PYRAZOLE COMPOUNDS AS SGLTl INHIBITORS
The present invention relates to novel pyrazole compounds, to pharmaceutical
compositions comprising the compounds, to methods of using the compounds to treat
physiological disorders, and to intermediates and processes useful in the synthesis of the
compounds.
The present invention is in the field of treatment of diabetes and other diseases
and disorders associated with hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a group of diseases that is
characterized by high levels of blood glucose. It affects approximately 25 million people
in the United States and is also the 7th leading cause of death in U.S. according to the
201 1National Diabetes Fact Sheet (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sodium-coupled glucose cotransporters
(SGLT's) are one of the transporters known to be responsible for the absorption of
carbohydrates, such as glucose. More specifically, SGLTl is responsible for transport of
glucose across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Inhibition of SGLTl
may result in reduced absorption of glucose in the small intestine, thus providing a useful
approach to treating diabetes.
U.S. Patent No. 7,655,632 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with human
SGLTl inhibitory activity which are further disclosed as useful for the prevention or
treatment of a disease associated with hyperglycemia, such as diabetes. In addition, WO
201 1/039338 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor activity
which are further disclosed as being useful for treatment of bone diseases, such as
osteoporosis.
There is a need for alternative drugs and treatment for diabetes. The present
invention provides certain novel inhibitors of SGLTl which may be suitable for the
treatment of diabetes.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a compound of Formula II:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The present invention further provides a compound of Formula I :
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The present invention also provides a method of treating diabetes in a patient
comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a
compound of Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present
invention further provides a method of treating type 1 diabetes in a patient comprising
administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of
Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In addition, the present
invention provides a method of treating type 2 diabetes in a patient comprising
administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of
Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also
provides a method of treating impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose
(IFG), or metabolic syndrome in a patient comprising administering to a patient in need
of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formulas I or II, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Furthermore, this invention provides a compound of Formulas I or II, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy, in particular for the treatment
of diabetes. In addition, this invention provides a compound of Formulas I or II, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. In
addition, this invention provides a compound of Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This invention also
provides the use of a compound of Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes. Furthermore,
this invention provides the use of a compound of Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of type 1
diabetes. This invention also provides the use of a compound of Formulas I or II, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes. The invention also provides the use of a compound of
Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a
medicament for the treatment of IGT, IFG, or metabolic syndrome.
The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a
compound of Formulas I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in
combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or
excipients. In a particular embodiment, the composition further comprises one or more
other therapeutic agents. This invention also encompasses novel intermediates and
processes for the synthesis of the compound of Formulas I or II.
As used herein, the terms "treating" or "to treat" includes prohibiting, restraining,
slowing, stopping, or reversing the progression or severity of an existing symptom or
disorder.
As used herein, the term "patient" refers to a mammal, such as a mouse, guinea
pig, rat, dog, or human. It is understood that the preferred patient is a human.
As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to the amount or dose of
compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which, upon
single or multiple dose administration to the patient, provides the desired effect in the
patient under diagnosis or treatment.
An effective amount can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as
one skilled in the art, by the use of known techniques and by observing results obtained
under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount for a patient, a
number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited
to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease or
disorder involved; the degree of or involvement or the severity of the disease or disorder;
the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of
administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the
dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant
circumstances.
The compounds of Formulas I and II are generally effective over a wide dosage
range. For example, dosages per day normally fall within the range of about 0.01 to
about 30 mg/kg of body weight. In some instances dosage levels below the lower limit of
the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may
be employed without causing any harmful side effect, and therefore the above dosage
range is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
The compounds of the invention are preferably formulated as pharmaceutical
compositions administered by any route which makes the compound bioavailable. Most
preferably, such compositions are for oral administration. Such pharmaceutical
compositions and processes for preparing same are well known in the art. (See, e.g.,
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (D.B. Troy, Editor, 21st Edition.,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
In a further aspect of the invention, the present compounds are administered in
combination with one or more therapeutic agents, such as antidiabetic agents.
Administration in combination includes simultaneous or sequential administration. In
addition, simultaneous administration of the combination can be as a single combination
dose or separate doses of each therapeutic agent. Examples of antidiabetic agents include
metformin; a DPPIV inhibitor, such as sitagliptin or linagliptin; a sufonylurea, such as
glimepiride; a thiazolidinedione, such as pioglitazone; a basal insulin, such as glargine; a
rapid acting insulin, such as HUMALOG or NOVOLOG; A GLP-1 agonist, such as
exenatide or liraglutide; an SGLT2 inhibitor, such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin; a
glucagon receptor antagonist, such as LY2409021; and the like.
