PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CANAGLIFLOZIN
FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of canagliflozin (a compound
of formula I), and to novel intermediates which are produced during the course of carrying out the
novel process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
Diabetes me!!itus is a serious and chronic metabolic disease that is characterized by high blood
glucose (hyperglycemia) and affects millions of people world-wide
A significant number of SGLT2 inhibitors are currently in clinical development and a significant
portion of these are -C-arylglucosides.
Among p~C~aryiglucosides that possess known SGLT2 inhibition that are currently in clinical
development are canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ipragliflozin.
Canagliflozin of formula I:
Formula I
or ( 1S)-1 ,5-anhydro-1 -[3-[[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]-methyl]-4-methylphenyl]-D-glucitol is an
inhibitor of subtype 2 sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT2), which exhibits an inhibitor activity,
against sodium-dependent glucose transporter being present in the intestine and kidney of
mammalian species.
Several approaches are described in the literature to synthesize canagliflozin.
EP2200606A1 discloses a process for the preparation of compounds having inhibitory activity
against sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT2) being present in the intestine or kidney,
including canagliflozin and salts thereof.
S. Nomura et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2010, Volume 53, Issue 17, Pages 6355-6360
discloses stereoselective C-Glycosylation reactions with aryl zinc reagents applied to the
stereoselective synthesis of canagliflozin.
In spite of the prior art disclosures of processes for the synthesis of canagliflozin, there yet remains
a continuing need to develop an easy, efficient, economical and commercially viable process.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION:
The object of the present invention is to provide a novel process for the preparation canagliflozin of
formula I .
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel process for the preparation of
canagliflozin of formula I which proceeds via novel chemical intermediates.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel process for the preparation of
novel chemical intermediates.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of
canagliflozin of formula I which is simple, economical and suitable for industrial scale-up.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel process for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I .
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided novel intermediates for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I .
According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel process for the
preparation of novel intermediates.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel process for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I which proceeds via novel intermediates.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention provides a novel process for the preparation of canagliflozin through novel
intermediates which are more effective and easy to scale up in commercial batches in a
convenient and cost effective manner, in high purity.
In accordance with the present invention, a novel process through novel intermediates is provided
for the preparation of canagliflozin as described hereinafter.
Protecting groups and associated deprotection methods are widely used in organic synthesis.
Protecting groups are often used to prevent a particular functional group or part of a molecule
(e.g., an amine, a carboxylic acid, a hydroxy!, a heterocycle, etc) from reacting under certain
reaction conditions. Hydroxyi-protecting groups are among the most commonly used protecting
groups and are of great importance in organic synthesis.
The term "hydroxyl protecting groups" include, but are not limited to, the protecting groups
designated as such and disclosed in Wuts and Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,
4th ed., John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey, (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
The term "halogen" includes chloro, bromo, fluoro and iodo.
in one aspect of the present invention there is provided a novel process for the preparation of
canagliflozin of formula I ,
Formula I
which process comprises the steps of:
reducing a compound of formula Ilie,
formula lllc
with a suitable reducing agent, optionally in presence of a Lewis Acid and/or a suitable organic
solvent, to obtain compound of formula II,
formula I I . and
deprotecting the compound of formula I I so formed to obtain a compound of formula I .
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound
of formula Ilie,
formula lllc
which process comprises condensin Vc ,
formula IVc
with a compound of formula Vc,
formula Vc
in presence of a Grignard reagent of formula RMX and a suitable metal ion complex, in one or
more suitable organic solvents;
wherein, R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroalicylic, alkoxy, aryloxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, carboxy, thiocarboxy, carbamate,
thiocarbamate, amide, thioamide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, and thiourea; M is any metal
suitable for forming a Grignard reagent; and X is halide.
The compound of formula lllc depicted in Scheme 1 hitherto is a novel intermediate useful in the
process for the preparation of canagliflozin as described herein. In one aspect of the present
invention, there is provided a compound of formula lllc, optionally for use as an intermediate in the
preparation of canagliflozin.
Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I is as shown in Scheme 1.
formula I
formula I
Scheme 1
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I which comprises the step(s) of reducing and optionally
esterifying a compound of formula Vld,
formula VId
to obtain compound of formula IVd,
formula IVd
wherein R is H or lower alkyl, such as C - alkyl.
