DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal compositions for control of plant parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; (B)one or more compound(s) selected from the group of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl. The present invention further relates to process of preparing said composition along with at least one inactive excipients and formulation thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

Nematodes are microscopic unsegmented worms known to reside in virtually every type of environment (terrestrial, freshwater, marine). One such species is the root knot nematode which attacks a broad range of plants, shrubs, and crops. These soil-borne nematodes attack newly formed roots causing stunted growth, swelling or gall formation. The roots may then crack open thus exposing the roots to other microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. With environmentally friendly practices such as reduced or no tillage farming, and various nematode species acquiring resistance to transgenic seed, nematode related crop loss appears to be on the rise.
Many species of nematodes have evolved to be very successful parasites of plants and animals and are responsible for significant economic losses in agriculture and livestock and for morbidity and mortality in humans.
Plant parasitic nematodes can infest all parts of the plant, including the roots, developing flower buds, leaves, and stems. Plant parasites can be classified on the basis of their feeding habits into a few broad categories: migratory ectoparasites, migratory endoparasites, and sedentary endoparasites. Sedentary endoparasites, which include root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) and cyst nematodes (Glabodera and Heterodera), can establish long-term infections within roots that may be very damaging to crops.
Chemical nematicides have been in use for many years to combat infestations. Such nematicides may require repeated applications of synthetic chemicals to the ground prior to or at planting. Due to their toxicity, chemical nematicides have come under scrutiny from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and in some cases their use has been limited or restricted by the EPA. As the use of traditional chemical nematicides continue to be phased out, a need for the development of alternative treatment options has arisen.
There are many combinations of nematicides known in the art for the control of soil borne pests.

For example, US8691256 patent relates compositions for controlling a target pest. Further it relates to a composition disclosing fipronil insecticide along with non- fumigant nematicides like abamectin, carbofuran.

US20160262391 relates to pesticidal composition comprising a pyridylethylbenzamide derivative and an insecticide compound. Further it relates to a composition disclosing fipronil insecticide along with non- fumigant nematicides like abamectin, carbofuran and fumigant nematicide.

EP2155701relates to certain compositions suitable for agronomic, non-agronomic and animal health uses, non-therapeutic methods of their use for controlling invertebrate pests such as arthropods in both agronomic and non-agronomic environments, and such compounds for use in the treatment of parasite infections in animals or infestations in the general environment. Further it relates to a composition disclosing fipronil insecticide along with non- fumigant nematicides like abamectin, carbofuran and fumigant nematicide.
There is however a need for improvement of these combinations. Single active combinations used over a long period of time has resulted in resistance. With the onset of resistance to certain pests, there is a need in the art for a combination of actives that decreases chances of resistance and improves the spectrum of disease and pest control.
To be useful in modern agriculture nematicides must have high potency, a broad spectrum of activity against different strains of nematodes and should not be toxic to non-target organisms.
However still there is a need for a composition comprises at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; one or more compound(s) selected from the group of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl which overcomes some of the existing problems and can be prepared easily without much complex manufacturing process.
The present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal compositions for control of plant parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; (B) one or more compound(s) selected from the group of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl. The present invention further relates to process of preparing said composition along with at least one inactive excipients and formulation thereof.
In general use, the pesticide actives are used in the form of a dilute aqueous composition because it can attain a good interaction with the target organism, such as plants, fungi, insects and nematodes. However, most active pesticide compounds that are used as pesticides are only sparingly or even insoluble in water. The low solubility of such compounds present the challenges and difficulties to formulator in formulating pesticide compounds in stable formulations that can be easily stored for a long time and which still have a high stability and effective activity until end use. This problem especially occurs and may get worsen if more than one active compound is present in the composition.
Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide improved combinations of insecticides for the control of soil born insect-pests and nematodes. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and a composition for controlling insect pests.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide improved combinations of insecticides that promote plant health.
Embodiment of the present invention can ameliorate one or more of the above mentioned problems.
Inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that the novel synergistic
nematicidal compositions for control of plant parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; one or more compound(s) selected from the group of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl as described herein which can provide solution to the above mentioned problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:

The present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal composition for control of plant parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; (B) one or more compound(s) selected from the class of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl. The present invention further relates to process of preparing said composition along with at least one inactive excipients and formulation thereof.
More particularly, the present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal composition for control of parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds from fipronil or nicofluprole; (B) one or more compound(s) from the class of non-fumigant nematicides selected from abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; or from the class of fumigant nematicides selected from 3 dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl; and one or more customary formulation adjuvants.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal composition for control of parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) is 0.1 to 80% w/w of the composition; (B) is 0.1 to 80% w/w of the composition; and (C) is 0.1 to 50% w/w of the composition.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant propagation material, a plant, parts of a plant and/or plant organs that grow at a later point in time against pathogenic damage or pest damage by applying to the plant propagation material a composition comprising an insecticidal and nematicidal composition defined in the first aspect.
As per one embodiment, formulation for an insecticidal composition is selected from Capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion, water in oil (EO), Emulsion for seed treatment (ES), Emulsion, oil in water (EW), Flowable suspension/concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Granule/ soil applied (GR), Controlled (Slow or Fast) release granules (CR), Solution for seed treatment (LS), Micro-emulsion (ME), Oil dispersion (OD), Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension (OF), Oil miscible liquid (OL), Suspension concentrate (flowable concentrate) (SC), Suspo-emulsion (SE), Water soluble granule (SG), Soluble concentrate (SL), Water soluble powder (SP), Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG), Wettable powder (WP), Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), A mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), A mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), A mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW); and and one or more customary formulation adjuvants such as a) dispersant b) wetting agent c) anti-foaming agent d) biocides e) anti-freezing agent f) suspending agent g) thickener h) coating agent and i) buffering agent.
The remainder of the aqueous formulation is preferably wholly water but may comprise other materials, such as inorganic salts. The formulation is preferably, completely free from organic solvents.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides an nematicidal composition comprising (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds from fipronil or nicofluprole; (B) one or more compound(s) from the class of non-fumigant nematicides selected from abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; or from the class of fumigant nematicides selected from 3 dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl; and one or more customary formulation adjuvants; shows synergistic activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

