RADIATION DETECTOR EMPLOYING AMORPHOUS MATERIAL
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates generally to radiation detectors. In particular,
the invention relates to the use of amorphous material for the anode wires of radiation
detectors.
[0002] Radiation detectors, such as proportional radiation counters and/or
neutron detectors, are often used in oil, gas and mineral exploration (e.g., downhole
applications), in connection with nuclear reactors and industrial gauging, scientific
research (e.g., neutron scattering research), and in homeland security applications to
detect radioactive material or "dirty bombs".
[0003] One type of radiation detector is a proportional counter, and this type
of detector is often used for neutron detection. A typical proportional counter
includes a substantially cylindrical cathode tube, and an anode wire that extends
through the cathode tube. The anode wire typically is very thin (e.g., 5-25 microns, or
more in diameter) and has substantial electrical resistance. The cathode tube is sealed
at both ends, and may be filled with a gas, such as Helium-3 (3He) or BF3 gas. The
anode wire is insulated from the cathode and is typically maintained at a positive
voltage while the cathode is at ground (or negative voltage).
[0004] During use, incident radiation, such as neutrons, interacts with the gas
inside the cathode and produces charged particles that ionize the gas atoms and
produce electrons. The electrons are drawn to and strike the positive anode wire and
create a current pulse that can be detected. This occurrence can also be referred to as
an incident radiation event. The magnitude of the current pulse is proportional to the
energy liberated in the ionization event (i.e., a neutron interacting with ionizable gas).
[0005] In some applications proportional counters can be used as position
sensitive detectors in which the locations of the arriving ionized electrons are determined from either the difference in the rise times of current pulses at opposite ends of the anode wire or from the relative amounts of charge reaching the ends (e.g., the charge division method). The spatial resolution of the position sensitive detector is enhanced by increasing the electrical resistance of the anode wire, which slows down the current pulses, increasing the time for the control electronics to detect the current pulses. Accordingly, high resistance anode wires are preferred to improve the spatial resolution of position sensitive detectors.
[0006] Radiation detectors, proportional radiation counters and neutron
detectors are often used in harsh environments. The detectors can be exposed to
extreme low and high temperatures, to low or high frequency vibrations and to
corrosive environments. Designing a very thin anode wire to survive in these
environments can be a challenge. The anode wire preferably should have high
electrical resistivity (for good spatial resolution), a smooth surface finish and uniform
thickness (for uniform resistance over it's length and uniform gas gain or
amplification), corrosion resistance (for harsh environments), and high tensile
strength (to eliminate deleterious effects due to unwanted vibrations).
[0007] The anode wire is placed under tension during assembly of the
radiation detector, and the wire must survive the manufacturing process as well as thermal and mechanical stress imparted during service. Crystalline metal alloys have been used as anode wires, and have low tensile strength and plastically deform once their tensile strength is exceeded. The failure of the anode wire and/or a change in its dimensions due to plastic deformation degrades the operation of the radiation detector. Additionally, when the radiation detector is used in some applications, it is
aesirable to render the radiation detector insensitive to low frequency vibrations. Typically, this is achieved by placing the anode wire under high mechanical tension. Unfortunately, crystalline metal alloys can plastically deform and/or break, and experience a high failure rate and a short service life. Accordingly, a need exists in the art for an anode wire that has high electrical resistivity, a smooth surface finish, good corrosion resistance and high tensile strength.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0008] In one aspect of the present invention, a radiation detector is provided
having a cathode and an anode. The anode is comprised of an amorphous metall alloy.
[0009] In another aspect of the present invention, a radiation detector is
provided having a cathode assembly. The cathode assembly comprises a main portion, a first end and a second end. The first end opposes the second end. The cathode assembly defines a volume, and a radiation interacting material is contained within this volume. An anode extends within the cathode assembly from the first end to the second end. The anode is comprised of an amorphous metal alloy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Figure 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of a gas-filled radiation
detector.