In one aspect, where R is H, the compound of formula VId is reduced to obtain a compound of
formula IVd-1 ,
formula IVd-1
In another aspect, where R is lower alkyl, the compound of formula IVd-1 is esterified to obtain a
compound of formula IVd-2,
formula IVd-2
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I, which comprises the step(s) of:
condensing compound IVd with compound of formula Vd,
formula Vd
in presence of Grignard reagent of formula RMX and metal ion complex wherein R, M and X are
as hereinbefore defined, to form compound of formula llld,
formula llld
reducing the compound of formula llld so formed with a suitable reducing agent, optionally
in the presence of a Lewis acid and/or a suitable solvent, to obtain compound of formula II;
formula I I . and
deprotecting the compound of formula I I so formed to obtain a compound of formula I .
The compounds of formulae llld, IVd-1 and IVd-2 depicted in Scheme 2 are hitherto novel
intermediates useful in the process for the preparation of canagliflozin as described herein.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound of formula llld,
IVd-1 or IVd-2, optionally for use as an intermediate in the preparation of canagliflozin.
Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for
preparation of canagliflozin of formula I as shown in Scheme 2 .
formula I
Scheme 2
Suitable Grignard reagents which may be employed in the Grignard reaction step of the present
invention are commercially available and/or may be prepared according to conventional methods
in the art. Non-limiting examples include tert-butyl magnesium chloride, tert-buty! magnesium
bromide, ter -amy magnesium chloride, tert-amyl magnesium bromide, ,1-diethylpropy!
magnesium chloride, -me hy cy open y magnesium chloride and 1-metbyicyclohexyimagnesiisrn
chloride, Sec-butyl magnesium chloride, ethyl magnesium bromide, methyl magnesium bromide,
vinyl magnesium bromide, ally! magnesium bromide, ethynyl magnesium bromide, and the like.
Suitable metal ion complexes which may be employed in the Grignard reaction step of the present
invention include, but are not limited to, n-butyl lithium, sec butyl lithium, hexyl lithium, and the like.
Suitable organic solvents which may be employed in the Grignard reaction step of the present
invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl
ether, diglyme, methyl t-b y ether, and the like.
The Grignard reaction step of the present invention is typically carried out at a temperature in the
range of from about -60°C to about 60°C.
Non-limiting examples of suitable reducing reagents which may be employed in the processes of
the present invention include, but are not limited to, silane reagents such as triethyl silane and
triisopropylsilane; borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH ) , potassium borohydride
(KBH ) , zinc borohydride (Zn(BH4)2) , sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) and sodium
triacetoxyborohydride; and aluminum hydrides such as lithium aluminum hydride.
Suitable Lewis acids which may be employed in the processes of the present invention include
boron trifiuoride etherate, trimethylsiiyi trif!ate, titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, hydrochloric
acid, toluenesuifonic acid, trifiuoroacetic acid, acetic acid, and the like.
Suitable organic solvents which may be employed in the reduction step of the present invention to
obtain the compound of formula I I include, but are not limited to, one or more of ethers, nitriles,
halogenated solvents, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or any mixture thereof.
The reduction reaction to obtain the compound of formula I I is typically carried out at a temperature
in the range of from about -40°C to about 60°C.
The deprotection step to obtain canagliflozin of formula I may be undertaken using conventional
methods. For example, the compound of formula I I may be treated with a suitable deprotection
reagent such as a base or an acid in a suitable solvent. The base may be an anhydrous base such
as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide or the like.
Suitable solvents include alcoholic solvents, preferably methanol, and the like.
Non-limiting examples of reagents which may be employed for the (keto) reduction of the
compound of formula Vld to obtain the compound of formula IVd-l in accordance with the present
invention include borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH ) ; potassium borohydride
(KBH4) ; zinc borohydride (Zn(BH )2) ; sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN); sodium
triacetoxyborohydride; and aluminum hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydride and the like.
Suitable solvents which may be employed in the (keto) reduction step to obtain the compound of
formula IVd-l include, but are not limited to, one or more of alcohols, esters, ethers, nitriles,
tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, halogenated solvents, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide,
sulfolane, or any mixture thereof.
The (keto) reduction step is typically carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 0°C to
about 100°C.
