a view schematically illustrating an organic solar cell in the related art.

10: Substrate
20: First electrode
30: Intermediate layer
40: Insulating layer
50: Second electrode
60: First organic material layer
70: Hole transporting layer
80: Second organic material layer
90: Electron transporting layer
100: Ion storing layer
1 10: Ion conductor/Electrolyte
120: Electrochromic layer
[Best Mode]
Hereinafter, preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be
described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The organic
electrochemical device according to the first exemplary embodiment comprises a substrate 10,
a first electrode 20 provided on the substrate, an intermediate layer 30 provided on the first
electrode 20, a second electrode 50 provided on the intermediate layer 30, and a first organic
material layer 60, in which at least a part of the first organic material layer 60 is in contact
with the second electrode 50 and the intermediate layer 30.
The substrate 10 may or may not be transparent. The thickness of the substrate is
not particularly limited as long as the substrate has an appropriate strength allowed in the
organic electrochemical device. The substrate may be glass, plastic, metal, ceramic, and the
like. Examples of the glass comprise soda glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass,
aluminoborosilicate glass, silica glass, soda lime glass, and the like. Examples of the plastic
substrate comprise polyester sheet such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene
naphthalate, and sheet such as polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, polysulfone, and
polyethylidene norbornene. Examples of the ceramic comprise high-purity alumina, and the
like.
The material for the first electrode 20 is not particularly limited, and metal,
conductive oxide, carbon material, conductive polymer and the like may be applied.
Examples of the metal comprise titanium, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum,
tungsten, rhodium, indium, and the like. Examples of the conductive oxide comprise tin
oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), zinc
oxide, and the like. Examples of the carbon material comprise carbon nanotubes, graphene,
carbon black, and the like. Examples of the conductive polymer comprise PEDOT-PSS,
polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (poly-EDT), and the like. These
materials may be used either alone or in combination thereof.
The first electrode 20 may be coated on the substrate by a deposition method. The
first electrode may be formed by depositing a conductive material such as metal, conductive
oxide, carbon material, and conductive polymer on the substrate 10 by physical vapor
deposition such as thermal metal evaporation, electron beam evaporation, RF sputtering,
magnetron sputtering, atomic layer deposition, arc vapor deposition, and ion beam assisted
deposition, or a chemical vapor deposition process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
deposition (PECVD).
The intermediate layer 30 may be formed on the first electrode 20. The intermediate
layer may comprise a hole transporting layer, and an insulating layer. An organic
electrochemical device comprising a hole transporting layer 70 and an insulating layer 40 as
the intermediate layer is schematically illustrated in the following FIG. 3.
Furthermore, the intermediate layer comprises the hole transporting layer 70, and may
additionally comprise the insulating layer 40 between the intermediate layer and the second
electrode. An organic electrochemical device having the structure is schematically
illustrated in the following FIG. 2.
The hole transporting layer 70 may comprise a hole transporting material. The hole
transporting material a material which may transport holes between the first electrode 20 and
the first organic material layer 60, and is suitably a material having high hole mobility.
Specific examples thereof comprise arylamine-based organic materials, conductive polymers,
block copolymers having both conjugated portions and non-conjugated portions and the like,
but are not limited thereto.
More specifically, examples of the hole transporting material comprise poly(3,4-
ethylenediocythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesu1fonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS), N, N'-bis(3-
methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[l,l'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamin(eT PD), and the like, but are not
limited thereto.
The insulating layer 40 may be formed by using a material and a method known in
the art.
The intermediate layer 30 may have lower conductivity than those of the first
electrode 20 and the second electrode 50.
The second electrode 50 may be formed on the intermediate layer 30. The second
electrode 50 may comprise regular patterns or irregular patterns.
The material for the second electrode 50 is not particularly limited, and metal,
conductive oxide, carbon material, conductive polymer, and the like may be applied.
Examples of the metal comprise titanium, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum,
tungsten, rhodium, indium, and the like. Examples of the conductive oxide comprise tin
oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), zinc
oxide, and the like. Examples of the carbon material comprise carbon nanotubes, graphene,
carbon black, and the like. Examples of the conductive polymer comprise PEDOT-PSS,
polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly-EDT, and the like. 'I'l~ese materials inay be used either alone
or in combination thereof.
The second electrode 50 may be coated on the substrate by a deposition method.
The second electrode may be formed by depositing a conductive material such as metal,
conductive oxide, carbon material, and conductive polymer on the substrate 30 by physical
vapor deposition such as thermal metal evaporation, electron beam evaporation, RF sputtering,
magnetron sputtering, atomic layer deposition, arc vapor deposition, and ion beam assisted
deposition, or a chemical vapor deposition process such as CVD, MOCVD, and PECVD.