The term "synergistic", as used herein, refers the combined action of two or more active
agents blended together and administered conjointly that is greater than the sum of their
individual effects.
"Bioactive amounts” as mentioned herein means that amount which, when applied treatment of crops, is sufficient to effect such treatment.
Therefore an aspect of the present invention provides a synergistic nematicidal composition for control of plant parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds; (B) one or more compound(s) selected from the class of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl. The present invention further relates to process of preparing said composition along with at least one inactive excipients and formulation thereof.
More particularly, the further aspect of the present invention provides a synergistic nematicidal composition for control of parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds from fipronil or nicofluprole; (B) one or more compound(s) from the class of non-fumigant nematicides selected from abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof; or from the class of fumigant nematicides selected from 3 dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl; and one or more customary formulation adjuvants.
Phenylpyrazole insecticides:
Phenylpyrazole insecticides are a class of chemically-related broad-spectrum insecticides. The chemical structures of these insecticides are characterized by a central pyrazole ring with a phenyl group attached to one of the nitrogen atoms of the pyrazole.
Phenylpyrazoles constitute a newly developed class of pesticides that may exert direct excitatory effects on the nervous system. Basic electrophysiological effects were investigated in vitro in the sciatic nerve and the lateral-line sense organ of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, by recording nerve activity extracellularly. In the slowly adapting stretch receptor organ of the crayfish, Astacus sp., effects on the membrane potential of the neurone were recorded using intracellular microelectrodes. Both in the sciatic nerve and in the lateral-line sense organ the main effect of phenylpyrazoles was to decrease the survival time of the isolated preparation. In the isolated crayfish stretch receptor organ a similar decrease of the survival time was accompanied by a depolarization of the stretch receptor neurone membrane. The depolarizing effect of the phenylpyrazoles is not caused by a modification of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-dependent Na+ channels, nor by an effect on the picrotoxin-sensitive neurotransmission mediated by ?-aminobutyric acid. The phenylpyrazoles neither act by inhibiting the electrogenic Na/K pump. Although the cause of the phenylpyrazole-induced membrane depolarization remains to be elucidated, it is concluded that the underlying mechanism is distinct from that of the pyrethroid insecticides.
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family. It is a nitrile, a dichlorobenzene, a primary amino compound, a member of pyrazoles, a sulfoxide and a member of (trifluoromethyl) benzenes.
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide (pesticide) with activity against fleas, ticks, mites, and lice. Mechanism of action involve a non-competitive binding to glutamate-activated chloride (GABAA gated chloride) channels. It blocks the inhibitory action of GABAA in the central nervous system resulting in hyper excitation at low doses. Paralysis and death of insects occur at higher doses. Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking GABA-gated chloride channels and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyper excitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles. Fipronil shows a more than 500-fold selective toxicity action in insects when compared to mammals because of the differences in affinity of receptor binding between receptors in insect and receptors in mammals.
Nematicide:
A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad-spectrum toxicants possessing high volatility or other properties promoting migration through the soil. Nematicides may be classed as soil fumigants or soil amendments, space fumigants, surface sprays, or dips. Soil treatments are commonly used because most plant-pathogenic species spend part or all of their life cycle in the soil, in or about the roots of plants. Nematicides may be liquids, gases, or solids, but on a field scale, liquids are most practical. These materials possess a high vapour pressure and volatilize quickly to act as soil fumigants.
Fumigant nematicides are broad-spectrum pesticides where the active ingredient moves through the soil as a gas. Fumigants nematicides are not taken up by plants or bound by soil, so they do not have a long period of residual pesticidal activity.
Fumigant nematicides are generally chemicals with high volatility. They move most rapidly through the air spaces between soil particles. Therefore, their movement may be restricted if soil pore spaces or pore necks are filled with water. Also, since nematodes are resident in soil water films, Henry's constant (kH), the propensity to partition between the soil water and soil air phases, may be important. Also, volatility will be affected by soil temperature: lower in cool soils, high in warm soils.
Non-fumigants nematicides are formulated in liquid or granular states and are moved through the soil by water. Non-fumigants nematicides may have activity against multiple pests, particularly if they contain more than one active ingredient, but generally, they have a narrower spectrum of activity than that of fumigants. Some but not all non-fumigant nematicides are systemic, meaning the active ingredient is taken up by the plant and translocated to other parts of the plant
Non-fumigant nematicides have low volatility and diffuse through the soil (generally for short distances only) dissolved in the soil solution. Their movement may be enhanced by water movement through irrigation or rainfall. If in granular formulations, there distribution may be enhanced by physical incorporation into the soil.
Non-fumigants nematicides are formulated in liquid or granular states and are moved through the soil by water. Non-fumigants nematicides may have activity against multiple pests, particularly if they contain more than one active ingredient, but generally, they have a narrower spectrum of activity than that of fumigants. Some but not all non-fumigant nematicides are systemic, meaning the active ingredient is taken up by the plant and translocated to other parts of the plant.
Two main groups of chemicals, carbamates and organophosphates, and some alternative materials.
Cyclobutrifluram the ISO common name being given in 2020-21 is presumed to be an inhibitor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex II based on its similarity in chemical structure to fluopyram. It is having IUPAC name as ‘N-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclobutyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-3-carboxamide.’
Fluazaindolizine has proven extremely effective against a wide range of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.), and other important plant parasitic nematodes, such as reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis), dagger (Xiphinema spp.), spiral (Helicotylenchusspp.) and some lesion nematode species (Pratylenchus spp.), as well as other important plant parasitic nematode species in certain circumstances. Fluazaindolizine has demonstrated excellent control of plant parasitic nematodes and the damage they cause to plant roots, resulting in higher quality crops and increased potential in crop yields. Specificity for nematodes, coupled with the absence of activity against target sites of commercial nematicides, suggests that it has a novel mode of action.
Fluazaindolizine is a monocarboxylic acid amide, an aromatic amide, a monomethoxybenzene, a member of monochlorobenzenes, an organofluorine pesticide, an imidazopyridine and an N-sulfonylcarboxamide. It is having IUPAC name as ‘8-chloro-N-(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl-6 (trifluoromethyl) imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine-2-carboxamide.’
Tioxazafen is used as a broad spectrum nematicidal seed treatment. It has a role as a nematicide and an agrochemical. It is a member of thiophenes and a 1,2,4-oxadiazole. It is a member of thiophenes and a 1,2,4-oxadiazole with IUPAC name as ‘3-phenyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazole.’
Polysaccharide compounds:
Chitin is a polysaccharide comprising chains of N-acetyl- D-glucosamine, a derivative of glucose, linked byß-1,4 bonds and containing about 77 nitrogen atoms. It may be visualized as cellulose in which the hydroxyl groups on the second carbon are replaced by -NHCOCH3 groups Chitin is structurally very similar to cellulose and serves to strengthen various invertebrates. It offers resistance to chemicals and is present in the cell wall of some fungi as well as in the exoskeleton of insects.
Chitin is the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide. It has a similar annual yield as cellulose. Chitin is a kind of highly valuable material in biomedical applications because of its high biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity as well as its antimicrobial activity and low immunogenicity. It can be easily processed into gels, membrane, nanofibers, beads, nanoparticle, scaffold and sponges, enables its wide applications. In the tissue engineering, it can be used for manufacturing polymer scaffold to satisfy the demands of repairing, replacing, maintaining, or enhancing the function of a particular tissue or organ. In wound dressing, chitin can be used as antimicrobial reagent. In the field of drug delivery, the water-soluble carboxymethyl chitin (CMC) nanoparticle can be used as an effective carrier in drug delivery.
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed ß-(1?4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide.
Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin, which is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (such as crabs and shrimp) and cell walls of fungi.
The agricultural and horticultural uses for chitosan, primarily for plant defence and yield increase, are based on how this glucosamine polymer influences the biochemistry and molecular biology of the plant cell. The cellular targets are the plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin. Subsequent changes occur in cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium, MAP Kinase, oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species, callose pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and phytoalexins.
In agriculture, chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly bio pesticide substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections. It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the world.
The present inventors believe that the combination of the present invention surprisingly results in a synergistic action. The combinations of the present invention allow for a broad spectrum of pest control and has surprisingly improved plant vigour and yield. The broad spectrum of the present combination also provides a solution for preventing the development of resistance.
The synergistic composition has very advantageous curative, preventive and systemic nematicidal properties for protecting cultivated plants. As has been mentioned, said active ingredient composition can be used to inhibit or destroy the all the stages of plant parasitic nematodes (i.e. eggs, juvenile stages and adults) that infest plants mainly root system. Active ingredient composition has the special advantage of being highly active against plant parasitic nematodes in the soil that mostly occur in the early stages of plant development.
The synergistic composition of pesticide are used to protect the crops and plants from nematodes. The lists of the major crops includes
Examples of the crops on which the present compositions may be used include but are not limited to GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) and Non GMO varieties of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Paddy (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestavum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Oat (Avena sativa), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) , Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Green gram (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Cicer aritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanus cajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , Onion (Allium cepa L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicun) , Potato (Solanum tuberosum) , Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Chilly (Capsicum annum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacus carota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp rapa), Apple (Melus domestica), Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus groups (Citrus spp.), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Guava (Psidium guajava), Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) , Sapota (Manilkara zapota), Tea (Camellia sinensis), Coffea (Coffea Arabica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Psyllium (Plantago ovate), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), Safed musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum), Drum stick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Coco nucifera), Mentha ( Mentha spp.), Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Marigold ( Tagetes spp.), Common daisy (Bellis perennis), Dahlia (Dahlia hortnesis), Gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), vegetables: solanaceous vegetables such as eggplant, tomato, pimento, pepper, potato, etc., cucurbit vegetables such as cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, water melon, melon, squash, etc., cruciferous vegetables such as radish, white turnip, horseradish, kohlrabi, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, leaf mustard, broccoli, cauliflower, etc., asteraceous vegetables such as burdock, crown daisy, artichoke, lettuce, etc., liliaceous vegetables such as green onion, onion, garlic, and asparagus, ammiaceous vegetables such as carrot, parsley, celery, parsnip, etc., chenopodiaceous vegetables such as spinach, Swiss chard, etc., lamiaceous vegetables such as Perilla frutescens, mint, basil, etc., strawberry, sweet potato, Dioscorea japonica, colocasia, etc., flowers, foliage plants, turf grasses, fruits: pome fruits such apple, pear, quince, etc., stone fleshy fruits such as peach, plum, nectarine, Prunus mume, cherry fruit, apricot, prune, etc., citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, rime, grapefruit, etc., nuts such as chestnuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, almond, pistachio, cashew nuts, macadamia nuts, etc. berries such as blueberry, cranberry, blackberry, raspberry, etc., grape, kaki fruit, olive, plum, banana, coffee, date palm, coconuts, etc. , trees other than fruit trees; tea, mulberry, flowering plant, trees such as ash, birch, dogwood, Eucalyptus, Ginkgo biloba, lilac, maple, Quercus, poplar, Judas tree, Liquidambar formosana, plane tree, zelkova, Japanese arborvitae, fir wood, hemlock, juniper, Pinus, Picea, and Taxus cuspidate, etc.
The synergistic combination of the present invention used to control plant parasitic nematode.
Plant parasitic nematodes includes root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species; seed gall nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelen-choides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ring ne-matodes, Criconema species, Criconemella species, Criconemoides species, and Me-socriconema species; stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and other Ditylenchus species; awl nematodes, Dolichodorus species; spiral nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and other Helicotylenchus species, Rotylenchus robustus and other Roty-lenchus species; sheath nematodes, Hemicycliophora species and Hemicriconemoides species; Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolai-mus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; pin nematodes, Paratylenchus species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus and other Radinaphelenchus species; burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and other Rotylenchulus species; Scutellonema species; stubby root nematodes, Tri-chodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhyn-chus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus species and Merlinius species; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xi-phinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species.

