RANGING MEASUREMENTS USING MODULATED SIGNALS
BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates generally to well drilling operations and, more
particularly, to ranging measurements using modulated signals.
In certain instances, such as in a blowout, it may be necessary to intersect a first
well, called a target well, with a second well, called a relief well. The second well may be
drilled for the purpose of intersecting the target well, for example, to relieve pressure from the
blowout well. Since traditional survey measurements have cones of uncertainty much larger
than the size of the target, contacting the target well with the relief well typically requires
multiple downhole measurements to identify the precise location of the target well. These
downhole measurements may include transmitting a time-varying signal into a formation and
measuring any resultant magnetic field that is induced on the target well. Typically, the timevarying
signal is a sinusoid. It can be difficult to identify the precise direction of a target well
from sinusoidal signal, however, due to sign variations in the resultant magnetic field.
FIGURES
Some specific exemplary embodiments of the disclosure may be understood by
referring, in part, to the following description and the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example ranging system, according to aspects
of the present disclosure.
Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example information handling system,
according to aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating example gradient measurement components in
relation to a target pipe and the magnetic fields produced by currents on the pipe.
Figure 4 is a graph illustrating an example asymmetric time-varying signal,
according to aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 5 is a graph illustrating example downhole characteristics with respect to
an asymmetric time-varying signal, according to aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 6 is a graph illustrating an example asymmetric time-varying signal,
according to aspects of the present disclosure.
While embodiments of this disclosure have been depicted and described and are
defined by reference to exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, such references do not imply a
limitation on the disclosure, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The subject matter
disclosed is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and
function, as will occur to those skilled in the pertinent art and having the benefit of this
disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of this disclosure are examples only, and
not exhaustive of the scope of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure relates generally to well drilling operations and, more
particularly, to ranging measurements using modulated signals.
Illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein.
In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation may be described in this
specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual
embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the specific
implementation goals, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be
appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would
nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of
the present disclosure.
To facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, the following
examples of certain embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to
limit, or define, the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be
applicable to drilling operations that include but are not limited to target (such as an adjacent
well) following, target intersecting, target locating, well twinning such as in SAGD (steam assist
gravity drainage) well structures, drilling relief wells for blowout wells, river crossings,
construction tunneling, as well as horizontal, vertical, deviated, multilateral, u-tube connection,
intersection, bypass (drill around a mid-depth stuck fish and back into the well below), or
otherwise nonlinear wellbores in any type of subterranean formation. Embodiments may be
applicable to injection wells, and production wells, including natural resource production wells
such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons or geothermal wells; as well as borehole construction for
river crossing tunneling and other such tunneling boreholes for near surface construction
purposes or borehole u-tube pipelines used for the transportation of fluids such as hydrocarbons.
Embodiments described below with respect to one implementation are not intended to be
limiting.
Modern petroleum drilling and production operations demand information
relating to parameters and conditions downhole. Several methods exist for downhole
information collection, including logging while drilling ("LWD") and measurement-while
drilling ("MWD"). In LWD, data is typically collected during the drilling process, thereby
avoiding any need to remove the drilling assembly to insert a wireline logging tool. LWD
consequently allows the driller to make accurate real-time modifications or corrections to
optimize performance while minimizing down time. MWD is the term for measuring conditions
downhole concerning the movement and location of the drilling assembly while the drilling
continues. L D concentrates more on formation parameter measurement. While distinctions
between MWD and LWD may exist, the terms MWD and LWD often are used interchangeably.
For the purposes of this disclosure, the term LWD will be used with the understanding that this
term encompasses both the collection of formation parameters and the collection of information
relating to the movement and position of the drilling assembly.
Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example drilling and ranging system 100,
according to aspects of the present disclosure. The system 100 includes rig 101 at the surface
105 and positioned above borehole 106 within a subterranean formation 102. Rig 101 may be
coupled to a drilling assembly 107, comprising drill string 108 and bottom hole assembly (BHA)
109. The BHA 109 may comprise a drill bit 113 and an MWD apparatus 11 . In certain
embodiments, the drilling assembly 07 may be rotated by a top drive mechanism (not shown) to
rotate the drill bit 113 and extend the borehole 106. In certain other embodiments, a downhole
motor (not shown), such as a mud motor, may be included to rotate the drill bit 113 and extend
the borehole 106 without rotating the drilling assembly 107.
