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"Photovoltaic Device With Reflection Enhancing Layer"

Abstract: A photovoltaic device (10) is provided. The photovoltaic device (10) comprises an absorber layer (20) comprising a chalcogenide material. The photovoltaic device (10) further comprises a back contact (40) and a reflection enhancing layer (30) disposed between the absorber layer (20) and the back contact (40).

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Notices, Deadlines & Correspondence

Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
07 June 2012
Publication Number
44/2015
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Status
Email
Parent Application
Patent Number
Legal Status
Grant Date
2022-11-30
Renewal Date

Applicants

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
1 RIVER ROAD, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK 12345, U.S.A.

Inventors

1. KOREVAAR, BASTIAAN ARIE
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY GLOBAL RESEARCH ONE RESEARCH CIRCLE, BLDG. K1-3A59 NISKAYUNA, NY 12309, U.S.A.

Specification

BACKGROUND The invention relates generally to photovoltaic devices and, more particularly, to enhancing reflection at the back contact of the photovoltaic devices. PV (or solar) cells are used for converting solar energy into electrical energy. Typically, in its basic form, a PV cell includes a semiconductor junction made of two or three layers that are disposed on a substrate layer, and two contacts (electrically conductive layers) for passing electrical energy in the form of electrical current to an external circuit. Moreover, additional layers are often employed to enhance the conversion efficiency of the PV device. There are a variety of candidate material systems for PV cells, each of which has certain advantages and disadvantages. CdTe is a prominent polycrystalline thinfilm material, with a nearly ideal bandgap of about 1.45- 1.5 electron volts. CdTe also has a very high absorptivity, and films of CdTe can be manufactured using low-cost techniques. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) and Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) are other promising candidate material systems for PV cells because of its high conversion efficiencies and abundance, respectively. Currently, CdTe photovoltaic devices have either molybdenum or graphite back contacts. With these materials, the reflection at the back contact is relatively poor. At present, the thickness of the absorber layer in CdTe devices is on the order of about 3 microns. As this is significantly thicker than the absorption depth of radiation with h<800 nm, absorption of the majority of the light incident on the absorber layer is not an issue. However, it would be desirable to use a thinner absorber layer from the perspective of tellurium availability and because of increased interest in using photovoltaic devices with an n-i-p configuration. However, due to the relatively poor reflection at the back contact, some of the light will pass through the absorber without being absorbed, therefore reducing the short circuit current density (Jsc). It would therefore be desirable to provide a photovoltaic device with improved reflection at the back contact. BRIEF DESCRIPTION One aspect of the present invention resides in a photovoltaic device that includes an absorber layer comprising a chalcogenide material. The photovoltaic device further includes a back contact and a reflection enhancing layer disposed between the absorber layer and the back contact. Another aspect of the present invention resides in a photovoltaic device that includes an absorber layer comprising cadmium and tellurium. The photovoltaic device further includes a back contact and a reflection enhancing layer disposed between the absorber layer and the back contact. The reflection enhancing layer comprises at least one transparent electrically conductive material. The photovoltaic device further includes an intermediate layer. The absorber layer is disposed between the intermediate layer and the reflection enhancing layer. The intermediate layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium (111) sulfide (In&), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc telluride (ZnTe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium magnesium telluride (CdMgTe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O), copper oxide (Cu20), amorphous or microcrystalline silicon and Zn(0,H) and combinations thereof. Yet another aspect of the present invention resides in a photovoltaic device that includes an absorber layer comprising a chalcogenide material, where the chalcogenide material comprises a doped or undoped composition represented by the formula: Cul,Inl-,Ga,Se2-,S, wherein 00x0 1; OOy00.3 and 0 0 ~ 0 2 . The photovoltaic device further includes a back contact and a reflection enhancing layer disposed between the absorber layer and the back contact. The reflection enhancing layer comprises at least one transparent electrically conductive material. DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an example photovoltaic cell having a superstrate configuration and including a reflection enhancing layer, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; and FIG. 2. is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an example photovoltaic cell having a substrate configuration and including a reflection enhancing layer, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the example