STATEMENT OF INVENTION:
In the present invention, a simple technique for the production of fuel oil from sesame (sesamum
indicum) de-oiled cake is being disclosed. Sesame de-oiled cake was pyrolyzed to obtain fuel oil
having a calorific value of 6112 Kcal/Kg and specific gravity 1.029. By this process a maximum
of 58.51% (weight basis) yield of liquid product was obtained. Sesame de-oiled cake having oil
content of 6.6% was heated at a rate of 10-30 °C/min over a temperature range of 350 - 600 °C
at atmospheric pressure in the absence of air. The engine performance of fuel oil and its blends
with diesel were studied in a single cylinder engine. There was an increase in brake thermal
efficiency and decrease in brake specific fuel consumption up to 30% blends when compared to
diesel. Exhaust gas. emissions such as NO,CO, CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and O2 were
also measured and it was found to be lesser or comparable to that of diesel up to 30% blend. So
pyrolysis of sesame de-oiled cake is a better process to produce fuel oil.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION:
Exhaustive patent search reveals that no patent has been filed in any country in this direction by
using sesame de-oiled cake.
OBJECTIVE OF INVENTION:
A process has been developed for the production of fuel oil from sesame de-oiled cake by a
simple technology. The yield of fuel oil from sesame de-oiled cake is 58.51%) (weight basis) at a
temperature range of 350 - 600 °C at atmospheric pressure in the absence of air.
The basic purpose of this invention is to produce fuel oil which will give similar or better
performance as that of diesel.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION:
The sesame de-oiled cake was collected and dried in an oven for 3-4 hrs at a temperature of
100°C to remove the moisture content. A series of experiments were done to determine the
influence of temperature between 350-600 °C at a heating rate of 10-30 °C/min. A known
amount of sesame de-oiled was pyrolyzed in an apparatus designed for this purpose. The
pyrolytic fuel vapors generated from the reactor was condensed by using water as a coolant and
the condensed liquid was separated into two fractions (aqueous and fuel) by gravity separation.

The physical properties of pyrolytic oil are tested in Italab Pvt. Ltd Chennai (INDIA) which is an
ISO 9001-2000 certified organization. The oil produced by this process is used in diesel engine
by blending with diesel oil. This process is easy to produce renewable fuel oil from sesame de-
oiled cake which will give similar or better performance when blended with diesel fuel up to
"30%.
~ DRAWINGS (if any): NA
DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
Pyrolysis experiment was carried out at a heating rate of 10-30°C/min over the temperature range
of 350 to 600°C in a semi batch reactor made of stainless steel. The liquid products were
condensed by cooling with water. The physical properties and calorific values of the pyrolytic
fuel oil and its blends are given in Table-1 and Table-2 respectively.
Table 1: Comparison of physical properties
Property Sesame cake pyrolytic oil Diesel
Appearance Dark brownish oil Yellowish
Water content (%) 25 0.05
Specific gravity(15C/15C) 1.0293 0.86
Kinematic viscosity@ 40 C in cSt 39.6 2.7
Conradson Carbon residue (%) 4.31 <0.15
Ash content % < 0.05 0.01
Flash point (°C) 182 60
Fire point (°C) 194 65
Cloud point (°C) 3 -40
Pour point (°C) - 5 15
Copper-strip corrosion for 3 hrs@100°C Not worse than 1 Not worse than 1
Sediments(insoluble in hexane) 0.19% 0.05
Gross calorific value(MJ/Kg) 25.5 43.8
Sulfur content (%) 0.17 1.2


ENGINE PERFORMANCE:
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE):
Engine performance and emission analysis was conducted on single cylinder C. I. diesel engine.
Table-3 shows the brake thermal efficiency of different blends of pyrolytic oil and diesel at
different brake powers. Based on these results, it is concluded that the performance of the engine
with blended sesame de-oiled cake pyrolytic oil with diesel is comparable with pure diesel up to
30% blending and 75% load (3.5KW)


Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC):
The engine performance of different blends of sesame de-oiled cake pyrolysis oil with diesel is
also evaluated on the basis of BSEC and compared with pure diesel. Table-4 gives the detail data
about the energy consumption of sesame de-oiled cake pyrolysis oil and its blends as compared
to diesel at different brake power.

