A distribution transformer (DT) is an integral part of electric power distribution system. Its function is to scale down the voltage used in distribution lines to level used by the consumers. According to Indian standards these transformers normally have ratings ranging from lOkVA to 2500 kVA at IlkV and 100 kVA to 2500 KVA at 33 kV. In India the failure rate of these transformers is very high, around 16% in Government State Electricity Boards, which is very high compared to international norms of 1 to 2%. Further the life of these conventional transformers is very short (6-8 years). The higher failure rate also adds to the already high Transmission & Distribution (T&D) losses in the power distribution network of Indian State Electricity Boards. A large number of distribution transformers operating in public sector suffer from poor efficiency due to unbalance loading conditions. Most of the time improper operating conditions lead to the failure of the distribution transformer resulting into interruption of power supply to consumers. Transformer failure has direct and indirect impact on the economics of the utilities. Direct economic impact is in terms of cost of repairs and/or replacement of failed distribution transformer. Indirect economic impact is loss of revenue due to increased losses in production.
Several studies have been made in order to deal with various issues of distribution transformers. Prominent among the studies are work of (i) Nelson et al( 2014) (ii) E. Kolyanga et al (2014) (iii) M.A.E.A.E Hayati et al (2016) and (iv) B. Mohammadi et al (2013).
The above studies have highlighted the need for Distribution Transformer Monitoring System; however the problem has not been dealt with in a comprehensive manner.
Therefore a Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS) has been designed and developed which can bring following benefits for utility companies including the capacity to:

• Recognize when transformers are on the brink of failure due to overload and take remedial actions.
• Improve visibility of the low voltage power network and help utility companies to deliver high quality electricity to customers.
• Make decisions about distribution network planning such as critical points in the network that need to be extended or upgraded.
• Asset management and preventive maintenance.
• In addition to utility companies, industrialists, farmers, rural and urban consumers will gain from this invention. Farmers in particular will gain a lot because the breakdown of transformer during critical periods of cropping season may delay crop operation and affect overall farm production in a significant manner.

4. DESCRIPTION

This section particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.
The innovation Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS) envisages hardware and software method to continuously and remotely monitor the operating parameters of distribution transformer like voltage, current and temperature of the oil on any portable/handheld device like desktop PC/ Mobile/Tablets working on Windows/Macintosh/ Android operating system using capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT).The following figures have been presented to explain the component and working of the system:
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Current Transformer (CT), Figure-1
Multifunction Programmable Power Line Transducer (MPPLT) Figure-2
Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) Figure-3
Microcomputer (Raspberry Pi 2) Figure-4
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Figure-5
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-Module Figure-6
DTMS - loT ecosystems Figure-7
Data Charts Figure-8
Figure 8 a. Current data of DTMS
Figure 8 b. Voltage data of DTMS
Figure 8 c. Oil Temperature data of Distribution Transformer ix. Flow Diagram of DTMS Figure-9
Description of Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS) components
i. Current Transformer:
A current transformer (CT) as shown in FIGURE-lis an electric device that produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current (AC) in its primary. The induced secondary current is then

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suitable for measuring instruments or processing in electronic equipment. Current transformer does not have any effect on the primary circuit.
In Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS) current transformers of ratio 300/5 A, 415 V of metering class 1.0 are being used for converting high values of current to low value of current of 5 A. This analog low value (5 A) of the current is then supplied to Multifunction Programmable Power Line Transducer (MPPLT) for further processing. ii. Multifunction Programmable Power Line Transducer(MPPLT)
A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another. Multifunction Programmable Transducer (MPPLT) shown in Figure-2 measures the 3 phase power line voltages and line currents of Distribution Transformer on low tension side and processes them to produce four different analog output signals. By using programming software of MPPLT a user can select output signal either in the form of current or voltage. Two numbers of digital output signals are available for signaling the limits. The limits of the outputs can be set by individual measure and or logically combine up to three measurement. MPPLT is also equipped with Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface through which, using the corresponding software one can connect and program the device to access and execute useful ancillary functions onsite. With the help of software incoming high magnitude current and voltage signal are scaled down to values from 0V to 3.3V. iii. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
In designing Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS) 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) chip MCP3208 shown in Figure-3 has been used because of its high performance and low power consumption in a small package. The MCP3208 features an industry-standard Serial Peripheral Interface, allowing 12-bit analog to digital Converter (ADC) capability to be added to any microcontroller. The

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MCP3208 features 100k samples/second, 8 input channels and is available in 16-pin Plastic Dual-In line packages.
In DTMS its functions is to convert the analog voltages received from Multifunction Programmable Transducer (MPPLT) through its analog input channels into corresponding voltages level so as to facilitate Raspberry Pi to process it. iv. Microcomputer (Raspberry Pi-2):
The Raspberry Pi as shown in Figure- 4 is a series of credit card size single-board computer. All of its models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SOC), which includes an ARM compatible CPU and an on chip graphics processing unit GPU (a Video Core IV). In DTMS raspberry pi2 model B has been used for hardware and software setup.
It is the brain of Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS). It performs the processing of input data received from Analog to Digital converter (ADC) module in digital format with the help of software code written in Python Script that runs on Raspberry Pi 2, and communicates through internet to the IoT (Internet of things) server of ThingSpeak which displays the data on public channel created for monitoring the important parameters of the DTMS and is updated on regular interval. v. Resistance Temperature Detector:
The RTD used as shown in Figure-5 is one of the most accurate temperature sensors. Not only does it provide good accuracy, it also provides excellent stability and repeatability. The standard RTD comply with DIN-IEC Class B. RTDs are also relatively immune to electrical noise and therefore well suited for temperature measurement in industrial environments.
vi. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Modem
A Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem as shown in Figure-6 is a specialized type, of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile

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operator perspective, a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem looks just like a mobile phone.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modems are quick and efficient means to get started with SMS, because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. Considering above facts model no GSM SIM900 a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)/General - Packet Radio Service (GPRS) compatible with Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of 850/900/1800/1900MHz is interfaced with raspberry pi2 using a Universal Asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) logic.
vii. Thing Speak (Internet of Things (loT)) The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of 'connected things'. The ecosystem of the DTMS is shown in Figure-7.The things generally comprise an embedded operating system and an ability to communicate with the internet or with the neighboring things. One of the key elements of a generic Internet of Things system that bridges the various 'things' is an Internet of Things service. An interesting implication from the 'things5 comprising the Internet of Things systems is that the things by themselves cannot do anything. At a bare minimum, they should have an ability to connect to other 'things5. But the real power of Internet of Things (IoT) is harnessed when the things connect to a 'service5 either directly or via other 'things5. In such systems, the service plays the role of an invisible manager by providing capabilities ranging from simple data collection and monitoring to complex data analytics. One such Internet of Things application platform that offers a wide variety'of analysis, monitoring and counter-action capabilities is 'ThingSpeakRThingSpeak is a platform providing various services exclusively targeted for building IoT applications. It offers the capabilities of real-time data collection, visualizing the collected data in the form of charts, ability to create plug-in and apps for

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collaborating with web services, social network and other Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The core element of ThingSpeak is a ThingSpeak Channel5. A channel stores the data that we send to ThingSpeak and comprises of the below elements:
• 8 fields for storing data of any type - These can be used to store the data from a sensor or from an embedded device.
• 3 location fields - Can be used to store the latitude, longitude and the elevation. These are very useful for tracking a moving device.
• 1 status field - A short message to describe the data stored in the channel.
To use ThingSpeak, we need to sign up and create a channel. Once we have a channel, we can send the data, allow^ ThingSpeak to process it and also retrieve the same.
In our application six numbers of channels have been created for public view, two channels each for voltage and current, one for temperature of the transformer and one channel for displaying the location. All the data are sent to Thingspeak platform for simultaneous display on web and mobile based systems as shown in Figure-8.
Working of invention
The developed system of this invention has been connected to monitor parameters like voltage, current and oil temperature of distribution transformer having name plate rating 1 lkV/440V, 500 kVA and located near petrol pump of Pantnagar. In order to measure current output of distribution transformer (DT) three numbers of current transformers (CT) of 300/5 a rating as shown in Figure-1 are connected on low tension (LT) side of distribution transformer. Secondary Output of CT and voltage output from LT side of the DT (Line to Line or Phase - Neutral) are supplied to multifunction programmable power line transducer (MPPLT) as shown in Figure-2.

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MPPLT converts analog values (one for voltage and one for current per phase) to corresponding analog voltage signals in the range of 0V-3.3V. These analog voltage signals are then fed to analog to digital converter (ADC) integrated circuit (IC) shown in Figure-4 that transforms analog voltage signal to corresponding digital signal. These different digital values of voltages which correspond to the actual analog parameters (Current & Voltage) of the distribution transformer are now supplied to a microcomputer (Raspberry Pi 2) as shown in Figure -4 for further processing and the processed data is sent to an online Internet of Thing (IoT) server of ThingSpeak for visualization of electrical parameters of distribution transformer in real time. In order to monitor the temperature of the DT high precision RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) probe as shown in Figure-5 has been used. The analog output of RTD probe is in the range of 4-20 mA. This analog value of current is first converted to corresponding voltage signal by circuit conditioner and then it is supplied to DAC for further processing in Raspberry Pi 2.
Raspberry Pi 2 interacts in IoT environment through a computer script written in Python as shown in Figure-7 and sends the processed data for displaying in cloud environment of ThingSpeakR.
Thus a graphical view of the current, voltage and temperature parameters as shown in Figure -8 in IoT environments that, updates regularly is created in web environment . This allows us to regularly monitor the important parameters of the transformer and take required actions before any undesired effect.

WE CLAIM
Having developed a Distribution Transformer Monitoring System (DTMS)
consisting of current transformers, multiphase programmable transducer, analog
to digital converter and a microcomputer raspberry pi, Resistance Temperature
Detector ( RTD) based temperature transducer and GSM module for purpose of
monitoring of electrical and mechanical parameters of distribution transformer
in IoT(Internet of Things) environment and is good enough to prevent it from
damage due to overloading.
That system developed in claim 1 has unique circuitry and robust in nature.
System in claim 1 which utilizes technology of Internet of things (IoT) is
backbone of DTMS and makes it unique since with the help of it distribution
transformer data can be visualized in real time across any portable device
having internet access. Data can also be visualized in intranet environment.
In the system of claim 1, by using RTD based temperature sensor for measuring
temperature of distribution transformer greater accuracy will be afforded as
compared to Thermocouple.
Developed system in claim 1 can be controlled from remote location for
software up gradation or for any other modification in programming script.
Developed system in claim 1 can also be used for monitoring of distribution
feeders of the substation without major change in hardware.
System in claim 1 can be used to monitor distribution transformer in either
intranet or internet environment.
We claim having developed a system which is portable and can be fixed in box
for use in any terrain and altitude.

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Data monitored by system in claim 1 can be downloaded in computer at rempte location for further analysis and report generation which may be used for future planning and extension of the system.
'.System in claim 1 can be connected to a distribution transformer located in rural area for monitoring of the rural power system. In case of faults in the system problem can be easily identified and rectified.