DESCRIPTION
TITLE OF INVENTION
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FORGED CRANKSHAFT
TECHNICAL FIELD
[OOOl]
The present invention relates to a method for producing a crankshaft by hot
forging.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002]
Reciprocating engines such as those for motor vehicles, motorcycles, agricultural
machines, or marine vessels require a crankshaft to extract power by converting
reciprocating motion of pistons to rotary motion. Crankshafts are generally
categorized into two classes: those of the type produced by die forging and those of the
type produced by casting. In particular, in cases where high strength and high stiffness
are required, the firstly mentioned forged crankshafts, which are superior in those
properties, are often employed.
[0003]
In general, forged crankshafts are produced by using, as a starting material, a
billet having a circular or square cross section and having a constant cross-sectional area
over the entire length, and subjecting the billet to the steps of preforming, die forging,
trimming and coining in order. Typically, the preforming step includes the steps of roll
forming and bending, and the die forging step includes the steps of block forging and
finish forging.
[0004]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a typical conventional process for
producing a forged crankshaft. A crankshaft 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 (see FIG. l(f)) is
designed to be mounted in a 4-cylinder engine and includes: five journals J1 to J5; four
crank pins PI to P4; a front part Fr, a flange F1, and eight crank arms A1 to A8
(hereinafter also referred to simply as "crank arm") that connect the journals J1 to J5
and the crank pins P1 to P4 to each other. The crankshaft 1 is configured such that all
of the eight crank arms A1 to A8 are integrally formed with counterweights W1 to W8
(hereinafter also referred to simply as "counterweight"), respectively, and is referred to
as a 4-cylinder 8-counterweight crankshaft.
[0005]
Hereinafter, when the journals J 1 to J5, the crank pins P1 to P4, the crank arms
A1 to A8, and the counterweights W1 to W8 are each collectively referred to, the
reference character "J" is sometimes used for the journals, "P" for the crank pins, "A"
for the crank arms, and " W" for the counterweights. A crank pin P and a pair of crank
arms A (including the counterweights W) which connect with the crank pin P are also
collectively referred to as a "throw".
[0006]
According to the production method shown in FIG. 1, the forged crankshaft 1 is
produced in the following manner. Firstly, a billet 2 shown in FIG. 1 (a), which has
been previously cut to a predetermined length, is heated by an induction heater or a gas
atmosphere furnace and then is subjected to roll forming. In the roll forming step, the
billet 2 is rolled and reduced in cross section by grooved rolls, for example, to distribute
its volume in the longitudinal direction, whereby a rolled blank 3, which is an
intermediate material, is formed (see FIG. l(b)). Next, in the bend forging step, the
rolled blank 3 obtained by roll forming is partially pressed from a direction
perpendicular to the longitudinal direction to distribute its volume, whereby a bent
blank 4, which is a secondary intermediate material, is formed (see FIG. l(c)).
[0007]
Subsequently, in the block forging step, the bent blank 4 obtained by bend
forging is press forged with a pair of upper and lower dies, whereby a forged blank 5
including a shape generally resembling the shape of the crankshaft (end product) is
formed (see FIG. l(d)). Then, in the finish forging step, the block forged blank 5
obtained by block forging is further processed by press forging the block forged blank 5
with a pair of upper and lower dies, whereby a forged blank 6 including a shape
conforming to the shape of the end product crankshaft is formed (see FIG. l(e)). In the
block forging and the finish forging, excess material flows out as flash from between the
parting surfaces of the dies that oppose each other. Thus, the block forged blank 5 and
the finish forged blank 6 have large flash 5a, 6a, respectively, around the shape of the
crankshaft.
[0008]
In the trimming step, the finish forged blank 6 with the flash 6a, obtained by
finish forging, is held by dies fiom above and below and the flash 6a is removed by a
cutting die. In this manner, the forged crankshaft 1 is obtained as shown in FIG. l(f).
In the coining step, principal parts of the die forged crankshaft 1, from which the flash
has been removed, e.g., shaft components such as the journals J, the crank pins P, the
front part Fr, and the flange F1, and further the crank arms A and the counterweights W,
are slightly pressed with the dies from above and below and corrected to the size and
shape of the end product. In this manner, the forged crankshaft 1 is produced.
