【DESCRIPTION】
【Technical Field】
[0001] The present invention relates to a radiator and condenser
assembly, and more particularly, to a radiator and condenser assembly
capable of directly fixing a vapor-liquid separator of the condenser
to a header tank of the radiator to remove a fixed bracket formed in
the condenser, thereby saving component manufacturing costs and
additional process and processing costs for forming the fixed bracket.
【Background Art】
[0002] In general, an engine room of a vehicle includes
components for driving such as an engine and various heat exchangers
such as a radiator, an intercooler, an evaporator, and a condenser
for cooling each component in the vehicle such as an engine or
controlling air temperature in the vehicle. The heat exchangers
generally have a heat exchange medium distributed therein and
exchange heat between the heat exchange medium in the heat exchanger
and air outside the heat exchangers to perform cooling or heat
radiation. Therefore, to stably operate various heat exchangers in
the engine room of the vehicle, external air should be smoothly
supplied into the engine room. Hereinafter, as described above, the
heat exchangers installed to cool the components of the vehicle or
the inside of the vehicle are collectively called a cooling module.
[0003] In this case, the radiator 10 is an apparatus for cooling
a coolant heated while passing through the engine and includes a pair
of first header tanks 11, a first inlet pipe 12 into which the
coolant is introduced and a first outlet pipe 13 from which the
3
coolant is discharged; first tubes 14 having both ends fixed to the
pair of first header tanks 11 to form a coolant passage; and a first
fin 15 inserted between the first tubes 14.
[0004] Meanwhile, the condenser 20 is included in a refrigerant
cycle of an air conditioning device and is introduced with a
refrigerant in a high temperature and high pressure gas state to
condense the refrigerant in the gas state into a refrigerant in a
liquid state while discharging liquefaction heat by the heat exchange
and then discharge the refrigerant in the liquid state.
[0005] The condenser 20 includes a pair of second header tanks 21,
a second inlet pipe 22 into which the refrigerant is introduced and a
second outlet pipe 23 from which the refrigerant is discharged,
second tubes 24 having both ends fixed to the pair of second header
tanks 21 to form a refrigerant passage, a second fin 25 inserted
between the second tubes 24, and a vapor-liquid separator 26
separating a vapor refrigerant and a liquid refrigerant.
[0006] In this case, an example of a structure for integrally
assembling the radiator 10 with the condenser 20 is illustrated in
FIGS. 1 and 2.
[0007] As illustrated, in the radiator and condenser assembly 1,
a fixed part 16 protrudes at the first header tank 11 of the radiator
10, a separate bracket 27 is formed at the second header tank 21 of
the condenser 20, and the bracket 27 is fixed to the fixed part 16.
[0008] Further, in the radiator and condenser assembly, to
increase the fixing force, the case in which two brackets are
installed at the pair of first header tanks, respectively, and
therefore a total of four brackets are installed is general. As a
4
result, a separate component should be manufactured and assembled and
therefore manufacturing costs of the component and additional process
and processing costs for fixing the bracket are increased, thereby
increasing production costs.
[0009] [Related Art Document]
[0010] [Patent Document]
[0011] KR 10-2013-0143340 A (2013.12.31)
【Disclosure】
【Technical Problem】
[0012] An object of the present invention is to provide a
radiator and condenser assembly capable of directly fixing a lower
portion of a vapor-liquid separator of the condenser to a header tank
of the radiator to remove a fixed bracket formed in the condenser,
thereby saving component manufacturing costs and additional process
and processing costs for forming the fixed bracket.