Suitable acids which may be employed for the esterification step to obtain the compound of
formula IVd-2 include, but are not limied to, sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic
acid, methane disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, and the like.
Suitable solvents which may be employed in the esterification step to obtain the compound of
formula IVd-2 include, but are not limited to, one or more of alcohols, esters, ethers, nitriles,
tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, halogenated solvents, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide,
sulfolane, or any mixture thereof.
The esterification step is typically carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 0°C to
about 100°C.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the synthesis of
canagliflozin of formula I , as shown in Scheme 3 .
According to the process shown in Scheme 3 , a compound of formula Vila is coupled with a
compound of formula Via to obtain a compound of formula Va, which is then subjected to reduction
to obtain a compound of formula IVa. The compound of formula IVa is condensed with a
compound of formula Villa to obtain a compound of formula Ilia. The compound of formula Ilia is
subsequently reduced and deprotected to obtain canagliflozin of formula I . Compound of formula
Via is obtained by esterification of compound of formula IXa.
In the depicted Scheme 3 , R2, R3 andR 4 are hydroxyl protecting groups and is halogen.
The compounds of formulae IVa and Va are hitherto novel intermediates useful in the process for
the preparation of canagliflozin as described herein. In one aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a compound of formula IVa or of formula Va, optionally for use as a n intermediate in
the preparation of canagliflozin.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the synthesis
of canagliflozin of formula I , as shown in Scheme 4 .
According to the process shown in Scheme 4 , a compound of formula Vila is coupled with a
compound of formula Vb to obtain a compound of formula IVb, which is then subjected to reduction
to obtain a compound of formula 1Mb. The compound of formula 1Mb is subsequently condensed
with compound of formula VIb to obtain a compound of formula lib, which is finally deprotected to
obtain canagliflozin of formula I .
In the depicted Scheme 4 , R2, R3 and R4 are hydroxyl protecting groups, and and X2 are
halogen.
The compounds of formula Illb and IVb are hitherto novel intermediates useful in the process for
the preparation of canagliflozin as described herein.
The present invention will now be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, which
do not limit the scope of the invention in any way.
Examples
Example 1 - Preparation of Compound of Formula-lllc
Part-A: To a reaction mixture of 100 gm (0.2540 moles) compound of Formula-IV-c in 60 ml
toluene, 399 ml (0.3553 moles) of sec-butyl magnesium chloride in lithium chloride complex (15%
solution in THF) was charged at 0°C to -5°C and stirred for 2 hours.
Part-B: The reaction mixture of 110.24 gm (0.31 86 moles) of formula Vc (obtained by the
protection of D-Gluconolactone using acetic anhydride/trifluoroacetic acid) in 300 ml toluene and
60.0 ml tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -35°C to -45°C and charged part-A solution slowly into the
prepared reaction mixture and stirred for 30-45 minutes at -35°C to -45°C. Charged 20.0 ml Acetic
acid and 80ml water until neutral pH of the reaction mixture. The temperature of the reaction
mixture was raised to 30°C. Organic layer was separated. Extracted aqueous layer twice with 200
ml toluene. Organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and dried over
sodium sulphate. Solvent was distilled completely under vacuum below 50°C to obtain oily
residue. The oily residue was stirred in 400ml acetonitrile and washed with 2 x 250ml methyl
cyclohexane. The acetonitrile layer was employed in Example 2 .
Example 2 - Preparation Compound of Formula-ll
To acetonitrile layer (obtained in Example 1) and 88.10 gm (0.7709 moles) of triethylsilyl hydride at
30°C, 70.38 gm (0.4958 moles) of boron trifluoride etherate was charged. Reaction mixture was
heated to 40°C to 42°C for 1.0 hours. Partially distilled acetonitrile under vacuum below 40°C. 680
ml methanol was charged to the residue and cooled to 10-15°C. pH was adjusted with 18.0 ml
ammonium hydroxide to 7.2 to 8.0. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2-3hrs at 10-15°C. The solid
formed was filtered and recrystallized from isopropanol and acetone to obtain 73 gm of compound
of Formula-ll.