[0009]
The production process shown in FIG. 1 is applicable not only for a 4-cylinder
8-counterweight crankshaft as exemplified, but also for a crankshaft in which, of all
eight crank arms A, at least one of the crank arms has the counterweight W. For
example, in some crankshafts to be mounted in a 4 cylinder engine, the leading first
crank arm Al, the trailing eighth crank arm A8, and the two central fourth and fifth
crank arms A4, A5 are each provided with the counterweight W. Such crankshafts are
referred to as a 4-cylinder 4-counterweight crankshaft. The same production process
can be employed for other types of crankshafts such as those to be mounted in a
3-cylinder engine, an inline 6-cylinder engine, a V-type 6-cylinder engine, or an
8-cylinder engine. When adjustment of the placement angle for the crank pins is
necessary, a twisting step is incorporated after the trimming step.
[OO lo]
In recent years, there has been a need for weight reduction of reciprocating
engines, particularly those for motor vehicles, in order to improve the he1 economy.
Accordingly, there is also an ever-increasing demand for weight reduction of
crankshafts, which are a principal component of a reciprocating engine. Conventional
techniques intended for weight reduction of a forged crankshaft include the following.
[OO 1 11
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-7726 (Patent Literature 1) and
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 201 0-230027 (Patent Literature 2) each
disclose a crank arm having hollow portions greatly and deeply depressed toward a
crank pin in the journal-side surface of the crank arm, adjacent to a straight line
connecting the axis of the journal to the axis of the crank pin (hereinafter also referred
to as the "crank arm centerline"), and they also each disclose a method for producing a
crankshaft having the crank arm. The crank arms disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 and
2 are reduced in weight by an amount corresponding to the volumes of the hollow
portions. Weight reduction of the crank arm leads to a reduced weight of the
counterweight, which forms a pair with the crank arm, and this in turn leads to weight
reduction of the forged crankshaft as a whole. Furthermore, the crank arms disclosed
in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 have sufficient stiffness (torsional rigidity and flexural
rigidity) because the side portions near the crank pin, between which the crank arm
centerline is interposed, have a large thickness.
[OO 1 21
By providing a recess in the journal-side surface of the crank arm while ensuring
a large thickness at the side portions of the crank arm as described above, it is possible
to achieve weight reduction in combination with sufficient stiffness.
[00 1 31
However, forged crankshafts having such a unique shape are difficult to produce
using conventional production methods. The reason is that, when the formation of the
recess in the surface of the crank arm is to be carried out in the die forging step, a
situation will occur in which the draft of the die becomes a reverse draft at the site of the
recess and therefore the formed forged blank cannot be removed from the die.
[0014]
To address such a situation, the production methods disclosed in Patent
Literatures 1 and 2 are configured as follows: in the die forging step, the crank arm is
shaped to be small without forming the recess in the surface of the crank arm, and after
the trimming step, a punch is pressed into the surface of the crank arm so that the mark
made by the punch forms the recess.
CITATION LIST
PATENT LITERATURE
[OO 1 51
Patent Literature 1 : Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 201 2-7726
Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-230027
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
TECHNICAL PROBLEM
[0016]
With either the production method disclosed in Patent Literature 1 or Patent
Literature 2, it is possible to form a recess in the journal-side surface of the crank arm
while ensuring a large thickness at the side portions of the crank arm, so that a forged
crankshaft having reduced weight in combination with sufficient stiffness can be
produced.
[00 171
However, in these methods, in order to form the recess in the surface of the crank
arm, the punch is strongly driven into the surface of the crank arm to deform the crank
arm as a whole, and therefore a large force for driving the punch is required. Thus,
special equipment configuration for imparting a large force to the punch is necessary,
and moreover care needs to be taken to the durability of the punch.
[00 181
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a forged
crankshaft capable of conveniently producing a forged crankshaft having reduced
weight in combination with sufficient stiffness.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM
[00 1 91
A method for producing a forged crankshaft, according to an embodiment of the
present invention, is a method for producing a forged crankshaft which includes:
journals that define a center of rotation; crank pins that are eccentric with respect to the
journals; and crank arms, each of the crank arms connecting a corresponding one of the
journals to a corresponding one of the crank pins. The production method includes a
die forging step, a trimming step, and an excess projecting portion bending step. The
die forging step includes forming a finish forged blank with flash, the finish forged
blank including a shape of the crankshaft, wherein the crank arm has an excess
projecting portion at an outer periphery of each of side portions near the crank pin, the
excess projecting portion projecting from the outer periphery. The trimming step
includes removing the flash from the finish forged blank formed in the die forging step.
The excess projecting portion bending step includes inserting a first die having a
U-shape to the crankshaft from a direction of eccentricity of the crank pin and bending
the excess projecting portion of the crank arm toward a surface of the crank arm, the
surface being adjacent to the journal, the crankshaft being obtained by removing the
flash in the trimming step.