The MWD apparatus 11 may comprise at least one receiver 110. As described
above, receiver 110 may comprise but is not limited to an induction type sensor, a Hall Effect
magnetometer sensor, a magnetic gradiometer or a combination or pair of any of the
magnetometers listed above. Likewise, the receiver 110 may be uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial, and
also may be a flux-gate, solenoid, or coil type sensor. In certain embodiments, the receiver 110
may be positioned at various locations within the BHA 109, or above the BHA 109, such as
between the drill string 108 and the BHA 109. It may be advantageous to position the receiver
110 as close to the bottom of the hole as possible. For example, in certain embodiments,
receiver 110 may be placed in the drill bit 13 rather than in a BHA sub somewhere above the
drill bit 113.
Ranging operations may require that a location of a target object be identified. In
the embodiment shown, the target object comprises a second borehole 103. The borehole 103
may comprise a target well containing or composed of an electrically conductive member such
as casing, liner or a drill string or any portion thereof that has had a blowout or that needs to be
intersected, followed or avoided. In the embodiment shown, the borehole 103 includes an
electrically conductive casing 140. Identifying the location of the target well 103 may comprise
taking various measurements and determining a direction of the target well 103 relative to the
borehole 106. These measurements may comprise measurements of electromagnetic fields in the
formation using the receiver 110. Magnetic field measurements may identify the distance and
direction to the target well 103.
In certain embodiments, performing ranging measurements may include inducing
an electromagnetic (EM) field within the second borehole 103. In the embodiment shown,
inducing a magnetic field within the borehole comprises transmitting a time-varying signal 134
into the formation 102 using a transmitter 114 coupled to the drilling assembly 107. The timevarying
signal 134 may comprise, for example, an alternating current electrical signal. The timevarying
signal 134 may be created, for example, from an electrode or a solenoid transmitter. In
the embodiment shown, a transmitter 114 injects or induces a time-varying signal 134 within the
formation 102. In particular, the drilling assembly 107 includes a gap sub 112 that may allow for
the creation of a dipole electric field to be created across the gap sub 112 to aid in flowing
current into the formation 102. Time-varying signal 134 may be induced within the formation
102 by energizing the transmitter 114 of the drilling assembly 107 according to a control signal
that specifies signal characteristics for the time-varying signal 134. It is noted here that the gap
sub 112 is used to the direct the time- varying signal 134 from the transmitter 114 to the receiver
110. However the gap sub 12 may not be required if the transmitter 114 is located far enough
away from the receiver 110. For example, in certain embodiments, the transmitter 114 may be
located on the order of 10-200 feet from the receiver 110.
Part of the induced time-varying signal 134 may be received and concentrated at
the casing 140 within the target well 103, shown as current 138, and the current 138 on the
casing 140 may induce a magnetic field 136 in a radial direction from the direction of the flow of
the electric current 138. The remaining induced current 134 may return to the drilling assembly
107 at a current return 116 of the drilling assembly 107 below the gap sub 12. The receiver 110
may measure the magnetic field 136 induced by the time-varying signal 134. In other
embodiments, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art in view of this
disclosure, the transmitter 1 4 may comprise an antenna and the time-varying signal may
comprise a time-varying magnetic field that is emitted from the transmitter 114. The timevarying
magnetic field may induce a time-varying signal and a resulting secondary time-varying
magnetic field in the second borehole 103, which may then be measured by the receiver 110.
A control unit 104 may be positioned at the surface 105 and may be
communicably coupled to downhole elements. For example, the control unit 104 may be
communicably coupled to the MWD apparatus 11, transmitter 114, drill bit 113, etc through a
telemetry system 118. The telemetry system 118 may be incorporated into the BHA 109 and
may comprise a mud pulse type telemetry system that transmits information between the surface
control unit 104 and downhole elements via pressure pulses in drilling mud. Although the
control unit 104 is positioned at the surface 105 in Fig. 1, certain processing, memory, and
control elements may be positioned within the drilling assembly 107. Additionally, various other
communication schemes may be used to transmit communications to/from the control unit 104,
including wireline configurations and wireless configurations.
In certain embodiments, the control unit 104 may comprise an information
handling system with at least a processor and a memory device coupled to the processor that
contains a set of instructions that when executed cause the processor to perform certain actions.