Compounds of Formulas I and II are prepared as illustrated in both the examples
and schemes below. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of
ordinary skill in the art. All substituents, unless otherwise specified are as previously
defined. It is understood that these schemes, preparations, and examples are not intended
to be limiting to the scope of the invention in any way.
Examples of resolutions include selective crystallization techniques or chiral
chromatography. (See, e.g. J . Jacques, et al, "Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions",
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981, and E.L. Eliel and S.H. Wilen," Stereochemistry of
Organic Compounds", Wiley-Interscience, 1994). It should be further clear to one of
ordinary skill in the art that separation and isolation, by chromatography, chiral
chromatography or selective crystallization, of individual diastereomers or geometric
isomers of Formula I or II, or individual diastereomers or geometric isomers of
intermediates leading to Formula I or II, can occur at any convenient point in the
synthesis.
As used herein, "8"refers to part per million down-field from tetramethylsilane;
"min" refers to minute or minutes; "THF" refers to tetrahydrofuran; "MeOH" refers to
methanol or methyl alcohol; "HPLC" refers to high-performance liquid chromatography;
The term "Ac" refers to an acetyl substituent of the following structure:
The term "Bz" refers to a benzoyl substituent of the following structure:
The term "BOC" refers to a t-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and common methodology for preparing them
are well known in the art. See, e.g., Gould, P.L., "Salt selection for basic drugs,"
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 33: 201-217 (1986); Bastin et al. "Salt Selection
and Optimization Procedures for Pharmaceutical New Chemical Entities," Organic
Process Research and Development, 4 : 427-435 (2000); and S.M. Berge, et al,
"Pharmaceutical Salts," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 1, January
1977. One skilled in the art of synthesis will appreciate that the compounds of Formula I
and II, as amines, are organic bases, and that they are readily converted to and isolated as
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as tartrate or HCl salts, using techniques and
conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Preparation 1
Synthesis of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol.
Scheme 1, step A: Add borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (0.2 mol, 200 mL, 1.0 M
solution) to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (39 g, 0.18 mol) in
tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). After 18 hours at room temperature, remove the solvent under
the reduced pressure to give a solid. Purify by flash chromatography to yield the title
compound as a white solid (32.9 g, 0.16 mol). 1H NMR (CDCI3): d 1.55 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s,
3H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 3H).
Alternative synthesis of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol.
Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (2M in THF; 116 mL, 0.232 mol) is added
slowly to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (24.3 g, 0.1 13 mol) in anhydrous
tetrahydrofuran (THF, 146 mL) at 3 °C. After stirring cold for 10 min the cooling bath is
removed and the reaction is allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature. After 1
hour, the solution is cooled to 5°C, and water (100 mL) is added slowly. Ethyl acetate
(100 mL) is added and the phases are separated. The organic layer is washed with
saturated aqueous NaHC0 solution (200 mL) and dried over Na2S0 4. Filtration and
concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is purified by filtration
through a short pad of silica eluting with 15% ethyl acetate/iso-hexane to give the title
compound (20.7 g, 91.2% yield). MS (m/z): 183/185 (M+l-18).
Preparation 2
Synthesis of 4-bromo- l-2-methyl-benzene.
Scheme 1, step B: Add thionyl chloride (14.31 mL, 0.2 mol,) to a solution of (4-
bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol (32.9 g, 0.16 mol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) and
- -
dimethylformamide (0.025 mol, 2.0 mL) at 0°C. After 1 hour at room temperature pour
the mixture into ice-water (100 g), extract with dichloromethane (300 mL), wash extract
with 5% aq. sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and brine (200 mL), dry over sodium sulfate,
and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the crude title compound as a white solid
(35.0 g, 0.16 mol). The material is used for the next step of reaction without further
purification. H NMR (CDC13 ) : d 2.38 (s, 3H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H).
Alternative synthesis of 4-bromo- 1-chloromethyl-2-methyl-benzene .
Methanesulfonyl chloride (6.83 mL, 88.3 mmol) is added slowly to a solution of
(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol (16.14 g, 80.27 mmol) and triethylamine (16.78 mL;
120.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (80.7 mL) cooled in ice/water. The mixture is allowed
to slowly warm to ambient temperature and is stirred for 16 hours. Further
methanesulfonyl chloride (1.24 mL; 16.1 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at
ambient temperature for 2 hours. Water (80mL) is added and the phases are separated.