[0020]
In the above production method, the excess projecting portion bending step may
be configured to include: abutting a second die against an area in a surface of the crank
arm and holding the area, the surface being adjacent to the journal, the area not
including areas of the side portions.
[002 11
The above production method may be configured such that the excess projecting
portion of the finish forged blank is formed in the die forging step so as to project from
the outer periphery within a region extending from the side portions of the crank arm to
a portion of the crank arm corresponding to an eccentrically top portion of the crank pin.
[0022]
The above production method may be configured such that the excess projecting
portion bending step is performed in a coining step in which a shape of the crankshaft is
corrected by pressing using dies.
LO0231
In the above production method, in the excess projecting portion bending step, a
recess may be formed inward of the side portions of the crank arm, in the surface of the
crank arm, the surface being adjacent to the journal.
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION
[0024]
The present invention includes: forming excess projecting portions on the outer
peripheries of side portions of the crank arm, the excess projecting portions locally
projecting therefrom; and bending the locally projecting excess projecting portions by
inserting a U-shaped first die from a direction of eccentricity of the crank pins. With
this configuration, it is possible to form a recess in the journal-side surface of the crank
arm while ensuring a large thickness at the side portions of the crank arm, so that a
forged crankshaft having reduced weight in combination with sufficient stiffness can be
produced. The production can be performed conveniently without the need for a large
force because it suffices merely to bend the locally projecting excess projecting portions
by inserting a U-shaped first die.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
LO0251
[FIG, 11 FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a typical conventional process
for producing a forged crankshaft;
[FIG. 21 FIG. 2 schematically shows a crank arm of a crankshaft to be produced
by a production method according to a first embodiment of the present invention,
illustrating the shape of the crank arm prior to coining, wherein FIG. 2(a) is a
perspective view thereof, FIG. 2(b) is a plan view thereof as seen from the journal
region, FIG. 2(c) is a side view thereof, and FIG. 2(d) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line A-A of FIG. 2(b);
[FIG. 31 FIG. 3 schematically shows the crank arm of the crankshaft to be
produced by the production method according to the first embodiment of the present
invention, illustrating the shape of the crank arm subsequent to coining, wherein FIG.
3(a) is a perspective view thereof, FIG. 3(b) is a plan view thereof as seen from the
journal region, FIG. 3(c) is a side view thereof, and FIG. 3(d) is a cross-sectional view
taken along the line B-B of FIG. 3(b);
[FIG. 41 FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, with plan
views of the crank arm as seen from the journal region, wherein FIG. 4(a) shows the
state prior to coining and FIG. 4(b) shows the state subsequent to coining;
[FIG. 51 FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, with side
views of the crank arm, wherein FIG. 5(a) shows the state prior to coining and FIG. 5(b)
shows the state subsequent to coining;
[FIG. 61 FIG. 6 illustrates a U-shaped first die used in the coining step in the
production method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein
FIG. 6(a) is a plan view showing the appearance thereof, FIG. 6(b) is a plan view
thereof as seen from the leading end side, FIG. 6(c) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line C-C of FIG. 6(a), and FIG. 6(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the
line D-D of FIG. 6(a);
[FIG. 71 FIG. 7 schematically shows a crank arm of a crankshaft to be produced
by a production method according to a second embodiment of the present invention,
illustrating the shape of the crank arm prior to coining, wherein FIG. 7(a) is a plan view
thereof as seen from the journal region, and FIG. 7(b) is a side view thereof;
[FIG. 81 FIG. 8 schematically shows the crank arm of the crankshaft to be
produced by the production method according to the second embodiment of the present
invention, illustrating the shape of the crank arm subsequent to coining, wherein FIG.
8(a) is a plan view thereof as seen from the journal region, and FIG. 8(b) is a side view
thereof;
[FIG. 91 FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the second embodiment of the present invention, with
plan views of the crank arm as seen from the journal region, wherein FIG. 9(a) shows
the state prior to coining and FIG. 9(b) shows the state subsequent to coining; and
[FIG. 101 FIG. 10 schematically illustrates the situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the second embodiment of the present invention, with
side views of the crank arm, wherein FIG. 10(a) shows the state prior to coining and
FIG. 10(b) shows the state subsequent to coining.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0026]
Embodiments of the method of the present invention for producing a forged
crankshaft will now be described in detail.