photovoltaic cell shown in FIG. 1 with a buffer layer disposed between the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer; FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the example photovoltaic cell shown in FIG. 2 with a buffer layer disposed between the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer; FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the example photovoltaic cell shown in FIG. 1 with a p+ layer disposed between the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer; and FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of the example photovoltaic cell shown in FIG. 2 with a p+ layer disposed between the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The terms "first," "second," and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms "a" and "an" herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. The modifier "about" used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value, and has the meaning dictated by context, (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). In addition, the term "combination" is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. Moreover, in this specification, the suffix "(s)" is usually intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term. Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment," or "another embodiment," "an embodiment," and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, andor characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments. Similarly, reference to "a particular configuration" means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, andlor characteristic) described in connection with the configuration is included in at least one configuration described herein, and may or may not be present in other configurations. In addition, it is to be understood that the described inventive features may be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments and configurations. I00181 A photovoltaic device 10 embodiment of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the photovoltaic device (PV) 10 includes an absorber layer 20 comprising a chalcogenide material. Chalcogenides include at least one chalcogen ion and at least one more elecrtpositive element, and include sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. Non-limiting examples of suitable chalcogenides include cadmium telluride, zinc telluride copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS). Other examples are provided below. It should be noted that the term "layer" encompasses both planar and nonplanar layers. A textured layer is one non-limiting example of a non-planar layer. Example chalcogenide materials include a variety of tellurides, as well as CIGS, which are discussed below. (00191 For particular configurations, the chalcogenide material comprises a 11-VI compound. Non-limiting example materials of 11-VI compounds include zinc telluride (ZnTe), CdTe, magnesium telluride (MgTe), manganese telluride (MnTe), beryllium telluride (BeTe) mercury telluride (HgTe), copper telluride (Cu,Te), and combinations thereof. These materials should also be understood to include the alloys thereof. For example, CdTe can be alloyed with zinc, magnesium, manganese, and/or sulfur to form cadmium zinc telluride, cadmium copper telluride, cadmium manganese telluride, cadmium magnesium telluride and combinations thereof. These materials may be actively doped to be p-type. Suitable dopants vary based on the semiconductor material. For CdTe, suitable p-type dopants include, without limitation, copper, gold, nitrogen, phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, silver, bismuth, and sodium. [0020] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the photovoltaic device 10 further includes a back contact 40 and a reflection enhancing layer 30 disposed between the absorber layer 20 and the back contact 40. The back contact 40 and the reflection enhancing layer 30 are described below. For the arrangements shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the photovoltaic device 10 further includes an intermediate layer 50. As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the absorber layer 20 is disposed between the intermediate layer 50 and the reflection enhancing layer 30. Beneficially, the reflection layer 30 enhances the reflection of light at the back contact 40. This enhanced reflection facilitates the use of thinner absorber layers 20. At present, the thickness of the absorber layer in CdTe devices is on the order of about 3 microns. However, for the above-described PV device 10, the thickness of the absorber layer 20 may be less than about 2 microns and, more particularly, less than about 1.5 microns, and still more particularly less than about 1 micron. For other configurations of the PV device 10, a thicker absorber layer 20 may be employed. For example, the absorber layer 20 may be less than about 3 microns. By enhancing the reflection of light at the back contact, the light absorbed by these relatively thin absorber layers 20 increases, such that a relatively high short circuit current density (J,,) can be achieved for these thinner absorber layers 20. For particular configurations, the chalcogenide material comprises a 11-VI compound, and more particularly, comprises cadmium and tellurium, for example CdTe or alloys thereof. CdTe devices are typically formed in a superstrate configuration, as shown for example in FIG. 1. However, more generally, the photovoltaic device 10 