The organic layer is washed with hydrochloric acid (IN; 80 mL) then saturated aqueous
sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (80 mL), then water (80 mL), and is dried over
Na2S0 4. Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is
purified by flash chromatography (eluting with hexane) to give the title compound (14.2
g; 80.5% yield). H NMR (300.1 1 MHz, CDC13) : d 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, J= 8.1
Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H).
Preparation 3
Synthesis of 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-l H-pyrazol-3-ol.
Scheme 1, step C: Add sodium hydride (8.29 g, 0.21 mol, 60% dispersion in oil)
to a solution of methyl 4-methyl-3-oxovalerate (27.1 mL, 0.19 mol) in tetrahydrofuran at
0°C. After 30 min at room temperature, add a solution of 4-bromo- l-chloromethyl-2-
methyl-benzene (35.0 g, 0.16 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL). Heat the resulting
mixture at 70 °C overnight (18 hours). Add 1.0 M HC1 (20 mL) to quench the reaction.
Extract with ethyl acetate (200 mL), wash extract with water (200 rnL) and brine (200
mL), dry over a2S04, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Dissolve the
resulting residue in toluene (200 mL) and add hydrazine monohydrate (23.3 mL, 0.48
mol). Heat the mixture at 120 °C for 2 hours with a Dean-Stark apparatus to remove
water. Cool and remove the solvent under the reduced pressure, dissolve the residue with
dichloromethane (50 mL) and methanol (50 mL). Pour this solution slowly to a beaker
with water (250 mL). Collect the resulting precipitated product by vacuum filtration.
Dry in vacuo in an oven overnight at 40 °C to yield the title compound as a solid (48.0 g,
0.16 mol). MS (m/z): 311.0 (M+l), 309.0 (M-l).
Alternative synthesis of 4- (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl1-5-isopropyl- H-pyrazol-
3-oL
A solution of 4-bromo- 1-chloromethyl-2-methyl-benzene (13.16 g, 59.95 mmoles)
in acetonitrile (65.8 mL) is prepared. Potassium carbonate (24.86 g, 179.9 mmol),
potassium iodide ( 11.94 g, 71.94 mmol) and methyl 4-methyl-3-oxo valerate (8.96 mL;
62.95 mmol) are added. The resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 20
hours. Hydrochloric acid (2N) is added to give pH 3. The solution is extracted with ethyl
acetate (100 ml), the organic phase is washed with brine (100 ml) and dried over Na2S0 4.
The mixture is filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved
in toluene (65.8 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (13.7 mL, 0.180 mol) is added. The
resulting mixture is heated to reflux and water is removed using a Dean and Stark
apparatus. After 3 hours the mixture is cooled to 90 °C and additional hydrazine
monohydrate (13.7 mL; 0.180 mol) is added and the mixture is heated to reflux for 1
hour. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting
solid is triturated with water (200 mL), filtered and dried in a vacuum oven over P2O at
60°C. The solid is triturated in iso-hexane (200 mL) and filtered to give the title
compound (14.3 g; 77.1% yield). MS (m/z): 309/31 1 (M+l).
Preparation 4
Synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-
O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 1, step D: To a 1L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-
isopropyl-l H-pyrazol-3-ol (20 g, 64.7 mmol), alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide
tetrabenzoate (50 g, 76 mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (6 g, 19.4 mmol),
dichloromethane (500 mL), potassium carbonate (44.7 g, 323 mmol) and water (100 mL).
Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with dichloromethane
(500mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry organic phase
over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by
flash chromatography to yield the title compound (37 g, 64 mmol). MS (ml ) : 889.2
(M+l), 887.2 (M-l).
Preparation 5
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1-en- 1-yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 1, step E: Add 3-buten-l-ol (0.58 mL, 6.8 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4-
bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-Dglucopyranoside
(3 g, 3.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) and triethylamine (20 mL).
Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (205 mg,
0.67 mmol) and palladium acetate (76 mg, 0.34 mmol). Reflux at 90 °C for 2 hours.
Cool to room temperature and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced
pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (2. 1 g,
2.4 mmol). MS (m/z): 878.4 (M+l).
Preparation 6
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 1, step F: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (134 mg, 0.96 mmol) to a
solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (280 mg, 0.32 mmol) and
sodium bicarbonate (133.8 mg, 1.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0 °C. After 15
minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium
thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL). Wash extract with water (30
mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate
under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the
title compound (270 mg, 0.31 mmol). MS (m/z): 876.5 (M+l), 874.5 (M-l).
Preparation 7
Synthesis of tert-butyl 2- {(3 E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-l H-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.