[0027]
[First Embodiment]
A first embodiment of the method of the present invention for producing a forged
crankshaft employs the production process as shown in FIG. 1. Specifically, the
production method according to the present embodiment includes: a preforming step
(roll forming and bend forging), a die forging step (block forging and finish forging), a
trimming step, and a coining step, each being performed by hot working. In particular,
the production method according to the present embodiment is distinguished over the
conventional production method shown in FIG. 1 by the modes of the die forging step
and the coining step.
[0028]
1. Crank Arm Shape of Crankshaft
FIG. 2 schematically shows a crank arm of a crankshaft to be produced by a
production method according to a first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating
the shape of the crank arm prior to coining. FIG. 3 schematically shows the crank arm
of the crankshaft to be produced by the production method according to the first
embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the shape of the crank arm subsequent
to coining. Both FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show a representative example of the crank arms
(including a counterweight) of the crankshaft, wherein FIGS. 2(a) and 3(a) are
perspective views thereof, FIGS. 2(b) and 3(b) are plan views thereof as seen from the
journal region, and FIGS. 2(c) and 3(c) are side views thereof. FIG. 2(d) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 2(b) and FIG. 3(d) is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B of FIG. 3(b).
[0029]
As shown in FIG. 3, the shape of the crank arm of the forged crankshaft, which is
the end product of the present embodiment, i.e., the shape of the crank arm subsequent
to coining is such that the side portions Aa, Ab, near the crank pin P, of the crank arm A
protrude to the journal J-side and therefore the side portions Aa, Ab have a large
thickness. Furthermore, the shape of the crank arm is such that a recess is provided in
an area As inside the side portions Aa, Ab in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm
A. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3(d), the crank arm A has a large thickness at
the side portions Aa, Ab, a thin thickness inward thereof because of the recess, and a
large thickness further inward thereof.
[0030]
In short, the shape of the crank arm subsequent to coining is such that a large
thickness is provided at the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A while a recess is
formed in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A. The forged crankshaft having
the crank arm of such a shape has reduced weight by virtue of the recess in the surface
of the crank arm A and also has sufficient stiffness because a large thickness is provided
at the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A.
1003 11
In contrast, as shown in FIG. 2, the shape of the crank arm prior to coining is
such that, in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A, a recess is provided in the
area As inward of the side portions Aa, Ab in such a manner that the recess conforms to
the shape of the end product subsequent to coining. The recess smoothly extends to
the regions of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A. Thus, the shape of the
crank arm is such that the thicknesses of the side portions Aa, Ab are smaller than those
in the end product. Further, the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A have excess
projecting portions Aaa, Aba formed on the respective outer peripheries so as to project
from the outer peripheries. The excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba have a plate shape
extending along the outer peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A,
and have thicknesses substantially equal to the thicknesses of the side portions Aa, Ab
of the crank arm A or smaller than those.
[0032]
This shape of the crank arm prior to coining is finally formed by finish forging in
the die forging step and retained in the trimming step.
[0033]
2. Method for Producing Forged Crankshaft
As described above, the production method according to the present embodiment
includes the preforming step, the die forging step, the trimming step, and the coining
step, each being performed sequentially by hot working. When adjustment of the
placement angle for the crank pins is necessary, a twisting step is incorporated
subsequent to the trimming step and prior to the coining step.
[0034]
In the production method according to the present embodiment, similarly to the
conventional production method shown in FIG. I, the preforming step is performed to
form a bent blank.
[0035]
Next, the die forging step (block forging and finish forging) is performed to form
a finish forged blank with flash from the bent blank, the finish forged blank including
the shape of the crankshaft in which the crank arm has the shape shown in FIG. 2.
Both die forging operations, i.e., block forging and finish forging, are carried out with
press forging using paired upper and lower dies.
[003 61
It should be noted that the shape of the crankshaft included in the finish forged
blank is such that a recess has been formed in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm
A and the plate-shaped excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba have been formed on the
outer peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A as described above.
The recess smoothly extends to the areas of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A,
and the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba have thicknesses substantially equal to the
thicknesses of the side portions Aa, Ab or smaller than those. The dies used in the die
forging carry impressions reflecting the shapes of them, and the drafts of the dies do not
become reverse drafts either at the site coriesponding to the recess in the surface of the
crank arm or at the sites corresponding to the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba on the
outer peripheries of the crank arm. As a result, the die forging can be carried out
without difficulty.
[0037]
Subsequently, the trimming step is performed to trim the flash from the finish
forged blank with flash, thereby obtaining the forged crankshaft. The crankshaft
obtained by the trimming step has the crank arm shape shown in FIG. 2, with the excess
projecting portions Aaa, Aba formed on the outer peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab
of the crank arm A.