As used herein, an information handling system may include any instrumentality or aggregate of
instrumentalities operable to compute, classify, process, transmit, receive, retrieve, originate,
switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce, handle, or utilize any form of
information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, or other purposes. For
example, an information handling system may be a computer terminal, a network storage device,
or any other suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price.
The information handling system may include random access memory (RAM), one or more
processing resources such as a central processing unit (CPU) or hardware or software control
logic, read only memory (ROM), and/or other types of nonvolatile memory. Additional
components of the information handling system may include one or more disk drives, one or
more network ports for communication with external devices as well as various input and
output (I/O) devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a video display. The information
handling system may also include one or more buses operable to transmit communications
between the various hardware components.
The time- varying signal 134 generated by the transmitter 14 may be
characterized by at least one signal characteristic, including signal frequency, shape, and
amplitude, and phase. In certain embodiments, the control unit 104 may control the time-varying
signal 134 by transmitting commands corresponding to certain signal characteristics to a
downhole controller (not shown) coupled to the transmitter. The commands may cause the
downhole controller to generate the time-varying signal 134 using the transmitter 114. In certain
other embodiments, the control unit 104 may generate the time-varying signal 134 directly.
In certain embodiments, the signal characteristics may be based at least in part on
at least one downhole characteristics within the borehole 106 and formation 102, including a
noise level within the formation; a frequency transfer function of the transmitter 114, the receiver
110, and the formation 102; and a frequency response of the object. The noise level within the
formation 102 may be measured downhole using electromagnetic or acoustic receivers coupled
to the drilling assembly, for example. The frequency transfer function and the frequency
response of the target borehole 103 may be determined based on various mathematical models,
or may be extrapolated from previous ranging measurements.
In certain embodiments, the control unit 104 may determine or alter the signal
characteristics of the time-varying signal 134 based at least in part on the downhole
characteristics. For example, the downhole characteristics may be used to determine the signal
characteristics of the time- varying signal 134 before the time-varying signal 134 is transmitted
from the transmitter 114. Likewise, the signal characteristics may be modified in real-time
depending on the resulting induced magnetic field 136 measured at the receiver 110. In certain
embodiments, the signal characteristics may be determined or modified by an operator who
monitors the quality of the ranging measurements, or by an automated algorithm that selects
optimized signal characteristics for different downhole characteristics.
In certain embodiments, the control unit 104 may further send commands to the
receiver 110 to cause it to measure the induced magnetic field 136 on the second borehole 103.
Like the transmitter 114, the receiver 110 may be coupled to a downhole controller, and the
commands from the control unit 104 may control, for example, when the measurements are
taken. In certain embodiments, the control unit 104 may determine and set a sampling rate of the
induced magnetic field 136, as will be described below. Additionally, measurements taken by
the receiver 110 may be transmitted to the control unit 104 via the telemetry system 18. The
control unit 104 may determine a distance and direction to the target object, borehole 103 in the
embodiment shown, based at least in part on the measurement of the induced magnetic field 136.
For example, the control unit 104 may use geometric algorithms to determine the distance and
direction of the second borehole 103 relative to the borehole 106.
In certain embodiments, determining the distance and direction of the second
borehole 103 relative to the first borehole 106 may be accomplished using the magnetic fields
received by the receiver 110. In certain embodiments, the distance and direction determination
may be achieved utilizing the relationship in Equation (1) between the pipe current and the
received magnetic fields.
Equation (1) H = f
2
where H is the magnetic field vector, is the current on the pipe 140, r is the shortest distance
between the receiver 110 and the pipe 140; and f is a vector that is perpendicular to both the zaxis
of the receiver 110 and the shortest vector that connects the pipe 140 to the receiver 110.
Although Equation (1) assumes constant pipe current along the pipe, it can be extended to any
current distribution by using the appropriate model.
In certain embodiments, the distance and direction of the second borehole 103
relative to the first borehole 106 may be determined using equations (2) and (3), respectively.
Equation (2) r
2p \H Equation (3) F = angle(x H y H )+ 90
where · is the vector inner-product operation. In certain instances, however, equation (2) may be
unreliable if a direct or accurate measurement of 7is not possible.
When a direct or accurate measurement of is difficult or impossible, magnetic
field gradient measurement may be utilized for the direction and distance determinations.