Scheme 1, step G: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (98 mg, 0.46 mmol) to a
solution of 4- {4-[(lis)-4-oxybut- 1-en-1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (270 mg, 0.31 mmol) and tert-butyl
2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (179 mg, 0.62 mmol) in 1,2-
dichloroethane (5 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL).
Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL), dry organic phase over sodium
sulfate, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by
flash chromatography to yield the title compound (275 mg, 0.25 mmol).
MS (m/z): 1 1 15.6 (M+1).
Preparation 8
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-
methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-Dglucopyranoside
dihydrochloride.
Scheme 1, step H: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 0.6
mL, 2.4 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3is)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-
[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-l H-pyrazol-4-
yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (275 mg,
0.25 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL). After overnight (18 hours) at room temperature,
concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a
solid (258 mg, 0.24 mmol). MS (m/z): 1015.6 (M+l).
Example 1
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-
methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 1, step I : Add sodium hydroxide (0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 M solution) to a
solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-
5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
dihydrochloride (258 mg, 0.24 mmol) in methanol (2 mL). After 2 hours at 40 °C,
concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to give a residue, which is
purified by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min
@ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 um C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A - ¾0 w
NH4HCO 3 @pH 10, solvent B - MeCN to yield the title compound as a solid (46 mg,
0.08 mmol). MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+l), 596.8 (M-l).

Preparation 9
Synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-
O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 2, step A: To a 1 L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-
isopropyl-l H-pyrazol-3-ol (24 g, 77.6 mmol), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-Dglucopyranosyl
bromide (50.4 g, 116 mmol), benzyltributylammomum chloride (5 g, 15.5
mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL), potassium carbonate (32 g, 323 mmol) and water
(120 mL). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with
dichloromethane (450 mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry
organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify
the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (36.5 g, 57
mmol). MS (m/z): 638.5 (M+l), 636.5 (M-l).
Alternative synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl
2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside .
Reagents 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-l H-pyrazol-3-ol
(24.0 g, 77.6 mmol), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (50.4 g, 116
mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (4.94 g, 15.52 mmol), potassium carbonate
(32.18 g, 232.9 mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (120 mL) are combined and
the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The mixture is partitioned
between dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (250 mL). The organic phase is washed
with brine (250 mL), dried over Na2S0 4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced
pressure. The resulting residue is purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 10%
ethyl acetate in dichloromethane to 70% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) to give the title
compound (36.5 g, 74% yield). MS (m/z): 639/641 (M+l).
Preparation 10
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1-en- 1-yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 2, step B: Add 3-buten-l-ol (6.1 mL, 70 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4-
bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-Dglucopyranoside
(15 g, 23.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) and triethylamine (50 mL).
Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.43 g, 4.7
mmol) and palladium acetate (526 mg, 2.35 mmol). After refluxing at 90 °C for 2 hours,
cool, and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify the
resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (7.5 g, 11.9 mmol).
MS (m/z): 63 1.2 (M+l), 629.2 (M-l).
Preparation 11
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 2, step C: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (2.1g, 4.76 mmol) to a
solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l Hpyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 1.5 g, 2.38 mmol) and
sodium bicarbonate (2 g, 23.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0 °C. After 15
minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium
thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL), wash extract with water (30
mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate
under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the
title compound (0.95 g, 1.51 mmol). MS (m/z): 628.8(M+1), 626.8 (M-l).
Preparation 12
Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3 E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-l H-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.
Scheme 2, Step D: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (303 mg, 1.4 mmol) to a
solution of 4- {4-[(lis)-4-oxybut- 1-en-1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-
3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (600 mg, 0.95 mmol) and tert-butyl
2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (333 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 1,2-
dichloroethane (30 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (60 mL).
Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (60 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium
sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by
flash chromatography to yield the title compound (500 mg, 0.58 mmol).
MS (m/z): 866.8, 867.8 (M+l), 864.8, 865.8 (M-l).
Preparation 13
Synthesis oftert-butyl 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,8-
diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 12.
S (m/z): 852.8, 853.6 (M+l), 850.8, 851.6 (M-l).
Preparation 14
Synthesis oftert-butyl 9-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-3,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 12.
S (m/z): 866.8, 867.6 (M+l), 864.8, 865.6 (M-l).
Preparation 1
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-
methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-Dglucopyranoside
dihydrochloride.
Scheme 2, step E: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 1.5 mL,
5.8 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3£)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-
tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]- lH-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1-
yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (500 mg, 0.58 mmol) in dichloromethane
(20 mL). After 2 hours at room temperature, concentrate to remove the solvent under
reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a solid (480 mg, 0.57 mmol).