[003 81
Then, the process proceeds to the coining step.
[0039]
FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically illustrate the situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein
FIGS. 4(a) and 5(a) show the state prior to coining and FIGS. 4(b) and 5(b) show the
state subsequent to coining. Of these figures, FIG. 4 shows plan views of the crank
arm as seen from the journal region, and FIG. 5 shows side views of the crank arm. In
the side views of FIG. 5, the hatched areas are cross sections, taken on the crank arm
centerline, of dedicated dies (first die and second die) that are used in the present
embodiment. FIG. 6 illustrates a U-shaped first die used in the coining step in the
production method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein
FIG. 6(a) is a plan view showing the appearance thereof, FIG. 6(b) is a plan view
thereof as seen from the leading end side, FIG. 6(c) is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line C-C of FIG. 6(a), and FIG. 6(d) is a cross-sectional view taken along the
line D-D of FIG. 6(a).
[0040]
In the coining step, paired upper and lower dies are used as with typical
conventional coining steps. In FIGS. 4 and 5, dies for the coining step are not shown.
The coining dies of the present embodiment carry impressions that reflect the shapes of
the components excluding the crank arm A (e.g., the journal J and crank pin P) of the
crankshaft end product shown in FIG. 3. The coining dies have a large opening at the
site corresponding to the crank arm A to accommodate the first dies described later, the
large opening extending in the direction of eccentricity of the crank pin P. In addition,
the coining dies have an opening at the site corresponding to the recess in the journal
J-side surface of the crank arm A to accommodate the second die described later.
[004 11
In particular, in the coining step of the present embodiment, a first die 10 and a
second die 20 are used as shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 in addition to coining dies. The first
die 10 and the second die 20 are both independent of the coining dies and are
accommodated in the respective openings in the coining dies.
[0042]
The first die 10 has a U-shape symmetrical with respect to the crank arm
centerline of the crank arm A of the crankshaft. The first die 10 is movable back and
forth along the crank arm centerline of the crank arm A of the crankshaft (the direction
of eccentricity of the crank pin P). The back and forth movement of the first die 10 is
carried out by a hydraulic cylinder coupled to the first die 10 or by another means.
Inner surfaces 1 1 a, 11 b, 1 1 c of a base portion 11 of the first die 10 carry impressions
corresponding to the outer peripheral geometry of the crank arm A of the crankshaft
shown in FIG. 3, i.e., the outer peripheral geometry of a region from the side portions
Aa, Ab of the crank arm A to a portion Ac thereof corresponding to the eccentrically top
portion of the crank pin P (hereinafter this portion is also referred to as a "pin top
portion" Ac). Inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba of end portions 12A, 12B projecting from the
base portion 1 1 of the first die 10 are smoothly connected to the inner surfaces 1 1 a, 1 1 b
of the base portion 1 1, and they are twisted surfaces having an inside distance increasing
toward the ends adjacent to the journal J.
[0043]
The second die 20 carries an impression having a shape corresponding to that of
the recess in the surface of the crank arm. The second die 20 is movable back and
forth so as to be in contact with or away from the recess in the surface of the crank arm.
The back and forth movement of the second die 20 is carried out by a hydraulic cylinder
coupled to the second die 20 or another means.
[0044]
The coining step of the present embodiment using such coining dies, first die 10,
and second die 20 is carried out in the following manner. Firstly, the crankshaft after
trimming is placed in the impressions of the lower coining die. During this time, the
first die 10 and the second die 20 are both in a state in which they are withdrawn away
from the crankshaft, and the crank arm A, including the excess projecting portions Aaa,
Aba on the outer peripheries of the crank arm, is not constrained by the dies at all as
shown in FIG. 4(a).
COO451
In this state, the upper coining die is moved toward the lower coining die. In
this manner, the shaft components of the crankshaft (e.g., the journals J, the crank pins P,
the front part Fr, and the flange Fl), and further the counterweights W are slightly
pressed and corrected to the size and shape of the end product.
[0046]
After the pressing by the coining die, the second die 20 is advanced and the
second die 20 is abutted against the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A as shown
in FIG. 5(a). During this time, the second die 20 is abutted against the surface of the
recess area As excluding the areas of the side portions Aa, Ab in the journal J-side
surface of the crank arm A.