[0011] Figure 2 is a block diagram illustration of a radiation detector
according to one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0012] Radiation detectors can comprise many different types of detectors. A
proportional counter is one example of a radiation detector that can be used for neutron detection. Radiation detectors come in many varieties, such as, sealed tube counters, windowless flow counters, pancake detectors, single wire detectors, multi-wire detectors, gas electron multiplier detectors, parallel plate avalanche counters, position sensitive proportional counters, and gas proportional scintillation counters, to name a few. Radiation detectors are often substantially cylindrical in cross-section, but they can also be elliptical, near elliptical, and rectangular in cross section. Radiation detectors can be used to detect many types of radiation, including but not limited to, charged particulate radiation (e.g., fast electrons, beta particles, heavy charged particles, alpha particles, or protons) and/or uncharged particles (e.g., electromagnetic radiation or neutrons). Hereinafter, the term radiation detector, will be understood to encompass all devices that can be used to detect radiation, including neutron detectors.
[0013] Figure 1 is a simplified schematic of a gas-filled proportional radiation
detector 100 with an amorphous metal anode wire 120 and a cathode 140, as embodied by one aspect of the present invention. The amorphous metal anode wire 120 can be obtained from a glass-coated microwire by removing the glass coating. Generally, the anode wire 120 is held at a positive potential, and the cathode 140 is held at negative potential or ground. The positive potential of anode wire 120 draws electrons to the anode 140, so that an incident radiation event may be detected. For the circuit shown in Fig. 1, an output pulse is developed across load resistance RL.
The output pulse can be detected with suitable circuitry (not shown in Fig. 1), to determine when an incident radiation event has occurred.
[0014] Figure 2 is a block diagram of a position sensitive radiation detector
200, as embodied by one aspect of the present invention. An anode wire 210, illustratively shown as a resistance, is contained with cathode 215. The anode wire 210 is held at a positive voltage HV, while the cathode 215 is held at ground. The cathode is sealed at both ends, and may be filled with a gas, such as Helium-3 (3He) or BF3 gas. During use, incident radiation, such as neutrons, interacts with the gas inside the cathode 215 and produces charged particles that ionize the gas atoms and produce electrons. The electrons are drawn to and strike the positive anode wire 210 and create a current pulse that can be detected.
[0015] The gas (i.e., 3He or BF3) in this example is a radiation interacting
material, however, other gases could also be used. Other suitable gases used as radiation interacting material can include, but are not limited to, one or combinations of, noble gases, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, ethylene, hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. In some instances the use of a stopping or quench gas may be desirable. As one example, a polyatomic gas such as methane, can be used for a quench gas. A quench gas is used to prevent parasitic avalanches far from the site of radiation capture. This can become important when used in position sensitive detectors. Solid material could also be used as the radiation interacting material. For example, instead of, or in addition to using an ionizable gas, a solid coating of boron could be applied to the interior walls of the cathode. The boron coating captures incident radiation (e.g., neutrons) and creates ballistic particles that ionize the gas component.
[0016] The detector 200, as embodied by the present invention, can use the
charge division method to determine the position of the incident radiation event along anode wire 210. Amplifiers 220 and 221 amplify the signal on the anode wire. Amplifier 220 outputs a signal QA, which is proportional to the amount of charge reaching the left end (as shown in Fig. 2) of anode wire 210. Amplifier 221 outputs a signal QB, which is proportional to the amount of charge reaching the right end (as shown in Fig. 2) of anode wire 210. The output of the two amplifiers 220 and 221 is summed in block 230 and the result of the summation is an output pulse QT. where ( Q T = QA + Q B ) . Q T has a n amplitude proportional t o the total charge o f the incident radiation event. In block 240, a position signal is generated by dividing the portion of charge from one end of the anode wire, in this case QA, by the total charge (QA + QB)-Alternatively, the charge QB could be divided by the total charge (QA + QB)- The result 245 is an output pulse that indicates the relative position of the incident radiation event along anode wire 210.
[0017] Alternative methods for determining the position of an incident
radiation event along anode wire 210 could employ the time difference between the
relative rise times of pulses at either end of the anode wire 210. For example,
preamplifiers could be placed at either end of anode wire 210. A position signal, of
an incident radiation event along anode wire 210, can be obtained from the rise time
difference between the pulses produced by the two preamplifiers. Other methods for
obtaining a position signal are contemplated by the present invention as well.