MS (m/z): 767.4 (M+l).
Preparation 16
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-
(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
dihydrochloride.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 15.
MS (m/z): 752.8, 753.8 (M+1), 750.8 (M-1).
First alternative synthesis of Example 1
First alternative synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-
2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 2, step F: Add methanol (5 mL), triethylamine (3 mL), and water (3 mL)
to 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-
(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
dihydrochloride (480 mg, 0.24 mmol). After 18 hours (overnight) at room temperature,
concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by preparative
HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30
x 75 mm, 5 urn C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A - H20 w NH4HCO 3 @ pH 10,
solvent B - MeCN to yield the title compound as a solid (50 mg, 0.08 mmol).
MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+1), 596.8 (M-1). 1H MR (400.31 MHz, CD3OD): d 7.11 (d, J=1.3
Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=1.3,8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (d, J= 15.8 Hz, 1H),
6.16 (dt, J= 15.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 3.81 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J= 16.8
Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J= 16.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.79 (m, 1H), 2.72
(t, J= 5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 ( broad s, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.50
(m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.1 1 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H).
Example 2
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lE)-4-(2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl)b t- l -en- l -yl]-2-methylb
(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta -D -glucopyranoside.
O H
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of the first alternative
synthesis of Example 1. MS (m/z): 584.7 (M+l), 582.8 (M-l).
Example 3
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( 1E)-4-(3 ,9-diazaspiro[5 .5]undec-3 -yl)but- 1-en- 1-yl]-2-
methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta -D -glucopyranoside.
The title compound is prepared essentially by first treating the compound of
Prearation 14 with HC1 as discussed in Preparation 15 then treating the resulting
hydrochloride salt with triethyl amine as discussed in the first alternative synthesis of
Example 1. MS (m/z): 598.8, 599.8 (M+l), 596.8, 597.8 (M-l).
Example 1
Preparation 17
Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-but-3-ynyl-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.
Scheme 3, step A: Cesium carbonate (46.66 g, 143.21 mmol) is added to a
suspension of tert-butyl 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (16.66
g, 57.28 mmoles) in acetonitrile (167 mL). The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at
ambient temperature then 4-bromobutyne (6.45 mL, 68.74 mmol) is added. The reaction
is heated to reflux and stirred for 18 hours. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under
reduced pressure. The residue is partitioned between water (200 mL) and ethyl acetate
(150 mL). The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate
(100 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with water (200 mL), then brine (150
mL), dried over MgSC^, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title
compound (17.2 g, 98% yield). H MR (300.11 MHz, CDC13 ) : d 3.43-3.31 (m, 4H),
2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 2H), 1.94 (t, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 17H).
Preparation 18
Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]-
4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.
Scheme 3, step B: Triethylamine (5.62 mmoles; 0.783 mL), 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-
1,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.56 mL, 59.0 mmol) and zirconocene chloride (1.45 g, 5.62
mmoles) are added to tert-butyl 4-but-3-ynyl-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
(17.21 g, 56.16 mmoles). The resulting mixture is heated to 65 °C for 3.5 hours. The
mixture is cooled and dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL). The resulting solution is
passed through a ~4cm thick pad of silica gel, eluting with dichloromethane (2 x 200
mL). The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (21.2
g, 87% yield) H NMR (300.1 1 MHz, CDC13 ) : d 6.65-6.55 (m, 1H), 5.49-5.43 (m, 1H),
3.42-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 6H), 2.25-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.70 - 1.13 (m, 29H).
Preparation 19
Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3 E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-Dglucopyranosyl)
oxy]- lH-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1-yl} -2,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.
Scheme 3, step C: A solution of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-
lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (20 g, 31.3 mmol), tertbutyl
4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (16.3 g, 37.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate
(12.97 g, 93.82 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) and water (40 mL) is degassed for 15
min by bubbling nitrogen gas through it. Pd(OAc)2 (140 mg, 625 mihoΐ) and 2-
dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-tri-i-propyl-l, -biphenyl (0.596 g, 1.25 mmol) are added
and the reaction is heated to reflux for 16 h. The solution is cooled to ambient
temperature and methanol (200 mL) is added. After 30 minutes the solvent is removed
under reduced pressure. The mixture is partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and
brine (500 ml) adding aqueous MgS0 4 (1M; 500 ml) to aid the phase separation. The
layers are separated and the organic layer is dried over MgS0 4 and filtered through a 10
cm pad of silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate (-1.5 L). The filtrate is discarded and the
silica pad is flushed with 5% MeOH in THF (2 L). The methanolic filtrate is
concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (20. lg, 92%).