Formulation of the present invention can be in any of the formulations selected from Capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion, water in oil (EO), Emulsion for seed treatment (ES), Emulsion, oil in water (EW), Flowable suspension/concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Granule/ soil applied (GR), Controlled (Slow or Fast) release granules (CR), Solution for seed treatment (LS), Micro-emulsion (ME), Oil dispersion (OD), Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension (OF), Oil miscible liquid (OL), Suspension concentrate (= flowable concentrate) (SC), Suspo-emulsion (SE), Water soluble granule (SG), Soluble concentrate (SL), Water soluble powder (SP), Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG), Wettable powder (WP), Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), A mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), A mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), A mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW).
One or more of the active ingredients is encapsulated for various purposes, such as to increase the residual biological activity, or to reduce the acute toxicity, or to obtain a physical or chemically stable water-based formulation. The purpose determines whether the “free” active ingredient and the “release rate” are relevant properties of a specific product.
Further an nematicidal composition comprising (A) at least one insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds from fipronil or nicofluprole; (B) one or more compound(s) from the class of non-fumigant nematicides selected from abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen, or mixture thereof; or from the class of fumigant nematicides selected from dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or mixture thereof; (C) optionally one polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl; which are bio active ingredient for the present composition are present in specific fixed ratio.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to synergistic nematicidal composition for control of parasitic nematode comprising bioactive amounts of (A) is 0.1 to 80% w/w of the composition; (B) is 0.1 to 80% w/w of the composition; and (C) is 0.1 to 50% w/w of the composition.
Active Ingredients Compound A Compound
B Compound
C (Optionally)
Examples Fipronil, nicofluprole non-fumigant nematicides: abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen;
or
fumigant nematicides:dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or
mixture thereof chitosan,
chitin or
alpha terthienyl
% of Active Ingredient 0.1 to 80% 0.1 to 80% 0.1 to 50%