[0018] A few types of radiation detectors have herein been described, but it is
to be understood that the present invention could be used with any suitable type of
radiation detector. As embodied by the present invention, the anode wire (120, 210)
of radiation detectors is preferably made of an amorphous ous metal alloy.
[0019] Amorphous alloys have a variety of potentially useful properties. In
particular, they tend to be stronger than crystalline alloys of similar chemical composition. Amorphous metals derive their strength directly from their non¬crystalline structure, which does not have any of the defects (such as dislocations) that limit the strength of crystalline alloys. Amorphous metal alloys have been found to be excellent for use as anode wires in radiation detectors.
[0020] Amorphous metal wires of small diameter (e.g., 1-150 microns), also
referred to as microwires, can be produced by the Taylor-Ulitovsky production process, in which a glass tube and the desired metal are brought into a high-frequency induction field. The metal is melted by the high-frequency induction field, and its heat softens the glass tube, so that a thin metal filled capillary is drawn from the softened glass tube. The metal-filled capillary enters a cooling zone in a superheated state where it is rapidly cooled, such that the desired amorphous structure is obtained. In this process, the alloy melt is rapidly solidified in a softened glass sheath. The presence of the softened glass sheath dampens instability in the alloy melt and promotes the formation of a glass-coated microwire with uniform diameter and a smooth metal-glass interface. Rapid cooling is typically required to obtain amorphous structures. The rate of cooling is not less than 104 degrees C/sec and preferably is 105 to 106 degrees C/sec.
[0021] Other methods could also be used to fabricate amorphous metal alloy
wires, including, but not limited to, the in-rotating-water melt spinning method disclosed by I. Ohnaka et al., "Production Of Amorphous Filament By In-Rotating-Liquid Spinning Method", Proceedings Of The 4t International Conference On Rapidly Quenched Metals, Vol. 1, August 24-28, 1981, p. 31-34. Another method is the melt extraction method, disclo5ss ed by J. Strom-Olse in , "Fine Fibres By Melt
Extraction", Materials Science And Engineering, Vol. A178, 1994, p. 239-243. These are but a few examples of possible methods for producing amorphous metal alloy wires; other suitable methods could also be employed.
[0022] An amorphous metal alloy having improved electrical resistivity,
surface finish, corrosion resistance and tensile strength can be obtained by adding additional metal elements to ferromagnetic-based alloys. Typical ferromagnetic-based alloys are iron or cobalt-based alloys. The additional metal elements can be chosen from the transition metal and metalloid elements.
[0023] Specifically, the additional metal elements include: Scandium (Sc),
Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu), Hafnium (Hf), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg).
[0024] Preferred additional metal elements, which are added to the iron or
cobalt-based alloys include: chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). These are non-ferromagnetic transition metal elements, and are chosen to increase the electronic, magnetic and structural disorder of the amorphous alloy. This increase in disorder is responsible for the increase in electrical resistivity (via increased electronic scattering) and an increase in tensile strength (via reduced formation of shear bands). The chosen additional metal el ements can comprise 4-50 atomic percent of the alloy. The preferred additional metal elements can be added
alone, or in combination, in the following ranges: chromium in 4-25 atomic percent, manganese in 10-25 atomic percent, molybdenum in 15-30 atomic percent, and/or vanadium in 15-40 atomic percent.
[0025] Metalloid elements such as Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Phosphorous (P),
Carbon (C), and Germanium (Ge) are known as "glass formers", and can be used to
assist in the formation of the amorphous, glassy metal state. These glass formers can
be added in a range of 10-40 atomic percent of the total chemical composition. The
preferred elements are boron and silicon. Boron can be present in a range of 10-20
atomic percent and a preferred range is 10-15 atomic percent. Silicon can be present
in a range of 5-15 atomic percent, and a preferred range is 10-15 atomic percent. The
combination of boron and silicon as glass forming elements is preferred.
[0026] In one aspect of the present invention the amorphous metal alloy has a
chemical composition represented by the following general formula, by atomic
percent: (Co1-aFea)100-b-c-dCrbTcXd, where T is at least one element selected from the
transition metals, preferably from the group consisting of Mn, Mo, and V, X is at least
one element selected from the group consisting of B, Si and P, and a, b, c and d satisfy
the formulas of 0