Spatial change in the magnetic field may be measured in a direction that has a substantial
component in the radial (r-axis) direction as in Equation (4).
Equation (4)
dr
where d is the partial derivative. With this gradient measurement available in addition to an
absolute measurement, the distance to the second borehole 103 may be calculated using Equation
(5).
Equation (5) r
In certain embodiments, the gradient field in equation (5) may realized in practice by utilizing
finite difference of two magnetic field dipole measurements as shown below in Equation (6):
Equation (6) r =—
H (x + ,y ) - Hy (x - ,y )
Ax
where H and the gradient measurement components are illustrated in the 4-dipole configuration
of Fig. 3 in relation to a target pipe and the magnetic fields produced by currents on the pipe.
In certain embodiments, the time-varying signal 134 also may be used to induce a
magnetic field on other target objects within the formation 102. For example, ranging
measurements are typically coupled with directional drilling operations to intersect a target well
or formation. In certain embodiments, a bent sub may be incorporated into the BHA 109 to
establish a directional drilling angle for the drilling assembly 107. The time-varying signal 134
may be used to induce a magnetic field on the portion of the BHA 09 below the bent sub to
identify the azimuthal drilling direction.
In certain other embodiments, the time-varying signal 134 may comprise an
acoustic signal. Acoustic transmitters may be incorporated into the drilling assembly 107, and
may transmit a time-varying acoustic signal into the formation. The target object, such as
borehole 103, may reflect some of the time-varying acoustic signal and acoustic receivers at the
drilling assembly 107 may receive and measure the reflected acoustic signal.
Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example information handling system 200,
according to aspects of the present disclosure. The control unit 04 may take a form similar to
the information handling system 200. A processor or CPU 201 of the information handling
system 200 is communicatively coupled to a memory controller hub or north bridge 202.
Memory controller hub 202 may include a memory controller for directing information to or
from various system memory components within the information handling system 200, such as
RAM 203, storage element 206, and hard drive 207. The memory controller hub 202 may be
coupled to RAM 203 and a graphics processing unit 204. Memory controller hub 202 may also
be coupled to an I/O controller hub or south bridge 205. I/O hub 205 is coupled to storage
elements of the information handling system 200, including a storage element 206, which may
comprise a flash ROM that includes a basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer system.
I/O hub 205 is also coupled to the hard drive 207 of the information handling system 200. I/O
hub 205 may also be coupled to a Super I/O chip 208, which is itself coupled to several of the
I/O ports of the computer system, including keyboard 209 and mouse 210.
According to aspects of the present disclosure, the time-varying signal transmitted
into the formation by the transmitter may comprise an asymmetric time-varying signal. A timevarying
signal may be asymmetric if it has asymmetry between the intensity of the upward and
downward signal movement. The asymmetric time-varying signal may comprise, for example,
at least one of shaped pulses, a triangular wave, and a sinusoidal wave. When a symmetric
signal, such as a single-frequency sinusoid, is used to induce a magnetic field on the target well,
the direction of the target well relative to the relief well may only be known with an ambiguity of
180°. That is because traditionally no phase synchronization exists between the transmitter and
receiver due to the difficulty of such a connection, and as a result the sign of its amplitude at a
given time may be unresolvable at the relief well. In other words, with symmetric signals, it is
not possible to distinguish a case with one signal phase and target azimuth, from another case
with 180° off signal phase with 180° target azimuth. By using an asymmetric signal, as described
below, the sign of the received magnetic field may be resolved and the direction of the target
well to be accurately determined.
Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating an example asymmetric time-varying signal 400
plotted in terms of signal amplitude and time, according to aspects of the present disclosure. In
the embodiment shown, the asymmetric time-varying signal 400 comprises a modulated
sinusoidal signal that combines two time-varying sinusoidal signals with different frequencies.
In particular, the asymmetric time-varying signal 300 comprises a ranging signal component
with a first frequency and a sign identification signal component with a second frequency. As
used herein, the ranging signal component may be the primary signal used to induce the
magnetic field on the target well. Likewise, the sign identification signal component may be
used to identify the sign the magnetic field received at the receiver. Both the ranging signal
component and the sign identification signal component may comprise symmetric sinusoids that
create an asymmetric time-varying signal when added together. The signal characteristics of the
asymmetric time-varying signal 400 may comprise at least one of the first frequency, the second
frequency, an amplitude of the ranging signal component, and an amplitude of the sign
identification signal component, a phase of the ranging signal component; a phase of the sign
identification signal component; and a phase difference between the ranging signal component
and the sign identification signal component.