Soil Applied Granules (SAG):
Granular formulations are similar to dust formulations except granular particles are larger and heavier. The active ingredient either coats the outside of the granules or is absorbed into them. The amount of active ingredient is relatively low, usually ranging from less in percent by weight. Granular formulations with active agricultural ingredients are most often used to apply chemicals to the soil to control weeds, fire ants, nematodes, and insects living in the soil or for absorption into plants through the roots. Once applied, granules release the active ingredient slowly. Some granules require soil moisture to release the active ingredient.
The soil applied granules has many advantages like it is ready to use requires no mixing, drift hazard is low, and particles settle quickly, has little hazard to applicator as no spray and comparatively little dust, weight carries the formulation through foliage to soil or water target, simple application equipment needed such as seeders or fertilizer spreaders, may break down more slowly than WPs or ECs because of a slow-release coating.
Further slow/controlled release pesticidal formulation offer several possible advantages over conventional compositions. First, they are more economical, as fewer pesticide applications to the crop are necessary. Controlled release compositions offer safety to the environment by preventing pesticide overuse and run-off or soil (translocation) leaching into unwanted neighbouring areas such as water ways. They also offer safety to the crop in instances when large doses of conventional formulations are phytotoxic and offer safety to workers applying pesticides in the field by reducing human toxicity. Finally, controlled release compositions allow the effective use of pesticides which are too rapidly degraded or volatilized in conventional formulations (i.e., conventional pesticides with very low residual activity).
The composition of the present invention in addition to bioactive amounts of active ingredients further comprises inactive excipients including but not limited to dispersant, anti-freezing agent, anti-foam agent, wetting agent, suspension aid, antimicrobial agent, thickener, quick coating agent or sticking agents (also referred to as “stickers” or “binders”) and buffering agent.
A dispersant is a substance which adsorbs onto the surface of particles and helps to preserve the state of dispersion of the particles and prevents them from re-aggregating. Dispersants are added to agrochemical formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension during manufacture, and to ensure the particles re-disperse into water in a spray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are used as dispersants have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particle surface and provide a charged or steric barrier to reaggregation of particles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, or mixtures of the two types. For wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersants are sodium lingo sulphonates. For suspension concentrates, very good adsorption and stabilization are obtained using polyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates. Tristyrylphenolethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionics such as alkyl aryl ethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersants for suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of very high molecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as dispersants. These have very long hydrophobic ‘backbones’ and a large number of ethylene oxide chains forming the ‘teeth’ of a ‘comb’ surfactant. These high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-term stability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backbones have many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. Examples of dispersants used herein Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation include but not limited to Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt condensated with formaldehyde, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, sodium ligno sulfonate, sodium polycarboxylate, EO/PO based copolymer, phenol sulfonate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, styrene acrylic acid copolymer, propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-copolymer, polyethylene glycol 2,4,6-tristyrylphenyl ether, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, tristyrylphenole with 16 moles EO, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, oleyl-polyglycol ether with ethylene oxide, tallow fatty amine polyethylene oxide, nonylphenol polyglycol ether with 9-10 moles ethylene oxide.
Examples of dispersants used herein Granule (GR) formulation include but not limited to copolymer of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) and/or an ethoxylated tristyrene phenol, copolymer of PO and EO is alpha-butyl-omega-hydroxypoly(oxypropylene) block polymer with poly(oxyethylene), ethoxylated tristyrene phenol is alpha-[2,4,6-tris[1-(phenyl)ethyl] phenyl]-omega-hydroxy poly(oxyethylene, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)-alpha-C10-15alkyl-omega-hydroxy phosphate or sulphate and/or a C10-13alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, tristyrylphenols, nonylphenols, dinonylphenol and octylphenols, styrylphenolpolyethoxyester phosphate, alkoxylated C14-20fatty amines.
Anti-freezing agent as used herein can be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, methoxy polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols, glycerin and ethylene glycol. Examples of antifreezing agents used herein Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation include but not limited to ethylene glycol, propane diols, glycerin or the urea, glycol (monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), glycerin, urea, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium chloride etc.
Water-based formulations often cause foam during mixing operations in production. In order to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during the production stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there are two types of antifoam agents, namely silicones and non-silicones. Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl poly siloxane while the non-silicone anti-foam agents are water- insoluble oils, such as octanol and nonanol, or silica. In both cases, the function of the anti-foam agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-water interface. Examples of antifoaming agent used in Suspension concentrate (SC) formulation include, but not limited to silicone oil, silicone compound, C10~C20 saturated fat acid compounds or C8~C10 aliphatic alcohols compound, silicone antifoam emulsion, dimethyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, vegetable oil based antifoam, tallow based fatty acids, polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane etc.
A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases the spreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading. Wetting agents are used for two main functions in agrochemical formulations: during processing and manufacture to increase the rate of wetting of powders in water to make concentrates for soluble liquids or suspension concentrates; and during mixing of a product with water in a spray tank or other vessel to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and to improve the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples of wetting agents used in suspension concentrate (SC) formulations include but not limited to ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, polyalkoxylated butyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl diphenyl sulfonates, sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants (as a wetting-spreading-penetrating agent) includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, heptamethyl trisiloxane, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, may or may not be in modified form, may be liquid or powder form or mixture thereof etc.
Examples of wetting agents used in Granule (GR) formulation include but not limited to mono C2-6alkyl ether of a polyC2-4alkylene oxide block copolymer, condensation product of castor oil and polyC2-4alkylene oxide, alkoxylated castor oil is available under the trade name Agnique CSO-36, a mono- or di-ester of a C12-24fatty acid and polyC2-4alkylene oxide, carboxylates, sulphates, sulphonates, alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan esters, ethoxylated fats or oils, amine ethoxylates, phosphate esters, ethylene oxide - propylene oxide copolymers, fluorocarbons, alkyd-polyethylene glycol resin, polyalkylene glycol ether, apolyalkoxylated nonyl phenyl, alkoxylated primary alcohol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol sulphate, ethoxylated tristyrylphenol phosphate, tristyrylphenol phosphate ester, hydroxylated stearic acid polyalkylene glycol polymer, and their corresponding salts, alkyd-polyethylene glycol resin, polyalkylene glycol ether, ethoxylated distyrylphenol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol sulphate, ethoxylated tristyrylphenol phosphate, tristyrylphenol phosphate ester, tristyrylphenol phosphate potassium salt, dodecysulfate sodium salt.
Suspension aid in the present description denotes a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic material with which the active substance is combined in order to facilitate its application to the plant, to the seeds or to the soil. This carrier is hence generally inert, and it must be agriculturally acceptable, in particular to the plant being treated. The carrier may be solid (clays, natural or synthetic silicates, silica, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, and the like or mixtures thereof) or liquid (water, alcohols, ketones, petroleum fractions, aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, liquefied gases, and the like or mixtures thereof). Examples of suspending agent used in Suspension concentrate (SC) formulation include but not limited to aluminum magnesium silicate, bentonite clay, silica, attapulgite clay.
Biocides / Microorganisms cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore antimicrobial agents are used to eliminate or reduce their effect. Examples of preservatives used in SC (Suspension Concentrate) formulation include, but are not limited to1,2-benzisothiazolin-3(2H)-one, sodium salt, sodium benzoate, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, formaldehyde, sodium o-phenyl phenate, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the formulation of suspension concentrates, emulsions and suspoemulsions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namely water-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possible to produce suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silica. Examples of these types of materials used herein suspension concentrate (SC) formulation include, but are limited to, xanthan gum, PVK, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, modified starch.
The quick coating agent can be a conventionally available sticker, for example polyesters, polyamides, poly- carbonates, polyurea and polyurethanes, acrylate polymers and copolymers, styrene copolymers, butadiene copolymers, polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose derivatives, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone polymers and copolymers, polyethers, epoxy, phenolic and melamine resins, polyolefins and define copolymers and mixtures thereof. Examples of preferred polymers are acrylate polymers such as poly(methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylate copoylmers and styrene-acrylic copolymers as defined herein below, poly(styrene-co maleic anhydride), cellulosic polymers such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetatebutyrate, acetylated mono, di, and triglycerides, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), vinyl acetate polymers and copolymers, poly(alkylene glycol), styrene butadiene copolymers, poly(ortho esters), alkyd resins, and mixtures of two or more of these.
Polymers that are biodegradable are also useful in the present invention. As used herein, a polymer is biodegradable if is not water soluble, but is degraded over a period of several weeks when placed in an application environment. Examples of biodegradable polymers that are useful in the present invention include biodegradable polyesters, starch, polylactic acid starch blends, polylactic acid, poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) copolymers, polydioxanone, cellulose esters, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, starch esters, starch ester aliphatic polyester blends, modified corn starch, poly capro lactone, poly(namylmethacrylate), wood rosin, poly anhydrides, poly vinyl alcohol, poly hydroxyl butyrate valerate, biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, and poly hydroxyl butyrate or mixtures thereof.
Buffering agent as used herein is selected from group consisting of calcium hydroxyapatite, Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Hydroxide, carbonated apatite, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphates, carbonated calcium phosphates, amine monomers, lactate dehydrogenase and magnesium hydroxide.
The examples of solvent for the granule (GR) formulation of the present invention include, but not limited to fatty acid methyl ester, cyclohexane, xylene, mineral oil or kerosene, mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, mixtures of mono- and polyalkylated aromatics, dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, butyrolactone, octanol, castor oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil , epoxidised coconut oil or soybean oil, aromatic hydrocarbons, dipropyleneglycolmonomethylether, polypropylene glycol [M.W. 2000-4000], polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene glycols, polyoxypropylenepolyoxyethylene glycols, diethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol [M.W. 200-4000 amu], methoxy polyethylene glycols 350, 550, 750, 2000, 5000; glycerol, methyl oleate, n-octanol, alkyl phosphates such as tri-n-butyl phosphate, propylene carbonate and isoparaffinic, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetramethylurea, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide , Diacetone alcohol, Polybutene, Propylene carbonate, Dipropylene glycol isomer mixture.
The examples of carrier for the granule (GR) formulation include, but not limited to, diatomaceous earth, attapulgite or zeolites, dolomite, limestone, silica, fly ash, hydrated lime, wheat flour, wood flour, ground wheat straw, cellulose and soy flour, bentonite, kaolin, attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, talc, muscovite mica, fused sodium potassium, aluminum silicate , perlite, talc and muscovite mica, urea, sulfur-coated urea, isobutylidenediurea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, triple super phosphate, phosphoric acid, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium chloride, dipotassium carbonate, potassium oxide and a combination of these. calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc; oxides, humic acid, Wood floor, Calcium silicate, Cellulose granules, Magnesium stearate.
The examples of colourants used herein granule (GR) formulation include, but not limited to crystal violet, Thalocyano dye chlorinated, Aerosol green FFB dye, Rodamine, Azo compound.
The examples of controlled release agents used in granule (GR) formulation include, but not limited to, xanthan gum, PVK, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, Sodium Polyacrylate, modified starch, Parafin wax, Polyvinyl acetate, Montan wax and vinyl acetate, Polyethylene Glycol 6000, Cationic hydrosoluble polymer, C4 alkylated Polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
The process for preparing the present novel synergistic composition can be modified accordingly by any person skilled in the art based on the knowledge of the manufacturing the formulation. However all such variation and modification is still covered by the scope of present invention.
These and other aspects of the invention may become more apparent from the examples set forth herein below. These examples are provided merely as illustrations of the invention and are not intended to be construed as a limitation thereof.
EXAMPLE 1:
SC (Suspension Concentrate) formulation of Fipronil 1.5%+Tioxazafen 2%+Chitosan 10 %
Chemical composition % (w/w)
Fipronil a.i. (Active ingredient) 1.50
Tioxazafen a.i. (Active ingredient) 2.00
Chitosan a.i. (Active ingredient) 10.00
Wetting agent 3.50
Dispersing agent 1 4.50
Dispersing agent 2 2.50
Suspending agent 1.50
Antifoaming agent 0.20
Preservative 0.20
Antifreezing agent 5.00
Thickner 0.15
Diluent Water 68.95
Total 100.00

Storage stability-
Fipronil 1.5%+Tioxazafen 2%+Chitosan 10 % SC
Laboratory storage stability for 14 days
Parameters Specification (in house) Initial Heat stability study at 54±2 0C Cold storage stability at 0±2 0C
Fipronil content percent by mass 1.425 to 1.65 1.55 1.52 1.54
Tioxazafen content percent by mass 1.90 to 2.20 2.2 2.08 2.2
Chitosan content percent by mass 9.50 to 10.50 10.5 10.4 10.5
Fipronil suspensibility percent min. 80 96.14 95.15 96.03
Tioxazafen suspensibility percent min. 80 97.16 97.10 96.80
Chitosan suspesnibility precent min. 80 97.15 97.12 96.80
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 4.0 to 6.0 5.2 5.1 5.1
Pourability 95% min. 97.4 97.2 97.5
Specific gravity 1.00-1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 620 625 625
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 nil 2 nil
Room temperature storage stability up to 12 months
Parameters Specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Fipronil content percent by mass 1.425 to 1.65 1.55 1.55 1.54
Tioxazafen content percent by mass 1.90 to 2.20 2.2 2.2 2.2
Chitosan content percent by mass 9.50 to 10.50 10.5 10.5 10.5
Fipronil suspensibility percent min. 80 96.14 95.15 96.03
Tioxazafen suspensibility percent min. 80 97.16 97.10 96.80
Chitosan suspesnibility precent min. 80 97.15 97.12 96.80
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 4.0 to 6.0 5.2 5.1 5.1
Pourability 95% min. 97.4 97.2 97.5
Specific gravity 1.00-1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 620 620 622
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 nil 2 nil

Procedure: Manufacturing process of Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation

Preparation of SC (Suspension Concentrate) formulation :
Step 1 Gum Solution should be made 12-18 hour prior to use. Take required quantity of water, biocide, and defoamer and homogenize, then slowly add gum powder to it and stir till complete dissolution.
Step 2 Charge required quantity of DM water need to be taken in designated vessel for Suspension concentrate production.
Step 3 Add required quantity of Wetting agent, antifreeze, dispersing agent & suspending agents and homogenize the contents for 45 – 60 minutes using high shear homogenizer.
Step 4 Then add technical and other remaining adjuvants excluding ‘thickener’ are added to it and homogenized to get uniform slurry ready for grinding.
Step 5 Before grinding half the quantity of antifoam was added and then material was subjected to grinding in Dyno mill till desired particle size is achieved.
Step 6 Half quantity of the antifoam was added after grinding process completes and before sampling for in process analysis.
Step 7 Finally add gum solution to this formulation and send to QC for quality check.