In particular, in the structure of the organic solar cell in the related art as illustrated in
the following FIG. 15, light is absorbed from the side of the glass surface, but in the present
invention, light may be absorbed by or emitted into the side of the first organic material layer
surface formed on the second electrode by forming the second electrode 50 in regular patterns
or irregular patterns.
Further, in the present invention, both the first electrode 20 and the second electrode
50 may be a metal electrode. Accordingly, it is possible to provide an organic
electrochemical device having excellent conductivity.
The first organic material layer 60 may be formed on the second electrode 50 and the
intermediate layer 30. Accordingly, at least a part of the first organic material layer 60 may
be in contact with the second electrode and the intermediate layer.
The surface state of the first organic material layer 60 is not particularly limited.
The surface state of the first organic material layer 60 may be in the form of a flat surface as
illustrated in the following FIG. 2, and may be in the form of a curved surface as illustrated in
the following FIG. 4.
In addition, the organic electrochemical device according to the present invention
may have a structure in which the second electrode 50 is comprised in the first organic
material layer 60 as illustratcd in the following FIG. 5.
The first organic material layer 60 may be an organic photoactive layer.
When the organic electrochemical device is applied to an organic solar cell, the
organic photoactive layer may comprise an electron donor material and/or an electron
acceptor material.
As the electron donor material, it is possible to use a polymer compound which is
suitable for the light absorption wavelength range or solar light spectrum, has a strong light
absorption, and has excellent electrical properties such as mobility of electric charges. The
electron donor material may comprise poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which is a complex
polymer material, but is not limited thereto.
The electron acceptor material may be fullerene, fullerene derivatives, vasocuproin,
semiconductor elements, semiconductor compounds, or combinations thereof, and specifically,
may be phenyl C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCGIBM), or phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl
ester (PC71BM), but is not limited thereto.
In the organic photoactive layer, the electron donor material and the electron acceptor
material may form a bulk heterojunction (BHJ). The electron donor material and the
electron acceptor material may be mixed with each other at a ratio of 1 : 10 to 10: 1 (w/w: mass
ratio). The electron donor material and the electron acceptor material are mixed, and then
may be annealed at 30°C to 300°C for 1 second to 24 hours in order to maximize the
characteristics thereof.
The thickness of the organic photoactive layer may be 10A to 10,000 A, but is not
limited thereto.
When the organic electrochemical device is applied to an organic light emitting
element, the organic photoactive layer may comprise a light emitting material. 'The light
emitting material is a material that is capable of emitting light in a visible light region by
accepting and recombining holes from the hole transporting layer and electrons from the
electron transporting layer, and preferably a material having high quantum efficiency for
fluorescence and phosphorescence. Specific examples thereof comprise: 8-hydroxyquinoline-
aluminum complex (Alq3); carbazole-based compounds; dimerized styryl
compounds; BAlq; 1 0-hydroxybenzoquinoline-metal compounds; benzoxazole-based,
benzthiazole-based, and benzimidazole-based compounds; poly(p-phenylenevinylene)(PPV)-
based polymers; spiro compounds; and polyfluorene, rubrene, and the like, but are not limited
thereto.
When the organic electrochemical device is applied to an organic electrochromic
element, the organic photoactive layer may be an organic electrochromic layer.
As described above, the organic electrochemical device according to the present
invention may be applied to various organic electrochemical devices, such as organic solar
cells, organic photodetection elements, organic light emitting elements, and organic
electrochromic elements, by controlling a material comprised in the first organic material
layer so as to be suitable for the use thereof.
The organic electrochemical device according to the present invention may
additionally comprise a second organic material layer 80 between the intermediate layer 30
and the first organic material layer 60. A schematic structure of an organic electrochemical
device having the structure is illustrated in the following FIG. 6.
The second organic material layer may comprise the aforementioned materials
exemplified as the material for the first organic material layer. It is preferred that the first
organic material layer comprises a first material, the second organic material layer comprises
a second material, and the first material and the second material comprise different materials
from each other. Furthermore, it is preferred that the first material and the second material
may absorb light in different wavelength ranges from each other and the second material
absorbs light having a longer wavelength than the first material, but the present invention is
not limited thereto.
The organic electrochemical device according to the present invention may
additionally comprise an electron transporting layer 90 between the first organic material
layer 60 and the second electrode 50. A schematic structure of an organic electrochemical
device having the structure is illustrated in the following FIG. 7.
The electron transporting layer 90 may comprise an electron transporting material.