【Technical Solution】
[0013] In one general aspect, a radiator and condenser assembly
1000 includes: a radiator 100 including a 1-1-th header tank 110 and
a 1-2-th header tank 120, a plurality of first tubes 130 having both
ends fixed to the 1-1-th header tank 110 and the 1-2-th header tank
120, first fins 140 inserted between the first tubes 130, and a fixed
part 150 formed at a lower portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120; and
a condenser 200 including a 2-1-th header tank 210 and a 2-2-th
header tank 220, a plurality of second tubes 230 having both ends
fixed to the 2-1-th header tank 210 and the 2-2-th header tank 220 to
form a refrigerant passage, second fins 240 inserted between the
5
second tubes 230, and a vapor-liquid separator 250 connected to the
2-2-th header tank 220 to separate a vapor refrigerant and a liquid
refrigerant, in which the lower portion of the vapor-liquid separator
250 of the condenser 200 is coupled and fixed to the fixed part 150
of the radiator 100 and the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted
into the fixed part 150 downward from above and thus the fixed part
150 fixes the movement of the vapor-liquid separator 250 in a front
and back direction and a left and right direction.
[0014] At least three places of an outer circumferential surface
of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the condenser 200 based on a
central axis may be supported by the fixed part 150 of the radiator
100.
[0015] The fixed part 150 of the radiator 100 may include a pair
of fixed protrusions 151 protruding from the 1-2-th header tank 120
and spaced apart from each other to support one side of the outer
circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250 and a fixed
bracket 152 including a horizontal part 154 and a vertical part 153
extending in an ‘L’ shape from the 1-2-th header tank 120, the
vertical part 153 supporting the other side of the outer
circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250.
[0016] A lower side surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of
the condenser 200 may be spaced apart from the horizontal part 154 of
the fixed bracket 152 by a predetermined distance.
[0017] A lower end of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the
condenser 200 may be further supported by the fixed bracket 152 of
the fixed part 150 of the radiator 100.
[0018] The vertical part 153 of the fixed bracket 152 may include
6
a cut part 153-1 in a ‘C’ shape and a support part 153-2 formed by
the cut part 153-1 may protrude from the vertical part 153 toward the
1-2-th header tank 120.
[0019] An upper end of an inside of the vertical part 153 and the
support part 153-2 may be formed with an inclined part 155.
[0020] In the fixed part 150, a distance from an upper side
surface of the fixed protrusion 151 to an upper end of the support
part 153-2 may be within 30 mm.
[0021] In the fixed bracket 152, an ‘L’-shaped inside or outside
may be formed with a reinforcement rib 152a.
[0022] In the fixed part 150, a height of a pair of fixed
protrusions 151 may be higher than that of an upper end of the
vertical part 153.
[0023] The fixed part 150 may be integrated with the 1-2-th tank
120 by an injection molding.
[0024] An upper portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120 may be
formed with an upper coupling part 160 and a position corresponding
to the upper coupling part 160 of the condenser 200 may be formed
with the upper bracket 260 to allow the upper bracket 260 to be
inserted into the upper coupling part 160 downard from above.
【Advantageous Effects】
[0025] According to the radiator and condenser assembly in
accordance with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention,
it is possible to save the component manufacturing costs and the
additional process and processing costs for forming the fixed bracket
by removing the fixed bracket formed in the condenser.
7
【Description of Drawings】
[0026] FIG. 1 is an assembled perspective view illustrating the
existing radiator and condenser assembly.
[0027] FIG. 2 is a partial exploded perspective view illustrating
the existing radiator and condenser assembling structure.
[0028] FIG. 3 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a
radiator and condenser assembly according to an exemplary embodiment
of the present invention.
[0029] FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a
radiator and condenser assembling structure according to an exemplary
embodiment of the present invention.
[0030] FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view illustrating a fixed
part of a radiator according to an exemplary embodiment of the
present invention.
[0031] FIGS. 6 to 9 are an upper plan view and a side crosssectional
view illustrating a fixed part and vapor-liquid separator
assembling structure according to the exemplary embodiment of the
present invention.