In certain embodiments, the second frequency may be a non-integer multiple of
the first frequency. This may allow for the frequencies to be closer together and affected less by
the frequency response of the formation and tool electronics. The formation, transmitter,
receiver, and target well may have frequency responses that interact differently with signals of
different frequencies. The farther the first and second frequencies are set apart, the more likely
the signals are to be affected differently by the various frequency responses. Using a non-integer
multiple between the first and second frequencies allow for the frequencies to be closer together
and more likely to be similarly affected by the frequency response of the formation. This may
reduce errors during the identification of one or more of the sign or amplitude, amplitude ratio,
and phase or phase difference of the different frequency signals.
As described above, the signal characteristics may be based at least in part on a
downhole characteristic. Fig. 5 is a graph 500 illustrating example downhole characteristics with
respect to an asymmetric time-varying signal, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The
graph 500 plots the downhole characteristics and asymmetric time-varying signal in terms of
amplitude in decibels and frequency in hertz (Hz). In particular, the graph 500 illustrates an
example frequency transfer function 501, an example noise level 502, an example ranging signal
component 503, and an example sign identification signal component 504. The frequency
transfer function 501 may comprise the combined frequency response of a transmitter, a receiver,
and a formation in a given ranging operation. In the embodiment shown, the frequency transfer
function 501 acts as a band pass filter, with frequencies between about 1 and 50 Hz being
transmitted without significant amplitude attenuation, and frequencies above and below those
ranges being attenuated. The noise level 502 identifies the noise within the borehole/formation
by its frequency component. The noise may be caused, for example, by actions within the target
well—e.g., rushing hydrocarbons from a blowout—action in the relief well—e.g., drilling
operations—ambient noise within the formation and electronic system noise. In the embodiment
shown, the noise level 502 is higher, approximately 10 decibels, at low frequencies and is
generally lower at higher frequencies.
In certain embodiments, the signal characteristics of an asymmetric time-varying
signal may be determined or modified according to the downhole characteristics represented in
Fig. 5. For example, the frequencies of the ranging signal component 503 and the sign
identification signal component 504 may be selected such that they fall within the band pass of
the transfer function 501. Likewise, the amplitude of each of the ranging signal component 503
and the sign identification signal component 504 may be optimized according to the noise level
502. In certain embodiments, the amplitudes of the ranging signal component 503 and the sign
identification signal component 504 may be inversely related. This may be caused by a limited
power source being used to transmit both the ranging signal component 503 and the sign
identification signal component 504 into the formation.
In certain embodiments, a signal-to-noise ratio necessary to induce the magnetic
field on the target well and receive the induced magnetic field may be determined. The
amplitude of the sign identification signal component 504 may be determined based at least in
part on the signal-to-noise ratio, and the remaining power may be devoted to transmission of the
ranging signal component 504. In relatively quiet systems, for example, most power from a
power source may be devoted to the ranging signal component 503, increasing the distance that
the asymmetric time-varying signal will penetrate to the formation while still providing sign
resolution at the receiver. In contrast, in relatively noisy system, more power can be devoted to
the sign identification signal component, ensuring that the receiver can resolve the direction of
the target.
In addition to the downhole characteristics shown in Fig. 5, signal characteristics
of asymmetric time-varying signals may be based at least on part on frequency response of the
target object. For example, different targets may have different frequency response
characteristics. In particular, signals from the downhole casing may be small for very low
frequencies and also for very high frequencies. If the frequency response of the target is known,
its frequency spectrum can be modeled and the frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal
may be selected or altered accordingly. Alternatively, the frequency of the asymmetric timevarying
signal may be based on a downhole characteristic that is recovered from a previous
measurement. For example, frequencies with very small magnitude responses can be increased in
magnitude in the excitation, while the opposite may done for frequencies with larger magnitude
response for both ranging signal and signal identification signal components.
In certain embodiments, a sampling rate of the induced magnetic field may be
determined based on at least one frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal. The
sampling rate may correspond to the number of measurements taken by the receiver. When the
first or second frequencies of the respective ranging signal and sign identification signal
components change, the sampling rate of the receiver may also be modified such that a sufficient
number of samples are taken to accurately reflect the content of the induced magnetic field.