The electron transporting material is a material which may accept and transfer electrons from
the second electrode to the first organic material layer 60, and is suitably a material having
high electron mobility. Specific examples thereof comprise aluminum trihydroxyquinoline
(Alq3), 2-(4-biphey1)-5-phenyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) which is a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative,
1,3,4-tris[(3-phenyl-6-trifluoromethyl)qunoxaline-2-yl]benzene( TPQ) which is a quinoxaline
derivative, a triazole derivative, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
It is possible to fabricate the intermediate layer 30, the insulating layer 40, the hole
transporting layer 70, the first organic material layer 60, the second organic material layer 70,
the electron transporting layer 90, and the like using various polymer materials by the abovedescribed
deposition process, or a solvent process, for example, a method such as spin coating,
dip coating, doctor blading, screen printing, inkjet printing, or a thermal transfer method.
FIG. 8 is a view schematically illustrating an organic electrochemical device
according to an eighth exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The organic
electrochemical device according to the eighth exemplary embodiment comprises a substrate
10, a first organic material layer 60 provided on the substrate, a first electrode 20 provided on
the first organic material layer 60, a second electrode 50, and an intermediate layer 30
provided between the first organic material layer 60 and the second electrode 50, in which at
least a part of the intermediate layer 30 is in contact with the first electrode 20 and the first
organic material layer 60.
It is preferred that the substrate 10 of the organic electrochemical device according to
the eighth exemplary embodiment is transparent.
The first electrode 20 of the organic electrochemical device according to the eighth
exemplary embodiment may comprise regular patterns or irregular patterns. In the present
invention, light may be absorbed by or emitted into the side of the substrate surface at a lower
surface of the first electrode by forming the first electrode 20 in regular patterns or irregular
patterns.
Further, in the present invention, both the first electrode 20 and the second electrode
50 may be a metal electrode. Accordingly, it is possible to provide an organic
electrochemical device having excellent conductivity.
In the organic electrochemical device according to the eighth exemplary embodiment,
the intermediate layer 30 may comprise a hole transporting layer 70, and an insulating layer
40. In addition, the intermediate layer 30 comprises the hole transporting layer 70, and may
additionally comprise the insulating layer 40 between the intermediate layer 30 and the first
electrode 20. An organic electrochemical device having the structure is schematically
illustrated in the following FIG. 9.
The surface state of the hole transporting layer 70 is not particularly limited. The
surface state of the hole transporting layer 70 may be a flat surface form as illustrated in the
following FIG. 9, and may be an unevenness form as illustrated in the following FIG. 10.
The organic electrochemical device according to the eighth exemplary embodiment
may additionally comprise a second organic material layer 80 between the intermediate layer
30 and the first organic material layer 60. A schematic structure of an organic
electrochemical device having the structure is illustrated in the following FIG. 11.
In the organic electrochemical device according to the eighth exemplary embodiment,
the material and fonning method for the first electrode 20, the intermediate layer 30, the
insulating layer 40, the second electrode 50, the hole transporting layer 70, the first organic
material layer 60, the second organic material layer 70, the electron transporting layer 90, and
the like are the same as or similar to those described above, and thus the specific description
thereof will be omitted.
The organic electrochemical device according to the present invention may be applied
to various organic electrochemical devices such as organic solar cells, organic photodetection
elements, organic light emitting elements, and organic electrochromic elements.
An organic solar cell in the related art is schematically illustrated in the following
FIG. 15. In addition, the organic solar cell according to the present invention is
schematically illustrated in the following FIG. 12, the organic light emitting element
according to the present invention is schematically illustrated in the following FIG. 13, and
the organic electrochromic element according to the present invention is illustrated in the
following FIG. 14.
Furthermore, a method for fabricating an organic electrochemical device according to
an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises: forming a first electrode on a
substrate; forming an intermediate layer on the first electrode; forming a second electrode on
the intermediate layer such that at least a part of the second electrode is in contact with the
intermediate layer; and forming a first organic material layer on the intermediate layer.
Further, a method for fabricating an organic electrochemical device according to
another exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises: forming a first organic
material layer on a substrate; forming a first electrode on the first organic material layer such
that at least a part of the first electrode is in contact with the first organic material layer;
forming an intermediate layer on the first organic material layer and the first electrode; and
forming a second electrode on the intermediate layer.
In the method for fabricating an organic electrochemical device according to the
present invention, the material and forming method for the first electrode 20, the intermediate
layer 30, the insulating layer 40, the second electrode 50, the hole transporting layer 70, the
first organic material layer 60, the second organic material layer 70, the electron transporting
layer 90, and the like are the same as or similar to those described above, and thus the specific
description thereof will be omitted.
The organic electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the
present invention may improve power conversion efficiency because an organic active layer
may be formed on a second electrode and an intermediate layer. In addition, the organic
electrochemical device according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
may use metal electrodes as a first electrode and a second electrode, thereby improving
conductivity and being implemented at low costs.