may be formed in a substrate (FIG. 2) or superstrate (FIG. 1) configuration. An example CdTe photovoltaic device 10 further includes an intermediate layer 50. As noted above, the absorber layer 20 is disposed between the intermediate layer 50 and the reflection enhancing layer 30. Example materials for the intermediate layer 50 include cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium (111) sulfide (In2%), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc telluride (ZnTe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium magnesium telluride (CdMgTe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O), copper oxide (Cu20), amorphous or micro-crystalline silicon and Zn(0,H) and combinations thereof. More generally, if the absorber layer comprises a p-type semiconductor layer, the intermediate layer 50 comprises a p-type or n-type semiconductor layer. According to a particular embodiment, the intermediate layer 50 comprises CdS and has a thickness in a range of about 50-100 nm. The atomic percent of cadmium in the cadmium sulfide, for certain configurations, is in a range of about 45-55 atomic percent, and more particularly, in a range of about 48-52 atomic percent. For the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the absorber layer 20 and the intermediate layer 50 form a PN junction, which when exposed to appropriate illumination, generates a photovoltaic current. For the configurations shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the photovoltaic device 10 further includes an HRT layer 60 and a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer 70. As indicated in FIG. 1, the intermediate layer 50, HRT layer 60, and TCO layer 70 form the window layer 52. For consistency, the same reference numeral 52 is used to identify the intermediate layer 5O/HRT layer 601 TCO layer 70 stack in FIG. 2. Example thickness values for the HRT layer 60 are in a range of about 50 nm to about 100 nm. Beneficially, the HRT layer 70 serves as a buffer layer and can increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell 10. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials for HRT layer 20 include tin dioxide (SnOz), ZTO (zinc stannate), zinc-doped tin oxide (Sn02:Zn), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In203), and combinations thereof. Nonlimiting examples of transparent conductive oxides include indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (Sn0:F) or FTO, indium-doped cadmium-oxide, cadmium stannate (Cd2SnOs or CTO, and doped zinc oxide (ZnO), such as aluminum-doped zinc-oxide (Zn0:Al) or AZO, indium-zinc oxide (IZO), and zinc tin oxide (ZnSnO,), and combinations thereof. Depending on the specific TCO employed (and on its sheet resistance), the thickness of the TCO layer 70 may be in the range of about 50- 500 nrn and, more particularly, 100-200 nm. For particular configurations, the back contact 40 comprises at least one of aluminum and silver. For particular configurations, the absorber comprises CdTe and the back contact 40 comprises an Ag/Al back metal contact. For these configurations, beneficially the reflection enhancing layer 30 will further serve as a barrier to prevent or reduce diffusion of Aluminum andlor silver into the absorber. For other configurations, the back contact may comprise graphite. For other configurations, the back contact 40 comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, alloys of molybdenum, tantalum, titanium or tungsten, compounds comprising molybdenum or tungsten (e.g. molybdenumnitride), and combinations thereof. In one non-limiting example, the back contact 40 has a thickness of less than or equal to 100 nm. The back contact 40 may be deposited using a variety of techniques, non-limiting examples of which include evaporation and sputtering. Moreover, the back contact 40 may comprise a stack of multiple metal layers. For example, an aluminum layer with a thickness in a range of 50-1000 nm may be deposited on a molybdenum contact layer. For specific arrangements, a nickel layer with a thickness in a range of about 20-200 nm may be disposed on the aluminum layer. For this arrangement, the back contact 40 comprises the molybdenumlaluminumlnickel stack. In another example, the nickel is replaced with chromium with an example thickness range of about 20-100 nm, such that the back contact 40 comprises the molybdenum/aluminum~chromiusmt ack. In addition to the examples described above, the chalcogenide material may comprise a doped or undoped composition represented by the formula: Cul,Inl. ,Ga,Se2-,S, wherein 017x0 1; 00y00.3 and 00202. These materials are generally known as "CIGS," and CIGS PV devices are typically deposited in a substrate geometry, as shown in FIG. 2. It should be noted that a doped composition may encompass the presence of electrically active or inactive dopants that are either intentionally or inadvertently incorporated into the composition. For other arrangements, the chalcogenide material may comprise a doped or undoped composition represented by the formula: Cu2ZnSnS4. These materials are generally known as "CZTS," and CZTS PV devices are typically deposited in a substrate geometry, as shown in FIG. 2. More, generally the CZTS may be optimized, for example by replacing some of the sulfur with selenium. For example, the composition may be represented by the formula Cu2ZnSnS4.,Seq, where OIqS4. Still more generally, the CZTS may be further optimized and represented by the formula CuXZnySn,S~,Seqw, here 1.8