MS (m/z): 699 (M+l).
Second alternative Synthesis of Example 1
Second alternative synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-lyl]-
2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-l H-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 3, step D: Trifluoroacetic acid (32.2 mL; 0.426 mol) is added to a
solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3 E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-Dglucopyranosyl)
oxy]-l H-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (14.87 g; 21.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (149
mL) cooled in iced water. The solution is allowed to warm to room temperature. After
30 minutes, the mixture is slowly added to ammonia in MeOH (2M; 300 mL), applying
cooling as necessary to maintain a constant temperature. The solution is stirred at room
temperature for 15 min. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the
residue is purified using SCX-2 resin. The basic filtrate is concentrated under reduced
pressure and the residue is triturated/sonicated in ethyl acetate, filtered and dried. The
resulting solid is dissolved in MeOH (200ml) and concentrated in vacuo. This is repeated
several times give the title compound (12.22 g, yield 96%). MS (m/z): 599 (M+l).
[a]D
2 = -12 ° (C=0.2, MeOH).

Preparation 20
Synthesis of (3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta -Dglucopyranosyl)
oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl methanesulfonate.
Scheme 4, step A. Add methanesulfoyl chloride (0.54 mL, 7 mmol) to a solution
of 4- {4-[(lE)-4-hydroxybut- 1-en- 1-yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl
2,3,4,6-tetra -O-acetyl-beta -D-glucopyranoside (3.7, 5.87 mmol) in dichloromethane (15
mL) and triethylamine (4 mL, 29 mmol) at 0 °C. After refluxing at room temperature for
30 min, concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify residue by
flash chromatography to yield the title compound (2.9 g, 4.1 mmol).
MS (m/z): 708.5 (M+l), 706.5 (M-l).
Preparation 2 1
Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta -D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,6-
diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-6-carboxylate.
Scheme 4, step B. Add diisopropylethylamine (0.2 mL, 1.1 mmol) to a solution of
(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta -Dglucopyranosyl)
oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl methanesulfonate
(200 mg, 0.28 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,6-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-6-carboxylate (77 mg,
0.34 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL). Heat the mixture at 80°C for overnight. Concentrate
under reduced pressure and purify residue by flash chromatography to yield the title
compound (127 mg, 0.15 mmol). MS (m/z): 838.8, 839.6 (M+1), 836.8, 837.6 (M-1).
Preparation 22
Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,7-
diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially as the method of Preparation 2 1
MS (m/z): 838.8, 839.6 (M+1), 836.8, 837.6 (M-1).
Preparation 23
Synthesis of tert-butyl 7-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,7-
diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially as the method of Preparation 21.
S (m/z): 838.8, 839.6 (M+l), 836.8, 837.6 (M-l).
Preparation 24
Synthesis oftert-butyl l-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-D -glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-l,8-
diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially as the method of Preparation 21.
S (m/z): 852.8, 853.6 (M+l), 850.8, 852.8 (M-l).
Preparation 25
Synthesis oftert-butyl 8-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-
acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,8-
diazaspiro[4.5]decane-2-carboxylate.
The title compound is prepared essentially as the method of Preparation 21.
MS (m/z): 852.8, 853.6 (M+l), 850.8, 851.6 (M-l).
Example 4
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2,6-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-
5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Scheme 4, step C. Add 4.0 M HCl/l,4-dioxane (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol) to a solution
oftert-butyl 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-Dglucopyranosyl)
oxy] -1h-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1-yl} -2,6-
diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-6-carboxylate in dichloromethae (2 mL) and stir at rt for 4.0 h.
Concentrate the mixture under the reduced pressure to a foamy solid. Treat the solid with
2.0 M ammonia in MeOH (2 mL) overnight.. After 18 hours at room temperature,
concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure. The resulting residue is
purified by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 19% B for 3 min, 19-34 B % for 5 min
@ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 um C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A - ¾0 w
NH4HCO 3 @pH 10, solvent B - MeCN to yield the title compound as solid (47 mg, 0.08
mmol). MS (m/z): 570.8, 571.8 (M+l), 568.7, 569.8 (M-l).
Example 5
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lE)-4-(2,7-diazaspiro[3 .5]non-2-yl)but- 1-en- 1-yl]-2-methylbi
5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Example 4.