Furthermore, the organic electrochemical device according to yet another exemplary
embodiment of the present invention may improve flexibility of the organic electrochemical
device by comprising an organic material layer on a second electrode, may reduce loss of
light according to the light absorption of an electrode, a hole transporting layer, and the like
by directly irradiating light on the organic material layer provided at an upper portion of the
second electrode without passing light through a transparent electrode, and may increase the
re-absorption rate of light due to reflection of light from a metal electrode. The organic
electrochemical device according to the present invention may be applied to various organic
electrochemical devices such as organic solar cells, organic photodetection elements, organic
light emitting elements, and organic electrochromic elements.
WE CLAIM:
[Claim 11
An organic electrochemical device comprising:
a substrate;
a first electrode provided on the substrate;
an intermediate layer provided on the first electrode;
a second electrode provided on the intermediate layer; and
a first organic material layer,
wherein at least a part of the first organic material layer is in contact with the second
electrode and the intermediate layer.
[Claim 21
The organic electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer
comprises a hole transporting layer.
[Claim 31
The organic electrochemical device of claim 2, wherein the intermediate layer
comprises an insulating layer.
[Claim 41
The organic electrochemical device of claim 2, further comprising:
an insulating layer provided between the intermediate layer and the second electrode.
[Claim 51
The organic electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein both the first electrode and
the second electrode are a metal electrode.
[Claim 61
The organic electrochemical device of claim I, wherein the first organic material
layer is an organic photoactive layer.
[Claim 71
The organic electrochemical device of claim 1, further con~prising:
a second organic material layer provided between the intermediate layer and the first
organic material layer.
[Claim 81
The organic electrochemical device of claim 7, wherein the first organic material
layer comprises a first material, the second organic material layer comprises a second material,
and
the first material and the second material are different materials from each other.
[Claim 91
The organic electrochemical device of claim 8, wherein the first material and the
second material absorb light in different wavelength ranges from each other.
[Claim 101
The organic electrochemical device of claim 9, wherein the second material absorbs
light having a longer wavelength than the first material.
[Claim 111
The organic electrochemical device of claim 1, wherein the second electrode
comprises regular patterns or irregular patterns.
[Claim 121
The organic electrochemical device of claim 1, further comprising:
an electron transporting layer provided on the second electrode.
[Claim 131
An organic electrochemical device comprising:
a substrate;
a first organic material layer provided on the substrate;
a first electrode provided on the first organic material layer;
a second electrode; and
an intermediate layer provided between the first organic material layer and the second
electrode,
wherein at least a part of the intermediate layer is in contact with the first electrode
and the first organic material layer.
[Claim 141
The organic electrochemical device of claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer
comprises a hole transporting layer.
[Claim 151
The organic electrochemical device of claim 14, wherein the intermediate layer
comprises an insulating layer.
[Claim 161
The organic electrochemical device of claim 14, further comprising:
an insulating layer provided between the first electrode and the intermediate layer.
[Claim 171
The organic electroche~nical device of claim 13, wherein both the first electrode and
the second electrode are a metal electrode.
[Claim 181
The organic electrochemical device of claim 13, wherein the first organic material
layer is an organic photoactive layer.
[Claim 191
The organic electrochemical device of claim 13, further comprising:
a second organic ~nateriall ayer provided between the intermediate layer and the first
organic material layer.
[Claim 201
The organic electrochemical device of claim 19, wherein the first organic material
layer comprises a first material, the second organic material layer comprises a second material,
and
the first material and the second material are different materials from each other.
[Claim 211
The organic electrochemical device of claim 20, wherein the first material and the
second material absorb light in different wavelength ranges from each other.
[Claim 221
The organic electrochemical device of claim 21, wherein the second material absorbs
light having a longer wavelength than the first material.
[Claim 231
The organic electrochemical device of claim 13, wherein the second electrode
comprises regular patterns or irregular patterns.
[Claim 241
The organic electrochemical device of claim 13, further comprising:
an electron transporting layer provided between the first organic material layer and
the first electrode.
[Claim 251
The organic electrochemical device of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the organic
electrochemical device is selected from the group consisting of organic solar cells, organic
photodetection elements, and organic electrochromic elements.
[Claim 261
A method for fabricating an organic electrochemical device, the method comprising:
[orming a first electrode on a substrate;
forming an intermediate layer on the first electrode;
forming a second electrode on the intermediate layer such that at least a part of the
second electrode is in contact with the intermediate layer; and
forming a first organic material layer on the intermediate layer.
[Claim 271
A method for fabricating an organic electrochemical device, the method comprising:
forming a first organic material layer on a substrate;
forming a first electrode on the first organic material layer such that at least a part of
the first electrode is in contact with the first organic material layer;
forming an intermediate layer on the first organic material layer and the first
electrode; and
forming a second electrode on the intermediate layer.