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Section Controller Decision Date

Application Documents

# Name Date
1 1758-DEL-2012-Correspondence-Others-(26-07-2012).pdf 2012-07-26
1 1758-DEL-2012-IntimationOfGrant30-11-2022.pdf 2022-11-30
2 1758-DEL-2012-Assignment-(26-07-2012).pdf 2012-07-26
2 1758-DEL-2012-PatentCertificate30-11-2022.pdf 2022-11-30
3 1758-DEL-2012-Written submissions and relevant documents [16-09-2022(online)].pdf 2022-09-16
3 1758-del-2012-Form-3-(10-12-2012).pdf 2012-12-10
4 1758-DEL-2012-FORM-26 [31-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-31
4 1758-del-2012-Correspondence Others-(10-12-2012).pdf 2012-12-10
5 1758-del-2012-GPA.pdf 2013-10-23
5 1758-DEL-2012-Correspondence to notify the Controller [30-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-30
6 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-ExtendedHearingNotice-(HearingDate-02-09-2022).pdf 2022-07-28
6 1758-del-2012-Form-5.pdf 2013-10-23
7 1758-DEL-2012-REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT OF HEARING UNDER RULE 129A [26-07-2022(online)].pdf 2022-07-26
7 1758-del-2012-Form-3.pdf 2013-10-23
8 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-ExtendedHearingNotice-(HearingDate-02-08-2022).pdf 2022-06-21
8 1758-del-2012-Form-2.pdf 2013-10-23
9 1758-del-2012-Form-1.pdf 2013-10-23
9 1758-DEL-2012-REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT OF HEARING UNDER RULE 129A [20-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-20
10 1758-del-2012-Drawings.pdf 2013-10-23
10 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-HearingNotice-(HearingDate-24-06-2022).pdf 2022-05-12
11 1758-DEL-2012-AMMENDED DOCUMENTS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
11 1758-del-2012-Description (Complete).pdf 2013-10-23
12 1758-DEL-2012-CLAIMS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
12 1758-del-2012-Correspondence-Others.pdf 2013-10-23
13 1758-del-2012-Claims.pdf 2013-10-23
13 1758-DEL-2012-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
14 1758-del-2012-Assignment.pdf 2013-10-23
14 1758-DEL-2012-FER_SER_REPLY [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
15 1758-del-2012-Abstract.pdf 2013-10-23
15 1758-DEL-2012-FORM 13 [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
16 1758-DEL-2012-FER.pdf 2019-11-22
16 1758-DEL-2012-MARKED COPIES OF AMENDEMENTS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
17 1758-DEL-2012-OTHERS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
17 1758-DEL-2012-FORM 4(ii) [21-05-2020(online)].pdf 2020-05-21
18 1758-DEL-2012-FORM 4(ii) [21-05-2020(online)].pdf 2020-05-21
18 1758-DEL-2012-OTHERS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
19 1758-DEL-2012-FER.pdf 2019-11-22
19 1758-DEL-2012-MARKED COPIES OF AMENDEMENTS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
20 1758-del-2012-Abstract.pdf 2013-10-23
20 1758-DEL-2012-FORM 13 [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
21 1758-del-2012-Assignment.pdf 2013-10-23
21 1758-DEL-2012-FER_SER_REPLY [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
22 1758-del-2012-Claims.pdf 2013-10-23
22 1758-DEL-2012-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
23 1758-DEL-2012-CLAIMS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
23 1758-del-2012-Correspondence-Others.pdf 2013-10-23
24 1758-del-2012-Description (Complete).pdf 2013-10-23
24 1758-DEL-2012-AMMENDED DOCUMENTS [22-07-2020(online)].pdf 2020-07-22
25 1758-del-2012-Drawings.pdf 2013-10-23
25 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-HearingNotice-(HearingDate-24-06-2022).pdf 2022-05-12
26 1758-del-2012-Form-1.pdf 2013-10-23
26 1758-DEL-2012-REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT OF HEARING UNDER RULE 129A [20-06-2022(online)].pdf 2022-06-20
27 1758-del-2012-Form-2.pdf 2013-10-23
27 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-ExtendedHearingNotice-(HearingDate-02-08-2022).pdf 2022-06-21
28 1758-del-2012-Form-3.pdf 2013-10-23
28 1758-DEL-2012-REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT OF HEARING UNDER RULE 129A [26-07-2022(online)].pdf 2022-07-26
29 1758-del-2012-Form-5.pdf 2013-10-23
29 1758-DEL-2012-US(14)-ExtendedHearingNotice-(HearingDate-02-09-2022).pdf 2022-07-28
30 1758-DEL-2012-Correspondence to notify the Controller [30-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-30
30 1758-del-2012-GPA.pdf 2013-10-23
31 1758-DEL-2012-FORM-26 [31-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-31
31 1758-del-2012-Correspondence Others-(10-12-2012).pdf 2012-12-10
32 1758-DEL-2012-Written submissions and relevant documents [16-09-2022(online)].pdf 2022-09-16
32 1758-del-2012-Form-3-(10-12-2012).pdf 2012-12-10
33 1758-DEL-2012-PatentCertificate30-11-2022.pdf 2022-11-30
33 1758-DEL-2012-Assignment-(26-07-2012).pdf 2012-07-26
34 1758-DEL-2012-IntimationOfGrant30-11-2022.pdf 2022-11-30
34 1758-DEL-2012-Correspondence-Others-(26-07-2012).pdf 2012-07-26

Search Strategy

1 2019-11-2117-06-32_21-11-2019.pdf
1 SearchStrategyMatrix_21-11-2019.pdf
2 CuZnSnZSSe-GoogleSearch_21-11-2019.pdf
3 2019-11-2117-06-32_21-11-2019.pdf
3 SearchStrategyMatrix_21-11-2019.pdf

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