EXAMPLE 2:
Granule (GR) formulation of Fipronil 0.3%+Fluazaindolizine 4%+Chitosan 5%
Chemical composition % (w/w)
Fipronil a.i. (Active ingredient) 0.30
Fluazaindolizine a.i.(Active ingredient) 4.00
Chitosan a.i. (Active ingredient) 5.00
Wetting agent 3.00
Emulsifiers 2.50
Dispersing agent 1.00
Colourant 0.50
Solvent 10.00
Carrier 73.70
Total 100.00

Storage stability-
Fipronil 0.3%+Fluazaindolizine 4%+Chitosan 5% GR
Laboratory storage stability for 14 days
Parameters Specification (in house) Initial Heat stability at 54±2 0C Cold storage stability at 0±2 0C
Fipronil content percent by mass 0.285 to 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.35
Fluazaindolizine content percent by mass 3.80 to 4.40 4.25 4.000 4.25
Chitosan content percent by mass 4.75 to 5.50 5.5 5.4 5.5
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 4.0 to 6.0 5.00 5.10 5.00
Dustiness < 20 mg 10 10 10
Dry sieve (300 micron) percent by mass min. > 90% 99.5 99.2 99.4
Attrition Resistance (<100 micron) < 5% 2.1 2.1 2
Bulk density (g/ml) 1.25 to 1.50 1.3 1.3 1.3
Moisture content percent by mass max. max. 2% 1.5 1.5 1.5
Room temperature storage stability up to 12 months
Parameters specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Fipronil content percent by mass 0.285 to 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.35
Fluazaindolizine content percent by mass 3.80 to 4.40 4.25 4.000 4.25
Chitosan content percent by mass 4.75 to 5.50 5.5 5.4 5.5
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 4.0 to 6.0 5.00 5.10 5.00
Dustiness < 20 mg 10 10 10
Dry sieve (300 micron) percent by mass min. > 90% 99.5 96.35 96.25
Attrition Resistance (<100 micron) < 5% 2.1 2.1 2.1
Bulk density (g/ml) 1.25 to 1.50 1.3 1.3 1.3
Moisture content percent by mass max. max. 2% 1.5 1.5 1.4

Procedure: Manufacturing process of Granules (GR) formulation
Step 1 Charge the required quantity of filler and carrier into blender
Step 2 Now mix all technicals into related solvent and then add Wetting and dsipersing agent
Step 3 Now homogenize this mixture before spraying on blank carrier(sand or bentonite granules)
Step 4 Now spray this technical mixtue on blank granules and blend till get homogenize
Step 5 Air dry these coated granules and sieve as per product requirement
Step 6 Final product is sent for QC approval.
Step 7 After approval material is packed in required pack sizes.

Manufacturing process of Granules (GR) -Slow release
Step 1 Charge the required quantity of filler and carrier into blender
Step 2 Now mix all technicals into related solvent and then add Wetting and dsipersing agent
Step 3 Now homogenize this mixture before spraying on blank carrier(sand or bentonite granules)
Step 4 Now spray this technical mixtue on blank granules and blend till get homogenize
Step 5 Now coat the solution of the slow releasing agent on this granules
Step 6 Air dry these coated granules and sieve as per product requirement
Step 7 Final product is sent for QC approval.
Step 8 After approval material is packed in required pack sizes.

EXAMPLE 3:
List of preferred combinations with formulations:
Compound A Compound B Compound C Active ingredients (%) Formu
lation Strength (%) Formul
ation Type
Comp
ound A Comp
ound B Comp
ound C
Fipronil Abamectin Chitosan 0.6 0.2 5 5.80 Granule
Fipronil Cadusafos Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Terbufos Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Ethoprofos Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Carbofuran Chitosan 0.3 3 5 8.30 Granule
Fipronil Carbosulfan Chitosan 0.3 3 5 8.30 Granule
Fipronil Oxamyl Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Fluensulfone Chitosan 0.3 2 5 7.30 Granule
Fipronil Fluopyram Chitosan 0.3 2 5 7.30 Granule
Fipronil Fosthiazate Chitosan 0.3 5 5 10.30 Granule
Fipronil Fluazaindolizine Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Cyclobutrifluram Chitosan 0.3 4 5 9.30 Granule
Fipronil Fluazaindolizine Chitosan 1.5 10 10 21.50 SC
Fipronil Cyclobutrifluram Chitosan 1.5 10 10 21.50 SC
Fipronil Fluopyram Chitosan 1.5 8 10 19.50 SC
Fipronil Spirotetramat Chitosan 1.5 10 10 21.50 SC
Fipronil Tioxazafen Chitosan 1.5 2 10 13.50 SC
Fipronil Abamectin Alpha terthienyl 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.00 Granule
Fipronil Cadusafos Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Terbufos Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Ethoprofos Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Carbofuran Alpha terthienyl 0.3 3 0.2 3.50 Granule
Fipronil Carbosulfan Alpha terthienyl 0.3 3 0.2 3.50 Granule
Fipronil Oxamyl Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Fluensulfone Alpha terthienyl 0.3 2 0.2 2.50 Granule
Fipronil Fluopyram Alpha terthienyl 0.3 2 0.2 2.50 Granule
Fipronil Fosthiazate Alpha terthienyl 0.3 5 0.2 5.50 Granule
Fipronil Fluazaindolizine Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Cyclobutrifluram Alpha terthienyl 0.3 4 0.2 4.50 Granule
Fipronil Fluopyram Alpha terthienyl 1.5 8 1 10.50 SC
Fipronil Spirotetramat Alpha terthienyl 1.5 10 1 12.50 SC
Fipronil Tioxazafen Alpha terthienyl 1.5 2 1 4.50 SC

Biological Examples:
The field studies have been conducted to assess the benefits of innovative ready-mix combinations in comparison to conventional combinations.
Experiment 1: Control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Crop : Tomato
Location : Anand, Gujarat
Treatments : 30
Plot size : 100 plants/plot (10 plants, 10 rows)
Application Method : The required dose (as per treatment details) was further bulked out with mixing sand and applied by hand in ring method in soil around the base of the plant at 3 days after transplanting, followed by covering with soil and watering.
Agronomic Practices : All agronomic practices followed as per the crop requirement except nematicide application.
Observation Methods:
Phytotoxicity (%) : Phytotoxic effect was observed at 15, 30 and 45 DATP (Days after transplanting) if any. The phytotoxic symptoms like stunting, yellowing, necrocis etc were observed.
Plant vigour : Plant vigor was visually assessed at 15, 30 and 45 DATP based on 1-10 scale, where 1=poor overall plant growth and 10= excellent uniform plant growth.
Root Galling Index : Record the observations at 45 and 75 DATP. The severity of root galling was assessed by uprooting 10 plants per plot and visually observing the numbers and size of galls on root as per the scale given. 0=No galls, 1=trace infection with a few small galls, 2=<25% of root galled, 3=25-50% root galled, 4=51-74% root galled, 5= >75% of root galled.
Calculate % reduction in galling on the basis of galling in Untreated control plot.

Flower count: Count the number of flower per plant at 75 DATP. Record the observations from 10 plants per plot.
Fruit count: Count the number of healthy marketable fruits per plant. Record such observations from 10 plants per plot.
Table 1: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Use rate/100 plants

T1 Fipronil 0.6%+Abamectin 0.2%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T2 Fipronil 0.3%+Fluensulfone 2%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T3 Fipronil 0.3%+Fluopyram 2%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T4 Fipronil 0.3%+Fosthiazate 5%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T5 Fipronil 0.3%+Fluazaindolizine 4%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T6 Fipronil 0.3%+Cyclobutrifluram 4%+Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T7 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Abamectin 1.9% EC (tank mix) 200 g+10.53 ml
T8 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Fluensulfone 2% GR (tank mix) 100 g+100 g
T9 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Fluopyram 40% SC (tank mix) 100 g+5 ml
T10 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Fosthiazate 10% GR (tank mix) 100 g+50 g
T11 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Fluazaindolizine 50% SC (tank mix) 100 g+8 ml
T12 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC (tank mix) 100 g+20 ml
T13 Abamectin 1.9% EC+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 10.53 ml+100 g
T14 Fluensulfone 2% GR+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 100 g+100 g
T15 Fluopyram 40% SC+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 5 ml+100 g
T16 Fosthiazate 10% GR+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 50 g+100 g
T17 Fluazaindolizine 50% SC+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 8 ml+100 g
T18 Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 20 ml+100 g
T19 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 200 g+100 g
T20 Fipronil 0.3% GR+Chitosan 5% GR (tank mix) 100 g+100 g
T21 Fipronil 0.3% GR 200 g
T22 Fipronil 0.3% GR 100 g
T23 Abamectin 1.9% EC 10.53 ml
T24 Fluensulfone 2% GR 100 g
T25 Fluopyram 40% SC 5 ml
T26 Fosthiazate 10% GR 50 g
T27 Fluazaindolizine 50% SC 8 ml
T28 Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC 20 ml
T29 Chitosan 5% GR 100 g
T30 Untreated Control (UTC) -