In certain embodiments, determining the sampling rate of the induced magnetic
field based on at least one frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal may include
reducing the sampling rate to a rate below the rate dictated by the Nyquist criterion. By reducing
the number of samples, power usage may be reduced as can the data load transmitted to the
surface. As described above, data transmission to the surface may take place through a limited
bandwidth telemetry system. Reducing the number of samples reduces the data load that must
be transmitted and may increase the speed with which the ranging measurements and
calculations are completed.
In certain embodiments, determining the sampling rate of the induced magnetic
field based on at least one frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal may include solving
Equation (7):
wherein N is the number of samples, n is the sample index, and <¾ are the ranging signal and
sign identification signal frequencies in radians, respective; A and B are the ranging signal and
sign identification signal amplitudes, respectively; At if the period of one sample, f is the
relative phase between sampling system and excitation system (may or may not be known); K(t)
is the sampling kernel based on the particular analog to digital converter system used.
Depending on the embodiment, f may or may not be known. If f is known, it can be used as a
known constant rather than a variable in the minimization problem. In order to achieve a unique
solution, / t should not be close to an integer multiple of frequencies w and <¾·
Aspects of the present disclosure may be used both when a drilling assembly is
rotating in a conventional drilling operation, and when the drilling assembly is stationary. As
described above, the transmitter and receiver may be coupled to a drilling assembly that is
disposed within a borehole. In embodiments where measurements are taken while the drilling
assembly is rotating, the sampling rate may be modified to coincide with the rotation rate of the
drilling assembly. This may ensure that the part of the noise due to drilling appears in the
received signal as a constant baseline shift which can be removed by high pass filtering.
Furthermore, this allows removal of azimuthal variations in the received signal due to rotation
which may be undesirable based on the application.
Additionally, the sampling rate may be adjusted, for example, based on any
measurement of tool orientation such as magnetometer or accelerometer measurements.
Likewise, the sampling rate may be modified to account for slip-stick in the drill bit, to ensure
azimuthally sound measurements. Based on the measured drill bit position, velocity or
acceleration, the sampling rate can be adjusted to maintain a constant spatial sampling rate. For
example, in a slip condition sampling rate can be increased, or in the stick condition sampling
rate can be decreased. It is also possible to realize the above methodologies synthetically by
applying an equivalent correction algorithm on a constant temporal sampling data.
Figure 6 is a graph illustrating an example asymmetric time-varying signal 600,
according to aspects of the present disclosure. Unlike signal 400, which is sinusoidal, the signal
600 comprises a plurality of pulses shaped with asymmetric behavior. The shaped pulse signal
may be characterized by signal characteristics such as maximum, minimum and negative to
positive transition width. Like the sinusoidal signals, the pulses are expected to be affected by
downhole characteristics like the frequency transfer function of the transmitter, receiver and the
formation. In certain embodiments, the pulses may be designed to negate the band-pass effects
described above by using very high amplitudes at very low and very high frequencies. This may
reduce the distortions in the shape of the received signal to allow better sign detection operation
at higher noise levels. Additionally, the pulse may be separated from the noise spectrum by
making a measurement of the noise real-time and amplifying frequencies that are less affected by
it.
Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages
mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed
above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different
but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings
herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein
shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular
illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are
considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Also, the terms in the claims
have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the
patentee. The indefinite articles "a" or "an," as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean
one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

What is claimed is:
1. A method for performing ranging measurements within a formation, comprising:
transmitting an asymmetric time-varying signal from a transmitter disposed
within a borehole in the formation, wherein the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises a
signal characteristic that is based at least in part on a downhole characteristic;
measuring at a receiver disposed within the borehole a magnetic field induced on
an object within the formation by the asymmetric time-varying signal; and
determining a direction to the object from the borehole based at least in part on
the measurement of the induced magnetic field.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein
the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises at least one of shaped pulses, a
triangular wave, and a sinusoidal wave; and
the signal characteristic comprises at least one of a frequency, a shape, and an
amplitude of the asymmetric time-varying signal.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein
the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises a ranging signal component with a
first frequency and a sign identification signal component with a second frequency; and
the second frequency is a non-integer multiple of the first frequency.