[0047]
Next, the first die 10 is advanced and the first die 10 is inserted to the crank arm
A from the direction of eccentricity of the crank pin P of the crankshaft. As the first
die 10 is inserted, the inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba of the end portions 12A, 12B of the
first die 10 are first brought into contact with the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba on
the outer peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A, respectively. The
excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba are gradually bent toward the journal J-side surface
by the inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba of the end portions 12A, 12B of the first die 10, with
the inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba contacting the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba,
respectively. Then, as shown in FIGS. 4(b) and 5(b), the excess projecting portions
Aaa, Aba are eventually bent toward the journal J-side surface by the inner surfaces 1 1 a,
1 1 b of the base portion 1 1 of the first die 10, with the inner surfaces 1 1 a, 1 1 b
subsequently contacting the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba.
[0048]
Consequently, the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A protrude to the journal
J-side surface by amounts corresponding to the volumes of the excess projecting
portions Aaa, Aba. In this manner, the crankshaft, which has a large thickness at the
side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A and has the recess formed in the journal J-side
surface of the crank arm A as shown in FIG. 3, is produced.
[0049]
Furthermore, during the insertion of the first die 10, the crank arm A is
constrained by the second die 20 abutted against the recess area As in the journal J-side
surface, and therefore the shape of the recess area As is stabilized. Moreover, the side
portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A protrude to the journal J-side as a result of the
insertion of the first die 10, and the shape of the protrusions is precisely formed by the
second die 20.
[0050]
After completion of the insertion of the first die 10, the first die 10 and the second
die 20 are retracted to be withdrawn from the crank arm A, and thereafter, the upper
coining die is raised to take out the crankshaft.
[005 11
As described above, with the production method of the present embodiment, it is
possible to form the recess in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A while
ensuring the large thickness at the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A, so that a
forged crankshaft having reduced weight in combination with sufficient stiffness can be
produced. With this production method, it suffices merely to form the excess
projecting portions Aaa, Aba on the outer peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab of the
crank arm A such that the excess projecting portions locally project therefrom, and to
bend the locally projecting excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba by inserting the
U-shaped first die from the direction of eccentricity of the crank pins. Accordingly,
the crankshaft production of the present embodiment can be performed conveniently
without the need for a large force.
[0052]
In particular, in the present embodiment, although the second die 20 is abutted
against the surface of the crank arm A, the second die 20 is not pressed into the surface
any further, and therefore merely a small force is sufficient to hold the second die 20.
Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, the formation of the final shape of
the crank arm A is accomplished simply by bending the excess projecting portions Aaa,
Aba, and therefore the deformation has little influence on the other components such as
the journals.
[0053]
Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, the bending of the excess
projecting portions Aaa, Aba on the outer peripheries of the crank arm is carried out in
the coining step, and therefore modification to the conventional production method is
not necessary. It is noted, however, that the bending of the excess projecting portions
Aaa, Aba on the outer peripheries of the crank arm may be performed in a separate step
distinct from the coining step as long as it is performed after the trimming step.
[0054]
[Second Embodiment]
The second embodiment is based on the above first embodiment, with
modification made to the shape of the crank arm of the forged crankshaft.
[OOSS]
1. Crank Arm Shape of Crankshaft
FIG. 7 schematically shows a crank arm of a crankshaft to be produced by a
production method according to a second embodiment of the present invention,
illustrating the shape of the crank arm prior to coining. FIG. 8 schematically shows
the crank arm of the crankshaft to be produced by the production method according to
the second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating the shape of the crank arm
subsequent to coining. Both FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show a representative example of the
crank arms (including a counterweight) of the crankshaft, wherein FIGS. 7(a) and 8(a)
are plan views thereof as seen from the journal region, and FIGS. 7(b) and 8(b) are side
views thereof.
[0056]
As shown in FIG. 8, similarly to the above first embodiment, the shape of the
crank arm of the forged crankshaft, which is the end product of the present embodiment,
i.e., the crank arm shape subsequent to coining is such that the side portions Aa, Ab of
the crank arm A have a large thickness and a recess is provided in the area As in the
journal J-side surface of the crank arm A. Furthermore, the shape of the crank arm of
the present embodiment after coining is such that, in addition to the side portions Aa, Ab
of the crank arm A, the continuous region from the side portions Aa, Ab to the pin top
portion Ac has a large thickness.
[0057]
In short, the shape of the crank arm subsequent to coining is such that a large
thickness is continuously provided at the region from the side portions Aa, Ab of the
crank arm A to the pin top portion Ac thereof while a recess is formed in the journal
J-side surface of the crank arm A. The forged crankshaft having the crank arm of such
a shape has reduced weight by virtue of the recess in the surface of the crank arm A and
also has sufficient stiffness because a large thickness is provided at the side portions Aa,
Ab of the crank arm A.