It is observed from the BSEC of pyrolytic oil blends with diesel up to 30% and 75% load is less
than that of the pure diesel fuel.
Emission Analysis:
Table-5 to Table-9 show the emission analysis of sesame de-oiled cake pyrolytic oil blends with
diesel. The result shows that from emission point of view also pyrolytic oil blends gives less or
comparable emissions with that of diesel fuel for all blends. For 30% blend the emissions are less
as compared to all blends and diesel fuel. So 30%' blending of pyrolytic oil with diesel will not
cause any environmental problem.

So by taking all factors like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency and
emission point of view, it is concluded that up to 30% blending of sesame de-oiled cake
pyrolytic oil with diesel will give better or comparable performance than that of diesel. The
above facts are represented in the examples.
Example 1
Engine performance and emission analysis of 40% blend of bio-fuel in diesel at 3.5KW (75%
load) gives 24.52% brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption of
14.592MJ/kWh, emission of NO- 335 ppm, CO- 0.02% by volume, C02- 2% by volume, 02-
18.08%) by volume and hydrocarbon-13 ppm.

Example 2
Engine performance and emission analysis of 50% blend of bio-fuel in diesel at 3.5 KW (75%
load) gives 30.23% brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption of
10.395MJ/kWh, emission of NO- 346 ppm, CO - 0.05% by volume, C02 - 1.4% by volume, 02-
18.73% by volume and hydrocarbon-15 ppm.
Example 3
Engine performance and emission analysis of 30% blend of bio-fuel in dieselat 4.3KW (100%
load) gives 32.47%) brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption of
11.11OMJ/kWh, emission of NO-359 ppm, CO - 0.01% by volume, C02- 2.2 % by volume, 02-
19.45% by volume and hydrocarbon-19 ppm.
Example 4
Engine performance and emission analysis of 10% blend of bio-fuel in dieselat 4.3 KW (100%
load) gives 32.36% brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption of 11.332
MJ/kWh, emission of NO-412 ppm, CO-0.02% by volume, C02-2.3% by volume, 02- 17.5% by
volume and hydrocarbon- 20ppm.
Example 5
Engine performance and emission analysis of 40% blend of bio-fuel in diesel at 4.3KW (100%
load) gives 26.65% brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption of
13.498MJ/kWh,emission of NO-376 ppm, CO-0.02% by volume, C02-2.7% by volume, 02-
16.46% by volume and hydrocarbon-16 ppm.
Example 6
Engine performance and emission analysis of 50% blend of bio-fuel in diesel at 2.3 KW (50%
load) gives 31.99% brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy' consumptionof
11.088MJ/kWh, emission of NO- 121 ppm, CO - 0.02% by volume, C02- 1.1% by volume, 02-
19.31% by volume and hydrocarbon- 17 ppm.

CLAIMS:
We claim:
1. A process for production of fuel oil by thermal pyrolysis of sesame de-oiled cake
after drying, at atmospheric pressure and temperature range of 350-600 °C in semi-
batch reactor.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the recovery of 58.51% of fuel oil (by
weight) is obtained by the process of thermal pyrolysis.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein sesame de-oiled cake was dried in oven at
100°C for 3-4 hours and then pyrolyzed in a semi batch reactor made of stainless
steel.
4. A process according to claim 1, the thermal pyrolysis is carried out in atmospheric
pressure and at a temperature range of 350 - 600 °C.
5. A process according to claim 1, the vapor generated from reactor is condensed in a
condenser to obtain liquid product where water is used as coolant.
6. A process according to claim 1, aqueous and fuel layer is separated out by gravity
separation process in which upper layer is the fuel layer and bottom one is aqueous
layer.
7. A process according to claim 1, the brake thermal efficiency is more and brake
specific energy consumption is less up to 3.5KW brake power (75% load) and up to
30% blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel as compared to diesel.
8. A process according to claim 1, the emissions up to 30% blends of pyrolytic oil with
diesel is either better or comparable to that of diesel.
9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the fuel oil is used as fuel in diesel engine
up to 30% blends in diesel according to the preceding claims.

Bio-fuel is obtained from sesame de-oiled cake by thermal pyrolysis. The maximum yield of
58.51% of fuel oil (by weight) was obtained at a temperature of 550 °C. This pyrolytic oil is
blended with diesel up to 30%, which is used in single cylinder C.I diesel engine. The
performance of single cylinder C.I diesel engine is found better with respect to brake specific
energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency and emission point of view. It is concluded that up
to 30% blending of sesame de-oiled cake pyrolytic oil in diesel gives better or comparable
performance than that of diesel.