[0032] FIG. 10 is a front view illustrating the fixed part
according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 11 is another perspective view illustrating the fixed
part according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
【Best Mode】
[0034] Hereinafter, a radiator and condenser assembly according
to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention having a
8
configuration as described above will be described in detail with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0035] FIG. 3 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a
radiator and condenser assembly according to an exemplary embodiment
of the present invention, FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view
illustrating a radiator and condenser assembling structure according
to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a
partial perspective view illustrating a fixed part of a radiator
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0036] As illustrated, a radiator and condenser assembly 1000
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
includes: a radiator 100 including a 1-1-th header tank 110 and a 1-
2-th header tank 120, a plurality of first tubes 130 having both ends
fixed to the 1-1-th header tank 110 and the 1-2-th header tank 120,
first fins 140 inserted between the first tubes 130, and a fixed part
150 formed at a lower portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120; and a
condenser 200 including a 2-1-th header tank 210 and a 2-2-th header
tank 220, a plurality of second tubes 230 having both ends fixed to
the 2-1-th header tank 210 and the 2-2-th header tank 220 to form a
refrigerant passage, second fins 240 inserted between the second
tubes 230, and a vapor-liquid separator 250 connected to the 2-2-th
header tank 220 to separate a vapor refrigerant and a liquid
refrigerant, wherein the lower portion of the vapor-liquid separator
250 of the condenser 200 is coupled and fixed to the fixed part 150
of the radiator 100 and the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted
into the fixed part 150 downward from above and thus the fixed part
150 fixes the movement of the vapor-liquid separator 250 in a front
9
and back direction and a left and right direction.
[0037] First, the radiator and condenser assembly 1000 according
to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is formed by
assembling the radiator 100 with the condenser 200 in large.
[0038] In the radiator 100, the 1-1-th header tank 110 and the 1-
2-th header tank 120 are formed in parallel while being spaced apart
from each other by a predetermined distance, both ends of the
plurality of first tubes 130 are installed between the 1-1-th header
tank 110 and the 1-2-th header tank 120 and coupled and fixed thereto
to form a coolant passage, and the first fins 140 may be inserted
between the first tubes 130. Further, the fixed part 150 is formed at
a lower portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120.
[0039] In the condenser 200, the 2-1-th header tank 210 and the
2-2-th header tank 220 may be formed in parallel while being spaced
apart from each other by a predetermined distance, both ends of the
plurality of second tubes 230 installed between the 2-1-th header
tank 210 and the 2-2-th header tank 220 may be coupled and fixed to
each other to form a coolant passage, and the second fins 240 may be
inserted between the second tubes 230. Further, the vapor-liquid
separator 250 may be connected to the 2-2-th header tank 220 to
separate a gas refrigerant and a liquid refrigerant and the vaporliquid
separator 250 may be formed in a cylindrical shape and may be
formed in parallel to the 2-2-th header tank 220 while being
separated from the 2-2-th header tank 220.
[0040] In this case, the lower portion of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 of the condenser 200 may be coupled and fixed to the
fixed part 150 of the radiator 100 and the vapor-liquid separator 250
10
may be inserted into the fixed part 150 downward from above, such
that the fixed part 150 may fix the movement of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 in a front and back direction and a left and right
direction.
[0041] That is, the vapor-liquid separator 250 may be disposed at
the upper portion of the fixed part 150 and then move downward to
insert the lower portion of the vapor-liquid separator 250 into the
fixed part 150, thereby fixing the movement of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 in the front and back direction and the left and right
direction. Therefore, all of the movement of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 in a radial direction may be fixed.
[0042] In this case, the upper and lower portions of the 1-1-th
header tank 110 of the radiator 100 and the upper portion of the 1-2-
th header tank 120 may be formed with a separate upper coupling part
and in the condenser 200, the position corresponding to the upper
coupling part may be formed with the upper bracket to insert the
upper bracket into the upper coupling part downward from above,
thereby fixing the movement of the vapor-liquid separator 250 in an
up and down direction. That is, the existing structure in which the
radiator is coupled with the condenser may be applied.
[0043] Therefore, in the radiator and condenser assembly
according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the
lower portion of the vapor-liquid separator of the condenser may be
inserted into the fixed part of the radiator to remove the bracket
(one) formed in the condenser, thereby saving component manufacturing
costs and additional process and processing costs for forming the
bracket.