4. The method of one of claims 3, wherein the downhole characteristic comprises at
least one of a noise level within the formation; a frequency transfer function of the transmitter,
the receiver, and the formation; and a frequency response of the object.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the signal characteristic comprises at least one of
the first frequency;
the second frequency;
an amplitude of the ranging signal component;
an amplitude of the sign identification signal component;
an amplitude ratio of the ranging signal component to the sign identification
component signal component;
a phase of the ranging signal component;
a phase of the sign identification signal component; and
a phase difference between the ranging signal component and the sign
identification signal component.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein
the amplitude of the ranging signal component the amplitude of the sign
identification signal component are inversely related; and
the amplitude of the sign identification signal component is determined based at
least in part on a pre-determined signal-to-noise ratio.
7. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining a sampling rate of the
induced magnetic field based on at least one frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal.
8. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the sampling rate of the induced
magnetic field comprises solving the following equation:
where N is the number of samples, n is the sample index, wi and » are the first frequency and
the second frequency in radians, respectively; A and B are the amplitudes of the ranging signal
component and sign identification signal component; respectively; At is the period of one
sample, is the relative phase different between the transmitter and the receiver; and K t) is the
sampling kernel of an analog to digital converter system.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein
the transmitter and the receiver are coupled to a drilling assembly disposed within
the borehole; and
measuring at the receiver the induced magnetic field comprises determining a
sampling rate of the induced magnetic field based on a rate of rotation of the drilling assembly.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a bent sub coupled to a
drilling assembly disposed within the borehole.
11. A system for performing ranging measurements within a formation, comprising:
a transmitter;
a receiver;
a processor communicably coupled to the transmitter and the receiver; and
a memory device coupled to the processor, wherein the memory device contains a
set of instructions that, when executed by the processor cause the processor to:
command the transmitter to transmit into the formation an asymmetric
time-varying signal, wherein the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises a signal
characteristic that is based at least in part on a downhole characteristic;
command the receiver to measure a magnetic field induced on an object
within the formation by the asymmetric time-varying signal;
determine a direction to the object from the borehole based at least in part
on the measurement of the induced magnetic field.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein
the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises at least one of shaped pulses
triangular wave, and a sinusoidal wave; and
the signal characteristic comprises at least one of a frequency, a shape, and
amplitude of the asymmetric time-varying signal.
13. The system of claim 11, wherein
the asymmetric time-varying signal comprises a ranging signal component with
first frequency and a sign identification signal component with a second frequency; and
the second frequency is a non-integer multiple of the first frequency.
14. The system of one of claims 11-13, wherein the downhole characteristic
comprises at least one of a noise level within the formation; a frequency transfer function of the
transmitter, the receiver, and the formation; and a frequency response of the object.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the signal characteristic comprises at least one of
the first frequency;
the second frequency;
an amplitude of the ranging signal component;
an amplitude of the sign identification signal component;
an amplitude ratio of the ranging signal component to the sign identification
component signal component;
a phase of the ranging signal component;
a phase of the sign identification signal component; and
a phase difference between the ranging signal component and the sign
identification signal component.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein
the amplitude of the ranging signal component the amplitude of the sign
identification signal component are inversely related; and
the amplitude of the sign identification signal component is determined based at
least in part on a pre-determined signal-to-noise ratio.
17. The system of claim 15, further comprising determining a sampling rate of the
induced magnetic field based on at least one frequency of the asymmetric time-varying signal.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein determining the sampling rate of the induced
magnetic field comprises solving the following equation:
N ( r-0.5
argmin|
A,B
x [ - K t ) A h w h + t ) ί - f) + B h w {h+t ) - )) t
V r=-0.5
where N is the number of samples, n is the sample index, wi and ¾ are the first frequency and
the second frequency in radians, respectively; A and B are the amplitudes of the ranging signal
component and sign identification signal component; respectively; t is the period of one
sample, is the relative phase different between the transmitter and the receiver; and K(t) is the
sampling kernel of an analog to digital converter system.
19. The system of claim 11, wherein
the transmitter and the receiver are coupled to a drilling assembly disposed within
the borehole; and
measuring at the receiver the induced magnetic field comprises determining a
sampling rate of the induced magnetic field based on a rate of rotation of the drilling assembly.
20. The system of claim 11, wherein the object comprises a bent sub coupled to a
drilling assembly disposed within the borehole.