MS (m/z): 570.8, 571.8 (M+l), 568.7, 569.8 (M-l).
Example 6
Synthesis of 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-
5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside trifluoroacetate (1:2).
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Example 4 with the
final compound being purified by low pH preparative HPLC method (low pH, 16% B for
3 min, 16-33 B % for 5 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 um C18XBridge ODB
column, solvent A - H20 w 0.1% TFA, solvent B - MeCN w 0.1% TFA).
MS (m/z): 570.8, 571.8 (M+l), 568.7, 569.8 (M-l).
Example 7
Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lE)-4-(l ,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-l -yl)b t- l -en- l -yl]-2-methylb
(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Example 4.
MS (m/z): 584.7, 585.8 (M+l), 582.8, 583.8 (M-l).
Example 8
Synthesis of 4-{4-[( lE)-4-(2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)b t- l -en- l -yl]-2-methylb
(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Example 4.
MS (m/z): 584.7, 585.8 (M+l), 582.8, 583.8 (M-l).
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 SGLT1 and SGLT2 assays
The cDNA encoding human SGLT1 (slc5al, NM_000343), human SGLT2
(slc5a2, NM_003041) and mouse SGLT1 (slc5al, NM_019810.4) are purchased from
Openbiosystems, Invitrogen and Openbiosystems, respectively. The cDNA is cloned into
pcDNA3.1+ for mammalian expression and is stably transfected into Chinese hamster
ovary (CHO)-Kl cells using standard mammalian transfection procedures. An SGLTexpressing
sub-clone of each over-expressing cell line is selected based on resistance to
neomycin (Geneticin, Invitrogen) and activity in the 14C-a-methyl-D-glucopyranoside
(14C-AMG) uptake assay (see below). Stable SGLT-expressing cells are maintained
using standard cell culture techniques.
The SGLT activity is measured as sodium-dependent C-AMG uptake in the
above cell lines described as follows. One hundred m of culture medium containing
30,000 cells are seeded to each well of a 96-well BioCoat poly-D-lysine plate (Becton
Dickson) and cultured at 37°C overnight. The culture medium is aspirated and cells are
washed twice with 200 m of Reaction Buffer (140 mM NaCl, 2 mM KC1, 1mM CaCl2,
MgCl2, and 14 mM N-2-hydroethylpiperrazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (Hepes ), pH
7.5). The excess buffer is tapped out onto paper towels. Thirty-five m of Reaction
Buffer are added to each well. Five m of a 10% dimethylsufoxide (DMSO) in Reaction
Buffer containing varying concentrations of test compound or no compound as a control,
is dispensed into the each well. The reaction is initiated by adding 10 mΐ of 14C-AMG in
Reaction Buffer to make a final concentration of 4 mM. The plate is incubated at 37°C for
125 minutes. The reaction is terminated by aspirating off Reaction Buffer and then
washed three times with 200 m of ice cold Reaction Buffer. Manual aspiration is
applied to ensure the complete removal of Reaction Buffer. Ten m of 0.1N NaOH is
added to each well and then 100 m of Supermix scintillation cocktail (PerkinElmer) is
added. After mixing, the scintillation signal in the plate is counted in a MicroBeta
(PerkinElmer). A ten-dose response curve is fitted to an empirical four-parameter model
using ActivityBase (ID Business Solution) to determine the inhibitor concentration at
half-maximal inhibition (IC50) . The compounds of Examples 1-8 herein are tested
essentially as described above and exhibit an IC50 value for SGLT1 of lower than about
500 nM.
Table 1: In vitro potency of Example 1 against SGLT 1 and SGLT2
More specifically, the data in table 1 demonstrate that the compound of Example 1
inhibits human and mouse SGLT1 in vitro, and is more potent at human and mouse
SGLT1 than at human SGLT2 in vitro.
Glucose Lowering Effects in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
The test compound is formulated by adding a vehicle of 1%
hydroxyethylcellulose, 0.25% Tween® 80 w/ antifoam 0.05% to preweighed test
compound to make a lmg/ml solution. The mixture is probe sonicated for approximately
30 seconds. The resulting solution is used as a stock solution from which the lower
concentration dose solutions are prepared by dilution with the vehicle.
Single housed C57B1/6 mice are fasted overnight by removing access to food the
late afternoon before test day. The following morning, the mice are weighed and a single
fasting blood sample is taken by tail snip to measure glucose by glucometer (Roche
AccuChek). Study groups (n=5) are determined based on fasted blood glucose and
comprise preferably animals in the range of 80-100 mg/dl glucose.