11
[0044] Further, in the state in which the vapor-liquid separator
of the condenser is inserted into the fixed part of the radiator, the
movement of the vapor-liquid separator in the front and back
direction and the left and right direction is fixed, and therefore
the whole of the condenser including the vapor-liquid separator may
be accurately fixed without clearance in the state in which it is
assembled with the radiator. Therefore, the condenser assembled in
the radiator may be firmly fixed without shaking due to vibration,
etc., to prevent the condenser and the coupling part from being
damaged and the refrigerant in the condenser from being leaked.
[0045] Further, at least three places of an outer circumferential
surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the condenser 200 based
on a central axis may be supported by the fixed part 150 of the
radiator 100.
[0046] That is, when the vapor-liquid separator 250 is formed in
the cylindrical shape, three places of the outer circumferential
surface may be supported at an interval of about 120 or at least
three places thereof may be supported, such that the movement of the
vapor-liquid separator in the front and back direction and the left
and right direction may be fixed.
[0047] In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 9(a), a space part
may also be formed between a lower side surface of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 and a horizontal part 154 of the fixed bracket 152
while being spaced by a predetermined distance in a height direction.
[0048] According to another exemplary embodiment of the present
invention, as illustrated in FIG. 9(b), a lower end of the vaporliquid
separator 250 may also be supported by the fixed part 150.
12
[0049] That is, the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted into
the fixed part 150 downward from above, and therefore a lower end of
the fixed part 150 is formed to be stopped or a projecting part, etc.,
to lock the lower end of the vapor-liquid separator 250 is formed,
such that the lower end of the vapor-liquid separator 250 may be
supported by the fixed part 150.
[0050] Further, the fixed part 150 of the radiator 100 may
include a pair of fixed protrusions 151 protruding from the 1-2-th
header tank 120 and spaced apart from each other to support one side
of the outer circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid separator
250 and the fixed bracket 152 including the horizontal part 154 and
the vertical part 153 extending in an ‘L’ shape from the 1-2-th
header tank 120, in which the vertical part 153 supports the other
side of the outer circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid
separator 250.
[0051] That is, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the fixed part 150 of
the radiator 100 is formed to support three places of the outer
circumferential surfaces of the vapor-liquid separator 250. In more
detail, the pair of fixed protrusions 151 protrudes from the 1-2-th
header tank 120 and is spaced apart from each other and the fixed
bracket 152 includes the horizontal part 154 and the vertical part
153 extending in an ‘L’ shape from the 1-2-th header tank 120.
Therefore, one side of the outer circumferential surface of the
vapor-liquid separator 250 may be supported by the pair of fixed
protrusions 151 and the other side thereof may be supported by the
vertical part 153 of the fixed bracket 152. In this case, the pair of
fixed protrusions 151 are disposed at both sides of a central line
13
connecting among the vertical part 153 of the fixed bracket 152, the
vapor-liquid separator 250, and the 1-2-th header tank 120, such that
the vapor-liquid separator 250 may be fixed to the fixed part 150,
thereby fixing the movement of the vapor-liquid separator 250 in the
front and back direction and the left and right direction. Further,
the lower end of the vapor-liquid separator 250 may be supported by
the horizontal part 154 of the fixed bracket 152.
[0052] Further, the vertical part 153 of the fixed bracket 152
may include a cut part 153-1 in a ‘C’ shape and a support part 153-2
formed by the cut part 153-1 may protrude from the vertical part 153
toward the 1-2-th header tank 120.