[0058]
It should be noted that the pin fillet portion, which is a joint connecting the crank
pin P to the crank arm A, is prone to stress concentration and therefore that quenching
using high frequency induction heating is often applied thereto to improve the fatigue
strength. In this process, the pin top portion Ac of the crank arm A may experience
quench cracking since it is contiguous with the pin fillet portion, which is subjected to
quenching, unless the portion has a certain degree of thickness. To guard against such
a case, the pin top portion Ac of the crank arm A of the present embodiment has a large
thickness and therefore has high resistance to quench cracking.
[0059]
In contrast, as shown in FIG. 7, the shape of the crank arm of the present
embodiment prior to coining is such that, in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm
A, a recess is provided in the area As inward of the side portions Aa, Ab and the pin top
portion Ac in such a manner that the recess conforms to the shape of the end product
subsequent to coining. The recess smoothly extends to the areas of the side portions
Aa, Ab and pin top portion Ac of the crank arm A. Thus, the shape of the crank arm is
such that the thicknesses of the side portions Aa, Ab and pin top portion Ac are smaller
than those in the end product. Further, the region from the side portions Aa, Ab of the
crank arm A to the pin top portion Ac thereof has excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba,
Aca formed on the outer periphery of the region so as to project from the outer
periphery. The excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba, Aca have a plate shape extending
along the outer periphery of the region from the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A
to the pin top portion Ac thereof, and their thicknesses are each substantially equal to
the respective thicknesses of the side portions Aa, Ab and pin top portion Ac of the
crank arm A or smaller than those.
[0060]
This shape of the crank arm prior to coining is finally formed by finish forging in
the die forging step and retained in the trimming step as with the above first
embodiment.
[006 11
2. Method for Producing Forged Crankshaft
The production method of the present embodiment is similar to that of the above
first embodiment. That is, the crankshaft having the c,rank arm shape shown in FIG. 7
can be produced via the die forging step and the trimming step. By subjecting this
crankshaft to the coining step, the end product crankshaft having the crank arm shape
shown in FIG. 8 can be produced.
[0062]
FIGS. 9 and 10 schematically illustrate the situation of the coining step in the
production method according to the second embodiment of the present invention,
wherein FIGS. 9(a) and 10(a) show the state prior to coining and FIGS. 9(b) and 10(b)
show the state subsequent to coining. Of these figures, FIG. 9 shows plan views of the
crank arm as seen from the journal region, and FIG. 10 shows side views of the crank
arm.
[0063]
The coining step employs the coining dies, the first die 10, and the second die 20
employed in the above first embodiment. As with the above first embodiment, after
the pressing by the coining dies, the second die 20 is advanced and the second die 20 is
abutted against the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A as shown in FIG. 1 O(a).
100641
Next, in the state shown in FIG. 9(a), the first die 10 is advanced and the first die
10 is inserted to the crank arm A from the direction of eccentricity of the crank pin P of
the crankshaft as with the above first embodiment. As the first die 10 is inserted, the
excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A are
firstly gradually bent toward the journal J-side surface by the inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba
of the end portions 12A, 12B of the first die 10, with the inner surfaces 12Aa, 12Ba
respectively contacting the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba. Then, as shown in
FIGS. 9(b) and 10(b), the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba of the side portions Aa,
Ab of the crank arm A are eventually bent toward the journal J-side surface by the inner
surfaces 1 1 a, 1 1 b of the base portion 11 of the first die 10, with the inner surfaces 1 1 a,
1 1 b subsequently contacting the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba. Concurrently,
the excess projecting portion Aca of the pin top portion Ac of the crank arm A is
eventually bent toward the journal J-side surface by the inner surface 1 lc of the base
portion 1 1 of the first die 10, with the inner surface 1 1 c contacting the excess projecting
portion Aca.
[0065]
Consequently, the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A and the excess
projecting portion Aca of the pin top portion Ac protrude from the journal J-side surface
by amounts corresponding to the volumes of the respective excess projecting portions
Aaa, Aba, Aca. In this manner, the crankshaft, which has a large thickness over the
continuous region from side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A to the pin top portion
Ac thereof and has the recess formed in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A as
shown in FIG. 8, is produced.