Treatment number T7 to T20 are conventional treatments
Table 2: Phytotoxicity and plant vigor in tomato
Treatment number Phytotoxicity (%) Plant Vigour
15 DATP 30 DATP 45 DATP 15 DATP 30 DATP 45 DATP
T1 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.6
T2 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.8
T3 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.7
T4 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.5
T5 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.8
T6 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.8
T7 0 0 0 4.0 3.7 2.8
T8 0 0 0 4.3 4.0 3.0
T9 0 0 0 4.2 3.8 2.6
T10 0 0 0 4.0 3.6 2.5
T11 0 0 0 4.4 4.1 3.1
T12 0 0 0 4.3 4.1 3.2
T13 0 0 0 3.8 3.4 2.6
T14 0 0 0 3.9 3.5 2.5
T15 0 0 0 4.0 3.6 2.5
T16 0 0 0 3.8 3.4 2.3
T17 0 0 0 4.0 3.7 2.4
T18 0 0 0 4.0 3.7 2.5
T19 0 0 0 3.8 3.0 2.3
T20 0 0 0 3.6 2.8 2.1
T21 0 0 0 3.4 2.7 2.0
T22 0 0 0 3.1 2.4 1.9
T23 0 0 0 3.1 2.7 2.1
T24 0 0 0 3.5 3.1 2.6
T25 0 0 0 3.4 3.0 2.2
T26 0 0 0 3.2 2.7 1.8
T27 0 0 0 3.5 3.1 2.7
T28 0 0 0 3.5 3.2 2.6
T29 0 0 0 3.1 2.5 1.6
T30 0 0 0 2.8 2.0 0.8

All the ready mix granular formulation treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) does not shows any kind of phytotoxic symptoms on tomato plants.
Table 3: Root galling index in tomato
Treatment number Root Galling Index at 45 DATP % Reduction in Galling at 45 DATP Root Galling Index at 75 DATP % Reduction in Galling at 75 DATP

T1 0.57 79.93 1.92 61.6
T2 0.32 88.73 1.17 76.6
T3 0.52 81.69 1.56 68.8
T4 0.65 77.11 1.98 60.4
T5 0.24 91.55 0.92 81.6
T6 0.18 93.66 0.84 83.2
T7 0.96 66.20 2.74 45.2
T8 0.74 73.94 2.10 58.0
T9 0.88 69.01 2.21 55.8
T10 1.13 60.21 2.98 40.4
T11 0.53 81.34 1.87 62.6
T12 0.42 85.21 1.68 66.4
T13 1.67 41.20 3.18 36.4
T14 1.34 52.82 2.86 42.8
T15 1.47 48.24 2.94 41.2
T16 1.72 39.44 3.28 34.4
T17 1.15 59.51 2.64 47.2
T18 1.06 62.68 2.18 56.4
T19 1.67 41.20 3.42 31.6
T20 1.84 35.21 3.72 25.6
T21 2.26 20.42 3.88 22.4
T22 2.54 10.56 4.12 17.6
T23 2.18 23.24 3.92 21.6
T24 1.92 32.39 3.32 33.6
T25 2.10 26.06 3.86 22.8
T26 2.24 21.13 4.10 18.0
T27 1.46 48.59 3.26 34.8
T28 1.18 58.45 2.96 40.8
T29 2.14 24.65 3.87 22.6
T30 2.84 0.00 5.00 0.0

All the ready mix granular formulation treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) shows excellent control of rook know nematode by reducing root galling.

Table 4: Number of flowers and fruits in tomato
Treatment number Number of flowers/plant at 75 DATP Number of fruits/plant at 90 DATP

T1 41.9 33.4
T2 42.8 34.8
T3 42.4 34.0
T4 41.2 33.3
T5 43.6 35.2
T6 44.8 36.7
T7 37.5 29.5
T8 39.6 32.0
T9 38.7 29.9
T10 37.5 28.6
T11 40.2 31.2
T12 40.8 31.7
T13 31.7 22.3
T14 33.4 24.1
T15 32.2 23.1
T16 31.1 22.1
T17 34.5 24.9
T18 35.8 26.0
T19 33.8 24.6
T20 32.6 23.2
T21 24.6 11.7
T22 22.4 9.2
T23 25.2 14.2
T24 27.5 16.1
T25 26.4 14.3
T26 23.4 10.8
T27 28.6 15.4
T28 29.8 17.2
T29 25.8 9.5
T30 16.2 5.8

All the ready mix granular formulation treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) shows produces higher number of flowers and marketable tomato fruits compared to all conventional treatments.
Experiment 2: Control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)
Crop : Bottle gourd
Location : Anand, Gujarat
Treatments : 24
Plot size : 100 plants/plot
Application Method : The required dose (as per treatment details) was mixed water and applied through drenching by removing nozzle through back pack sprayer at the base of plant on 15th DAS (day after sowing) by delivering 100 ml water per plant. The second application was also done at 45 DAS.
Agronomic Practices : All agronomic practices followed as per the crop requirement except nematicide application.
Observation Methods: Same as given in experiment 1.
Phytotoxicity (%) : Phytotoxic effect was observed at 30 and 60 DAS.
Plant vigour : Plant vigor was visually assessed at 30 and 60 DAS.
Root Galling Index : Record the observations at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.
Fruit count: Count the number of healthy marketable fruits per vine. Record such observations from 10 vines per plot.
Table 5: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Dose/100 vines

T1 Fipronil 1.5%+Fluopyram 8%+Chitosan 10% SC 20 ml
T2 Fipronil 1.5%+Spirotetramat 10%+Chitosan 10% SC 20 ml
T3 Fipronil 1.5%+Tioxazafen 2%+Chitosan 10 % SC 20 ml
T4 Fipronil 1.5%+Fluazaindolizine 10%+Chitosan 10% SC 20 ml
T5 Fipronil 1.5%+Cyclobutrifluram 10%+Chitosan 10% SC 20 ml
T6 Fipronil 5% SC+Chitosan 20% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+10 ml
T7 Fipronil 5% SC+Fluopyram 40% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T8 Fipronil 5% SC+Spirotetramat 24% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+8.33 ml
T9 Fipronil 5% SC+Tioxazafen 10% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T10 Fipronil 5% SC+Fluazaindolizine 50% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T11 Fipronil 5% SC+Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+10 ml
T12 Chitosan 20% SC+Fluopyram 40% SC (tank mix) 10 ml+4 ml
T13 Chitosan 20% SC+Spirotetramat 24% SC (tank mix) 10 ml+8.33 ml
T14 Chitosan 20% SC+Tioxazafen 10% SC (tank mix) 10 ml+4 ml
T15 Chitosan 2% SC+Fluazaindolizine 50% SC (tank mix) 10 ml+4 ml
T16 Chitosan 20% SC+Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC (tank mix) 10 ml+10 ml
T17 Fipronil 5% SC 6 ml
T18 Chitosan 20% SC 10 ml
T19 Fluopyram 40% SC 4 ml
T20 Spirotetramat 24% SC 8.33 ml
T21 Tioxazafen 10% SC 4 ml
T22 Fluazaindolizine 50% SC 4 ml
T23 Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC 10 ml
T24 UTC (Untreated Check) 0
Treatment T6 to T16 are conventional treatments.
Table 6: Bioefficacy of ready mix composition against root know nematode infesting bottlegourd
Treatment number Phytotoxicity (%) Plant Vigour Root Galling Index Number of Marketable fruits/vines
30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS
T1 0 0 5.0 5.0 0.36 0.56 0.98 21.9
T2 0 0 5.0 5.0 0.32 0.62 1.06 21.2
T3 0 0 5.0 5.0 0.12 0.26 0.68 23.3
T4 0 0 5.0 5.0 0.18 0.42 0.82 22.4
T5 0 0 5.0 5.0 0.13 0.35 0.77 22.9
T6 0 0 4.0 3.3 0.75 1.68 2.17 13.4
T7 0 0 4.0 3.6 0.70 1.64 2.20 14.2
T8 0 0 4.0 3.5 0.82 1.97 2.36 13.7
T9 0 0 4.1 4.0 0.45 0.98 1.27 15.6
T10 0 0 4.2 3.9 0.62 1.17 1.68 14.7
T11 0 0 4.2 3.8 0.52 1.08 1.46 15.1
T12 0 0 4.0 3.6 0.40 0.97 1.68 17.1
T13 0 0 4.0 3.5 0.46 1.12 2.26 16.8
T14 0 0 4.3 4.1 0.26 0.62 1.12 18.4
T15 0 0 4.2 4.0 0.38 0.71 1.32 17.7
T16 0 0 4.3 4.0 0.32 0.86 1.26 18.2
T17 0 0 3.3 2.5 1.25 2.58 3.57 5.7
T18 0 0 3.5 3.1 1.20 2.12 3.86 7.6
T19 0 0 3.6 3.2 1.08 2.47 3.62 9.4
T20 0 0 3.4 2.8 1.16 2.64 3.82 8.6
T21 0 0 4.0 3.6 0.86 1.84 2.87 11.3
T22 0 0 4.0 3.5 1.02 2.14 3.27 10.2
T23 0 0 4.0 3.4 0.92 1.96 2.98 10.8
T24 0 0 2.8 1.0 1.86 3.12 5.00 2.4