[0053] That is, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 11, the vertical
part 153 of the fixed bracket 152 may include the support part 153-2
so that the vapor-liquid separator 250 may be adhered and fixed to
the pair of fixed protrusions 151 and the support part 153-2 may have
elasticity and protrude from the vertical part 153 toward the 1-2-th
header tank 120 so that the vapor-liquid separator 250 may adhere to
the fixed protrusion 151 when the vapor-liquid separator 250 is
inserted into the fixed part 150 by the support part 153-2. Further,
the cut part 153-1 may be formed in the ‘C’ shape around the support
part 153-2 of the vertical part 153, and thus the support part 153-2
may be pushed by the vapor-liquid separator 250. In more detail, as
illustrated in FIG. 11, the vertical part 153 includes the cut part
153-1 in the form in which the ‘C’ shape rotates at 180, in which the
cut part 153-1 becomes an empty space. As the cut part 153-1 is
formed, the remaining left of the support part 153-2 may be the fixed
end in the state in which it is coupled with the vertical part 153 or
14
a reinforcement rib 152a and the right of the support part 153-2 may
be a free end. Further, as illustrated in FIGS. 6, 8, and 11, the
support part 153-2 protrudes from the inner side surface (surface
facing the 1-2-th header tank 120) of the vertical part 153 and thus
as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 9, when the vapor-liquid separator 250
is inserted, the support part 153-2 may be pushed into an opposite
side to the protruding portion and the vapor-liquid separator 250 may
adhere to the 1-2-th header tank 120 by the elasticity of the support
part 153-2.
[0054] In this case, the cut part 153-1 may not be formed in the
‘C’ shape but formed as a through part of which the whole inside is
empty and one side of the support part 153-2 may be fixed to the
vertical part 153 or the reinforcement rib 152a and the other side
thereof may be the free end, such that the support part 153-2 may be
pushed into the cut part 153-1 formed as the through part upon the
insertion of the vapor-liquid separator 250.
[0055] Further, the upper end of the inside of the vertical part
153 and the support part 153-2 may be formed with an inclined part
155.
[0056] That is, when the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted
into the fixed part 150 downward from above, the upper end of the
inside of the vertical part 153 and the support part 153-2 may be
formed with the inclined part 155 so that the vapor-liquid separator
250 may be easily inserted without being locked to the upper end of
the vertical part 153 and the upper end of the support part 153-2 of
the fixed part 150.
[0057] Further, the ‘L’-shaped inside or outside of the fixed
15
bracket 152 may be formed with the reinforcement rib 152a.
[0058] That is, the fixed bracket 152 may have to firmly support
the outer circumferential surface and the lower end of the vaporliquid
separator 250 when the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted
into the fixed bracket 152, and therefore as illustrated, the ‘L’-
shaped outsides of the vertical part 153 and the horizontal part 154
may be formed with the reinforcement rib 152a. Alternatively, if the
vertical part 153 and the horizontal part 154 do not interfere with
the vapor-liquid separator 250 and other components, the insides of
the vertical part 153 and the horizontal part 154 may also be formed
with the reinforcement rib 152a.
[0059] Further, in the fixed part 150, a height of the pair of
fixed protrusions 151 may be higher than that of the upper end of the
vertical part 153 and a distance H to the upper side surface of the
fixed protrusion 151 and the upper end of the support part 153-2 may
be 30 mm or so.
[0060] That is, when the 1-2-th tank 120 of the radiator 100 is
made of a resin material, the fixed part 150 may be integrated with
the 1-2-th tank 120 by an injection molding. In this case, positions
of the fixed protrusion 151 and the fixed bracket 152 may be designed
to prevent the interference of a mold and cores in characteristics of
the injection molding. Therefore, the injection mold may be easily
manufactured and the fixed part 150 may be integrated with the 1-2-th
tank 120 by the injection molding.
[0061] The present invention is not limited to the abovementioned
exemplary embodiments but may be variously applied, and may
be variously modified by those skilled in the art to which the
16
present invention pertains without departing from the gist of the
present invention claimed in the claims.