After grouping, the first mouse is orally gavaged with 10 ml/kg test compound
preparation and a timer started. Each subsequent animal is dosed a minute and a half
apart. Three hours after the first compound treatment is started, a baseline blood sample
is taken for measuring glucose (from the first animal, via tail snip). The animal is then
immediately given an oral dose of 50% dextrose (Hospira) at 3 g/kg. Blood samples are
taken for glucose, exactly a minute and half apart, by tail vein so that blood is collected in
each animal at 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes after the dextrose dose.
Table 2. Glucose lowering effects in OGTT.
As shown above in table 2, the compound of example 1 delivers a dose dependent
decrease in the glucose excursion following an oral bolus of 50% dextrose (Hospira®) in
the normal glycemic C57B1/6 mouse. Example 1 also demonstrates a dose dependent
decrease in baseline adjusted glucose area under the curve (AUC) during an OGTT. In
addition, example 1 dose dependently decreases the average maximum concentration of
plasma glucose (Cmax) during the OGTT while increasing the average time that it takes
for glucose to reach maximum concentration (Tmax).
Glucose Values in a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test in Male Rats with Streptozotocin
Induced Diabetes
Rats which have been administered streptozotocin (STZ) develop diabetes
mellitus. Agents which modulate glucose levels in these animals are believed to be useful
in the treatment of diabetes in humans.
The test compound is formulated by adding a vehicle of 1% hydroxyethylcellulose
(HEC), 0.25% Tween® 80 w/ antifoam 0.05% to preweighed test compound to make a
2.5 mg/ml solution. The mixture is probe sonicated for approximately 30 seconds. The
resulting solution is used as a stock solution, from which the lower concentration dose
solutions are prepared by dilution with the vehicle. STZ, 45 mg/kg, is formulated by
dissolving in 0.1M Citrate buffer in 3ml aliquots and stored in the dark on ice, when not
being administered. A high fat content mixed meal (Bio-Serv® Rodent Diet F3282 High
Fat) comprising Fat Calories (60%), Carbohydrate Calories (26%) and Protein Calories
(15%) is utilized. Single housed Sprague Dawley rats are allowed to acclimate for a
period of 3 to 7 days.
In an effort to ensure that the animals have not recently fed, STZ is administered
in the afternoon, approximately six hours into the light cycle (lights on 6am, lights off
6pm). The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane and STZ is delivered via tail vein
injection. Once animals regain consciousness, they are returned to housing and allowed
to recover for 7 days.
On the two days immediately prior to the meal tolerance test (MTT) all rats are
given a small amount (2-4g) of the F3282 diet, so they became acclimated to it prior to
receiving it during the experiment. On the evening before the experiment, the rats are
moved into clean cages and their food is removed. The following morning animals are
weighed and a blood sample is taken by tail snip for glucose measurement (Abbott
AlphaTrak glucometers: code 29). Animals are grouped n=6 based on fasted body weight
and glucose. Thirty minutes after the test compound is orally administered, two glucose
measurements are collected. Then a five gram pellet of Bio-Serv® diet 3282 is given.
After 20 minutes remaining food is taken away and weighed. Blood samples are taken at
20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes for glucose measurement.
Table 3. Glucose values in a mixed MTT in male rats with STZ-induced diabetes.
As shown in table 3 above, the compound of example 1 significantly and dose
dependently decreases glucose in the MTT compared to the vehicle controls. Acarbose
did not significantly decrease glucose compared to controls at any time point. Further,
there is a dose dependent decrease in glucose baseline adjusted AUCs associated with
Example 1 treatment. Acarbose significantly decreases the glucose AUCs to levels
similar to that of Example 1 at lOmg/kg. Table 3 demonstrates that the compound of
example 1 modulates glucose levels in the male rat.
WE CLAIM:
1. A compound of the formula:
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The compound or salt according to claim 1which is:
The compound according to claim 2 which is:
A method of treating diabetes in a patient comprising administering to a
patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound, or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of claims 1-
3.
A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any
one of claims 1-3 for use in therapy.
A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any
one of claims 1-3 for use in the treatment of diabetes.
7. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any
one of claims 1-3 for use in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any
one of claims 1-3 for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
The use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
according to any one of claims 1-3 for the manufacture of a medicament
for the treatment of diabetes.
The use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
according to any one of claims 1-3 for the manufacture of a medicament
for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
11. The use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
according to any one of claims 1-3 for the manufacture of a medicament
for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any one of claims 1-
3 in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,
diluents, or excipients.
13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, further comprising
one or more other therapeutic agents.