All the ready-mix formulations (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) shows excellent control of root know nematode and produces higher number of marketable fruits per vine and does not shows any kind of phytotoxicity on bottlegourd.

Experiment 3: Control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Crop : Bottlegourd
Location : Umreth, Anand, Gujarat
Treatments : 24
Plot size : 100 plants/plot
Application Method : The required dose (as per treatment details) was mixed water and applied through drenching by removing nozzle through back pack sprayer at the base of plant on 7th DATP (day after transplanting) by delivering 100 ml water per plant. The second application was also done at 37thDATP.
Agronomic Practices : All agronomic practices followed as per the crop requirement except nematicide application.
Observation Methods: Same as given in experiment 1.
Table 7: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Dose/100 vines

T1 Fipronil 1.5%+Fluopyram 8%+Alpha terthienyl 1% SC 20 ml
T2 Fipronil 1.5%+Spirotetramat 10%+Alpha terthienyl 1% SC 20 ml
T3 Fipronil 1.5%+Tioxazafen 2%+Alpha terthienyl 1 % SC 20 ml
T4 Fipronil 1.5%+Fluazaindolizine 10%+Alpha terthienyl 1% SC 20 ml
T5 Fipronil 1.5%+Cyclobutrifluram 10%+Alpha terthienyl 1% SC 20 ml
T6 Fipronil 5% SC+Alpha terthienyl 1% EC (tank mix) 6 ml+20 ml
T7 Fipronil 5% SC+Fluopyram 40% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T8 Fipronil 5% SC+Spirotetramat 24% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+8.33 ml
T9 Fipronil 5% SC+Tioxazafen 10% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T10 Fipronil 5% SC+Fluazaindolizine 50% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+4 ml
T11 Fipronil 5% SC+Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC (tank mix) 6 ml+10 ml
T12 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC+Fluopyram 40% SC (tank mix) 20 ml+4 ml
T13 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC+Spirotetramat 24% SC (tank mix) 20 ml+8.33 ml
T14 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC+Tioxazafen 10% SC (tank mix) 20 ml+4 ml
T15 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC+Fluazaindolizine 50% SC (tank mix) 20 ml+4 ml
T16 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC+Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC (tank mix) 20 ml+10 ml
T17 Fipronil 5% SC 6 ml
T18 Alpha terthienyl 1% EC 20 ml
T19 Fluopyram 40% SC 4 ml
T20 Spirotetramat 24% SC 8.33 ml
T21 Tioxazafen 10% SC 4 ml
T22 Fluazaindolizine 50% SC 4 ml
T23 Cyclobutrifluram 20% SC 10 ml
T24 UTC (Untreated Check) 0

Table 8: Bioefficacy against root know nematode infesting tomato crop
Treatment number Plant Vigour Root Galling Index at 60 DAS Number of fruits/plant
30 DAS 60 DAS
T1 5.0 5.0 1.38 30.6
T2 5.0 5.0 1.42 30.2
T3 5.0 5.0 1.12 32.7
T4 5.0 5.0 1.26 31.4
T5 5.0 5.0 1.14 31.9
T6 4.1 3.2 2.87 19.5
T7 3.9 3.5 2.67 21.7
T8 4.1 3.4 2.98 20.3
T9 4.2 3.7 1.89 24.1
T10 4.1 3.6 2.27 23.2
T11 4.2 3.5 2.12 23.7
T12 3.8 3.4 1.86 24.3
T13 3.9 3.3 1.96 23.7
T14 4.1 3.9 1.43 26.7
T15 4.0 3.8 1.62 25.6
T16 4.1 3.7 1.48 26.1
T17 3.2 2.8 4.28 11.9
T18 3.3 2.4 3.57 12.7
T19 3.4 2.5 3.12 14.3
T20 3.3 2.3 4.11 13.2
T21 3.8 2.6 2.08 16.7
T22 3.9 2.7 2.43 15.2
T23 3.8 2.8 2.27 15.8
T24 2.6 0.7 5.00 5.7

All the ready-mix formulations (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) shows excellent control of root know nematode and produces higher number of marketable fruits per plant and does not shows any kind of phytotoxicity on tomato plant.

Overall summery of field trials:
The field trials results shows many benefits/advantages of ready mix formulations. The synergism were observed in terms of root know nematode control.
• Excellent control of root know nematode
• Provides good residual control (duration of control)
• Shows excellent plant growth and vigor
• Produces a greater number of flowers, fruits, branches, more number of rootlets and higher root biomass, which directly increases the yield of the crop.
,CLAIMS:CLAIMS
We claim;
[CLAIM 1]. A plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition comprising:
a. an insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds;
b. one or more compound(s) selected from the class of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof;
c. a polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl; and
d. formulation excipients.

[CLAIM 2]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein an insecticide of Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds is selected from fipronil or nicofluprole.

[CLAIM 3]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein
a) compound(s) from the class of non-fumigant nematicides is selected from abamectin, cadusafos, terbufos, ethoprophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, fluensulfone, fluopyram, fosthiazate, spirotetramat, fluazaindolizine, cyclobutrifluram, tioxazafen, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof;
b) compounds from the class of fumigant nematicides is selected from 3 dichloropropene, chloropicrin, Metam sodium, Metam potassium, Dimethyl disulfide, ally isothiocyanate; or mixture thereof;
[CLAIM 4]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formulation for the said composition is selected from Capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion, water in oil (EO), Emulsion for seed treatment (ES), Emulsion, oil in water (EW), Flowable suspension/concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Granule/ soil applied (GR), Controlled (Slow or Fast) release granules 10 (CR), Solution for seed treatment (LS), Micro-emulsion (ME), Oil dispersion (OD), Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension (OF), Oil miscible liquid (OL), Suspension concentrate (flowable concentrate) (SC), Suspo-emulsion (SE), Water soluble granule (SG), Soluble concentrate (SL), Water soluble powder (SP), Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG), Wettable powder (WP), Water dispersible powder 15 for slurry treatment (WS), A mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), A mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), A mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW); and and one or more customary formulation adjuvants such as a) dispersant b) wetting agent c) anti-foaming agent d) biocides e) anti-freezing agent f) suspending agent g) thickener h) coating agent and i) buffering agent.