Example 3 - Preparation of Canagliflozin of Formula I
84 gm (0.1372 moles) of compound of Formula-ll of Example 2 in 336 ml methanol and 8.89 gm
(0.1647 moles) of sodium methoxide was refluxed for 1hour. The refluxed mixture was cooled to
30°C and then further cooled to 10°C to 15°C. Dilute acetic acid (8.23 gm in 84 ml water) and 2100
ml of water was charged to the reaction mixture and stirred overnight. The product was filtered and
washed with water under nitrogen to obtain 60.94 gm of canagliflozin of formula (I).
Example 4 - Preparation of Canagliflozin of Formula I
Step I - Preparation of lodophenyl thiophene ketone
To a reaction mixture of 150 gm of iodobenzoic acid in 750ml of dichloromethane and 3.0 ml DMF
at 30°C, 69.75 gm thionyl chloride was slowly charged. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux
temperature of the solvent and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C to 5°C
and was charged with 9 1 gm anhydrous AICI3, and 102 gm fluoro phenyl thiophene diluted in 300
ml dichloromethane. Stirred the reaction mixture at 30°C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was
quenched in crushed ice water mixture at 0-5°C. Organic layer was separated and washed with
750 ml saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Dichloromethane was distilled under vacuum to
obtain crude iodophenyl thiophene ketone. Crude iodophenyl thiophene ketone was recrystallized
from 600 ml isopropanol to obtain 222 gm of lodophenyl thiophene ketone.
Step II - Preparation of Compound of Formula-IVd-1 (R=OH)
To a reaction mixture containing 5.0 gm of lodophenyl thiophene ketone (obtained in step I) in 25
ml tetrahydrofuran and 0.5 ml water at 30°C, 0.56 gm sodium borohydride was charged and stirred
for 4 hour. 25ml of water was charged and the organic layer was separated. Tetrahydrofuran was
and distilled off completely under vacuum to obtain 4.6 gm of compound of Formula-IVd-1 (R=OH).
Step III - Preparation of Compound of Formula-IVd-2 (R=OMe)
To a reaction mixture of 6.5 gm of Compound of Formula-IVd-1(R=OH) (obtained in step II) in
65ml methanol, 2.21 gm of methane sulfonic acid was charged at 30°C. The reaction mixture was
stirred for 3 hour at 30°C. Organic solvent was distilled under vacuum. The residue obtained was
extracted in ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate
solution. Organic layer was distilled under vacuum to obtain 8.5 gm of compound of Formula-IVd-2
(R=OMe).
Step IV- Preparation of Compound of Formula-llld
Part-A: To a reaction mixture of 100 gm (0.2540 moles) compound of Formula-IVd-2 (R=OMe)
(obtained in step III) in 60 ml toluene, 4.57 gm of sec-butyl magnesium chloride in lithium chloride
(complex (15% solution in THF) was charged at 0°C to -5°C and stirred for 2.0 hours.
Part-B: The reaction mixture of 110.24 gm (0.3186 moles) of formula Vd (obtained by the
protection of D-Gluconolactone using acetic anhydride/trifluoroacetic acid) in 300 ml toluene and
60.0 ml tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -35°C to -45°C and charged part-A solution slowly into the
prepared reaction mixture and stirred for 30-45 minutes at -35°C to -45°C. Charged 20.0 ml acetic
acid & 80ml water till neutral pH of the reaction mixture. The temperature of the reaction mixture
was raised to 30°C. Organic layer was separated. Extracted aqueous layer twice with 200 ml
toluene. Organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and dried over
sodium sulphate. Solvent was distilled completely under vacuum below 50°C to obtain oily residue.
The oily residue was stirred in 400ml acetonitrile and washed with 2 x 250ml methyl cyclohexane.
The acetonitrile layer was employed in step V.
Step V - Preparation Compound of Formula-lid
To acetonitrile layer (obtained in step IV) and 88.10 gm (0.7709 moles) of triethylsilyl hydride at
30°C, 70.38 gm (0.4958 moles) of boron trifluoride etherate was charged. Reaction mixture was
heated to 40°C to 42°C for 1.0 hours. Partially distilled acetonitrile under vacuum below 40°C. 680
ml methanol was charged to the residue and cooled to 10-15°C. pH was adjusted with 18.0 ml
ammonium hydroxide to 7.2 to 8.0. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2-3hrs at 10-15°C. The solid
formed was filtered and recrystallized from isopropanol and acetone to obtain 73 gm of compound
of Formula-lld.