[0062] [Detailed Description of Main Elements]
[0063] 1000: Radiator and condenser assembly
[0064] 100: Radiator
[0065] 110: 1-1-th header tank
[0066] 120: 1-2-th header tank
[0067] 130: First tube
[0068] 140: First fin
[0069] 150: Fixed part
[0070] 151: Fixed protrusion
[0071] 152: Fixed bracket
[0072] 152a: Reinforcement rib
[0073] 153: Vertical part
[0074] 153-1: Cut part
[0075] 153-2: Support part
[0076] 154: Horizontal part
[0077] 155: Inclined part
[0078] 160: Upper coupling part
[0079] 200: Condenser
[0080] 210: 2-1-th header tank
[0081] 220: 2-2-th header tank
[0082] 230: Second tube
[0083] 240: Second fin
[0084] 250: Vapor-liquid separator
[0085] 260: Upper bracket
17
We Claim:-
【Claim 1】
A radiator and condenser assembly, comprising:
a radiator 100 including a 1-1-th header tank 110 and a 1-2-th
header tank 120, a plurality of first tubes 130 having both ends
fixed to the 1-1-th header tank 110 and the 1-2-th header tank 120,
first fins 140 inserted between the first tubes 130, and a fixed part
150 formed at a lower portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120; and
a condenser 200 including a 2-1-th header tank 210 and a 2-2-th
header tank 220, a plurality of second tubes 230 having both ends
fixed to the 2-1-th header tank 210 and the 2-2-th header tank 220 to
form a refrigerant passage, second fins 240 inserted between the
second tubes 230, and a vapor-liquid separator 250 connected to the
2-2-th header tank 220 to separate a vapor refrigerant and a liquid
refrigerant,
wherein a lower portion of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the
condenser 200 is coupled and fixed to the fixed part 150 of the
radiator 100 and the vapor-liquid separator 250 is inserted into the
fixed part 150 downward from above and thus the fixed part 150 fixes
the movement of the vapor-liquid separator 250 in a front and back
direction and a left and right direction.
【Claim 2】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 1, wherein at least
three places of an outer circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid
separator 250 of the condenser 200 based on a central axis are
supported by the fixed part 150 of the radiator 100.
18
【Claim 3】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 2, wherein the
fixed part 150 of the radiator 100 includes a pair of fixed
protrusions 151 protruding from the 1-2-th header tank 120 and spaced
apart from each other to support one side of the outer
circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250 and a fixed
bracket 152 including a horizontal part 154 and a vertical part 153
extending in an ‘L’ shape from the 1-2-th header tank 120, the
vertical part 153 supporting the other side of the outer
circumferential surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250.
【Claim 4】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 3, wherein a lower
side surface of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the condenser 200
is spaced apart from the horizontal part 154 of the fixed bracket 152
by a predetermined distance.
【Claim 5】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 3, wherein a lower
end of the vapor-liquid separator 250 of the condenser 200 is further
supported by the fixed bracket 152 of the fixed part 150 of the
radiator 100.
【Claim 6】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 5, wherein the
vertical part 153 of the fixed bracket 152 includes a cut part 153-1
19
in a ‘C’ shape and a support part 153-2 formed by the cut part 153-1
protrudes from the vertical part 153 toward the 1-2-th header tank
120.
【Claim 7】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 6, wherein an upper
end of an inside of the vertical part 153 and the support part 153-2
is provided with an inclined part 155.
【Claim 8】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 7, wherein in the
fixed part 150, a distance H from an upper side surface of the fixed
protrusion 151 to an upper end of the support part 153-2 is within 30
mm.
【Claim 9】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 5, wherein in the
fixed bracket 152, an ‘L’-shaped inside or outside is provided with a
reinforcement rib 152a.
【Claim 10】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 5, wherein in the
fixed part 150, a height of the pair of fixed protrusions 151 is
higher than that of an upper end of the vertical part 153.
【Claim 11】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 10, wherein the
20
fixed part 150 is integrated with the 1-2-th tank 120 by an injection
molding.
【Claim 12】
The radiator and condenser assembly of claim 1, wherein an upper
portion of the 1-2-th header tank 120 is provided with an upper
coupling part 160 and
a position corresponding to the upper coupling part 160 of the
condenser 200 is provided with the upper bracket 260 to allow the
upper bracket 260 to be inserted into the upper coupling part 160
downward from above.