[0066]
As described above, with the production method of the present embodiment, it is
possible to ensure a large thickness over the continuous region from the side portions Aa,
Ab of the crank arm A to the pin top portion Ac thereof while forming the recess in the
journal J-side surface of the crank arm A. Hence, it is possible to produce a forged
crankshaft having reduced weight in combination with sufficient stiffness and in
addition having high resistance to quench cracking. With this production method, it
suffices merely to form the excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba, Aca on the outer
peripheries of the side portions Aa, Ab and pin top portion Ac of the crank arm A such
that the excess projecting portions locally project therefrom, and to bend the locally
projecting excess projecting portions Aaa, Aba, Aca by inserting the U-shaped first die
from the direction of eccentricity of the crank pins. Accordingly, the crankshaft
production of the present embodiment can be performed conveniently without the need
for a large force.
[0067]
As will be appreciated, the production method of the present embodiment
provides similar advantages to those of the above first embodiment.
[0068]
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but
may be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the
present invention. For example, the second die 20 may not be necessary. This is
because, when precise dimensional accuracy of the crank arm A is not required, the
second die 20 may not be necessary because the bending of the excess projecting
portions Aaa, Aba on the outer peripheries of the crank arm using the first die 10 can
form the recess in the journal J-side surface of the crank arm A while ensuring a large
thickness of the side portions Aa, Ab of the crank arm A.
[0069]
The production method of the present embodiment is applicable not only to
production of a crankshaft to be mounted in a 4-cylinder engine but also to production
of crankshafts to be mounted in a 3-cylinder engine, an inline 6-cylinder engine, a
V-type 6-cylinder engine, and other types of engines (hereinafter referred to as
"3-cylinder and other types of crankshafts"). In 3-cylinder and other types of
crankshafts, the positions of the crank pins are equidistantly varied about the rotation
axis (journals) at an angle of 120" or 60". Thus, in the process of producing 3-cylinder
and other types of crankshafts, a twisting step may be incorporated subsequent to the
trimming step and prior to the coining step depending on the shape of the counterweight.
When the production method of the present embodiment is employed for production of
3-cylinder and other types of crankshafts, the insertion of the first die in the excess
projecting portion bending step described above may be performed from the direction of
eccentricity of the crank pins.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0070]
The present invention is capable of being effectively utilized in production of
forged crankshafts to be mounted in a variety of reciprocating engines.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
[0071]
1 : forged crankshaft
J, J1 to J5: journal
P, P 1 to P4: crank pin
Fr: front part
F1: flange
A, A1 to A8: crank arm
W, W1 to W8: counterweight
Aa, Ab: side portion of crank arm
Ac: pin top portion of crank arm
As: area inward of side portions in journal-side surface of crank arm
Aaa, Aba, Aca: excess projecting portion
10: first die
1 1 : base portion of first die
1 1 a, I 1 b, 1 1 c: inner surface of base portion of first die
12A, 12B: end portion of first die
12Aa, 12Ba: inner surface of end portion of first die
20: second die
We claim:
1. A method for producing a forged crankshaft, the crankshaft including:
journals that define a center of rotation; crank pins that are eccentric with respect to the
journals; and crank arms, each of the crank arms connecting a corresponding one of the
journals to a corresponding one of the crank pins,
the method comprising:
a die forging step, including forming a finish forged blank with flash, the finish
forged blank including a shape of the crankshaft, wherein the crank arm has an excess
projecting portion at an outer periphery of each of side portions near the crank pin, the
excess projecting portion projecting from the outer periphery;
a trimming step, including removing the flash from the finish forged blank
formed in the die forging step; and
an excess projecting portion bending step, including inserting a first die having a
U-shape to the crankshaft from a direction of eccentricity of the crank pin and bending
the excess projecting portion of the crak arm toward a surface of the crank arm, the
surface being adjacent to the journal, the crankshaft being obtained by removing the
flash in the trimming step.
2. The method for producing a forged crankshaft according to claim 1,
wherein, in the excess projecting portion bending step, a second die is abutted
against an area in a surface of the crank arm to hold the area, the surface being adjacent
to the journal, the area not including areas of the side portions.
3. The method for producing a forged crankshaft according to claim 1 or 2,
wherein the excess projecting portion of the finish forged blank is formed in the
die forging step so as to project from the outer periphery within a region extending from
the side portions of the crank arm to a portion of the crank arm corresponding to an
eccentrically top portion of the crank pin.
4. The method for producing a forged crankshaft according to any one of
claims 1 to 3,
wherein the excess projecting portion bending step is performed in a coining step
in which a shape of the crankshaft is corrected by pressing using dies.
5. The method for producing a forged crankshaft according to any one of
claims I to 4,
wherein, in the excess projecting portion bending step, a recess is formed inward
of the side portions of the crank arm, in the surface of the crank arm, the surface being
adjacent to the journal.