[CLAIM 5]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 1–claim 4, wherein the preferred compositions of active ingredients comprises:
i Fipronil 0.6%+ Abamectin 0.2%+ Chitosan 5% GR
ii Fipronil 0.3%+ Cadusafos 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
iii Fipronil 0.3%+ Terbufos 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
iv Fipronil 0.3%+ Ethoprofos 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
v Fipronil 0.3%+ Carbofuran 3%+ Chitosan 5% GR
vi Fipronil 0.3%+ Carbosulfan 3%+ Chitosan 5% GR
vii Fipronil 0.3%+ Oxamyl 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
viii Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluensulfone 2%+ Chitosan 5% GR
ix Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluopyram 2%+ Chitosan 5% GR
x Fipronil 0.3%+ Fosthiazate 5%+ Chitosan 5% GR
xi Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluazaindolizine 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
xii Fipronil 0.3%+ Cyclobutrifluram 4%+ Chitosan 5% GR
xiii Fipronil 0.6%+ Abamectin 0.2%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xiv Fipronil 0.3%+ Cadusafos 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xv Fipronil 0.3%+ Terbufos 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xvi Fipronil 0.3%+ Ethoprofos 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xvii Fipronil 0.3%+ Carbofuran 3%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xviii Fipronil 0.3%+ Carbosulfan 3%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xix Fipronil 0.3%+ Oxamyl 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xx Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluensulfone 2%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xxi Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluopyram 2%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xxii Fipronil 0.3%+ Fosthiazate 5%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xxiii Fipronil 0.3%+ Fluazaindolizine 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xxiv Fipronil 0.3%+ Cyclobutrifluram 4%+ Alpha terthienyl 0.2% GR
xxv Fipronil 1.5%+ Fluazaindolizine 10%+ Chitosan 10% SC
xxvi Fipronil 1.5%+ Cyclobutrifluram 10%+ Chitosan 10% SC
xxvii Fipronil 1.5%+ Fluopyram 8%+ Chitosan 10% SC
xxviii Fipronil 1.5%+ Spirotetramat 10%+ Chitosan 10% SC
xxix Fipronil 1.5%+ Tioxazafen 2%+ Chitosan 10% SC
xxx Fipronil 1.5%+ Fluopyram 8%+ Alpha terthienyl 1% SC
xxxi Fipronil 1.5%+ Spirotetramat 10%+ Alpha terthienyl 1% SC
xxxii Fipronil 1.5%+ Tioxazafen 2%+ Alpha terthienyl 1% SC

[CLAIM 6]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the SC (Suspension concentrate) formulation comprises:
i. an insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds present in an amount of 0.1 to 80% by weight of the composition;
ii. compound(s) selected from the class of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof present in an amount of 0.1 to 80% by weight of the composition;
iii. a polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl present in an amount of 0.1 to 50% by weight of the composition;
iv. wetting agent in an amount of 2.5 to 4.5 % by weight;
v. dispersing agent 1 in an amount of 3 to 6 % by weight;
vi. dispersing agent 2 in an amount of 1 to 5 % by weight;
vii. suspending agent in an amount of 1 to 3 % by weight;
viii. antifoaming agent in an amount of 0.1 to 1 % by weight;
ix. preservative in an amount of 0.1 to 1% by weight;
x. anti freezing agent in an amount of 3 to 8% by weight;
xi. thickner in an amount of 0.1 to 1 % by weight; and
xii. diluent water in an amount 40 to 70% by weight.

[CLAIM 7]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein wetting agent is selected from ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, polyalkoxylated butyl ether,ethoxylated fatty alcohol, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkyldiphenylsulfonates, sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants (as a wetting-spreading-penetrating agent) includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, heptamethyl trisiloxane, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane or mixture thereof.

[CLAIM 8]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein dispersing agents are selected from Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt condensated with formaldehyde, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, sodium ligno sulfonate, sodium polycarboxylate, EO/PO based copolymer, phenol sulfonate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, styrene acrylic acid copolymer, propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-copolymer, polyethylene glycol 2,4,6-tristyrylphenyl ether, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, tristyrylphenole with 16 moles EO, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, oleyl-polyglycol ether with ethylene oxide, tallow fatty amine polyethylene oxide, nonylphenol polyglycol ether with 9-10 moles ethylene oxide.

[CLAIM 9]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein suspending agent is selected from aluminum magnesium silicate, bentonite clay, silica and attapulgite clay.

[CLAIM 10]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein antifoaming agent is selected from silicone oil, silicone compound, C10~C20 saturated fat acid compounds or C8~C10 aliphatic alcohols compound, silicone antifoam emulsion, dimethyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, vegetable oil based antifoam, tallow based fatty acids, polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane .

[CLAIM 11]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein preservative is selected from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3(2H)-one, sodium salt, sodium benzoate, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, formaldehyde, sodium o-phenyl phenate, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

[CLAIM 12]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein anti freezing agent is selected from ethylene glycol, propane diols, glycerin or the urea, glycol (monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), glycerin, urea, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium chloride.

[CLAIM 13]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 6, wherein thickner is selected from xanthan gum, PVK, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, modified starch.

[CLAIM 14]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein the GR (Granule) formulation comprises:

i. an insecticide from Phenylpyrazole (fiproles) group of compounds present in an amount of 0.1 to 80% by weight of the composition;
ii. compound(s) selected from the class of non-fumigant nematicides, fumigant nematicides or mixture thereof present in an amount of 0.1 to 80% by weight of the composition;
iii. a polysaccharide selected from the group of chitosan, chitin or alpha terthienyl present in an amount of 0.1 to 50% by weight of the composition;
iv. wetting agent in an amount of 1 to 5% by weight of the composition;
v. emulsifier in an amount of 1 to 5% by weight of the composition;
vi. dispersing agent in an amount of 0.5 to 2% by weight of the composition;
vii. colourant in an amount of 0.1 to 2% by weight of the composition;
viii. solvent in an amount of 8 to 12% by weight of the composition; and
ix. carrier in an amount of 50 to 80% by weight of the composition.

[CLAIM 15]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 14, wherein wetting agent is selected from mono C2-6alkyl ether of a polyC2-4alkylene oxide block copolymer, condensation product of castor oil and polyC2-4alkylene oxide, a mono- or di-ester of a C12-24fatty acid and polyC2-4alkylene oxide, carboxylates, sulphates, sulphonates, alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan esters, ethoxylated fats or oils, amine ethoxylates, phosphate esters, ethylene oxide - propylene oxide copolymers, fluorocarbons, alkyd-polyethylene glycol resin, polyalkylene glycol ether, apolyalkoxylated nonyl phenyl, alkoxylated primary alcohol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol sulphate, ethoxylated tristyrylphenol phosphate, tristyrylphenol phosphate ester, hydroxylated stearic acid polyalkylene glycol polymer, and their corresponding salts, alkyd-polyethylene glycol resin, polyalkylene glycol ether, ethoxylated distyrylphenol, ethoxylated distyrylphenol sulphate, ethoxylated tristyrylphenol phosphate, tristyrylphenol phosphate ester, tristyrylphenol phosphate potassium salt, dodecysulfate sodium salt.

[CLAIM 16]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 14, wherein dispersing agent is selected from copolymer of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) and/or an ethoxylated tristyrene phenol, copolymer of PO and EO is alpha-butyl-omega-hydroxypoly (oxypropylene) block polymer with poly (oxyethylene), ethoxylated tristyrene phenol is alpha-[2,4,6-tris[1-(phenyl)ethyl] phenyl]-omega-hydroxy poly (oxyethylene, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)-alpha-C10-15alkyl-omega-hydroxy phosphate or sulphate and/or a C10-13alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, tristyrylphenols, nonylphenols, dinonylphenol and octylphenols, styrylphenolpolyethoxyester phosphate, alkoxylated C14-20fatty amines.

[CLAIM 17]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 14, wherein colourant is selected from Crystal violet, Thalocyano dye chlorinated, Aerosol green FFB dye, Rodamine, Azo compound.

[CLAIM 18]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 14, wherein solvent is selected from Fatty acid methyl ester, cyclohexane, xylene, mineral oil or kerosene, mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, mixtures of mono- and polyalkylated aromatics, dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, butyrolactone, octanol, castor oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil , epoxidised coconut oil or soybean oil, aromatic hydrocarbons, dipropyleneglycolmonomethylether, polypropylene glycol [M.W. 2000-4000], polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene glycols, polyoxypropylenepolyoxyethylene glycols, diethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol [M.W. 200-4000 amu], methoxy polyethylene glycols 350, 550, 750, 2000, 5000; glycerol, methyl oleate, n-octanol, alkyl phosphates such as tri-n-butyl phosphate, propylene carbonate and isoparaffinic, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetramethylurea, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide , Diacetone alcohol, Polybutene, Propylene carbonate, Dipropylene glycol isomer mixtureThe synergistic pesticidal composition consisting of fungicides and insecticides as claimed in claim 17, wherein preservative is selected from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3(2H)-one, sodium salt, sodium benzoate, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, formaldehyde, sodium o-phenyl phenate, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

[CLAIM 19]. The plant protective synergistic nematicidal composition as claimed in claim 14, wherein carrier is selected from diatomaceous earth, attapulgite or zeolites, dolomite, limestone, silica, fly ash, hydrated lime, wheat flour, wood flour, ground wheat straw, cellulose and soy flour, bentonite, kaolin, attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, talc, muscovite mica, fused sodium potassium, aluminum silicate , perlite, talc and muscovite mica, urea, sulfur-coated urea, isobutylidenediurea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, triple super phosphate, phosphoric acid, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium chloride, dipotassium carbonate, potassium oxide and a combination of these; calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc; oxides, humic acid, Wood floor, Calcium silicate, Cellulose granules, Magnesium stearate.