Step VI - Preparation of Canagliflozin of Formula I
84 gm 0.1372 (moles) of compound of Formula-ll d (obtained in step V) in 336 ml methanol and
8.89 gm (0.1647 moles) of sodium methoxide was refluxed for 1hour. The refluxed mixture was
cooled to 30°C and then further cooled to 10°C to 15°C. Dilute acetic acid (8.23 gm in 84 ml water)
and 2100 ml of water was charged to the reaction mixture and stirred overnight. The product was
filtered and washed with water under nitrogen to obtain 60.94 gm of canagliflozin of formula (I).
Claims
1. A process for preparing canagiifiozin of formula I ,
Formula I
which process comprises the steps of:
reducing a compound of formula lllc,
formula lllc
with a suitable reducing agent, optionally in presence of a Lewis acid and/or a suitable
organic solvent, to
formula II . and
deprotecting the compound of formula II so formed to obtain a compound of formula (I).
2 . A process according to claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group
consisting of silane reducing agents, borohydride reducing agents and aluminum hydride
reducing agents.
3 . A process according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the reducing agent is selected from the
group consisting of triethyl silane, triisopropylsilane, sodium boohydride, potassium
borohydride, zinc borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride
and lithium aluminum hydride.
4 . A process according to claim 3 wherein the reducing agent is triethyl silane.
5 . A process according to any preceding claim wherein the reduction step is carried out in the
presence of a Lewis acid.
6 . A process according to claim 5 wherein the Lewis acid is selected the group consisting of
boron trifluoride etherate, trimethylsilyl inflate, titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride,
hydrochloric acid, to!uenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and acetic acid.
7 . A process according to any preceding claim wherein the organic solvent employed in the
reduction step is selected from the group consisting of ethers, nitriles, halogenated
solvents, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or any mixture thereof.
8 . A process according to claim 7 wherein the organic solvent is acetonitrile.
9 . A process according to any preceding claim wherein the reduction step is carried out at a
temperature in the range from about -40°C to about 60°C.
10. A process according to any preceding claim wherein the compound of formula I I is
deprotected to obtain a compound of formula (I) with an acid or a base, optionally in the
presence of a suitable solvent.
11.A process according to claim 10 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of
sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tert-butoxide and potassium tert-butoxide.
12. A process according to claim 10 or 11 wherein the acid or base is anhydrous.
13 . A process according to claim 10, 11 or 12 wherein the solvent is an alcohol.
14. A process according to claim 13 wherein the solvent is methanol.
15. A process according to any preceding claim further comprising preparing the compound of
formula lllc by condensing a compound of formula IVc,
formula IVc
with a compound of formula Vc,
formula Vc
in presence of a Grignard reagent of formula RMX and a suitable metal ion complex, in one
or more suitable organic solvents;
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroalicylic, alkoxy, aryloxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, carboxy, thiocarboxy,
carbamate, thiocarbamate, amide, thioamide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, and thiourea; M
is any metal suitable for forming a Grignard reagent; and X is halide.
16. A process according to claim 15 wherein the Grignard reagent is selected from the group
consisting of iert-buiyl magnesium chloride, ert-bu y magnesium bromide, iert-amyi
magnesium chloride, ter -amy magnesium bromide, 1,1-diethylpropylmagnesium chloride,
1-methylcydopentyl magnesium chloride and 1-metbylcyc!ohexy! magnesium chloride,
Sec-butyl magnesium chloride, ethyl magnesium bromide, methyl magnesium bromide,
vinyl magnesium bromide, ally! magnesium bromide and ethynylmagnesium bromide.
17. A process according to claim 15 or 16 wherein the metal ion complex is selected from nbutyl
lithium, sec butyl lithium and hexyl lithium.
18. A process according to any one of claims 15 to 17 wherein the organic solvent is selected
from toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, diglyme and methyl t-butyl ether.
19. A process according to any one of claims 15 to 18 wherein the Grignard reaction is carried
out at a temperature in the range of from about -60°C to about 60°C.
20. A compound of formula lllc,
formula lllc
2 1.A compound of formula lllc according to claim 20 for use as an intermediate in the
preparation of canagliflozin of formula
22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising canagliflozin of formula i prepared according to a
process according to any one of claims 1 to 19, and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient or carrier.
23. Canagliflozin of formula prepared substantially as described herein with reference to the
Examples.